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孔

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
孔 U+5B54, 孔
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5B54
← 孓
[U+5B53] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 孕 →
[U+5B55]

Translingual

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Stroke order
4 strokes

Han character

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孔 (Kangxi radical 39, 子+1, 4 strokes, Cangjie input 弓木山 (NDU), four-corner 12410, composition ⿰子乚)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 277, character 9
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 6933
  • Dae Jaweon: page 544, character 3
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1008, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+5B54

Chinese

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simp. and trad.
 孔

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 孔
Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (孔) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
吼 *qʰloːʔ, *qʰloːs
孔 *kʰloːŋʔ

Bronze inscriptions: Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 丿 (“opening”) + 子 (“child”) – opening in the skull of a newborn, i.e. fontanelle.

Etymology

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"hole"
    From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(g/k)uŋ (“hole; orifice; inner part”). 孔 (OC *kʰloːŋʔ, “hole”) is probably the endoactive derivation of 空 (OC *kʰoːŋ, “hollow; empty”) (Schuessler, 2007). Cognate with Tibetan ཁུང (khung, “hole”), Jingpho ladi hku (lədî hkū, “nostril”), Chepang घाङ् (gʰaŋ, “hole”), Burmese အခေါင်း (a.hkaung:, “hollow place; cavity”), Naxi kho³³ (“cave; hole; pit”) (STEDT).
    "peacock"
    Starostin reconstructs 孔 (OC *khōŋ) and compares it to Proto-Vietic *k-voːŋ. Compare also Semai kuwok, Semnam kwɔːŋ.

    Pronunciation

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    Note:
    • kháng - vernacular;
    • khóng - literary.
    Rime
    Character 孔
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 溪 (29)
    Final (韻) 東 (1)
    Tone (調) Rising (X)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) I
    Fanqie 康董切
    Baxter khuwngX
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/kʰuŋX/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/kʰuŋX/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/kʰuŋX/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/kʰəwŋX/
    Li
    Rong         		/kʰuŋX/
    Wang
    Li         		/kʰuŋX/
    Bernhard
    Karlgren         		/kʰuŋX/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		kǒng
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		hung2
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 孔
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		kǒng
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ khuwngX ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*[k]ʰˁoŋʔ/
    English (surname)

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 孔
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 7489
    Phonetic
    component         		孔
    Rime
    group         		東
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		孔
    Old
    Chinese         		/*kʰloːŋʔ/
    Notes 金文象就乳，與古候切從子殼聲字（說文乳也）同源

    Definitions

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    孔

    1. hole; aperture; opening
      鼻孔  ―  bíkǒng  ―  nostril
    2. classifier for cave dwellings, oil wells, etc..
    3. (literary, for irrigation, drainage) ditch; trench; canal; channel
    4. (literary, or in compounds) profound; far-reaching
    5. (literary, or in compounds) unimpeded; unblocked
    6. (literary, or in compounds) large
    7. (literary, or in compounds) fine
    8. (literary, or in compounds) very; extremely
    9. (literary, or in compounds) peacock; peafowl
    10. a surname
      孔祥熙  ―  Kǒng Xiángxī  ―  H. H. Kung (Chinese banker and politician)
    11. (specifically) short for 孔子 (Kǒngzǐ, “Confucius”)
      祭孔  ―  jì Kǒng  ―  worship of Confucius
      批林批孔  ―  pī Lín pī Kǒng  ―  (historical) Criticize Lin Biao and Confucius movement
    12. (Quanzhou Hokkien) classifier for partitioned grid units in a tool.

    Synonyms

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    • (hole):
    Dialectal synonyms of 孔 (“hole”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 孔, 洞, 穴
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 孔, 洞, 孔洞, 空洞, 空穴, 窿
    Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 窟窿
    Singapore 洞
    Jilu Mandarin Jinan 窟窿
    Central Plains Mandarin Luoyang 窟窿
    Wanrong 窟窿
    Xi'an 窟窿子, 窟窿
    Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 窟窿, 洞洞, 洞
    Wuhan 窟窿, 窟眼, 洞洞, 洞
    Liuzhou 窿
    Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 窟窿
    Yangzhou 洞, 窟窿
    Hefei 窟窿, 洞
    Cantonese Guangzhou 窿, 咕窿
    Hong Kong 窿, 咕窿
    Taishan 孔
    Yangjiang 窿
    Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 窿
    Singapore (Guangfu) 窿
    Gan Nanchang 洞
    Hakka Meixian 窿仔, 窿空仔
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 空
    Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 空
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 空
    Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 空
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 空
    Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 空
    Jin Taiyuan 窟窿, 窟子
    Northern Min Jian'ou 川
    Eastern Min Fuzhou 空空
    Southern Min Xiamen 空, 空口
    Quanzhou 空
    Zhangzhou 空口
    Zhangzhou (Changtai) 空
    Taipei 空
    Penang (Hokkien) 空
    Singapore (Hokkien) 空
    Manila (Hokkien) 空
    Chaozhou 空
    Jieyang 空, 洞
    Haifeng 空
    Singapore (Teochew) 空
    Singapore (Hainanese) 空
    Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 窿
    Wu Suzhou 洞
    Wenzhou 洞, 窟, 窟窿
    Jinhua 窟窿
    Xiang Changsha 洞, 洞子
    Shuangfeng 眼貢, 洞
    • (very):
    • (peacock): 孔雀 (kǒngquè)
    • (Confucius):

    Compounds

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    References

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    Japanese

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    Kanji

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    孔

    (Jōyō kanji)

    1. cavity

    Readings

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    • Go-on: く (ku)、くう (kū)
    • Kan-on: こう (kō, Jōyō)
    • Kun: あな (ana, 孔)、はなはだ (hanahada, 孔だ)

    Compounds

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    Etymology

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    Kanji in this term
    孔
    あな
    Grade: S
    kun'yomi
    For pronunciation and definitions of 孔 – see the following entry.
    【穴あな】6
    [noun] hole
    [noun] opening, aperture
    [noun] pit
    [noun] cave, cavern
    [noun] lair, den, burrow
    [noun] loss, deficit
    [noun] flaw, defect
    (This term, 孔, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

    References

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    Korean

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    Hanja

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    孔 (eumhun 구멍 공 (gumeong gong))

    1. hanja form? of 공 (“opening, hole”)

    Vietnamese

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    Han character

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    孔: Hán Nôm readings: khổng, hỏng, hổng, khỏng, khủng

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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