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千

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 于, 仟, 壬, 干, 韆, チ, and 手
千 U+5343, 千
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5343
← 卂
[U+5342] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 卄 →
[U+5344]

Translingual

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Stroke order
3 strokes
Stroke order

Han character

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千 (Kangxi radical 24, 十+1, 3 strokes, Cangjie input 竹十 (HJ), four-corner 20400, composition ⿱丿十)

Derived characters

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Additional Derived Characters

Descendants

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Further reading

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 155, character 19
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2697
  • Dae Jaweon: page 351, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 59, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+5343

Chinese

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Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 千
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (人) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
千 *sn̥ʰiːn
仟 *sn̥ʰiːn
芊 *sn̥ʰiːn, *sn̥ʰiːns
阡 *sn̥ʰiːn
汘 *sn̥ʰiːn
迁 *sn̥ʰiːn
杄 *sn̥ʰiːn
人 *njin
仁 *njin
朲 *njin
佞 *neːŋs

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *sn̥ʰiːn): semantic 一 (“one, signifying a number”) + phonetic 人 (OC *njin). The Old Chinese pronunciations of 千 (OC *sn̥ʰiːn) and 人 (OC *njin) were similar. For the component 人, compare its combining form 亻.

The traditional explanation holds that the extra line indicates an extension (see the etymologies of 年 and 延). 千 has the meaning one thousand because one thousand is a number that is reached by extending one's counting.

Etymology 1

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simp. and trad.
 千
alternative forms 仟 financial

Unclear. Schuessler (2007) notes similar forms in Mon-Khmer, though their initials and finals do not match Old Chinese; compare Vietnamese nghìn and Old Mon lṅim (whence Mon လ္ၚီ (ŋìm)), all meaning "thousand". Also compare Proto-Hlai *C-ŋin.

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • ce1/cae1/cinn1/cenn1 - vernacular;
  • ceng1- literary.
Note:
Note:
  • cain1 - Huilai, Jieyang, Chaoyang;
  • coin1 - other places.
    • (Leizhou)
      • Leizhou Pinyin: cai1 / qieng1
      • Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰai³⁵/, /t͡sʰieŋ³⁵/
Note:
  • cai1 - vernacular;
  • qieng1- literary.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 千
Mandarin Beijing /t͡ɕʰian⁵⁵/
Harbin /t͡ɕʰian⁴⁴/
Tianjin /t͡ɕʰian²¹/
Jinan /t͡ɕʰiã²¹³/
Qingdao /t͡sʰiã²¹³/
Zhengzhou /t͡sʰian²⁴/
Xi'an /t͡ɕʰiã²¹/
Xining /t͡ɕʰiã⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /t͡ɕʰian⁴⁴/
Lanzhou /t͡ɕʰiɛ̃n³¹/
Ürümqi /t͡ɕʰian⁴⁴/
Wuhan /t͡ɕʰiɛn⁵⁵/
Chengdu /t͡ɕʰian⁵⁵/
Guiyang /t͡ɕʰian⁵⁵/
Kunming /t͡ɕʰiɛ̃⁴⁴/
Nanjing /t͡sʰien³¹/
Hefei /t͡ɕʰiĩ²¹/
Jin Taiyuan /t͡ɕʰie¹¹/
Pingyao /t͡ɕʰie̞¹³/
Hohhot /t͡ɕʰie³¹/
Wu Shanghai /t͡ɕʰi⁵³/
Suzhou /t͡sʰiɪ⁵⁵/
Hangzhou /t͡ɕʰiẽ̞³³/
Wenzhou /t͡ɕʰi³³/
Hui Shexian /t͡sʰe³¹/
Tunxi /t͡sʰiɛ¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /t͡sʰiẽ³³/
Xiangtan /t͡sʰiẽ³³/
Gan Nanchang /t͡ɕʰiɛn⁴²/
Hakka Meixian /t͡sʰien⁴⁴/
Taoyuan /t͡sʰien²⁴/
Cantonese Guangzhou /t͡sʰin⁵³/
Nanning /t͡sʰin⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /t͡sʰin⁵⁵/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /t͡sʰian⁵⁵/
/t͡sʰiŋ⁵⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /t͡sʰieŋ⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /t͡sʰaiŋ⁵⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /t͡sʰõi³³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /sin²³/
/sai²³/
Rime
Character 千
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 清 (14)
Final (韻) 先 (85)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) IV
Fanqie 蒼先切
Baxter tshen
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/t͡sʰen/
Pan
Wuyun 		/t͡sʰen/
Shao
Rongfen 		/t͡sʰɛn/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/t͡sʰɛn/
Li
Rong 		/t͡sʰen/
Wang
Li 		/t͡sʰien/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/t͡sʰien/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		qiān
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		cin1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 千
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		qiān
Middle
Chinese 		‹ tshen ›
Old
Chinese 		/*s.n̥ˁi[ŋ]/
English thousand

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 千
Reading # 1/1
No. 10792
Phonetic
component 		人
Rime
group 		眞
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		千
Old
Chinese 		/*sn̥ʰiːn/
Notes 小徐人聲，甲文乃借人加一

Definitions

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千

  1. thousand
    幾千／几千  ―  jǐ qiān  ―  several thousand
  2. many; numerous
    千山萬水／千山万水  ―  qiānshānwànshuǐ  ―  many rivers and mountains
  3. (Cantonese) to swindle; to defraud
  4. (Hokkien) fortuitous; coincidental; opportune
Synonyms
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  • (coincidental): 巧 (qiǎo)
See also
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Chinese numbers
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 102 103 104 106 108 1012
Normal
(小寫 / 小写) 		〇, 零, 空 一 二 三 四 五 六 七 八 九 十 百 千 萬 / 万 百萬 / 百万,
桶(Philippines),
面桶 (Philippines) 		億 / 亿 兆
萬億 / 万亿 (Mainland China)
Financial
(大寫 / 大写) 		零 壹 貳 / 贰 參 / 叁 肆 伍 陸 / 陆 柒 捌 玖 拾 佰 仟 萬 / 万 億 / 亿

In Min Nan numbers, the vernacular (白) pronunciation is the more common pronunciation, while the literary (文) reading is used for reading numbers out loud, such as in phone numbers. Please note that this usage is similar to the usage of the variant 幺 for the numeral 一 in Mandarin.

Compounds

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (千):
  • → Japanese: 千(せん) (sen)
  • → Korean: 천(千) (cheon)
  • → Vietnamese: thiên (千)
  • → Old Uyghur: 𐽻𐽶𐽺 (sén)
  • → Zhuang: cien (“thousand”)

    • Etymology 2

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    For pronunciation and definitions of 千 – see 韆 (“swing”).
    (This character is the simplified form of 韆).
    Notes:

    Further reading

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    Japanese

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    Kanji

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    千

    (First grade kyōiku kanji)

    Readings

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    • Go-on: せん (sen, Jōyō)
    • Kan-on: せん (sen, Jōyō)
    • Kun: ち (chi, 千, Jōyō)
    • Nanori: かず (kazu)、ゆき (yuki)

    Compounds

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    Alternative forms

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    Kanji in this term
    千
    せん
    Grade: 1
    on'yomi

    Etymology 1

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    From Middle Chinese 千 (MC tshen).

    Pronunciation

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    Numeral

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    千(せん) • (sen) 

    1. a thousand, 1000
    Derived terms
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    v • d • e
    Japanese numbers
    NumberKanjiKanaRomaji
    0零れい, ゼロrei, zero
    1一いちichi
    2二にni
    3三さんsan
    4四よん, しyon, shi
    5五ごgo
    6六ろくroku
    7七なな, しちnana, shichi
    8八はちhachi
    9九きゅう, くkyū, ku
    10十じゅうjū
    100百ひゃくhyaku
    1,000千, 一千せん, いっせんsen, issen
    10,000一万, 万いちまん, まんichiman, man
    100,000,000一億, 億いちおく, おくichioku, oku
    v • d • e
    Japanese counter/suffix: 千 (せん, sen, “thousand”)
    NumberKanjiKanaRomaji
    1,000千せんsen
    2,000二千にせんnisen
    3,000三千さんぜんsanzen
    4,000四千よんせんyonsen
    5,000五千ごせんgosen
    6,000六千ろくせんrokusen
    7,000七千ななせんnanasen
    8,000八千はっせんhassen
    9,000九千きゅうせんkyūsen
    ?何千なんぜんnanzen
    Idioms
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    Affix

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    千(せん) • (sen) 

    1. thousand
    2. (by extension) very large number
    Derived terms
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    Proper noun

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    千(せん) • (Sen) 

    1. a surname, especially from the line of tea ceremony masters

    Etymology 2

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    Kanji in this term
    千
    ち
    Grade: 1
    kun'yomi

    ⟨ti⟩ → /t͡ɕi/

    From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *ti.

    Pronunciation

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    Numeral

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    千(ち) • (chi) 

    1. a thousand, 1000

    Coordinate terms

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    Derived terms
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    v • d • e
    Japanese counter/suffix: 千 (ち, chi, “thousand”, the kun'yomi reading of 千)
    NumberKanjiKanaRomaji
    1,000千ちchi
    2,000二千ふたちfutachi
    3,000三千みちmichi
    4,000四千よちyochi
    5,000五千いちichi
    6,000六千むちmuchi
    7,000七千ななちnanachi
    8,000八千やちyachi
    9,000九千ここのちkokonochi

    References

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    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    2. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

    Korean

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    Etymology

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    From Middle Chinese 千 (MC tshen).

    Historical readings
    Dongguk Jeongun reading
    Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 쳔 (Yale: chyèn)
    Middle Korean
    Text Eumhun
    Gloss (hun) Reading
    Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[3] 즈〮믄〮 (Yale: cúmún) 쳔 (Yale: chyèn)
    Historical readings

    Pronunciation

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    Hanja

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    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    千 (eumhun 일천(一千) 천 (ilcheon cheon))

    1. hanja form? of 천 (“thousand”)

    Compounds

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    References

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    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [4]

    Old Japanese

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    Etymology

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    (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

    Numeral

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    千 (ti) (kana ち)

    1. a thousand, 1000

    Derived terms

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    Descendants

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    • Japanese: 千 (chi)

    Vietnamese

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    Han character

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    千: Hán Việt readings: thiên (倉(thương)先(tiên)切(thiết))[1][2][3][4][5]
    千: Nôm readings: thiên[1][2][4][6], xiên[1]

    1. chữ Hán form of thiên, triên (“thousand”)

    Compounds

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    References

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    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Nguyễn (2014).
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
    3. ^ Trần (2004).
    4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Bonet (1899).
    5. ^ Génibrel (1898).
    6. ^ Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
    Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=千&oldid=92199568"