para

See also: Appendix:Variations of "para"

Languages (51)

English

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Albanian • 'Are'are • Asturian • Barapasi • Catalan • Cebuano • Central Bikol • Chavacano • Crimean Tatar • Dutch • Esperanto • Finnish • French • Galician • Gamo • Hungarian • Ido • Ilocano • Indonesian • Ingrian • Italian • Javanese • Kabuverdianu • Kashubian • Ladino • Latin • Lithuanian • Lower Sorbian • Lutuv • Makasar • Malay • Norwegian Bokmål • Norwegian Nynorsk • Old Javanese • Old Polish • Pali • Papiamentu • Paraguayan Guarani • Polish • Portuguese • Quechua • Romanian • Sanaviron • Serbo-Croatian • Silesian • Spanish • Swedish • Tagalog • Turkish • Welsh

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Page categories

English

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Serbo-Croatian pàra / па̀ра, from Ottoman Turkish پاره (pare, para), from Persian پاره (pâre).

Pronunciation

• (UK) enPR: päʹrə, IPA^(key): /ˈpɑːɹə/

  • Audio (Southern England):

    (file)

• (US) enPR: pärʹə, IPA^(key): /ˈpɑːɹə/
• Rhymes: -ɑːɹə

Noun

para (plural paras)

1. (historical) A former subunit of currency in several countries in the Ottoman/Turkish and Yugoslav regions.
   • 1854, Bayard Taylor, A Journey to Central Africa; or, Life and Landscapes from Egypt...:

     She managed things with so much economy that she was enabled to save two paras every day, out of the piastre which he gave her.

Translations

currency

• Armenian: փարա (hy) (pʻara)
• Hungarian: para (hu)
• Persian: پاره (fa) (pâre)

Etymology 2

Clipping of words such as primipara and multipara.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈpæɹə/, /ˈpɑːɹə/

Noun

para (plural paras)

1. (medicine) A woman who has given birth or brought pregnancies to viable gestational age a certain number of times, indicated by the number prepended to this word.

Related terms

• multipara
• nullipara
• primipara

See also

• gravida

Etymology 3

Clippings.

Pronunciation

• enPR: păʹrə, IPA^(key): /ˈpæɹə/
• Rhymes: -æɹə

Noun

para (plural paras)

1. Clipping of paragraph.
2. Clipping of paraphilia.
3. Clipping of paraplegic.
   • 2010, Shelley Lynn Tremain, editor, Foucault and the Government of Disability:

     The problems that male paras encounter in relation to bladder management pale in significance when placed alongside the problems with bladder management that female paraplegics experience. For women paras, attempts are made to train the bladder to empty itself at regular intervals; however, accidents do happen.

5. (US, education, informal) Clipping of paraprofessional educator.
6. (military) Clipping of paratrooper.
   • 2023 September 26, Dan Sabbagh, “Family of dead para launch legal challenge to Northern Ireland legacy legislation”, in The Guardian‎^[2], →ISSN:

     Family of dead para launch legal challenge to Northern Ireland legacy legislation [title]

Derived terms

• paraphile
• parawise

Etymology 4

Clipping of paralytic.

Pronunciation

• enPR: păʹrə, IPA^(key): /ˈpæɹə/

• Audio (Australia):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -æɹə

Adjective

para (comparative more para, superlative most para)

1. (UK, Australia, slang) Very drunk.

   Synonyms: see Thesaurus:drunk

Etymology 5

Noun

para

1. (New Zealand) Synonym of king fern (“the plant Ptisana salicina”).

Etymology 6

Borrowed from Urdu پاره (pāra), from Persian پاره (pâre).

Noun

para (plural paras)

1. (Islam, South Asia) Synonym of juz.

See also

• para grass
• para para
• para red

Further reading

• para (currency) on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

Anagrams

• paar, Raap, ARPA, apar, ARAP, Rapa, AARP, Paar, APAR

Albanian

Etymology 1

Back formation from përpara, from Proto-Albanian *pər-parə-a, from Proto-Indo-European *pr̥H-e/o-s (“before, in front”)

Preposition

para (+ ablative)

1. before

   para afatit

   before the deadline

2. ago

   para dy shekujsh

   two centuries ago

3. (physical position) in front of

   para një pasqyre

   in front of a mirror

4. (presence) in front of, in the presence of

   para klasës

   in front of the class

Related terms

• përpara

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish پاره (para), from Classical Persian پاره (pāra).

Noun

para f (plural para, definite paraja, definite plural paratë)

1. money

'Are'are

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /paɾa/
• Hyphenation: pa‧ra

Noun

para

1. fishhook

Verb

para

1. be white

References

• Naitoro, Kateřina (2013) A Sketch Grammar of 'Are'are: The Sound System and Morpho-Syntax (Thesis)‎^[3], Christchurch, New Zealand: University of Canterbury, archived from the original on 2017-11-28

Asturian

Verb

para

1. third-person singular present indicative of parar
2. second-person singular imperative of parar

Barapasi

Noun

para

1. bone

References

• Bill Palmer, editor (2018), The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area, Berlin: de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 516

Catalan

Verb

para

1. inflection of parar:
   1. third-person singular present indicative
   2. second-person singular imperative

Cebuano

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈpaɾa/ [ˈpaː.ɾ̪a]
• Hyphenation: pa‧ra

Etymology 1

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *perh₃-

Proto-Indo-European *pr̥h₃o-

Proto-Italic *paro-

Proto-Indo-European *-h₂

Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂

Proto-Indo-European *-yéti

Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti

Proto-Indo-European *-h₂tiinflu.

Proto-Italic *-ājō

Proto-Italic *-āō

Latin -ō

Latin parō

Old Spanish parar

Spanish pararbor.

Cebuano para

Borrowed from Spanish parar (“to stop”).

Verb

para (Badlit spelling ᜉᜇ)

1. to flag down; to signal to, especially to stop a passing vehicle etc.
2. to signal a driver to stop in order for one to alight a vehicle

Etymology 2

From Spanish para (“for”). Displaced alang in most contexts.

Preposition

para (Badlit spelling ᜉᜇ)

1. for

   Synonym: (formal) alang

Central Bikol

Etymology 1

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *perh₃-

Proto-Indo-European *pr̥h₃o-

Proto-Italic *paro-

Proto-Indo-European *-h₂

Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂

Proto-Indo-European *-yéti

Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti

Proto-Indo-European *-h₂tiinflu.

Proto-Italic *-ājō

Proto-Italic *-āō

Latin -ō

Latin parō

Old Spanish parar

Spanish pararbor.

Central Bikol para

Borrowed from Spanish parar (“to stop”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈpaɾa/ [ˈpa.ɾa]
• Hyphenation: pa‧ra

Interjection

pára (Basahan spelling ᜉᜍ)

1. stop! (used as a command to stop a vehicle)

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Spanish para (“for”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈpaɾa/ [ˈpa.ɾa]
• Hyphenation: pa‧ra

Preposition

pára (Basahan spelling ᜉᜍ)

1. for

   Para sain ini?

   What's this for?

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈpaɾaʔ/ [ˈpa.ɾaʔ]
• Hyphenation: pa‧ra

Preposition

parà (Basahan spelling ᜉᜍ)

1. because of

   Para kaiyan?

   Because of that?

Etymology 4

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈpaɾaʔ/ [ˈpa.ɾaʔ]
• Hyphenation: pa‧ra

Noun

parà (Basahan spelling ᜉᜍ)

1. erasure

Derived terms

• magpara
• makapara
• mapara
• pamara
• paraon

Chavacano

Etymology 1

Inherited from Spanish parar (“to stop”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /paˈɾa/ [pa.ˈɾa]
• Hyphenation: pa‧ra

Verb

pará

1. to stop

Conjugation

Verb conjugation for para

	Zamboanga City	Cavite
tense	para
past	ya para
present	ta para
future	ay para; para; el para; (rural/archaic) ey para	di para
gerund	parando	?
past participle	parao; parado
infinitive	para
manner	parada
reciprocal	parahan
reciprocal past	ya man parahan; ya'n parahan
reciprocal present	ta man parahan; ta'n parahan
reciprocal future	ay man parahan; man parahan; el man parahan; (rural/archaic) ey man parahan
reciprocal infinitive	man parahan

Etymology 2

Inherited from Spanish para (“for”).

Pronunciation

• Hyphenation: pa‧ra

Conjunction

para

1. for; so; in order to

Preposition

para

1. for

Crimean Tatar

Etymology

Alternative scripts

Arabic	[Term?]
Cyrillic	para
Latin	[Term?]

From Persian پاره (pâre).

