Chronology of the Stencil (2008, Updated in 2026)
Chronology of the Stencil and Other Related Technology
(Initially created in 2008 for the Stencil Nation book project; updated in 2026 by StencilArchive.org)
While making this timeline for Stencil Nation, hours of work went into research, including artist interviews and library visits. No other stencil-related book before, or after, has attempted to create a timeline of the tool and art form (and important technology for creating and sharing stencils). Though the version that got published in 2008 looked great and fit in with the book's design, the footnotes became endnotes and were all somewhat difficult to read and understand. No one has criticized this, but the desire to update the chronology bubbled up at times.
Stencil Archive's Historical Item category was a balm for the published information. We kept finding new and amazing historical/scientific studies and articles. Stencil styles and techniques were also discovered. We even found more artists spraying cut outs from the 1960-80s and earlier. Other evidence supporting the original research also appeared online, including photographs.
Some noted stencil history, after a reread of Josh MacPhee's Stencil Pirates, are still hard to find online: South African anti-apartheid and the Nicaraguan Sandanista movements stand out. But much has been added to this 2026 chronology.
To save time, the html version below does not designate footnote numbers. Text is also not formatted properly. The footnotes are now endnotes (again!) for this version, but please see the attached pdf version for proper footnoting, live links, and a more "academic" format to research further.
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Chronology of the Stencil and Other Related Technology
c. 66,000 BCE – Pleistocene Era hand stencil is dated as oldest item among cave art in Sulawesi, Indonesia.
c. 64,000 BCE – Neanderthal hand stencil rock art discovered in Extremadura, Spain.
c. 34,000 BCE – Aurignacian Era cave art includes stenciled images in Chauvet cave, France.
c. 27,000 BCE – Gravettian Era cave art leaves stencils created in Cosquer cave, France.
c. 16,000 BCE – Aboriginal cave art stencils painted in Kennif cave, Australia.
c. 2,500 BCE – Aboriginal cave art stencils mouth-sprayed in Cathedral cave, Australia.
c. 2,400 BCE – Stencils commonly used in Egyptian tomb decoration.
c. 1,000 BCE – Tehuelches create hand stencils at Cueva de las Manos, Argentina.
c. 200 BCE – Stencils commonly used in China.
c. 100 BCE – First cutout shadow puppets appear in China.
c. 100 CE – With the development of silk paper, the cut-paper technique, Jianzhi develops in China.
c. 500 CE – Ostrogothic King Theodoric signs name with a stencil of gold.
c. 705-81 CE – Buddhist artists develop “stencil and pounce” technique, still preserved in Mogao cave 217 (c. 800-900 CE), near Dunhuang, Gansu province, China.
700s CE – katagami stencil technique originates in the ISE district of Mie prefectrure, Japan.
c. 1000 CE – Chinese refine stenciling to color pictures.
c. 1100 CE – Stencils used at Mogao cave, near Dunhuang, Gansu province, China.
1500s CE – Scherenschnitte paper cutting techniques appear in Europe via China.
c. 1300 CE – Bingata (Katazome), resist-dyed cloth made from stencils, develops in Okinawa, Japan.
c. 1400 – Cennino Cennini notes spolvero ”dusting” in Libro dell’Arte, which is a method of stencil and pounce for making paintings.
c. 1450 CE – European woodcut Playing Cards decorated via stencils.
1503 CE – Visible-NIR spectrum processed with L.A.M. discovers spolvero technique on Leonardo da Vinci’s “Mona Lisa” canvas.
c. 1500s CE – Taken from the Aztec tradition of cutting spirit figures out of bark, papel picado (perforated paper) begins in Puebla, Mexico when imported Chinese paper was cut to make decorations and lanterns.
1603-1867 CE – Edo Komon dyeing technique developed in Japan, using paper stencils to make “extremely small patterns.”
