quam

See also: Quam, quặm, and QAM

Latin

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈkʷãː]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈkʷam]

Etymology 1

From Proto-Italic *kʷis, *kʷoi, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷeh₂m, accusative of *kʷeh₂, feminine of *kʷos, *kʷís. Compare its masculine form cum (as in tum-tam).

According to L. R. Palmer, "In such a sentence as hic tam beatus est, quam ille the sense of tam beatus could equally be rendered by non beatior. It was presumably by the substitution of equivalent expressions ('contamination'), possibly first in negative expressions, that the illogical quam 'as' came to be used after comparatives."

Alternative forms

• quamde, quande

Adverb

quam

2. in what (which) way, to what (which) degree; how, how much, as much as, as far as

   Near-synonyms: (along verbs) quantum, quoad

   1. before positive adjectives or adverbs:
   2. before superlative adjectives or adverbs:

      quam primum ― as quickly as possible

      quam celerrime ― as quickly as possible

      quam maxime ― as far as possible

      quam minimum ― as little as possible

      quam serissime ― as late as possible

      quam saepissime ― as often as possible

      • 161 BCE, Publius Terentius Afer, Eunuchus 1–3:

        Si quisquamst qui placere se studeat bonis
        quam plurumis et minume multos laedere,
        in is poeta hic nomen profitetur suom.

        If there's anyone who dedicates themselves to pleasing as many good citizens as possible and wounding as few, the poet [Terence] places his own name amongst these.

      • 23 BCE – 13 BCE, Horatius, Carmina 1.11:

        carpe diem, quam minimum credula postero

        pluck the day, trusting the next [day] as little as possible

      • c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de bello Gallico 7.8:

        Equitibus imperat, ut quam latissime possint vagentur et quam maximum hostibus terrorem inferant

        He orders the cavalry to extend themselves as far as they could, and strike as great a panic as possible into the enemy

      • c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de bello Gallico 7.9:

        ut in omnes partes equites quam latissime pervagentur

        that the cavalry should range as extensively as possible in all directions

      • c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de bello Gallico 7.9:

        quam maximis potest itineribus

        by marches as forced as he could

        (literally, “by as long journeys as he can”)

      • c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de bello Gallico 7.11:

        Ipse, ut quam primum iter faceret

        He himself, with the intention of marching as soon as possible

   3. before verbs:

      Quam rogas! ― How much you ask!

   4. before comparative adjectives or adverbs
      • c. 190 BCE, Plautus, Bacchides 1076–1078:

        Quam magis in pectore meo foveo quas meus filius turbas turbet,
        quam se ad vitam et quos ad mores praecipitem inscitus capessat,
        magis curae est magisque adformido, ne is pereat neu corrumpatur.

        (please add an English translation of this quotation)

4. (correlative) with tam: as... as...

   Coordinate term: tam

   1. with positive adjectives or adverbs

      Tam similis est huius quam [similis esse] potest.

      He is as similar as he can be to him.

   2. with superlatives:
      1. with two superlatives: so much the... as much the...
         • 234 BCE – 149 BCE, Marcus Porcius Cato, De agri cultura 65.1:

           Quam acerbissima olea oleum facies, tam oleum optimum erit

           (please add an English translation of this quotation)

         • 116 BCE – 27 BCE, Marcus Terentius Varro, Rerum rusticarum 2.9.12:

           Quam paucissimos reliqueris, tam optimi in alendo fiunt propter copiam lactis.

           (please add an English translation of this quotation)

         • c. 40 BCE, Gaius Sallustius Crispus, Bellum Jugurthinum 31.14:

           Ita quam quisque pessime fecit, tam maxime tutus est.

           (please add an English translation of this quotation)

      2. with a relative and a predicative superlative: as... as what/who is/are the...
         • 62 BCE – 43 BCE, Cicero, Epistulae ad familiares 13.3:

           tam gratum mihi id erit, quam quod gratissimum

           (please add an English translation of this quotation)

         • 62 BCE – 43 BCE, Cicero, Epistulae ad familiares 5.2.6:

           tam enim sum amicus rei publicae, quam qui maxime

           (please add an English translation of this quotation)

         • 62 BCE, Cicero, Pro Sulla 87:

           tam sum misericors, iudices, quam vos, tam mitis quam qui lenissimus

           (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   3. with comparatives so much... as much...:
      • 46 BCE, Cicero, Pro rege Deiotaro 8:

        Per dexteram istam te oro, quam regi Deiotaro hospes hospiti porrexisti, istam, inquam, dexteram non tam in bellis neque in proeliis quam in promissis et fide firmiorem.