Noun

para

1. cash, money

Declension

Declension of para

nominative	para
genitive	paranıñ
dative	parağa
accusative	paranı
locative	parada
ablative	paradan

Synonyms

• aqça

Dutch

Pronunciation

• Audio:

  (file)

• Hyphenation: pa‧ra

Etymology 1

Borrowed from English para (paratrooper).

Noun

para f or m (plural para's, no diminutive)

1. para (paratrooper)

Synonyms

• paratroeper
• paracommando

Etymology 2

Clipping of paranoïde.

Adjective

para (comparative paraer, superlative para'st)

1. (informal) synonym of paranoïde

Esperanto

Etymology

Etymology tree

Esperanto paro

Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂

Proto-Italic *-ā

Latin -ader.

▲

Latin -a

Italian -ader.

▲

Latin -a

Old Spanish -a

Spanish -ader.

Esperanto -a

Esperanto para

From paro (“pair”) + -a.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈpara/
• Rhymes: -ara
• Syllabification: pa‧ra

Adjective

para (accusative singular paran, plural paraj, accusative plural parajn)

1. even (not odd)
2. paired

Further reading

• “para”, in Plena Ilustrita Vortaro de Esperanto [Complete Illustrated Dictionary of Esperanto], 2020, →ISBN
• “para”, in Reta Vortaro [Online Dictionary] (in Esperanto), 1997-2026

Finnish

Etymology

Probably borrowed from North Germanic, from the same origin as Swedish bära (“to carry, bear”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈpɑrɑ/, [ˈpɑ̝rɑ̝]
• Rhymes: -ɑrɑ
• Syllabification^(key): pa‧ra
• Hyphenation^(key): pa‧ra

Noun

para

1. (witchcraft) A being created to bring milk or butter to its creator.

Declension

Inflection of para (Kotus type 9/kala, no gradation)
nominative		para	parat
genitive		paran	parojen
partitive		paraa	paroja
illative		paraan	paroihin
		singular	plural
nominative		para	parat
accusative	nom.	para	parat
	gen.	paran
genitive		paran	parojen parain rare
partitive		paraa	paroja
inessive		parassa	paroissa
elative		parasta	paroista
illative		paraan	paroihin
adessive		paralla	paroilla
ablative		paralta	paroilta
allative		paralle	paroille
essive		parana	paroina
translative		paraksi	paroiksi
abessive		paratta	paroitta
instructive		—	paroin
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of para (Kotus type 9/kala, no gradation)

first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative parani parani accusative nom. parani parani gen. parani genitive parani parojeni paraini rare partitive paraani parojani inessive parassani paroissani elative parastani paroistani illative paraani paroihini adessive parallani paroillani ablative paraltani paroiltani allative paralleni paroilleni essive paranani paroinani translative parakseni paroikseni abessive parattani paroittani instructive — — comitative — paroineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative parasi parasi accusative nom. parasi parasi gen. parasi genitive parasi parojesi paraisi rare partitive paraasi parojasi inessive parassasi paroissasi elative parastasi paroistasi illative paraasi paroihisi adessive parallasi paroillasi ablative paraltasi paroiltasi allative parallesi paroillesi essive paranasi paroinasi translative paraksesi paroiksesi abessive parattasi paroittasi instructive — — comitative — paroinesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative paramme paramme accusative nom. paramme paramme gen. paramme genitive paramme parojemme paraimme rare partitive paraamme parojamme inessive parassamme paroissamme elative parastamme paroistamme illative paraamme paroihimme adessive parallamme paroillamme ablative paraltamme paroiltamme allative parallemme paroillemme essive paranamme paroinamme translative paraksemme paroiksemme abessive parattamme paroittamme instructive — — comitative — paroinemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative paranne paranne accusative nom. paranne paranne gen. paranne genitive paranne parojenne parainne rare partitive paraanne parojanne inessive parassanne paroissanne elative parastanne paroistanne illative paraanne paroihinne adessive parallanne paroillanne ablative paraltanne paroiltanne allative parallenne paroillenne essive parananne paroinanne translative paraksenne paroiksenne abessive parattanne paroittanne instructive — — comitative — paroinenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative paransa paransa accusative nom. paransa paransa gen. paransa genitive paransa parojensa parainsa rare partitive paraansa parojaan parojansa inessive parassaan parassansa paroissaan paroissansa elative parastaan parastansa paroistaan paroistansa illative paraansa paroihinsa adessive parallaan parallansa paroillaan paroillansa ablative paraltaan paraltansa paroiltaan paroiltansa allative paralleen parallensa paroilleen paroillensa essive paranaan paranansa paroinaan paroinansa translative parakseen paraksensa paroikseen paroiksensa abessive parattaan parattansa paroittaan paroittansa instructive — — comitative — paroineen paroinensa

Derived terms

compounds

• paranvoi

Further reading

• “para”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎^[4] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 3 July 2023

Anagrams

• arpa, rapa

French

Pronunciation

• Audio (France (Lyon)):

  (file)

• Audio (France (Somain)):

  (file)

Verb

para

1. third-person singular past historic of parer

Noun

para m or f (plural paras)

1. paratrooper

References

• “para”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012

Anagrams

• râpa

Galician

Etymology 1

From Old Galician-Portuguese pera, para, from Latin per (“through”) + ad (“to”).

Alternative forms

• pra

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [pɐɾɐ], [pɾɐ]
• Rhymes: -aɾɐ, -aɾa
• Hyphenation: pa‧ra

Preposition

para

1. for (directed at, intended to belong to)
2. for (to obtain)
3. to, toward (indicating destination)
4. for (by the standards of)
5. (after a form of estar) about to

Usage notes

In spoken language this preposition frequently contracts with the next word, especially with articles and pronouns, but today these contraction are not usually represented in the written language.

• Para + definite article contractions are colloquial.
  • para + o → pro
  • para + os → pros
  • para + a → pra
  • para + as → pras

Derived terms

• pró

Etymology 2

Deverbal from parar (“to prepare”). Cognate with Portuguese apara.

Paras de pataca ("potato peelings")

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈpaɾɐ]

Noun

para f (plural paras)

1. peeling (of a fruit, vegetable, cheese)

   Synonyms: carapa, carapela, casca, monda, paraza, pela, peladura, peleca, plana, tona

2. shaving, woodshaving

   Synonyms: labra, lasca

Related terms

• parar
• reparar

Etymology 3

Verb

para

1. inflection of parar:
   1. third-person singular present indicative
   2. second-person singular imperative
2. (reintegrationist norm) inflection of parir:
   1. first/third-person singular present subjunctive
   2. third-person singular imperative

References

• Seoane, Ernesto Xosé González; Granja, María Álvarez de la; Agrelo, Ana Isabel Boullón (2006–2022), “para”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval [Dictionary of dictionaries of Medieval Galician] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Barreiro, Xavier Varela; Guinovart, Xavier Gómez (2006–2018), “para”, in Corpus Xelmírez: corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval [Corpus Xelmírez: linguistic corpus of Medieval Galicia] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Antón Santamarina, editor (2006–2013), “para”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Antón Santamarina, Ernesto X. González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “para”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “para”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN

Gamo

Noun

para

1. horse

References

• Corinna Handschuh, A typology of marked-S languages

Hungarian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈpɒrɒ]
• Hyphenation: pa‧ra
• Rhymes: -rɒ

Etymology 1

Of uncertain origin.

Noun

para (usually uncountable, plural parák)

2. suber, cork

Declension

Inflection (stem in long/high vowel, back harmony)

	singular	plural
nominative	para	parák
accusative	parát	parákat
dative	parának	paráknak
instrumental	parával	parákkal
causal-final	paráért	parákért
translative	parává	parákká
terminative	paráig	parákig
essive-formal	paraként	parákként
essive-modal	—	—
inessive	parában	parákban
superessive	parán	parákon
adessive	paránál	paráknál
illative	parába	parákba
sublative	parára	parákra
allative	parához	parákhoz
elative	parából	parákból
delative	paráról	parákról
ablative	parától	paráktól
non-attributive possessive – singular	paráé	paráké
non-attributive possessive – plural	paráéi	parákéi

Possessive forms of para

possessor	single possession	multiple possessions
1st person sing.	parám	paráim
2nd person sing.	parád	paráid
3rd person sing.	parája	parái
1st person plural	paránk	paráink
2nd person plural	parátok	paráitok
3rd person plural	parájuk	paráik

Derived terms

• parás

Compound words

• parafa
• paratölgy

Etymology 2

Perhaps from paranoia.