1790 CE – Self-pressurized carbonated beverages introduced in France, beginning the development of aerosol spray can technology.
c. 1800 CE – Theorem stencil/painting developed in England and was taught to women in colonial New England.
c. 1850 CE – Japanese refine katazome, creating kappazuri (stencil printing).
1875 CE – Edison patents the electric pen, using stencil paper to make copies.
1885 CE – MacKellar, Smiths & Jordan (Philadelphia, PA, USA) design Stencil Gothic, the first stencil typeface.
1899 CE – Inventors Helbling & Pertsch create modern aerosol technology using pressurized gases as propellants.
c. 1900-30 CE – French develop pochoir (hand-coloring via stencils) into an industry with over 600 workers.
1914 CE – Modern silkscreen technique adapted by John Pilsworth, San Francisco, CA, USA.
1919 CE – German artist Lotte Reiniger’s first animated move, The Ornament of the Lovestruck Heart, is released. It was created in a “silhouette” style, using paper cut outs.
1920 CE – ROSTA (Russian Telegraph Agency) Windows Poster series created with stencil artists Vladimir Mayakovsky and Ivan Maliutin, USSR.
1925 CE – Jean Saudé’s in-depth text on the French pochoir, Traité d’enluminure d’art au pochoir, published in Paris.
1927 CE - Erik Rotheim uses chemical propellant system to spray fluids via an aerosol can and patents his design.
1933-34 CE – Protesting the Argentinean dictatorship, muralist David Alfaro Siqueiros makes stencils out of tin sheets and uses keim and nitrocellulose-filled insecticide sprayers to paint the images in Buenos Aires.
1936 CE – Stencils used to mark Spanish-anarchist armored cars with “CNT” and slogans.
1941 CE – Marcel Duchamp stencils famous “Moustache and Beard of L.H.O.O.Q.” on 200 covers of Georges Hugnet’s pamphletted poem “Marcel Duchamp.”
1941-1945 CE – Italian Fascists stencil Mussolini’s portrait on walls. Franco’s image stenciled in Spain as well.
1943-1945 CE – Kukriniksy collective uses stencils for TASS Windows Project, USSR.
1947 CE – Henri Matisse creates “Jazz,” a pochoir book drawn “with scissors.”
1949 CE – Edward Seymour develops spraypaint can in Chicago, IL, USA.
1959 CE – American artist Jasper Johns appropriates industrial stencil letters for his canvas works “False Start” and “Jubilee”.
1960s CE – Stenciled placards and banners appear at U.S. Civil Rights protests.
1966 CE – Protesting nuclear weapons, Ernest Pignon-Ernest stencils life-sized, disintegrated Hiroshima victims on the Plateau d’Albion, in Vaucluse, France.
1968 CE – San Francisco Diggers stencil “1% free” posters that appear in the Haight-Ashbury neighborhood.
1968 CE – Richard Artschwager spray paints oval-shaped blps, an “act of sustained graffiti,” for his 100 Locations installation at the Whitney Museum in New York. Sometimes stenciled, blps eventually leave the white walls to go up on the streets in New York City and elsewhere.
c. 1968 CE – Tommy Lanigan-Schmidt paints “Object / Art” stencils NYC.
1969 CE – Owsley “the Bear” Stanley and Bob Thomas create the three-color lightning bolt logo stencil to mark the Grateful Dead’s equipment.
1969 CE – Charles “CHAZ” Bojórquez paints a stencil of Señor Suerte, a zoot-suited skull character in LA, incorporating the art form into the Cholo graffiti style.
1969 CE – Juan Carlos Romero’s work, “O (color stencil)”, receives the Grand Prix at Argentina’s 58th National Salon.
1969-74 CE – Early modern graffiti tags appear on New York City walls and subways.
1974 CE – Gordon Matta-Clark begins to create cut drawings, abstract images with negative space, and eventually cuts out parts of buildings.
