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艱

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 艰
艱 U+8271, 艱
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8271
← 艰
[U+8270] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 色 →
[U+8272]

Translingual

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Han character

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艱 (Kangxi radical 138, 艮+11, 17 strokes, Cangjie input 廿人日女 (TOAV), four-corner 47532, composition ⿰𦰩艮)

References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1013, character 29
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 30600
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1473, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3171, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+8271

Chinese

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trad. 艱
simp. 艰
alternative forms 𦫒
囏
𡆒
𮎚
𡿤

Glyph origin

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Characters in the same phonetic series (艮) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
艱 *krɯːn
齦 *kʰrɯːnʔ, *kʰɯːnʔ, *ŋɯn
眼 *ŋrɯːnʔ
蛝 *ɡrɯːn
限 *ɡrɯːnʔ
硍 *ɡrɯːnʔ
豤 *kʰɯːnʔ, *kʰɯːnʔ, *kʰuːn
詪 *ɡlɯːnʔ, *kɯːnʔ, *kɯːns
根 *kɯːn
跟 *kɯːn
珢 *kɯːn, *kɯːns, *ŋrɯn
艮 *kɯːns
茛 *kɯːns
墾 *kʰɯːnʔ
懇 *kʰɯːnʔ
垠 *ŋɯːn, *ŋrɯn, *ŋɯn
泿 *ŋɯːn, *ŋrɯn
痕 *ɡɯːn
拫 *ɡɯːn
鞎 *ɡɯːn
很 *ɡɯːnʔ
恨 *ɡɯːns
銀 *ŋrɯn
檭 *ŋrɯn

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *krɯːn): semantic 𦰩 + phonetic 艮 (OC *kɯːns).

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • kan - literary;
  • kian - vernacular.
Note:
  • Chongming:
    • 1cie - literary;
    • 1kae - vernacular.
  • Shaoxing:
    • 1cien - literary;
    • 1kaen - vernacular.
    Note:
    • 1cian - literary;
    • 1ka - vernacular.
      Rime
      Character 艱
      Reading # 1/1
      Initial (聲) 見 (28)
      Final (韻) 山 (73)
      Tone (調) Level (Ø)
      Openness (開合) Open
      Division (等) II
      Fanqie 古閑切
      Baxter kean
      Reconstructions
      Zhengzhang
      Shangfang             		/kˠɛn/
      Pan
      Wuyun             		/kᵚæn/
      Shao
      Rongfen             		/kæn/
      Edwin
      Pulleyblank             		/kəɨn/
      Li
      Rong             		/kɛn/
      Wang
      Li             		/kæn/
      Bernhard
      Karlgren             		/kăn/
      Expected
      Mandarin
      Reflex             		jiān
      Expected
      Cantonese
      Reflex             		gaan1
      Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
      Character 艱
      Reading # 1/1
      Modern
      Beijing
      (Pinyin)             		jiān
      Middle
      Chinese             		‹ kɛn ›
      Old
      Chinese             		/*kˁrə[r]/
      English difficulty

      Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

      * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
      * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
      * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
      * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

      * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
      Zhengzhang system (2003)
      Character 艱
      Reading # 1/1
      No. 3912
      Phonetic
      component             		艮
      Rime
      group             		文
      Rime
      subdivision             		1
      Corresponding
      MC rime             		閒
      Old
      Chinese             		/*krɯːn/

      Definitions

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      艱

      1. difficult; hard
      2. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) hardship; suffering
      3. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) disaster
      4. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) dangerous
      5. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) parent's death

      Compounds

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      References

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      • “艱”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
      • 李如龙 [Li, Ru-long]; 刘福铸 [Liu, Fu-zhu]; 吴华英 [Wu, Hua-ying]; 黄国城 [Huang, Guo-cheng] (2019), “艰”, in 莆仙方言调查报告 [Investigation Report on Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 210.

      Japanese

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      Kanji

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      艱

      (Hyōgai kanji)

      1. difficult

      Readings

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      • Go-on: けん (ken)
      • Kan-on: かん (kan)
      • Kun: なやむ (nayamu, 艱む)、かたい (katai, 艱い)、なやみ (nayami)

      Korean

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      Hanja

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      艱 • (gan) (hangeul 간, revised gan, McCune–Reischauer kan, Yale kan)

      1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

      Vietnamese

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      Han character

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      艱: Hán Nôm readings: gian

      1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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