Noun

para

2. (slang) fear

   Synonyms: félelem, rettegés

Declension

Inflection (stem in long/high vowel, back harmony)

	singular	plural
nominative	para	parák
accusative	parát	parákat
dative	parának	paráknak
instrumental	parával	parákkal
causal-final	paráért	parákért
translative	parává	parákká
terminative	paráig	parákig
essive-formal	paraként	parákként
essive-modal	—	—
inessive	parában	parákban
superessive	parán	parákon
adessive	paránál	paráknál
illative	parába	parákba
sublative	parára	parákra
allative	parához	parákhoz
elative	parából	parákból
delative	paráról	parákról
ablative	parától	paráktól
non-attributive possessive – singular	paráé	paráké
non-attributive possessive – plural	paráéi	parákéi

Possessive forms of para

possessor	single possession	multiple possessions
1st person sing.	parám	paráim
2nd person sing.	parád	paráid
3rd person sing.	parája	parái
1st person plural	paránk	paráink
2nd person plural	parátok	paráitok
3rd person plural	parájuk	paráik

Derived terms

• parázik

Adjective

para (comparative parább, superlative legparább)

1. (slang) scary, spooky, sinister, dark

   Synonyms: félelmetes, rémisztő, ijesztő, baljós

Declension

Inflection (stem in long/high vowel, back harmony)

	singular	plural
nominative	para	parák
accusative	parát	parákat
dative	parának	paráknak
instrumental	parával	parákkal
causal-final	paráért	parákért
translative	parává	parákká
terminative	paráig	parákig
essive-formal	paraként	parákként
essive-modal	—	—
inessive	parában	parákban
superessive	parán	parákon
adessive	paránál	paráknál
illative	parába	parákba
sublative	parára	parákra
allative	parához	parákhoz
elative	parából	parákból
delative	paráról	parákról
ablative	parától	paráktól
non-attributive possessive – singular	paráé	paráké
non-attributive possessive – plural	paráéi	parákéi

Etymology 3

From paraméter.

Noun

para

2. (slang) (physical) parameter (height, weight, and age, often asked at the beginning of online dating)

   Synonym: paraméter

   Mik a paráid? ― What are your parameters?

Declension

Inflection (stem in long/high vowel, back harmony)

	singular	plural
nominative	para	parák
accusative	parát	parákat
dative	parának	paráknak
instrumental	parával	parákkal
causal-final	paráért	parákért
translative	parává	parákká
terminative	paráig	parákig
essive-formal	paraként	parákként
essive-modal	—	—
inessive	parában	parákban
superessive	parán	parákon
adessive	paránál	paráknál
illative	parába	parákba
sublative	parára	parákra
allative	parához	parákhoz
elative	parából	parákból
delative	paráról	parákról
ablative	parától	paráktól
non-attributive possessive – singular	paráé	paráké
non-attributive possessive – plural	paráéi	parákéi

Possessive forms of para

possessor	single possession	multiple possessions
1st person sing.	parám	paráim
2nd person sing.	parád	paráid
3rd person sing.	parája	parái
1st person plural	paránk	paráink
2nd person plural	parátok	paráitok
3rd person plural	parájuk	paráik

Etymology 4

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish پاره (para, “money”), from Persian پاره (pâre, “piece”).

Noun

para (plural parák)

2. para (a subunit of Ottoman currency)

Derived terms

• parányi

Further reading

• parafa and paratölgy in Géza Bárczi, László Országh, et al., editors, A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára [The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language] (ÉrtSz.), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN.

Ido

Adjective

para

1. (mathematics) even

Antonyms

• nepara

Ilocano

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Spanish para (“for”).

Preposition

para (Kur-itan spelling ᜉᜎ)

1. for; on behalf of

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Spanish para (“stop”) (second person singular imperative), from parar (“stop”).

Interjection

para (Kur-itan spelling ᜉᜎ)

1. Said by any jeepney passenger to call onto the driver to halt the vehicle, with the intention of dismounting.

Derived terms

• agpara
• ipara

Etymology 3

Noun

para (Kur-itan spelling ᜉᜎ)

1. sprouting coconut

Indonesian

Pronunciation

• (Standard Indonesian) IPA^(key): /ˈpara/ [ˈpa.ra]
• Rhymes: -ara
• Syllabification: pa‧ra
• Homophone: para-

Etymology 1

Inherited from Malay ڤارا (para), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *paRa (collective particle). Compare Acehnese para (“horde, troop”).

Particle

para

1. A definitive particle, as a proxy for plural marker. Used to denote that the word succeeding is plural.

   para siswa ― students

Usage notes

• The particle is only used in cases of nouns with human referents. Plural forms of other nouns are typically formed by reduplication.

See also

• itu

Etymology 2

Inherited from Malay ڤارا (para, “rubber; shelf”), ultimately from Proto-Austronesian *paRa (“storage shelf; attic, loft”). Compare Tagalog pága (“storage loft made of bamboo attached to ceiling”).

Noun

para (plural para-para)

1. rubber

   Synonym: karet

2. alternative spelling of para-para (“shelf”)

Etymology 3

Noun

para (plural para-para)

1. apocopic form of parasut
2. paratrooper, military parachutist

Etymology 4

Borrowed from Sundanese [Term?]

Noun

para (plural para-para)

1. (architecture, dialect) the space between the ceiling and the roof of a house

Etymology 5

Borrowed from Mentawai [Term?]

Noun

para (plural para-para)

1. (dialect) upper arm

   Synonym: lengan atas

Etymology 6

Borrowed from Lawangan [Term?] (Paser)

Noun

para (plural para-para)

1. (cooking, dialect) edible half rotten (melted) egg.

Etymology 7

Borrowed from Bima [Term?]

Noun

para (plural para-para)

1. (pathology, dialect) skin disease on the body in the form of white spots that collect at one point and cause fever

Further reading

• “para”, in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia [Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016

Ingrian

Para.

Etymology

Akin to Finnish para and Karelian para.

Pronunciation

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /ˈpɑrɑ/, [ˈpɑrɑˑ]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /ˈpɑrɑ/, [ˈpɑrɑˑ]
• Rhymes: -ɑrɑ
• Hyphenation: pa‧ra

Noun

para

1. (folklore) troll cat (being designed to bring milk to its creator)

Declension

Declension of para (type 3/kana, no gradation, gemination)
	singular	plural
nominative	para	parat
genitive	paran	parroin
partitive	parraa	paroja
illative	parraa	parroi
inessive	paras	parois
elative	parast	paroist
allative	paralle	paroille
adessive	paral	paroil
ablative	paralt	paroilt
translative	paraks	paroiks
essive	paranna, parraan	paroinna, parroin
exessive1)	parant	paroint
1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive.

References

• Ruben E. Nirvi (1971), Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 383

Italian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈpa.ra/
• Rhymes: -ara
• Hyphenation: pà‧ra

Etymology 1

From Pará, Brazil, where it is produced.

Noun

para f (plural pare)

1. crepe rubber
2. crepe (for shoes)

Etymology 2

Clipping of paranoia.

Noun

para f (plural pare) (slang)

1. paranoia

Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

para

1. inflection of parare:
   1. third-person singular present indicative
   2. second-person singular imperative

Etymology 4

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Noun

para f

1. plural of paro m

Anagrams

• apar, apra, arpa, rapa

Javanese

Romanization

para

1. romanization of ꦥꦫ

Kabuverdianu

Etymology

Derived from Portuguese parar.

Verb

para

1. to stop

Kashubian

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Slavic *porěti

Proto-Indo-European *-yeti

Proto-Indo-European *-éyeti

Proto-Balto-Slavic *-éitei

Proto-Slavic *-iti

Proto-Slavic *paritideverb.

Proto-Slavic *pàra

Kashubian para

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *pàra. By surface analysis, deverbal from parzëc.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈpa.ra/
• Rhymes: -ara
• Syllabification: pa‧ra

Noun

para f

1. steam (vapor formed when water changes from the liquid phase to the gas phase)

   Synonym: ropa

Further reading

• Sychta, Bernard (1970), “para”, in Słownik gwar kaszubskich [Dictionary of Kashubian dialects] (in Polish), volumes 4 (P – Ř), Wrocław: Ossolineum, page 27
• Eùgeniusz Gòłąbk (2011), “para woda”, in Słownik Polsko-Kaszubski / Słowôrz Pòlskò-Kaszëbsczi‎^[5]
• “para”, in Internetowi Słowôrz Kaszëbsczégò Jãzëka [Internet Dictionary of the Kashubian Language], Fundacja Kaszuby, 2022

Ladino

Pronunciation

• Audio (Spain):

  (file)

Etymology 1

From earlier pora (a combination of por and a, or from Latin prō ad) via assimilation, influenced by the archaic preposition par.^[6]

Preposition

para (Hebrew spelling פארה)

1. for; to (expressing a recipient)

   Hanuka linda sta aki; ocho kandelas para mi.