1974 CE – Using utilitarian stencil letters since 1961, Larry Rivers cuts his own for the canvas, “The Kiss: Japanese Erotic Art Stencil.”
1976 CE – Grupo Suma forms in Mexico, stenciling public art.
1976 CE – Inspired by Jasper Johns, Richard Artschwager, and Robert Smithson’s Assemblages, John Fekner begins to stencil “single-word poetry within a site-specific outdoor location” in New York City.
1976-77 CE – Gee Vaucher photographs NYC pavement stencils and uses it in “the first International Anthem ‘all men are rapists’”. Eve Libertine and Penny Rimbaud, from the CRASS collective, begin to stencil in the UK. Vaucher and the rest join in, mostly spraying “underground lines” on platform advertisements. They eventually stencil large billboards. Their main stencil of the CRASS logo, was designed by David King.
1977 CE – Jef Aérosol notices that The Clash wear stenciled clothing, and in 1979, sees anti-nuclear protest stencils on the streets in Western France.
1979 CE – Street stencils appear in Baltimore, MD.
1979 CE – Photographer Martha Cooper begins to snap photos of NYC graffiti scene, possibly the first example of someone comprehensively capturing temporary art, and its burgeoning culture, on public walls.
c.1978-1980s CE – Stencils used in resistance movements across the world: South Africa, Basque Country, Nicaragua, and Germany.
1979-1980s CE – New York City sees stencil graffiti boom: Eric Drooker, Madam Binh Graphics Collective, Mimi Smith, Gregory Sholette, Rachel Avenia, Michael Roman, James Romberger, Kat P. Sent, Seth Tobocman, Anton Van Dalen, and David Wojnarowizc are among the artists painting.
c. 1979 CE – San Francisco punk band the Fuck Ups stencil their logo on their jackets.
1980 CE – Inspired by Cara Crash’s stencils the year before, Scott Williams begins to stencil postcards, using skeleton images and cartoon characters, at the Compound in San Francisco, CA.
1980 CE – Deep in the Amsterdam punk scene, Hugo Kaagman stencils the punkclub squat and graffiti gallery, the Zebra-house. He soon becomes the “Stencil King.”
1981 CE – BLEK (Xavier Prou, aka Blek le Rat, and Gérard Dumas) begins to stencil the streets of Paris, France. Dumas chose to stencil a banana, while Prou painted the now iconic rat. The French street pochoir style soon booms with artists such as Miss-tic, Jef Aérosol, Nemo, le Rire du Fou, Surface Active, and Marie Rouffet. Prou eventually becomes the “Father of stencil graffiti.”
c. 1981 CE – Ron Morgan and Patrick Miller, from the San Francisco band Minimal Man, stencil SF and beyond.
1982 CE – Brazilian artist Alex Vallauri visits NYC, gets inspired by the street art, and adds stencils to his arsenal in Brazil.
1983 CE – During the Third Resistance March, siluetazos (silhouette coup), stenciled outlines of bodies, appear to protest the 30,000 who disappeared during Argentina’s dictatorship.
1983 CE – Dallas, Texas-based Church of SubGenius provides instructions for a “Bob” stencil that they “don’t want you to make and paint.”
1984 CE – World War 3 Illustrated #4 publishes Seth Tobocman’s famous “You Don’t Have to Fuck People Over to Survive” stencil. Seth made his first stencil in 1983 to protest the U.S. invasion of Grenada.
1984 CE – Political Art Documentation/Distribution launches its anti-gentrification campaign “Not For Sale” in New York City. Stencils are used on the streets and on posters.
1985 CE – Polish artist Tomasz Sikorski stencils public walls in police-controlled Warsaw. His father painted resistance-themed graffiti during the Nazi occupation in WWII.