        (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   4. instead of tam:
      1. with ellispsis of tam:
         • c. 189 BCE, Plautus, Truculentus 324–325:

           Si proinde amentur, mulieres diu quam lavant,
           omnes amantes balneatores sient.

           (please add an English translation of this quotation)

         • 27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab urbe condita 35.49.7:

           homo non quam isti sunt gloriosus

           (please add an English translation of this quotation)

      2. with correlative aequē:
         • 27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab urbe condita 28.26.14:

           nihil aeque eos terruit quam praeter spem robur et color imperatoris

           (please add an English translation of this quotation)

      3. (poetic) with correlative sīc:
         • 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Vergilius, Aeneis 5.458–460:

           Nec mora nec requiēs: quam multā grandine nimbī
           culminibus crepitant, sīc dēnsīs ictibus hērōs
           crēber utrāque manū pulsat uersatque Darēta.

           (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   5. alongside magis, synonym of quō... eō..., with either correlative tam or tantō, or elliptic (without second magis)
      • c. 209 BCE, Plautus, Asinaria 158:

        quam magis te in altum capessis, tam aestus te in portum refert.

        (please add an English translation of this quotation)

      • c. 200 BCE, Plautus, Menaechmi 95:

        quam magis extendas, tanto adstringunt artius.

        (please add an English translation of this quotation)

      • c. 99 BCE – 55 BCE, Lucretius, De rerum natura 6.459–461:

        Fit quoque uti montis vicina cacumina caelo
        quam sint quoque magis, tanto magis edita fument
        adsidue fulvae nubis caligine crassa

        (please add an English translation of this quotation)

      • c. 37 BCE – 30 BCE, Vergilius, Georgicon 3.308–310:

        Densior hinc subolēs, hinc largī cōpia lactīs;
        quam magis exhaustō spūmāuerit ūbere mulctrā,
        laeta magis pressīs mānābunt flūmina mammīs.

        (please add an English translation of this quotation)

      • 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Vergilius, Aeneis 7.787–788:

        tam magis illa fremēns et trīstibus effera flammīs
        quam magis effūsō crūdēscunt sanguine pugnae.

        (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Conjunction

quam

1. than
   1. with a comparative adverb or adjective

      Hic maior est quam ille.

      He is bigger than him.

      • 166 BCE, Publius Terentius Afer, Andria 306–308:

        Ah
        quanto satiust te id dare operam qui istum amorem ex animo amoveas [tuo],
        quam id loqui quo mage lubido frustra incendatur tua!

        (please add an English translation of this quotation)

      • 68 BCE – 44 BCE, Cicero, Epistulae ad Atticum 4.4A:

        offendēs dissignātiōnem Tyranniōnis mīrificam librōrum meōrum, quōrum reliquiae multō meliōrēs sunt quam putāram

        You will encounter Tyrannio's wonderful arrangement of my books, the remains of which are much better than I had thought.

      • 27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab urbe condita 1.35.4:

        [Tarquinius dicit] maiorem partem aetatis eius qua civilibus officiis fungantur homines, Romae se quam in vetere patria vixisse

        Tarquin said that he had lived in Rome a greater part of that age during which men held public offices than he had in his city of birth

      • c. 347 CE – 420 CE, Hieronymus, Vulgate Tobias 2:9:

        sed Tobias plus timens Deum quam regem rapiebat corpora occisorum et occultabat in domo sua et mediis noctibus sepeliebat ea

        But Tobias fearing God more than the king, carried off the bodies of them that were slain, and hid them in his house, and at midnight buried them.

      1. with a double comparative
         • 52 BCE, Cicero, Pro Milone 78:

           Non, timeo, iudices, ne odio inimicitiarum mearum inflammatus libentius haec in illum evomere videar quam verius.