   Beautiful Hanukkah is here, so eight candles for me.

2. to; in order to; so; for (expressing the intended purpose of an action)
   • (Can we date this quote?), Ladino 21‎^[7], archived from the original on 15 June 2026:

     Para arebivir el Ladino en el siekolo 21 es menester profitar de lo dijital para dokumentar i ambezar esta lingua en perikolo de ekstinsyon.

     In order to revive Ladino in the twenty first century it is necessary to take advantage of digital technology to document and learn this endangered language.

3. toward; moving in the direction of

Alternative forms

• pora

See also

• por

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

para (Hebrew spelling פארה)

1. third-person singular present indicative of parar
2. second-person singular imperative of parar

Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

para (Hebrew spelling פארה)

1. first/third-person singular present subjunctive of parir

Latin

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈpa.raː]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈpaː.ra]

Verb

parā

1. second-person singular present active imperative of parō

References

• "para", in Charles du Fresne du Cange, Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
• “para”, in William Smith, editor (1848), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, London: John Murray

Lithuanian

Noun

para f

1. 24 hours (day)

   Aš manau kad užtruks apie vieną parą.

   I think it will take about 24 hours.

See also

• diena (“daytime; day”)

Lower Sorbian

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *bara (“puddle, pond, swampy place”).

Compare Polabian poro (“mud, dung; swamp, bog”), and, more distantly, Lithuanian pur̃vas (“mud, dirt”), Latvian purvs (“swamp, bog”) and Sudovian puro (“swamp”).

Noun

para f

1. mud, mire, sludge

Further reading

• Muka, Arnošt (1921, 1928), “para”, in Słownik dolnoserbskeje rěcy a jeje narěcow (in German), St. Petersburg, Prague: ОРЯС РАН, ČAVU; Reprinted Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag, 2008
• Starosta, Manfred (1999), “para”, in Dolnoserbsko-nimski słownik / Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch (in German), Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag

Lutuv

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [pə̀rə̀ə̀]

Verb

para

1. to break (as in a computer)

References

• Kelly Harper Berkson, Amanda Bohnert, Sui Hnem Par (2022), “Consonant Sounds in Hnaring Lutuv”, in Indiana Working Papers in South Asian Languages and Cultures‎^[8], volume 3, number 1, archived from the original on 17 June 2026

Makasar

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈpara/, [ˈpʰa.ra]
• Hyphenation: pa‧ra

Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

para (Lontara spelling ᨄᨑ or 𑻣𑻭, definite paraya)

1. coconut apple; the spongy, yellowish-white cotyledon inside a germinating coconut (which shrinks as the shoot, timbo kaluku, grows out of the shell; it is often made into barongko cake)
2. prolapse; a prolapsed organ; something protruding from a bodily orifice (such as a prolapsed uterus or rectum)

   Synonym: bingkasaʼ

   Baine assuluʼ parana

   A woman whose womb has prolapsed.

   Assuluki parana

   Her womb prolapsed.

Derived terms

affixations

• paràng

compounds

• para toloʼ

Etymology 2

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *paʀa (collective particle).

Adverb

para (Lontara spelling ᨄᨑ or 𑻣𑻭)

1. together; equally; all together

   Para-mmotereʼ

   All return together.

   Umba kipara-mmalli baju-bosi

   Let us (both/all) buy raincoats together.

   Para-appassapui

   They all wear destar (headcloths).

2. (combined with personal pronouns or possessive suffixes) among; among each other; fellow

   Para-ikau teako aʼbeserì

   Do not fight among yourselves.

   Naʼjarimo sibaʼji-baʼji para-ia

   And a fight broke out among them.

   Para-ikatte sibija-bija

   We, among ourselves, are family.

   Parangku tau

   My fellow human being.

   Garring battu ripara-tauna

   An illness coming from one's fellow human beings (black magic/sorcery).

   Paranta nipaʼjari

   Our fellow creatures (we as fellow creations).

Derived terms

affixations

• para-paʼmaìki

Etymology 3

Inherited from Proto-Austronesian *paʀa (“storage shelf; attic, loft”).

Noun

para (Lontara spelling ᨄᨑ or 𑻣𑻭, definite paraya)

1. (Bantaeng) attic; ceiling

   Synonym: pammakkang

Etymology 4

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

para (Lontara spelling ᨄᨑ or 𑻣𑻭, definite paraya)

1. the inner side of the forearm

Derived terms

affixations

• pamara

Further reading

• Cense, A. A. (1979), Makassaars-Nederlands woordenboek [Makasar-Dutch dictionary], 's-Gravenhage: Martinus Nijhoff, →ISBN

Malay

Pronunciation

• (Southern Peninsular Malaysia Standard) IPA^(key): /ˈparə/ [ˈpa.rə]
  • Rhymes: -arə
• (Literary Standard) IPA^(key): /ˈpara/ [ˈpa.ra]
  • Rhymes: -ara
• Hyphenation: pa‧ra

Etymology 1

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *paRa (collective particle). Compare Acehnese para (“horde, troop”).

Prefix

para (Jawi spelling ڤارا)

1. definitive prefix used to denote that the word preceded is plural

   para murid ― students

Descendants

• Indonesian: para

Etymology 2

From Proto-Austronesian *paRa (“storage shelf; attic, loft”). Compare Tagalog pága (“storage loft made of bamboo attached to ceiling”).

Noun

para (Jawi spelling ڤارا, plural para-para)

1. shelf

   Synonym: rak

   para buku ― bookshelf

2. rubber (of the material)

   Synonyms: getah, karet

   nilai para ― value of rubber

Descendants

• Indonesian: para

Further reading

• "para" in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu (PRPM) [Malay Literary Reference Centre (PRPM)] (in Malay), Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017
  (also see "para" at PRPM first version)
• Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen; et al. (2023) “*paRa₂”, in the CLDF dataset from The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (2010–), →DOI
• Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen; et al. (2023) “*paRa₁”, in the CLDF dataset from The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (2010–), →DOI

Norwegian Bokmål

Alternative forms

• parene

Noun

para n pl

1. definite plural of par

Norwegian Nynorsk

Noun

para n pl

1. definite plural of par

Old Javanese

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /pa.ra/
• Rhymes: -ra
• Homophone: para-
• Hyphenation: pa‧ra

Etymology 1

Unknown (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Root

para

1. to come, to approach, to draw near

Derived terms

• amarani
• amarākĕn
• apara-paran
• kapara
• kapara-para
• kaparan
• makaparan
• mara
• paraan
• paran
• paran-paran
• parān
• parāna
• pinaran
• pinarākĕn
• umara

• saṅkan paran
• silih para

Descendants

• > Javanese: ꦥꦫ (para) (inherited)

Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *paRa (collective particle).

Particle

para

1. a personal demonstrative particle for a number of persons belonging to the same category

Descendants

• > Javanese: ꦥꦫ (para) (inherited)

Etymology 3

From Sanskrit पर (para, “others”).

Noun

para

1. others, another, other people
2. one's fellow men
3. people at large

Derived terms

• woṅ para

Descendants

• > Javanese: ꦥꦫ (para) (inherited)

Further reading

• "para" in P.J. Zoetmulder with the collaboration of S.O. Robson, Old Javanese-English Dictionary. 's-Gravenhage: M. Nijhoff, 1982.

Old Polish

Etymology 1

By surface analysis, deverbal from parzyć.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (10^th–15^th CE) /para/
• IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /para/

Noun

para f

1. steam
   • 1451-1455, Legenda o świętym Aleksym‎^[9], line 215:

     Kogokole para szaleczala oth thego szwyathego czala, ktoryle chorobą myal, nathemyescz szdrow ostal

     [Kogokole para zaleciała ot tego świętego ciała, ktoryle chorobę miał, natemieśc[ie] zdrow ostał]

2. (attested in Greater Poland) breath
   • 1874-1891 [Middle of the 15th century], Rozprawy i Sprawozdania z Posiedzeń Wydziału Filologicznego Akademii Umiejętności‎^{[10], [11], [12]}, volume XXIII, page 270:

     Faucibus, gl. ore, exuberat, gl. exit, grauis anhelitus dvch, para

     [Faucibus, gl. ore, exuberat, gl. exit, grauis anhelitus duch, para]

   • c. 1500, Wokabularz lubiński, Lubiń: inkunabuł Archiwum Archidiecezjalnego w Gnieźnie, sygn. Inc. 78d., page 129r:

     Spiraculum id est anhelitus vel foramen per quod spiratur proprie der atem. Spiramen idem pąrą vel dech

     [Spiraculum id est anhelitus vel foramen per quod spiratur proprie der atem. Spiramen idem para vel dech]

Derived terms

adjectives

• parny

Related terms

nouns

• parzydło

Descendants

• Polish: para (“steam”)
• Silesian: para (“steam”)

Etymology 2

Etymology tree

Latin pārder.

