1094 Explained

Year 1094 (MXCIV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Byzantine Empire

• Spring  - Emperor Alexios I Komnenos sends a Byzantine expeditionary force under General Tatikios to Nicaea, in an attempt to re-capture the city from the Seljuk Turks. However, the arrival of Barkiyaruq's army en route stops the Byzantines. Alexios sends reinforcements; short of supplies, the Seljuk Turks retreat. Abu'l-Qasim, Seljuk governor of Nicaea, is defeated and forced to conclude a truce with Alexios.^[1]

Europe

• May  - El Cid (Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar) completes his conquest of Valencia in Al-Andalus (modern Spain) and begins his rule (in the name of King Alfonso VI) there. The Almoravid campaign to regain the city fails.^[2]
• May–June  - Duncan, son of the late King Malcolm III of Scotland, gathers a substantial army, chiefly Anglo-Normans from England, and challenges his uncle Donald III ("the Fair") for the Kingdom of Scotland. Duncan is crowned king at Scone.^[3]
• July 28  - William Bertrand dies, and his margravial title of Provence is inherited by Raymond IV ("Saint-Gilles"), who becomes count of Toulouse (until 1105).
• November 12  - Donald III mobilizes his army and kills Duncan II in battle in the Scottish Lowlands, re-taking the Scottish throne.^[3]

Fatimid Egypt

• After the death of Caliph al-Mustansir Billah, his son-in-law and vizier Al-Afdal declares al-Musta'li, a younger son of al-Mustansir, in a coup d'état as new Caliph. Al-Mustansir's designated heir, Nizar, flees to Alexandria.

Eastern Islamic world

• February 3  - Caliph of Baghdad al-Muqtadi dies and is succeeded by his nominated heir Ahmad (al-Mustazhir).
• October  - Seljuk sultan Mahmud I dies after a 2-year reign. He is succeeded by his brother Barkiyaruq (one of the Seljuk princes who claim the throne) as ruler of the Seljuk Empire.

By topic

Religion

• May 15  - The Cathedral of St. Agatha in Catania (Sicily) is consecrated by the Breton abbot Ansger.
• October 8  - Doge Vitale Faliero consecrates the new Basilica of San Marco in Venice.
• King Ladislaus I of Hungary founds a diocese (alongside the bishop's see) in Zagreb.
• Al-Musta'li becomes the nineteenth imam of Musta'li Ismailism

Births

• January 14  - Eudokia Komnene, Byzantine princess (d. 1129)
• Abd al-Mu'min, Almohad caliph (approximate date)
• Ibn Zuhr (or Avenzoar), Moorish physician (d. 1162)
• Malachy, Irish archbishop and saint (d. 1148)
• Richard d'Avranches, 2nd Earl of Chester (d. 1120)
• Yelü Dashi, founder of the Qara Khitai (d. 1143)

Deaths

• January 10  - Al-Mustansir Billah, Fatimid caliph (b. 1029)
  • • February 3 Al-Muqtadi, Abbasid caliph (b. 1056)
  • Teishi, Japanese empress (b. 1013)
• June 2  - Nicholas the Pilgrim, Italian shepherd (b. 1075)
• June 4  - Sancho V, king of Aragon and Pamplona
• July 28  - William Bertrand, margrave of Provence
• October 14
  • Bertha of Holland, French queen consort
  • Fujiwara no Nobunaga, Japanese nobleman (b. 1022)
• October  - Mahmud I, sultan of the Seljuk Empire
• November 12  - Duncan II, king of Scotland
• Abu Ali Fana-Khusrau, Buyid nobleman
• Al-Bakri, Moorish historian and geographer
• Aq Sunqur al-Hajib, Seljuk sultan of Aleppo
• Badr al-Jamali, Fatimid vizier and statesman
• Isaac Albalia, Andalusian Jewish astronomer (b. 1035)
• Jonathan I, Italo-Norman count of Carinola
• Michael of Avranches, Italian bishop
• Roger de Beaumont, Norman nobleman
• Roger de Montgomery, Norman nobleman
• Terken Khatun, Seljuk empress and regent
• William Fitzeustace, 1st Earl of Gloucester, Norman nobleman
• Wulfnoth Godwinson, English nobleman

Notes and References

1. Timothy Venning (2015). A Chronology of the Crusades, p. 24. .
2. Picard C. (1997). La mer et les musulmans d'Occident au Moyen Age. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
3. Book: Potter, Philip J.. 2009. Gothic Kings of Britain: The Lives of 31 Medieval Rulers (1016–1399). 127–128. Jefferson, NC. McFarland. 978-0-7864-4038-2.