1985 CE – Stencil art used as popular resistance tactic against Chilean dictatorship.
1986 CE – Two books on French pochoir street art published: Vite Fait, Bien Fait by Josiane Pinet, Nicolas Deville, and Marie-Pierre Massé, and Pochoir a la Une by Solange Pierson and Kriki. Vite Fait, Bien Fait celebrates its release with a collective show at Galerie du Jour, featuring live stencil painting.
1988 CE – After a brief stencil collaboration with Seth Tobocman in 1987, World War 3 Illustrated co-founder Peter Kuper begins to use stencils in his illustrations. He eventually stencils covers for Time and Newsweek as well as doing the art for Mad magazine’s Spy vs. Spy.
1988 CE – Cars stenciled at the Carmanic Convergence, San Francisco, CA.
1989 CE – Shepard Fairey’s OBEY Giant Project begins, including stencils of the iconic wrestler Andre the Giant.
1989 CE – Many artists collaborate to create dozens of stencils painted on the sidewalks of New York City for The Anti-Nuke Port Stencil Project (organized and executed by Ed Eisenberg and Greg Sholette).
1989 CE – Processed World collective puts stencils on San Francisco sidewalks and overpasses.
1992 CE – Artist/author Josh MacPhee paints first street stencil.
1994 CE – Art Crimes (graffiti.org), a graffiti photo archive, goes live. At the time, few stencil artists are represented on this traditional graffiti site.
1995 CE – After seeing his first street stencil around 1991, archivist Russell Howze snaps his first ever stencil photograph in Berlin. He goes on to photograph thousands more around the world.
1996 CE – Early street stencil gallery show “On the Street – Off the Street” opens in Baltimore, MD, USA.
1997 CE – The Cooper Union (NYC) curates “Ambush in the Streets”, showing Jules Backus’ photographs of 1980’s Parisian pochoir art.
1998 CE – GOOGLE search engine goes live. Initial search for stencil graffiti sites brings up a handful of addresses.
1999 CE – Logan Hicks makes his first stencil in San Diego, CA.
2000 CE – Bristol, UK artist Banksy paints his first street stencil.
2002 CE – Stencils become integral part of protests during democratic uprising in Argentina.
2002 CE – Tristan Manco’s Stencil Graffiti released, along with a small online archive of book-related photographs.
2002 CE – StencilArchive.org, the first online international stencil collection, goes live. Australian community-driven site StencilRevolution.com (now shut down) soon follows.
2004 CE – Artist and activist Josh MacPhee releases the book Stencil Pirates, including historical photos and pages to pull out, cut, and paint.
c. 2004 CE – Online resources, Flickr, YouTube, Blogger, WordPress, etc., allow easy posting and sharing of photographs and information. A boom in stencil-related sites begins.
2005 CE – Stencil artist Scott Williams receives the Adaline Kent Award from the San Francisco Art Institute.
2006 CE – Individual artists and arts collectives use stencils as a form of visual resistance in the people’s uprising of Oaxaca, Mexico.
2006 CE – Blek le Rat’s show at Leonard Street Gallery in London sells out on opening night.
2006 CE – Wooster Collective opens huge street art exhibit, “11 Spring Street Project”, which includes many international stencil artists.
2007 CE – Banksy’s piece, Bombing Middle England, sells at Sotheby’s for £102,000.
2008 CE – The Stencil Archive project releases the book Stencil Nation, focusing on historical research and the community around the tool and art form.
2008 CE – Banksy and Pictures on Walls host “The Cans Festival” in London’s Leake Street tunnel, creating a massive street art gallery in public space that was visited by large crowds.
2009 CE – Street art and stencils play a large part of the Iranian Green Movement, causing many artists to be persecuted and forced to seek safer countries to live in and to make art.
2009 CE – A fair use legal battle ensues regarding Shepard Fairey’s famous Obama “HOPE” poster. Fairey ends up paying Associate Press to license the photo and pleaded guilty to other criminal charges.
2010 CE – The photo-sharing phone app Intsagram first released, creating an easy way for artists and fans to share street art photos. Facebook bought IG in 2012.