Middle High German pârbor.

Old Polish para

Borrowed from Middle High German pâr. First attested in 1447.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (10^th–15^th CE) /paːra/
• IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /pɒra/

Noun

para f

1. pair (two of the same or similar things)
   • 1912-1930 [1447], Monumenta Iuris cura praepositorum Chartophylacio Maximo Varsoviensi, volume III, page 156:

     Ego Petrus obligo me sibi (sc. Andree) solucionem facere..., videlicet vnum tharling pannorum coltryskych, in quo fieri debent XL-ta media stamina et quodlibet paria uel stamen integrum debet percipere a me per XII florenos Vngaricales vlg. par *puolstuczkow... Ego Petrus... promitto... Andree... secundum tharling staminorum vlg. *puolstuczkow coltryskych dare... sine omni dilatione..., videlicet quod par *puolstuczkuow per XII florenos Vngaricales

     [Ego Petrus obligo me sibi (sc. Andree) solucionem facere..., videlicet vnum tarlink pannorum koltryskich, in quo fieri debent XL-ta media stamina et quodlibet paria uel stamen integrum debet percipere a me per XII florenos Vngaricales vlg. par połusztuczkow... Ego Petrus... promitto... Andree... secundum tarlink staminorum vlg. połusztuczkow koltryskich dare... sine omni dilatione..., videlicet quod par połusztuczk[u]ow per XII florenos Vngaricales]

Descendants

• Polish: para (“pair”)
  • → Kashubian: pôra
• Silesian: pŏra (“pair”)

References

• Boryś, Wiesław (2005), “para I-II”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN
• Mańczak, Witold (2017), “para I-II”, in Polski słownik etymologiczny (in Polish), Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności, →ISBN
• Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000), “para 1-2”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)
• Bożena Sieradzka-Baziur, et al., editors (2011–2015), “para”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN
• Ewa Deptuchowa, et al., editors (2023), “para”, in Rozariusze z polskimi glosami. Internetowa baza danych [Dictionaries of Polish glosses, an Internet database] (in Polish), Kraków: Pracownia Języka Staropolskiego Instytut Języka Polskiego Polskiej Akademii Nauk

Pali

Alternative forms

Alternative scripts

• 𑀧𑀭 (Brahmi script)
• पर (Devanagari script)
• পর (Bengali script)
• පර (Sinhalese script)
• ပရ (Burmese script)
• ปร or ปะระ (Thai script)
• ᨷᩁ (Tai Tham script)
• ປຣ or ປະຣະ (Lao script)
• បរ (Khmer script)
• 𑄛𑄢 (Chakma script)

Etymology

Inherited from Sanskrit पर (para), from Proto-Indo-European *per-.

Adjective

para

1. other, another
2. alien
3. outsider
4. further (on)
   • c. 500 AD, Kaccāyana, Pālivyākaraṇaṃ [Pali Grammar]‎^[13] (overall work in Pali), page 252; republished as Satish Chandra Acharyya Vidyabhusana, editor, Kaccayana's Pali Grammar (edited in Devanagari character and translated into English), Calcutta, Bengal: Mahabodhi Society, 1901:

     सब्बेसं तिण्णं पठममज्झिमुत्तमपुरिसानं एकाभिधाने परो पुरिसो गहेतब्बो। सो च पठति, ते च पठन्ति, त्वञ्च पठसि तुम्हे च पठथ, अहञ्च पठामि = मयं पठाम; सो पचति, ते च पचन्ति, त्वञ्च पचन्ति, तुम्हे च पठथ, अहञ्च पचआमि = मयं पचाम एवं सेसासु विभत्तीसु परो पुरिसो योजेतब्बो॥

     Sabbesaṃ tiṇṇaṃ paṭhamamajjhimuttamapurisānaṃ ekābhidhāne paro puriso gahetabbo. So ca paṭhati, te ca paṭhanti, tvañca paṭhasi, tumhe ca paṭhatha, ahañca paṭhāmi = mayaṃ paṭhāma; so pacati, te ca pacanti, tvañca pacasi, tumhe ca pacatha, ahañca pacāmi = mayaṃ pacāma. Evaṃ sesāsu vibhattīsu paro puriso yojetabbo.

     With all three, third, second, and first persons, in one expression, the last person is to be taken. He reads, they read, thou readest, you read, and I read = we read; he cooks, they cook, thou cookest, you cook , and I cook = we cook. The last person is to be applied thus for other endings.

   • c. 500 AD, Kaccāyana, Pālivyākaraṇaṃ [Pali Grammar]‎^[14] (overall work in Pali), page 291; republished as Satish Chandra Acharyya Vidyabhusana, editor, Kaccayana's Pali Grammar (edited in Devanagari character and translated into English), Calcutta, Bengal: Mahabodhi Society, 1901:

     वचवसवहादीनं उकारो वस्स ये ॥६॥
     वच, वस, वह इच्चेवमादीनं धातूनं वकारस्स उकारो होति य पच्चये परे । उच्चते, वुच्चति; वुस्सति; वुय्हति ॥

     6. Vacavasavahādīnaṃ ukāro vassa ye
     Vaca, vasa, vaha iccevamādīnaṃ dhātūnaṃ vakārassa ukāro hoti ya paccaye pare.Uccate, vuccate; vussati; vuyhati.

     Vac, vas, vah etc. which have 'u' for 'va'
     Roots vac, vas, vah and so on etc. have 'u' from 'va' next to the ending 'ya'.
     Exx: uccate, vuccate; vussati; vuyhati.

Declension

Declension table of "para" (masculine)

Case / Number	Singular	Plural
Nominative (first)	paro	pare
Accusative (second)	paraṃ	pare
Instrumental (third)	parena	parehi or parebhi
Dative (fourth)	parassa	paresaṃ
Ablative (fifth)	parasmā or paramhā or parā	parehi or parebhi
Genitive (sixth)	parassa	paresaṃ
Locative (seventh)	parasmiṃ or paramhi or pare	paresu

Declension table of "parā" (feminine)

Case / Number	Singular	Plural
Nominative (first)	parā	parāyo or parā
Accusative (second)	paraṃ	parāyo or parā
Instrumental (third)	parāya	parāhi or parābhi
Dative (fourth)	parāya	parāsaṃ
Ablative (fifth)	parāya	parāhi or parābhi
Genitive (sixth)	parāya	parāsaṃ
Locative (seventh)	parāya or parāyaṃ	parāsu

Declension table of "para" (neuter)

Case / Number	Singular	Plural
Nominative (first)	paraṃ	parāni
Accusative (second)	paraṃ	parāni
Instrumental (third)	parena	parehi or parebhi
Dative (fourth)	parassa	paresaṃ
Ablative (fifth)	parasmā or paramhā or parā	parehi or parebhi
Genitive (sixth)	parassa	paresaṃ
Locative (seventh)	parasmiṃ or paramhi or pare	paresu

Derived terms

• pāra

References

• Pali Text Society (1921–1925), “para”, in Pali-English Dictionary‎, London: Chipstead

Papiamentu

Etymology 1

Etymology tree

Spanish pájaroder.

Proto-Indo-European *peth₂-der.

Latin passer

Vulgar Latin *passarum

Old Galician-Portuguese passaro

Portuguese pássaroder.

▲

Portuguese pássaroder.

Kabuverdianu pasaruder.

Papiamentu para

Derived from Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, and Kabuverdianu pasaru.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈpárà]

Noun

para

1. bird

Etymology 2

Etymology tree

Portuguese pararder.

Proto-Indo-European *perh₃-

Proto-Indo-European *pr̥h₃o-

Proto-Italic *paro-

Proto-Indo-European *-h₂

Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂

Proto-Indo-European *-yéti

Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti

Proto-Indo-European *-h₂tiinflu.

Proto-Italic *-ājō

Proto-Italic *-āō

Latin -ō

Latin parō

Old Spanish parar

Spanish pararder.

Portuguese pararder.

Kabuverdianu parader.

Papiamentu para

Derived from Portuguese parar, Spanish parar, and Kabuverdianu para.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈpàrá]

Verb

para

1. to stop
2. to stand

Paraguayan Guarani

Etymology

Cognate with Old Tupi pará.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [paˈɾa]
• Rhymes: -a

Noun

para

1. sea

References

• Canese, Natalia Krivoshein de; Alcaraz, Feliciano Acosta (2016), “para”, in Ñe’ẽryru [Dictionary] (overall work in Spanish), Asunción: Instituto Superior de Lenguas, →ISBN, page 85, column 1

Polish

Etymology 1

Etymology tree

Proto-Slavic *porěti

Proto-Indo-European *-yeti

Proto-Indo-European *-éyeti

Proto-Balto-Slavic *-éitei

Proto-Slavic *-iti

Proto-Slavic *paritideverb.