           (please add an English translation of this quotation)

         • 27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab urbe condita 31.35.4:

           Turbauit hunc ordinem pugnandi non acrior quam pertinacior impetus Romanorum; […]

           (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   2. temporal senses:
      1. after the prepositions ante, prius, post (see antequam, priusquam and postquam)
         • c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de bello Gallico 7.9:

           Priusque omnes in unum locum cogit quam de eius adventu Arvernis nuntiari posset

           and gathers all legions into one place sooner than (before) the intelligence of his arrival could be announced to the Arverni

      2. after ablative noun phrases, prepositional phrases or some adverbs designating time
         • 55 BCE, Cicero, De oratore 2.12:

           Postero igitur die, quam illa erant acta, hora fere secunda, […]

           (please add an English translation of this quotation)

         • 55 BCE, Cicero, De oratore 2.21:

           nam et saeculis multis ante gymnasia inventa sunt, quam in eis philosophi garrire coeperunt

           (please add an English translation of this quotation)

         • 43 BCE, Cicero, Epistulae ad familiares 16.21.1:

           post diem quadragesimum [et] sextum, quam a vobis discesserant

           (please add an English translation of this quotation)

         • 45 BCE, Cicero, Academica 9:

           cum eo Catulus et Lucullus nosque ipsi postridie uenissemus, quam apud Catulum fuissemus.

           (please add an English translation of this quotation)

         • 27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab urbe condita 6.29.10:

           Die vicesimo quam creatus erat dictatura se abdicavit.

           (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   3. with terms implying difference

      Synonym: atque / ac

      1. with alius: (most commonly in negative sentences) other than
         • c. 110 BCE – c. 25 BCE, Cornelius Nepos, De viris illustribus XXIII. Hannibal 10.1:

           Apud quem eodem animo fuit erga Italiam neque aliud quicquam egit quam regem armavit et exercuit adversus Romanos.

           (please add an English translation of this quotation)

         • 27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab urbe condita 44.27.12:

           Hoc audito Perseus contraxisse eum necessitatem ratus ad bellandum utique cum Romanis, ad reuocandum, qui pecuniam portabat, misit, uelut nihil aliud agens, quam ut quanta maxima posset praeda ex se uicto Romanis reseruaretur.

           (please add an English translation of this quotation)

         • 27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab urbe condita 4.26.12:

           Dilectus simul edicitur et iustitium, neque aliud tota urbe agi quam bellum apparari.

           (please add an English translation of this quotation)

         • 27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab urbe condita 34.2.12:

           Quid enim nunc aliud per uias et compita faciunt quam rogationem tribunorum plebi suadent, quam legem abrogandam censent?

           (please add an English translation of this quotation)

         • c. 95 CE, Quintilianus, Institutio oratoria 3.6.63:

           Ipse me paulum in alia, quam prius habuerim, opinione nunc esse confiteor.

           (please add an English translation of this quotation)

      2. with aliter: (most commonly in negative sentences) otherwise than

         aliter quam vis ― in a different way than you want

         • c. 180 BCE, Plautus, Casina 345:

           Quid si sors aliter quam voles euenerit?

           (please add an English translation of this quotation)

         • 70 BCE, Cicero, In Verrem 2.1.24:

           ne aliter quam ego velim meum laudet ingenium

           (please add an English translation of this quotation)

         • 4 CE – c. 70 CE, Columella, De re rustica 4.2.2:

           Haec autem, quae toto est prostrata corpore, cum inferius solum quasi cancellavit atque irretivit, cratem facit, et pluribus radicibus inter se connexis angitur, nec aliter quam si multis palmitibus gravata deficit.

           (please add an English translation of this quotation)

      3. with contrā
         • 52 BCE – 51 BCE, Cicero, De legibus 2.5.11:

           quom contra fecerint quam polliciti professique sint

           (please add an English translation of this quotation)

      4. with secus
         • c. 200 BCE – 190 BCE, Plautus, Captivi 244–247:

           nunc te oro per precem
           […]
           ne me secus honore honestes quam quom servibas mihi,
           […]

           (please add an English translation of this quotation)

         • 161 BCE, Publius Terentius Afer, Phormio 438:

           Si tu illam attigeris secus quam dignumst liberam
           dicam tibi inpingam grandem.

           (please add an English translation of this quotation)

      5. after dīversum: otherwise than
         • c. 95 CE, Quintilianus, Institutio oratoria 1.4.29:

           Pransus quoque ac potus diversum valet quam indicat.