2011 CE – Stencils and graffiti become a form of free expression during the Arab Spring uprisings, with serious repercussions if caught, from Tunisia to Syria and Egypt.
2011 CE – The Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles premieres “Art in the Streets,” “the first extensive survey of the history of graffiti and street art” for the USA. Banksy participated after MOCA LA agreed to offer one free day per week, eventually sponsored by Banksy, and allow photographs to be taken.
2014 CE – Street Art Museum (SAM) opens in St. Petersburg, Russia and is the “first-ever museum dedicated exclusively to street art.” Other spaces follow: MUCA (Munich, 2016), Urban Nation (Berlin, 2017), MAUSA (France, 2017), Museum of Graffiti (Miami, 2019), and STRAAT (Amsterdam, 2020).
2018 CE – Banksy’s Love is in the Bin is sold at auction for £1.0 million and is instantly shredded as a public art intervention. In 2021, it is sold again for a staggering £18.5 million.
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“Rock art from at least 67,800 years ago in Sulawesi,” Nature 650 (2026), 652-656.
Dario Radley, “Neanderthals created hand stencil rock art over 66,000 years ago, U-series dating reveals,” Archaeology News, https://archaeologymag.com/2024/12/neanderthals-created-hand-stencil-ov… .
“Chauvet Cave,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauvet_Cave .
Jean Clottes, et al, “Cosquer Cave,” Bradshaw Foundation, https://www.bradshawfoundation.com/cosquer/ .
Chris Kelly, “Aboriginal Rock Art, Carnarvon National Park, Queensland, Australia,” TRACCE, https://www.rupestre.net/tracce/carnarv.html .
Ibid.
Norman Laliberté and Alex Mogelon, The Art of Stencil (New York: Art Horizons, 1971), 7.
Caroline Koebel and Kyle Schlesinger, Schablone Berlin (Arizona: Chax Press, 2005), 20.
Ibid.
“Shadow Puppetry,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_puppetry .
Susanne Schlapfer-Geiser, Scherenschnitte (Asheville: Lark Books, 1996), 118.
Lawrence Mirsky, “Stenciling: Ornament & Activism,” Ambush in the Streets, https://www.cooper.edu/art/lubalin/stencil.html .
“Buddhism on the Silk Roads,” International Dunhuang Programmne, https://idp.bl.uk/discover/learning/buddhism-on-the-silk-roads/articles… .
“Japanese Paste-Resist Dyeing; Katazome,” Washi Arts, https://www.washiarts.com/katazome .
“The Art of the Pochoir Book,” University Libraries, University of Cincinnati, https://www.libraries.uc.edu/libraries/arb/archives/exhibits2/Pochoir/P…
“Explore/Highlights,” The British Museum, https://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/explore/highlights/highlight_objects… .
Supra, Schlapfer-Geiser, 121.
“Bingata,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bingata .
Redazione, “The technique of dusting: how the greats of the Renaissance executed paintings,” Finestre sull’Arte (09/30/2020), https://www.finestresullarte.info/en/works-and-artists/the-technique-of… .
“Playing card,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playing_card .
Supra, see Redazione.
“About Papercutting,” Guild of American Papercutters, https://web.archive.org/web/20200104034154/https://www.papercutters.org… .
Hiroyuki Kondo, “Tokyo shop strives to digitize to preserve traditional Komon stencil dyeing technique,” The Mainichi (01/16/2022), https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20220114/p2a/00m/0et/018000c .
“History,” Consumer Specialty Products Association, https://www.aboutaerosols.com/industry.php .
“Theorem stencils,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theorem_stencil .
“What is Kappazuri?,” Ronin Gallery, https://www.roningallery.com/blog/what-is-kappazuri-2 .
Bill Burns, “Edison’s Electric Pen,” FTL Design, https://electricpen.org/index.htm .
Sebastien Hayez, “Stencil: an avoided history / 2/2,” Blaze Type (05/15/2025), https://blazetype.eu/blog/stencil-an-avoided-history-2-2/ .
“History,” Consumer Specialty Products Association, https://www.aboutaerosols.com/industry.php .
Stephen H. Van Dyk and Carolyn Siegel, “Introduction,” Vibrant Visions, https://www.sil.si.edu/ondisplay/pochoir/intro.htm .
“Screen-printing,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen-printing .
Letterboxd, https://letterboxd.com/film/the-ornament-of-the-lovestruck-heart/ .
Alex Ward, “Power to the People,” The Israel Museum Jerusalem, https://www.imj.org.il/eng/exhibitions/2004/russian/posters.html .
Stephen H. Van Dyk and Carolyn Siegel, “Introduction,” Vibrant Visions, https://www.sil.si.edu/ondisplay/pochoir/intro.htm .
“History,” Consumer Specialty Products Association, https://www.aboutaerosols.com/industry.php .
“Tactics and strategy of the stencils, according to Siqueiros” (excerpting “They Called me the Colonel,” by D. A. Siqueiros), Graffiti escritos en la calle, https://www.escritosenlacalle.com/blog.php?Blog=61 .
Guido Indu, ed., Hasta la victoria, stencil!, (Buenos Aires: la marca ediora, 2004), 227-228.
ILAB LILA, https://www.ilab.org/db/book1727_98927.html .
“About the Stencil in the Street Art,” Artetrama (01-24-2019), https://www.artetrama.com/en-us/blogs/news/about-the-stencil-in-the-str… .
Windows on War / Soviet Posters, 1943-1945, The University of Nottingham, https://windowsonwar.nottingham.ac.uk/story#home .
Art Gallery NSW, https://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/artsets/sqoweh .
“Aerosol paint,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosol_paint .
Kirk Varnedoe, Jasper Johns A Retrospective, (New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1996), 174-175.
Stencilarchive.org
“Ernest Pignon-Ernest – Interview,” Les Artistes Contemporains, https://www.lesartistescontemporains.com/Artistes/pignon_ernest_intervi… .
Overview: who were (are) the Diggers?, https://www.diggers.org/overview.htm .
Richard Armstrong, Artschwager, Richard, (New York: Whitney Museum of American Art, 1988), 35-36.
“Locations, 1969, and Blp’s,” Brooke Alexander Editions, https://www.baeditions.com/RA%20Details/Interview-Locations-Blps.htm .
Ted Riederer, “Graffiti as Concept: Tommy Lanigan-Schmidt’s Impact on 1960s New York’s Streets,” Brooklyn Street Art (10/15/2024), https://www.brooklynstreetart.com/2024/10/15/graffiti-as-concept-tommy-… .
“Grateful Dead ‘Steal Your Face’ Logo First Stenciled,” Stencil Archive, https://www.stencilarchive.org/content/grateful-dead-steal-your-face-lo… .
“Charles Bojórquez,” Wikipedia”, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Boj%C3%B3rquez .
Supra, Guido Indu, ed., p. 221.
“Graffiti,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graffiti#Pioneering_era_.281969-1974.29 .
Gloria Moure, Gordon Matta-Clark Works and Collected Writings, (Barcelona: Ediciones Polígrafa, 2006), 123.
Larry Rivers, Drawings and Digressions, (New York: Clarkson N. Potter, Inc., 1979), 249.
Josh MacPhee, Stencil Pirates, (Brooklyn: Soft Skull Press, 2004), 14.
John Fekner, interview.
Gee Vaucher, interview.
Sam Lefebvre, “David King, San Francisco Artist Who Designed Iconic Crass Emblem, Dies at 71,” KQED (10/22/2019), https://www.kqed.org/arts/13868611/david-king-san-francisco-artist-who-… .
Jef Aérosol, interview.