Proto-Slavic *pàra

Old Polish para

Polish para

Inherited from Old Polish para (“steam”). By surface analysis, deverbal from parzyć.

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /ˈpa.ra/

• (Middle Polish) IPA^(key): /ˈpa.ra/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ara
• Syllabification: pa‧ra
• Homophones: Para, para-

Noun

para f (related adjective parowy)

1. (usually uncountable) vapor (gaseous state of a substance that is normally a solid or liquid)
   1. (uncountable) steam, water vapor (vapor formed when water changes from the liquid phase to the gas phase)
2. (uncountable, colloquial) steam (internal energy for progress or motive power)
3. (uncountable) breath

   Synonyms: dech, tchnienie

Declension

Declension of para

	singular
nominative	para
genitive	pary
dative	parze
accusative	parę
instrumental	parą
locative	parze
vocative	paro

Derived terms

adverbs

• ani pary z gęby
• całą parą
• pełną parą
• pod parą

nouns

• para w gwizdek

verbs

• cała para poszła w gwizdek pf, cała para idzie w gwizdek impf
• nie puścić pary z ust pf, nie puszczać pary z ust impf
• pójść w parze pf, iść w parze impf
• puścić parę w gwizdek pf, puszczać parę w gwizdek impf

Etymology 2

Etymology tree

Latin pārder.

Middle High German pârbor.

Old Polish para

Polish para

Inherited from Old Polish para (“pair”).

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /ˈpa.ra/

• (Middle Polish) IPA^(key): /ˈpɒ.ra/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ara
• Syllabification: pa‧ra
• Homophones: Para, para-

Noun

para f

1. (countable) pair (two similar or identical things taken together)
2. (countable) pair (two symmetrical organs or limbs)
3. (countable) pair (object made of two things, such as scissors or pants)
4. (countable) pair (two people, animals, or groups in the same place at the same time)
5. (countable) pair, couple (two people in a relationship or partnership)

Declension

Declension of para

	singular	plural
nominative	para	pary
genitive	pary	par
dative	parze	parom
accusative	parę	pary
instrumental	parą	parami
locative	parze	parach
vocative	paro	pary

Derived terms

adverbs

• parę

nouns

• inna para kaloszy
• młoda para

proverbs

• nieszczęścia chodzą parami

Descendants

• → Kashubian: pôra

Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

para

1. third-person singular present of parać

Trivia

According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), para is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 43 times in scientific texts, 13 times in news, 4 times in essays, 16 times in fiction, and 11 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 87 times, making it the 733rd most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.

Further reading

• “para”, in Wielki słownik języka polskiego‎^[15] (in Polish), Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• “para”, in Polish dictionaries at PWN‎^[16] (in Polish)
• Maria Renata Mayenowa, et al., editors (2010-2023), “1. para”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
• Maria Renata Mayenowa, et al., editors (2010-2023), “2. para”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
• Paweł Kupiszewski (08.04.2014), “PARA”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century]
• Paweł Kupiszewski (08.04.2014), “PARA”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century]
• Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814), “para”, in Słownik języka polskiego
• Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861), “para”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
• A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1908), “para”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 4, Warsaw, page 50

Portuguese

Etymology 1

From earlier pera, from Old Galician-Portuguese pera, from Latin per (“through”) + ad (“to”).

Alternative forms

• pra, pa (syncopated)
  • p'ra (pre-standardization spelling, now nonstandard)
• p/ (abbreviation)
• pera (archaic)

Pronunciation

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /pa.ɾɐ/, (with syncope) /pɾa/

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /pɐ.ɾɐ/, (with syncope) /pɾɐ/, /pɐ/

• Audio (Portugal (Porto)):

  (file)

• Hyphenation: pa‧ra

Preposition

para

2. for (directed at, intended to belong to or to be appropriate for)

   Ração para gatos.

   Food for cats.

   O que é bom para gripe?

   What is good for the flu?

   • 2005, J. K. Rowling, translated by Lia Wyler, Harry Potter e o Enigma do Príncipe [Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince] (Harry Potter; 6), Rio de Janeiro: Rocco, →ISBN, page 186:

     Tenho um recado para você.

     I have a message for you.

4. indicates application of an adjective; to
   • 2001, J. K. Rowling, translated by Lia Wyler, Harry Potter e o Cálice de Fogo [Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire] (Harry Potter; 4), Rio de Janeiro: Rocco, →ISBN, page 514:

     E quantos serão bastante tolos para ficar longe de mim?

     And how many will be foolish enough to stay away from me?

6. to; so; in order to (indicates purpose)

   Comprei um baixo para tocar numa banda.

   I bought a bass to play in a band.

8. towards; to; in the direction of (indicates destination)

   Synonyms: a, até

   Vamos para a minha casa.

   Let’s go to my house.

   • 2003, J. K. Rowling, translated by Lia Wyler, Harry Potter e a Ordem da Fênix [Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix] (Harry Potter; 5), Rio de Janeiro: Rocco, →ISBN, page 656:

     Ele podia ouvi-la se deslocando para a direita, para obter uma visão desimpedida dele.

     He could hear her moving herself to the right, to obtain an unobstructed view of him.

10. introduces the location, direction or context that applies to a verb

    Essa janela abre para um longo vale.

    That window opens into a long valley.

12. to (to the value of)

    A cor da banana mudou de amarelo para preto.

    The colour of the banana changed from yellow to black.

    O valor da minha casa baixou para menos do que o que eu paguei.

    The value of my house has fallen to less than what I paid.

14. in the opinion of; to (someone)

    Para mim, este livro é um dos melhores da história.

    To me, this book is one of the best ones of all time.

16. (with an infinitive) about to; soon to be (indicates that something will happen soon)

    Synonyms: prestes a, por

    Fiquem quietos que o filme está para começar.

    Be quiet, you guys, the movie is about to begin.

Usage notes

• Some senses of para, such as 'in order to', introduce a subordinate clause. When this clause begins with a personal pronoun, some Brazilian speakers use a prepositional pronoun instead of a nominative one:

Comprei um bolo para mim comer.

I bought a cake for me to eat.

Instead of the standard:

Comprei um bolo para eu comer.

Literally, “I-bought a cake for I to-eat.”

Such usage is strongly proscribed, since eu (“I”) is used as the subject of sentences (it performs the action), and mim (“me”, prepositional), as the object of prepositions.

• Para + definite article contractions are colloquial. Those without r are nonstandard:
  • para + o → pro, po
  • para + os → pros, pos
  • para + a → pra, pa
  • para + as → pras, pas
• Para + indefinite article contractions are also nonstandard, but are not as common:
  • para + um → prum
  • para + uns → pruns
  • para + uma → pruma
  • para + umas → prumas
• There are some para + personal pronoun contractions, which are also nonstandard and uncommon in writing:
  • para + eu → preu
  • para + você → procê
  • para + ele → prele
  • para + eles → preles
  • para + ela → prela
  • para + elas → prelas

Quotations

For quotations using this term, see Citations:para.

Derived terms

• estar para
• para com
• para já
• para que

Descendants

• → Ambonese Malay: par

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Alternative forms

• pára (pre-1990 spelling)

Pronunciation

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈpa.ɾɐ/

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈpa.ɾɐ/

• Audio (Portugal (Porto)):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -aɾɐ
• Hyphenation: pa‧ra

Verb

para

1. inflection of parar:
   1. third-person singular present indicative
   2. second-person singular imperative

Further reading

• “para”, in Dicionário Aulete Digital (in Portuguese), Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon Editora Digital, 2008–2026
• “para”, in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Lisbon: Priberam, 2008–2026

Quechua

Noun

para

1. rain

Derived terms

• para jark'ana

See also

• paray
• tamya

Romanian

Etymology 1

Etymology tree

Middle Persian

Persian پاره (pâre)bor.

Ottoman Turkish پاره (para)bor.

Romanian para

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish پاره (para), borrowed from Persian پاره (pâre).

Noun

para f (plural parale)

1. para
2. money

Declension

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative-accusative	para	paraua	parale	paralele
genitive-dative	parale	paralei	parale	paralelor
vocative	—		—

Derived terms

• părăluță (“small coin”, diminutive)

Etymology 2

Borrowed from French parer.