           (please add an English translation of this quotation)

      6. (Plautine) after adversum: otherwise than
         • c. 195 BCE, Plautus, Trinummus 174–177:

           Face sciam;
           utrum indicare me ei thensaurum aequom fuit,
           adversum quam eius me opsecravisset pater,
           an ego alium dominum paterer fieri hisce aedibus?

           (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   4. with various other adverbs:
      1. after suprā: more than
         • 46 BCE, Cicero, Orator 139:

           Atque alias etiam dicendi quasi virtutes sequetur: brevitatem, si res petet; saepe etiam rem dicendo subiciet oculis; saepe supra feret quam fieri possit; […]

           (please add an English translation of this quotation)

      2. after ultrā: farther than
         • 84 BCE, Cicero, De inventione 1.26:

           Longum est, quod pluribus verbis aut sententiis ultra quam satis est producitur.

           (please add an English translation of this quotation)

      3. after insuper: in addition to
         • 27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab urbe condita 23.7.3:

           Haec pacta; illa insuper quam quae pacta erant facinora Campani ediderunt: […]

           (please add an English translation of this quotation)

      4. (pre-classical) with praeter: more than
         • c. 197 BCE, Plautus, Persa 365–366:

           Virgo atque mulier nulla erit quin sit mala,
           quae praeter sapiet quam placet parentibus.

           (please add an English translation of this quotation)

         • 163 BCE, Publius Terentius Afer, Heauton Timorumenos 59–60:

           mihi videre praeter aetatem tuam
           facere et praeter quam res te adhortatur tua.

           (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   5. after adjectives or nouns denoting number or quantity, to which something is compared
      • 27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab urbe condita 45.18.7 (i.e., “placuit et dimidio minus tributum, quam […] ”):

        placuit et dimidium tributi, quam quod regibus ferre soliti erant, populo Romano pendere.

        (please add an English translation of this quotation)

      • 4 CE – c. 70 CE, Columella, De re rustica 1.8.8 (i.e., “duplicia, cum numerus servorum dimidium exigat, […] ”):

        duplicia, quam numerus servorum exigit, refecta et reposita custodiat, ne quid a vicino petendum sit

        (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   6. after various verbs:
      1. with praestat
         • c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de bello Gallico 7.10:

           Praestare visum est tamen omnis difficultates perpeti quam tanta contumelia accepta

           However it seemed better to sustain any hardship than to accept such an insult

      2. with mālō
         • 163 BCE, Publius Terentius Afer, Heauton Timorumenos 267–268:

           nam mihi nunc nil rerum omniumst
           quod malim quam me hoc falso suspicarier.

           (please add an English translation of this quotation)

         • 54 BCE, Cicero, Pro Plancio 80:

           nihil est quod malim quam me et esse gratum et videri

           (please add an English translation of this quotation)

         • c. 42 BCE, Gaius Sallustius Crispus, Bellum Catilinae 54.6:

           esse quam videri bonus malebat

           (please add an English translation of this quotation)

      3. after volō
         • 27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab urbe condita 3.68.11:

           Concitati aut honori aut quaestui illis estis, et quia in concordia ordinum nullos se usquam esse vident, malae rei se quam nullius duces esse volunt.

           (please add an English translation of this quotation)

         • 27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab urbe condita 25.29.6:

           Famaene credi velis quanta urbs a te capta sit quam posteris quoque eam spectaculo esse, […]

           (please add an English translation of this quotation)

      4. after statuō
         • c. 110 BCE – c. 25 BCE, Cornelius Nepos, De viris illustribus XIV. Datames 8.1:

           Haec etsi Autophrodates videbat, tamen statuit congredi quam cum tantis copiis refugere aut tam diu uno loco sedere.

           (please add an English translation of this quotation)

      5. after probō
         • c. 117 CE, Tacitus, Annales 1.58:

           amicos inimicosque ex vestris utilitatibus delegi, neque odio patriae […] verum quia Romanis Germanisque idem conducere et pacem quam bellum probabam.

           (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   7. after a superlative
      • 27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab urbe condita 34.32:

        Nam quid minus conueniret quam eos qui pro libertate Graeciae aduersus Philippum gereremus bellum cum tyranno instituere amicitiam? et tyranno, quam qui unquam fuit, saeuissimo et uiolentissimo in suos?

