Woodlouse
| Woodlice | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Clockwise from top left: Schizidium tiberianum, Ligia oceanica, Hemilepistus reaumuri, and Platyarthrus hoffmannseggii | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Clade: | Pancrustacea |
| Class: | Malacostraca |
| Order: | Isopoda |
| Suborder: | Oniscidea Latreille, 1802[1] |
| Sections | |
Woodlice are terrestrial isopods in the suborder Oniscidea. Their name is derived from being often found in old wood, and from louse, a parasitic insect, although woodlice are neither parasitic nor insects. Other common names include slater, sow bug, and wood pig, common names varying widely by region.
Woodlice are suggested to have colonised land during the late Paleozoic based on molecular clock analysis, though the oldest known fossils are from the mid-Cretaceous period around 100 million years ago.
Woodlice have many common names and although often referred to as terrestrial isopods, some species live in semiaquatic environments like those of the genus Ligia. Woodlice in the families Armadillidae, Armadillidiidae, Eubelidae, Tylidae and some other genera can roll up into a roughly spherical shape (conglobate) as a defensive mechanism or to conserve moisture; others have partial rolling ability, but most cannot conglobate at all.
Woodlice are primarily detritivorous, and are a major contributor to the humification process by breaking down litter via ingestion. By reingesting their own faeces (coprophagy) they gain more nutrients from poor-quality leaf litter and increase the rate at which plant debris are transformed in humus.
Woodlice have a basic morphology of a segmented, dorso-ventrally flattened body with seven pairs of jointed legs, and have some or all five pairs of their pleopods (swimming legs) adapted for respiration. Like other peracarids, female woodlice carry fertilised eggs in their marsupium, through which they provide developing embryos with water, oxygen and nutrients. The immature young hatch as mancae and receive further maternal care in some species. Juveniles then go through a series of moults before reaching maturity. Mancae are born with six pereon (thoracic) segments and gain an additional one after their first moult.
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Key adaptations to terrestrial life have led to a highly diverse set of animals. From the marine littoral zone and subterranean lakes to arid deserts and desert slopes 4,725 m (15,500 ft) above sea-level, woodlice can be found in every continent other than Antarctica, in almost all kinds of terrestrial and coastal habitats, being absent only from polar regions and very high altitudes. Due to the permeability of their exoskeletons, woodlice are susceptible to water loss and can often be found beneath surfaces such as the underside of logs and rocks to avoid desiccation under sunlight.
Woodlice are widely studied in the contexts of evolutionary biology, behavioural ecology, and nutrient cycling. They are popular as pets often favoured because of their varied colour and texture forms, ease of care, or for the purpose of serving as a terrarium cleanup crew.
Biology
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Description
[edit]Most woodlouse are between 1.2-30 mm in length, their shape taking a generally flattened appearance.[2] Their basic morphology can be divided into the head, pereon (thorax), and pleon (abdomen) sections. The head bears flagellate antennae. The pereon is constituted by seven segments of chitinous cuticle, each segment bears a pair of legs, making fourteen legs in total.[3] The pleon is constitued by five segments, beneath each pleon is a pleopod which may bear pseudo-trachea through which the woodlouse breathes, the number of pseudo-trachea varying by species.[4][5]
The woodlouse has a shell-like exoskeleton, which it must progressively shed as it grows. The moult takes place in two stages: the back half is lost first, followed a few days later by the front, so that moulting individuals have a curious appearance.[6] This method of moulting is different from that of most arthropods, which shed their cuticle in a single process.[6] It is postulated that maintaining partial mobility make woodlice less vulnerable to predators during ecdysis,[6] and that biphasic moult favours calcium conservation in a terrestrial environment where calcium availability is limited compared to marine habitats.[7]
Woodlice are susceptible to water loss, with evaporation occurring from the cuticle at a high rate, as a result they have developed morphological, physiological, and behavioural traits to avoid desiccation.[8][9][10]
Woodlice are attracted to small narrow places such as crevices or the underside of rocks in order to minimise water loss,[11][12] likewise they are repulsed by bright light to avoid desiccation under sunlight.[13][14]
Antennae are used to help feel the environment to aid in navigation, and also allow the woodlouse to detect chemical odours which may identify predators;[15][16] mechanoreceptors, hygroreceptors, and chemoreceptors on the antennae and cuticle enable the woodlouse to detect small changes in the texture of a surface they encounter as well as the presence of chemical odours.[17]
They are usually nocturnal and are detritivores, feeding mostly on dead plant matter, preferring partially decayed or broken down material such as brown leaves. They break the plant material down by ingesting it, then later excrete it as faeces, and may return to eat the faeces in turn (coprophagy), once bacteria and fungi have further broken them down.