Verb

a para (third-person singular present parează, past participle parat) 1st conjugation

1. to parry

Conjugation

    conjugation of para (first conjugation, -ez- infix)

infinitive			a para
gerund			parând
past participle			parat
number		singular			plural
person		1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
indicative		eu	tu	el/ea	noi	voi	ei/ele
	present	parez	parezi	parează	parăm	parați	parează
	imperfect	param	parai	para	param	parați	parau
	simple perfect	parai	parași	pară	pararăm	pararăți	parară
	pluperfect	parasem	paraseși	parase	paraserăm	paraserăți	paraseră
subjunctive		eu	tu	el/ea	noi	voi	ei/ele
	present	să parez	să parezi	să pareze	să parăm	să parați	să pareze
imperative		—	tu	—	—	voi	—
	affirmative		parează			parați
	negative		nu para			nu parați

Etymology 3

Noun

para

1. definite nominative/accusative singular of pară

Sanaviron

Noun

para

1. water

See also

• mampa

References

• Julio Salinardi, Córdoba y Traslasierra: integración y disgregación (2006): Con respecto a la lengua sanavirona, hay algunas palabras cuyo significado es seguro, tales comon sacat (pueblo), charaba (cacique), para (agua) y mampa (acequia).
• Čestmír Loukotka, ‎Johannes Wilbert (editor), Classification of South American Indian Languages (1968, Los Angeles: Latin American Studies Center, University of California), page(s) 48

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *para, *parъ.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /pâra/
• Hyphenation: pa‧ra
• Rhymes: -âra

Noun

pȁra f (Cyrillic spelling па̏ра)

1. steam
2. vapor
3. fume

Declension

Declension of para

	singular	plural
nominative	pȁra	pare
genitive	pare	pȃrā
dative	pari	parama
accusative	paru	pare
vocative	paro	pare
locative	pari	parama
instrumental	parom	parama

Descendants

• parobrod

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish پاره (pare, para), from Persian پاره (pâre).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /pǎra/
• Hyphenation: pa‧ra

Noun

pàra f (Cyrillic spelling па̀ра)

1. para (Yugoslav currency)
2. (colloquial) money, dough, moola (usually in plural)
   • 2010 April 12, Dubioza kolektiv, “Kokuz”‎^[17]:

     Nemam para daj posudi
     Il' mi žirant makar budi
     Steglo brate sa svih strana
     Trebam pomoć od jarana

     I don't have moola, lend me some
     or be my guarantor
     It's tightening from all sides my bro
     I need help from my buddies.

Declension

Declension of para

	singular	plural
nominative	pàra	pare
genitive	pare	pȃrā
dative	pari	parama
accusative	paru	pare
vocative	paro	pare
locative	pari	parama
instrumental	parom	parama

Silesian

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Slavic *porěti

Proto-Indo-European *-yeti

Proto-Indo-European *-éyeti

Proto-Balto-Slavic *-éitei

Proto-Slavic *-iti

Proto-Slavic *paritideverb.

Proto-Slavic *pàra

Old Polish para

Silesian para

Inherited from Old Polish para (“steam”). By surface analysis, deverbal from parzić.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈpa.ra/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ara
• Syllabification: pa‧ra

Noun

para f

1. steam (vapor formed when water changes from the liquid phase to the gas phase)

Derived terms

adjectives

• parny

verbs

• parować

Related terms

nouns

• parność
• parzynie
• parzōnka

Further reading

• para in silling.org
• Bogdan Kallus (2020), “para”, in Słownik Gōrnoślōnskij Gŏdki, IV edition, Chorzów: Pro Loquela Silesiana, →ISBN
• Aleksandra Wencel (2023), “para”, in Dykcjůnôrz ślų̊sko-polski, page 469

Spanish

Alternative forms

• pora (obsolete)
• pa, pá, pa' (colloquial)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (preposition) /paɾa/ [pa.ɾa]
  • Rhymes: -aɾa
• IPA^(key): (verb, noun) /ˈpaɾa/ [ˈpa.ɾa]

  • Audio (Colombia):

    (file)

  • Rhymes: -aɾa
  • Syllabification: pa‧ra

Etymology 1

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *per-der.?

Proto-Indo-European *per-der.?

Proto-Indo-European *pér

Proto-Indo-European *-o

Proto-Indo-European *próder.

Proto-Italic *prō

Latin prō

▲

Proto-Indo-European *pér

Proto-Italic *per

Latin per

blend

Late Latin pōr

Old Spanish por

Spanish por

Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd

Proto-Italic *ad

Latin ad

Spanish a

▲

Latin prō

▲

Latin ad

Latin prō ad

Spanish pora

▲

Spanish parinflu.

Spanish para

From earlier pora (a combination of por and a, or from Latin prō ad) via assimilation, influenced by the archaic preposition par.^[18]

Preposition

para

1. for, to (expressing a recipient)

   La niña compró un regalo de navidad para su abuela.

   The girl bought a Christmas gift for her grandmother.

   Ahora me gustaría hacer un truco de magia para ustedes.

   I'd now like to perform a magic trick for you all.

2. to, in order to, so, for (expressing the intended purpose of an action)

   Estudio cada noche sin descanso para conseguir un trabajo decente al fin de todo esto.

   I study every night tirelessly so that I get a decent job at the end of all this.

   Voy a salir temprano para evitar el tráfico.

   I am going to leave early to avoid traffic.

3. by, due, due on, due by (expressing a deadline)

   Necesito tu decisión para fin de mes.

   I need your decision by the end of the month.

   Sus proyectos de grupo son para el viernes sin excepción.

   Your group projects are due on Friday without exception.

4. for (expressing contrast from what is expected)

   Para un turista americano, él es en realidad bastante respetuoso.

   For an American tourist, he is actually pretty respectful.

5. for, to, in one's opinion, as far as one is concerned (expressing an opinion, perception or perspective)

   Para mí, la música es lo único bueno sobre esa película.

   For me, the music was the only good thing about that film.

   Para mi hermano, su esposa tiene toda la razón.

   As far as my brother is concerned, his wife is totally in the right.

6. for (expressing using one's efforts for a group or an authority figure such as a sports team or a company/boss)

   Mi sobrino juega para el equipo de los Patos Poderosos.

   My nephew plays for the Mighty Ducks' team.

   Trabajamos para la misma jefe aunque no al mismo tiempo.

   We worked for the same boss but not at the same time.

   Ella trabajó para Microsoft durante años, pero ahora trabaja para Apple.

   She worked for Microsoft for years, but now she works for Apple.

7. come (used to indicate a point in time at or after which a stated event or situation occurs)

   Para septiembre, me estaré quedando atrás.

   Come September, I'll be getting left behind.

8. toward (indicates direction)

   Synonym: hacia

   ir para arriba / abajo / la izquierda / la derecha / delante / detrás

   go up / down / left / right / forward / backward

   mirar para arriba / abajo / la izquierda / la derecha / delante / detrás

   look up / down / to the left / to the right / ahead / behind

9. to (indicates destination)

   Synonym: a

   Me voy pa mi casa. ― I'm going home.

Derived terms

• como para
• estar para
• pacá
• pallá
• para abajo
• para arriba y para abajo
• para ayer
• para colmo
• para con
• para entonces
• para eso
• para gustos colores
• para gustos hay colores
• para más
• para más datos
• para más inri
• para muestra un botón
• para qué
• para que
• para rato
• para siempre
• para su coleto
• para sus adentros
• tal para cual
• tanto nadar para morir en la orilla

Descendants

• → Hiligaynon: para
• → Tagalog: para

See also

• por

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

para

1. inflection of parar:
   1. third-person singular present indicative
   2. second-person singular imperative

Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

para

1. inflection of parir:
   1. first/third-person singular present subjunctive
   2. third-person singular imperative

Etymology 4

Clipping of paramilitar.

Noun

para m (plural paras)

1. (Colombia, derogatory) paramilitary

   Synonym: paraco

Further reading

• “para”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8.1, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 15 December 2025

Swedish

skräddare som parar sig [water striders mating] (etymology 1 sense 3)

Etymology 1

From par +‎ -a.

Verb

para (present parar, preterite parade, supine parat, imperative para)

1. to pair, match into pairs
2. (transitive) to breed (two animals)
4. (reflexive, of animals) to mate, breed

Conjugation

Conjugation of para (weak)

	active		passive
infinitive	para		paras
supine	parat		parats
imperative	para		—
imper. plural1	paren		—
	present	past	present	past
indicative	parar	parade	paras	parades
ind. plural1	para	parade	paras	parades
subjunctive2	pare	parade	pares	parades
present participle		parande
past participle		parad

¹ Archaic. ² Dated. See the appendix on Swedish verbs.