Peter Walsh, “Mapping Social and Cultural Space: The Ramifications of the Street Stencil” (1996).
“Martha Cooper,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Cooper .
Supra, MacPhee, 16.
Scott Williams, interview.
Ibid.
Hugo Kaagman, https://kaagman.nl/index%20cx.htm .
Rick Kang, “Blek le Rat,” Format, no. 21 (2007), https://formatmag.com/art/spraycan-stories/blek-la-rat/.
“Blek le Rat,” Kronsbein Art, https://www.kronsbein-art.com/artist/blek-le-rat/ .
Marcella Faustini, “Echoes Are All I See,” Art Practical (09/10/2015).
“Alex Vallauri,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Vallauri .
Supra, Guido Indu, ed., p. 222.
The SubGenius Foundation, The Book of the SubGenius, (New York: Simon & Schuster, Inc., 1983),165.
Supra, MacPhee, 98.
Ibid., 90.
D.S. Black, “From the Grey Ranks,” Processed World, no. 26/27 (1991), https://www.processedworld.com/Issues/issue26_27/i26greyranks.html.
Lincoln Cushing, “The Chilean Cultural Exchange Project,” COMMUNITY MURALS MAGAZINE, Spring (1986), https://www.docspopuli.org/articles/Chile/ChileCulture.html .
Jef Aérosol, interview.
Peter Kuper, interview.
Scott Williams, interview.
“Shepard Fairey,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepard_Fairey .
Supra, MacPhee, 80.
Chris Carlsson, interview.
Van Smith, “Subversive Cure: Guerrilla Stencilers Say Local Art Is Lacking at the BMA,” City Paper (06/12/1996), https://vansmith.me/2017/11/06/subversive-cure-guerrilla-stencilers-say… .
“Logan Hicks,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_Hicks .
“Banksy”, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banksy .
“buenos aires: stencil graffiti 2004,” endless mile (01/11/2010), https://www.endlessmile.com/buenos-aires-stencil-graffiti/ .
ISBN Search, https://isbnsearch.org/isbn/0500283427 .
ISBN Search, https://isbnsearch.org/isbn/9781932360158 .
Oscar Palma, “Scott Williams, ‘greatest of all stencil artists,’ dies at 67,” Mission Local (06/12/2024), https://missionlocal.org/2024/06/scott-williams-greatest-of-all-stencil… .
Adam Stoneman, “In Oaxaca The Walls Speak,” Latino Life, https://www.latinolife.co.uk/articles/oaxaca-walls-speak .
Tara Mulholland, “From street to gallery, the pochoir artist arrives,” International Herald Tribune (11/10/2006), https://www.iht.com/articles/2006/11/10/features/pochoir.php?page=2 .
Sara and Marc Schiller, “Eleven Spring” (2016), https://woostercollective.myshopify.com/products/copy-of-copy-of-copy-o… .
“Record price for Banksy bomb art,” BBC (02/08/2007), https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6340109.stm .
ISBN Search, https://isbnsearch.org/isbn/1933149221 .
The Cans Festival, 2008, Geist, https://geistmc.com/our-artists/banksy/exhibitions-and-pranks/the-cans-… .
“Shepard Fairey v. Associated Press / 1:09-cv-01123 (SDNY, 2/9/2009)”, The Visual Arts Infringement Database, https://www.artinfringementdatabase.org/case/fairey-v-ap .
“Instagram,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram .
Hani Naeem, “Graffiti and the Arab uprisings,” Heinrich Böll Stiftung (03/05/2013), https://lb.boell.org/en/2013/03/06/graffiti-and-arab-uprisings-culture-… .
“Art in the Streets,” https://artinthestreets.org/about .
“From the Street to the Museum: the journey of Urban Art,” urbaneez (08/22/2022), https://urbaneez.art/magazine/from-the-street-to-the-museum-the-journey… .
“Love Is in the Bin,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Is_in_the_Bin .