        (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   8. ellipsis of potius quam: rather than
      • c. 117 CE, Tacitus, Annales 4.61:

        Fine anni excessere insignes viri Asinius Agrippa, claris maioribus quam vetustis vitaque non degener, et Q. Haterius, […]

        (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Usage notes

quantus can sometimes be used after a comparative to strengthen quam:

• 27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab urbe condita 30.23.2:

  […] ; cum de re maiore quam quanta ea esset consultatio incidere non posset, non uideri sibi absente consulum altero ambobusue eam rem agi satis ex dignitate populi Romani esse.

  (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Derived terms

• aliquisquam
• (Vulgar Latin) *dunquam
• haudquaquam
• nequaquam
• numquam
• nusquam
• perquam
• priusquam
• quamdiū
• quamobrem
• quamplures
• quamprimum
• quamquam
• quamvis
• quandō
• quantus
• quasi
• quisquam
• quōquam
• tamquam
• umquam
• usquam

Related terms

Latin correlatives ^(edit)

type	demonstrative			anaphoric	identity	interrogative or basic relative	indefinite							alternative
	proximal	medial	distal				relative	irrelative	free choice	universal	positive polarity	negative polarity	negative
basic	hic	iste istic	ille illic	is	ᵉipse īdem	quis quī	quīcumque quisquis	quīdam aliquis, quis aliquī, quī nesciō quis	quīvis quīlibet	quisque	quispiam	quisquam hīlum ūllus	nēmō̆ nihil nūllus	alius
ᵇcomparative	huiusmodī ᵉhuiuscemodī	istī̆usmodī ᵉistī̆uscemodī	illī̆usmodī ᵉillī̆uscemodī	eiusmodī	eiusdemmodī	cuiusmodī	cuiusmodīcumque	alicuiusmodī cuiusdammodī	cuiusvīsmodī	cuiusquemodī			°nūllī̆usmodī	alterī̆usmodī alīusmodī
dual						uter	utercumque	alteruter	utervīs uterlibet	uterque			neuter	alter
place	hīc	istīc	illīc	ibī̆	ibī̆dem	ubī̆	ubī̆cumque °ubiubī̆	alicubī̆	ubivīs ubilibet	ubīque	uspiam	usquam °ubīquam	nusquam nūllibī	alibī aliās
source	hinc	istinc °istim	illinc °illim	inde ªim	indidem	unde °cum	undecumque °undeunde	alicunde	°undelibet	undique		°undiquam	°nūllunde	aliunde
destination	hūc hōc °hōrsum	istūc istō, istōc °istōrsum	illūc illō, illōc °illōrsum	eō	eōdem	quō quōrsum	quōcumque quōquō °quōrsumcumque	aliquō °aliquōvorsum	quōvīs quōlibet	quōque	quōpiam uspiam	usquam quōquam ªūllō	nusquam ªnihilō ªnūllō °nūllōrsum	aliō aliōrsum
means, way, path, place	hāc	ªistā istāc	ªillā illāc	eā	eādem	quā quārē	quācumque quāquā	aliquā	quāvīs quālibet	°quāque	°quāpiam	°quāquam ªūllā	nēquāquam ªnūllā ᵉhaudquāquam	aliā
ᵇdistance	hāctenus	°istātenus °istāctenus	°illātenus °illāctenus	eātenus		quātenus	°quātenuscumque °quāquātenus	aliquātenus quādantenus	°quātenusvīs °quātenuslibet			ūllātenus	nūllātenus	aliātenus
ᵇreason	°hācpropter °hōccircā	°istāpropter	°illāpropter	eāpropter proptereā eōcircā idcircō ideō		ᶜcūr quāpropter quōcircā quārē †quia								°aliāpropter
ᵇmanner	hōc modō	istō modō	illō modō	ita ᵉsīc eō modō	item itidem eādem operā eōdem modō	ut prout °quem quō modō quōmodo ᵉquemadmodum	utcumque °utut °proutcumque quōmodocumque °ᵉquemadmodumcumque	quōdam modō aliquō modō	quōmodolibet	utīque quōque modō	quōpiam modō	°utiquam ūllō modō	nihil neutiquam °neutī̆que nūllō modō	aliter alterō/aliō modō
instrument, matter, knowledge						quī ᵉquīn °quīcum	quīcumque	quī °aliquī	°quīlibet	°quīque	°quia	°quīquam	nihilō nēquīquam	aliōquī ᵉaliōquīn
time	†num nunc		ōlim	tum tunc	simul	quandō̆ ‡cum	quandōcumque quandōque cumque °quandōnē °ᵉquandōquandō °cumcumque	quondam aliquandō̆	°quandōlibet	quandōque	†quoniam	umquam	numquam	aliās
quantity				tam	†tamen †tandem	quam	quamcumque †quamquam	aliquam	quamvīs quamlibet	quamque
size				tantus	tantusdem	quantus	quantuscumque quantusquantus	aliquantus	quantusvīs quantuslibet	quantusque
quality				tālis		quālis	quāliscumque quālisquālis	aliquālis	quālislibet	quālisque
number				tot	totidem	quot	quotquot quotcumque	aliquot	quotlibet
order/fractional				totus		quotus	°quotuscumque	°aliquotus	°quotuslibet	°quotusque °quotusquisque
repetition				totiēns		quotiēns	quotiēnscumque	aliquotiēns	quotiēnslibet	quotiēnsque °quotiēnsquisque			°nūllotiēns
† Turned conjunction with original meaning somewhat changed ° Rare ‡ Only used as a conjunction, not as an interrogative. ª Used almost exclusively to form locutions or compounds. ᵇ All locutions ending in modī, modō, propter, circā or tenus can be univerbalized and vice versa, except de, secus and if another suffix, such as -cumque, -que or -libet, follows them, quemadmodum can also come as a locution in "quem ad modum", quārē can even also come separately especially if accompanied by a preposition, such as dē. ᶜ Used purely and simply as an interrogative in direct questions (then irrelative), its relative meaning is somewhat lost, if it ever had one. ᵉemphatic

Descendants

• Asturian: (obsolete) cuán (“so many”)
• French: que (“than, as”)
• Italian: ca (“than, that”)
• Neapolitan: ca (“than, that”)
• Old Galician-Portuguese: quan; ca
  • Galician: can (“how”); ca (“than”)
  • Portuguese: quão (“how, as”); ca (“than”) (northern)
• Romanian: ca (“than, as”)
• Romansh: ca (“than”)
• Sicilian: ca (“than, that”)
• Spanish: cuan (“how”)

Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Italic *kʷām, see quī (relative pronoun and interrogative adjective).

Pronoun

quam

1. (relative) accusative singular feminine of quī

Determiner

quam

1. (interrogative) accusative singular feminine of quī

Etymology 3

Analogically reshaped from Proto-Italic *kʷim, see quem.

Pronoun

quam

1. (interrogative) accusative singular feminine of quis

Alternative forms

• quem (Old Latin)

Further reading

• “quam”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “quam”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• "quam", in Charles du Fresne du Cange, Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
• “quam”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette, pages 1,290–1,291.
• Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894), Latin Phrase-Book‎^[1], London: Macmillan and Co.
  • (ambiguous) I cannot wait till..: nihil mihi longius est or videtur quam dum or quam ut
    
  • (ambiguous) nothing is more tiresome to me than..: nihil mihi longius est quam (c. Inf.)
    
  • (ambiguous) it is more than twenty years ago: amplius sunt (quam) viginti anni or viginti annis
    
  • (ambiguous) Plato's ideal republic: illa civitas, quam Plato finxit
    
  • (ambiguous) this is more plausible than true: haec speciosiora quam veriora sunt
    
  • (ambiguous) I have exhausted all my material: copiam quam potui persecutus sum
    
  • (ambiguous) there is nothing I am more interested in than..: nihil antiquius or prius habeo quam ut (nihil mihi antiquius or potius est, quam ut)
    
  • (ambiguous) by the longest possible forced marches: quam maximis itineribus (potest)
    
• Dizionario Latino, Olivetti
• quam in Ramminger, Johann (16 October 2026 (last accessed)), Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700‎^[2], pre-publication website, 2005-2016
• “quam” on pages 1,537–1,538 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)

Middle Dutch

Verb

quam

1. first/third-person singular past indicative of cōmen

Middle English

Pronoun

quam

1. (Northern) alternative form of whom (“who, whom”, accusative)

Middle High German

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (before 13^th CE) /ˈkwam/

Verb

quam

1. first/third-person singular preterite indicative of quëmen

Old High German

Verb

quam

1. first/third-person singular preterite indicative of quëman

Old Saxon

Verb

quam

1. first/third-person singular preterite indicative of kuman