Related terms

• parning

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Turkish para.

Noun

para c

1. (slang) money

Derived terms

• paraknas

References

• “para”, in Svensk ordbok [Dictionary of Swedish] (in Swedish)
• “para”, in Svenska Akademiens ordlista [Wordlist of the Swedish Academy] (in Swedish)
• “para”, in Svenska Akademiens ordbok [Dictionary of the Swedish Academy] (in Swedish)
• Fula Ordboken

Anagrams

• apar, rapa

Tagalog

Pronunciation

• (Standard Tagalog) IPA^(key): /ˈpaɾa/ [ˈpaː.ɾɐ]

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -aɾa
• Syllabification: pa‧ra

Etymology 1

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *per-der.?

Proto-Indo-European *per-der.?

Proto-Indo-European *pér

Proto-Indo-European *-o

Proto-Indo-European *próder.

Proto-Italic *prō

Latin prō

▲

Proto-Indo-European *pér

Proto-Italic *per

Latin per

blend

Late Latin pōr

Old Spanish por

Spanish por

Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd

Proto-Italic *ad

Latin ad

Spanish a

▲

Latin prō

▲

Latin ad

Latin prō ad

Spanish pora

▲

Spanish parinflu.

Spanish parabor.

Tagalog para

Borrowed from Spanish para (“for”).

Conjunction

para (Baybayin spelling ᜉᜇ)

1. for; so; in order to

   Synonyms: upang, nang

   Para makapasok sa eskuwelahan, kailangan mo ng valid ID.

   In order to be able to go inside the school, you need a valid ID.

Preposition

para (Baybayin spelling ᜉᜇ)

1. for

   Nagtatrabaho si Ate Virgie para sa kanyang pamilya.

   Virgie works for her family.

Derived terms

• para saan

Related terms

• parake

Etymology 2

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *perh₃-

Proto-Indo-European *pr̥h₃o-

Proto-Italic *paro-

Proto-Indo-European *-h₂

Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂

Proto-Indo-European *-yéti

Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti

Proto-Indo-European *-h₂tiinflu.

Proto-Italic *-ājō

Proto-Italic *-āō

Latin -ō

Latin parō

Old Spanish parar

Spanish parabor.

Tagalog para

Borrowed from Spanish para (“stop”), second person singular imperative of parar (“to stop”), from Old Spanish parar, from Latin parō.

Interjection

para (Baybayin spelling ᜉᜇ)

1. Said by any jeepney passenger to call onto the driver to halt the vehicle, with the intention of dismounting.

   Synonyms: tigil, hinto

Usage notes

• The word is usually paired with ho or po for respect: para ho / para po.

Derived terms

• parahin
• pumara

Related terms

• amparo
• antipara
• antiparas
• aparador
• aparato
• emperador
• Emperador
• emperatris
• imperatibo
• imperyal
• imperyalismo
• imperyalista
• imperyo
• komprabenta
• komprador
• paragwas
• parakaida
• parakaidero
• parakaydista
• pararayos
• parasol
• prepara
• preparado
• preparatoryo
• reparasyon
• reparo

Etymology 3

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *pada (“same, equal, like”). Compare Ilocano pada, Malay pada, Makasar ᨄᨑ (para), and Old Javanese paḍa. Also possibly borrowed from Spanish comparar.

Adjective

para (Baybayin spelling ᜉᜇ)

1. looking like; seem

   Synonym: mukha

   Para kang tanga...

   You look like an idiot...

   Parang may gusto ka sa akin.

   You seem to like me / have a crush on me.

Usage notes

• This word is now usually seen as parang, except when an enclitic is used which separates para and -ng, although this could be ignored also and have the enclitic after the word parang modifies.

  Parang... Parang aso siya.

  It looks like... It looks like a dog.

  (instead of Para siyang aso.)

• Colloquially, this word may appear as parang alone. For example, when agreeing with someone that it actually looks like a dog, you reply with parang “It seems so”, or parang nga (instead of para nga) “It actually looks like one”.
• This word used to be used like tulad or gaya, it used genitive case (ng, mo, etc.) instead of the linker -ng. Seen in the Lord's Prayer (Ama Namin), which is still preserved today. The Lord's Prayer spells ng as nang.

  Dito sa lupa, para nang sa langit.

  On earth as it is in heaven.

Derived terms

• himara
• ipara
• kapara
• magkapara
• magkaparahan
• magpara
• magparahan
• makipara
• pagparahin
• para-para
• parahan
• parahin
• parang
• pumara
• walang kapara

See also

• gaya
• tila
• tulad

Anagrams

• arpa, arap

Turkish

Etymology

Etymology tree

Middle Persian

Persian پاره (pâre)bor.

Ottoman Turkish پاره (pare, para)

Turkish para

Inherited from Ottoman Turkish پاره (pare, para), borrowed from Persian پاره (pâre). Doublet of pare.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /paˈɾa/, /pɑˈɾɑ/, (Southeastern Anatolia) /ˈpæˈɾæ/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Hyphenation: pa‧ra

Noun

para (definite accusative parayı, plural paralar)

1. money

Declension

Declension of para

singular plural nominative para paralar definite accusative parayı paraları dative paraya paralara locative parada paralarda ablative paradan paralardan genitive paranın paraların Possessive forms nominative singular plural 1st singular param paralarım 2nd singular paran paraların 3rd singular parası paraları 1st plural paramız paralarımız 2nd plural paranız paralarınız 3rd plural paraları paraları definite accusative singular plural 1st singular paramı paralarımı 2nd singular paranı paralarını 3rd singular parasını paralarını 1st plural paramızı paralarımızı 2nd plural paranızı paralarınızı 3rd plural paralarını paralarını dative singular plural 1st singular parama paralarıma 2nd singular parana paralarına 3rd singular parasına paralarına 1st plural paramıza paralarımıza 2nd plural paranıza paralarınıza 3rd plural paralarına paralarına locative singular plural 1st singular paramda paralarımda 2nd singular paranda paralarında 3rd singular parasında paralarında 1st plural paramızda paralarımızda 2nd plural paranızda paralarınızda 3rd plural paralarında paralarında ablative singular plural 1st singular paramdan paralarımdan 2nd singular parandan paralarından 3rd singular parasından paralarından 1st plural paramızdan paralarımızdan 2nd plural paranızdan paralarınızdan 3rd plural paralarından paralarından genitive singular plural 1st singular paramın paralarımın 2nd singular paranın paralarının 3rd singular parasının paralarının 1st plural paramızın paralarımızın 2nd plural paranızın paralarınızın 3rd plural paralarının paralarının Predicative forms singular plural 1st singular parayım paralarım 2nd singular parasın paralarsın 3rd singular para paradır paralar paralardır 1st plural parayız paralarız 2nd plural parasınız paralarsınız 3rd plural paralar paralardır

Derived terms

• (informal) beş para etmez (“twopenny-ha'penny, inconsequential, ineffective, contemptible”)
• (informal) beş parasız (“stone broke”)
• kan parası
• (informal) para babası (“rolling in money”)
• (idiomatic) para pul (“material wealth,fiat and representative money”)
• paralı
• parasız
• sahte para (“counterfeit money”)
• uğur parası

Descendants

• → German: Para
• → Swedish: para

Further reading

• “para”, in Turkish dictionaries, Türk Dil Kurumu
• Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–), “para”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
• Ayverdi, İlhan (2010), “para”, in Misalli Büyük Türkçe Sözlük, a reviewed and expanded single-volume edition, Istanbul: Kubbealtı Neşriyatı

Welsh

Pronunciation

• (North Wales) IPA^(key): /ˈpara/
• (South Wales) IPA^(key): /ˈpa(ː)ra/

Verb

para (first-person singular present paraf)

1. alternative form of parhau (“to endure, to last”)

Conjugation

Conjugation of para (colloquial)

inflected colloquial forms	singular			plural
	first	second	third	first	second	third
future	para i, paraf i	pari di	parith o/e/hi, pariff e/hi	parwn ni	parwch chi	paran nhw
conditional	parwn i, parswn i	paret ti, parset ti	parai fo/fe/hi, parsai fo/fe/hi	paren ni, parsen ni	parech chi, parsech chi	paren nhw, parsen nhw
preterite	parais i, pares i	paraist ti, parest ti	parodd o/e/hi	paron ni	paroch chi	paron nhw
imperative	—	para	—	—	parwch	—

Note: All other forms are periphrastic, as usual in colloquial Welsh.

Noun

para m (uncountable)

1. continuance, perseverance, permanence

Mutation

Mutated forms of para

radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
para	bara	mhara	phara

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

• R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke, et al., editors (1950–present), “parhau”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies