1395 Explained

Year 1395 (MCCCXCV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 1395th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 395th year of the 2nd millennium, the 95th year of the 14th century, and the 6th year of the 1390s decade.

Events

January - March

• January 10  - Smil Flaška of Pardubice, the Supreme Provincial Scribe of the Kingdom of Bohemia, joins the League of Lords (Panská jednota), a group of nobles opposed to the rule of King Wenceslaus IV.
• January 27  - The 22nd English Parliament of King Richard II assembles after being summoned on November 20. John Bussy is elected as Speaker of the House of Commons.
• February 12  - At the Battle of Ghindăoani The army led by King Sigismund of Hungary and Croatia is ambushed by Prince Stephen I of Moldavia, on its way back after conquering Neamț Citadel, and the Hungarians must retreat empty handed.
• February 15  - The English Parliament adjourns after a 19-day session.
• March 18  - After Donato Acciaioli, Duke of Athens, rewards Captain Andrea Bembo for defending Athens against an Ottoman attack, Senate of the Republic of Venice votes to annex the Duchy of Athens.^[1]

April - June

• April 14  - Tokhtamysh–Timur war  - At the Battle of the Terek River, the Mongol conqueror Timur defeats Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde at the Volga. The Golden Horde capital city, Sarai, is razed to the ground, and Timur installs a puppet ruler, Quyurchuq, on the Golden Horde throne. Tokhtamysh escapes to Lithuania.^[2]
• May 1  - The Duchy of Milan is created, after Lord Gian Galeazzo Visconti of Milan buys the title of Duke from Wenceslaus, King of the Romans.^[3]
• May 17
  • Battle of Rovine: With the help of the Hungarians, Wallachia resists an invasion by the Ottomans and their Serb and Bulgarian vassals. But Mircea I of Wallachia has to temporarily flee to Transylvania, and Vlad I Uzurpatorul is placed on the throne by the Ottomans.
  • Mary of Hungary dies, ending of the reign of Hungary by the Capet-Anjou family. Her co-reigning estranged husband, King Sigismund, becomes sole ruler of Hungary.
• June 3  - Sultan Bayezid I of the Ottoman Empire has the former Bulgarian Emperor Ivan Shishman beheaded after Shishman is accused of collaborating with the Principality of Wallachia during the 1394 Battle of Karanovasa.^[4]
• June 13  - Prince Albert of Austria marries his first cousin, once-removed, Joanna Sophia of Bavaria at Vienna ending a feud between her father, Albert, Duke of Bavaria and his father, Albert III, Duke of Austria.^[5]

July - September

• July 8  - At a gathering of French cardinals at the Palais des Papes in Avignon, the assembled clerics demand the resignation of the antipope Benedict XIII (Pedro Martinez de Luna), who nine months earlier had been elected as the alternative to the Roman Pope Boniface IX. The only dissenting voice is Cardinal Martín de Zalba, but Benedict refuses to step down.^[6]
• July 28  - (7 Shawwal 797 AH) Ali ibn Ajlan, the Emir of Mecca is killed and is succeeded by his brother Muhammad ibn Ajlan.^[7]
• August 6  - Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, issues an ordinance prohibiting the cultivation of the Gamay grape on any lands under his jurisdiction, in favor of the increased production of pinot noir wine.^[8]
• August 29  - Albert IV succeeds his father, Albert III, as Duke of Austria.^[9]
• September 5  -
  • The Kingdom of Nepal comes under the joint rule of brothers Jayadharma, Jayajyotir and Jayakiti Malla upon the death of their father, King Jayasthiti.^{[10] [11]}
  • Gian Galeazzo Visconti is crowned as the first Duke of Milan.^[12]
• September 8  - The death of King Stjepan Dabiša leads to the election of his wife Jelena Gruba as Queen of Bosnia. However, most of the Bosnian land is soon appropriated by King Sigismund of Hungary.^[13]

October - December

• October 8  - The University of Óbuda, the second in Hungary and the first in the capital, Budapest, is given a deed of foundation by Pope Boniface IX after the requests of King Sigismund of Hungary.^[14]
• November 22  - The embalmed body of Robert de Vere, 9th Earl of Oxford, a friend and advisor of King Richard II, is buried in England, on the third anniversary of his death in France, and following King Richard's determination provide proper honors for his funeral.^[15]
• December 14  - By agreement with the Ottoman turks, Radič Crnojević, Lord of Zeta and Budva and his brother Dobrivoje Crnojević occupy the region of Grbalj in what is now Montenegro.^[16]
• December 19  - The Principality of Monaco comes under the control of the Republic of Genoa, administered by the Doge Antoniotto I Adorno. Lord Jean I of the House of Grimaldi steps aside during the Genoan invasion.

Date unknown

• Ramaracha succeeds Ramesuan as ruler of the Ayutthaya Kingdom in present-day southern Thailand.
• The Gwanghwamun Gate and the Jogyesa Temple are built in present-day Seoul in late September or early October (in the "9th month") of the Korean calendar year 3728.^[17]
• The Theotokos of Vladimir icon is moved to Moscow.
• John Rykener, also known as Johannes Richer and Eleanor, a transvestite prostitute working mainly in London (near Cheapside), but also active in Oxford, is arrested for cross-dressing and interrogated on December 11, 1394.^[18] The records have survived, the only surviving legal records from this age which mention same-sex intercourse.

Births

• January 11  - Michele of Valois, French princess and Duchess Consort of Burgundy (d. 1422)
• March 18  - John Holland, 2nd Duke of Exeter, English military leader (d. 1447)
• September 7  - Reginald West, 6th Baron De La Warr, English politician (d. 1427)
• date unknown
  • Fra Angelico, Italian painter (d. 1455)
  • Niccolò Da Conti, Italian merchant and explorer (d. 1469)
  • George of Trebizond, Greek philosopher and scholar (d. 1484)
  • Jacques Cœur, French merchant (d. 1456)

Deaths

• March 13  - John Barbour, Scottish poet
• May 17
  • Prince Marko, Serbian leader
  • Mary, Queen of Hungary, co-ruler
• June 3  - Ivan Shishman of Bulgaria, tsar (b. c.1350)
• August 29  - Duke Albert III of Austria (b. 1349)
• December 25  - Elisabeth, Countess of Neuchâtel, Swiss ruler
• date unknown
  • Acamapichtli, 1st tlatoani (monarch) of Tenochtitlan (modern Mexico City), 1375-1395 (b. c. 1355)^[19]
  • Margaret the Barefooted, Italian saint (b. 1325)

Notes and References

1. "The Catalans and Florentines in Greece, 1380–1462", in A History of the Crusades, Volume III: The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries, by Kenneth M. Setton (University of Wisconsin Press, 1975) p.259
2. Book: Buell, Paul D.. Historical Dictionary of the Mongol World Empire. Lanham, MD . Rowman & Littlefield . 2018 . 978-1-5381-1136-9 . 265.
3. "Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church, 304–306". Vatican.va. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
4. Book: Българските ханове и царе . The Bulgarian Khans and Tsars . Jordan . Andreev . Milcho . Lalkov . 1996 . bg . Абагар (Abagar) . Велико Търново (Veliko Tarnovo) . 286. 954-427-216-X.
5. Book: Previte-Orton, C.W. . The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History: The Twelfth Century to the Renaissance . 2 . Cambridge University Press . 1952 . 796.
6. Book: Rollo-Koster, Joëlle . The Great Western Schism, 1378–1417: Performing Legitimacy, Performing Unity . Cambridge University Press . 2022. 166.
7. Book: Ibn Fahd. ‘Izz al-Dīn ‘Abd al-‘Azīz ibn ‘Umar ibn Muḥammad. Shaltūt. Fahīm Muḥammad. ar:غاية المرام بأخبار سلطنة البلد الحرام. Ghāyat al-marām bi-akhbār salṭanat al-Balad al-Ḥarām. The ultimate recounting of the history of the Sultanate of the Holy Land. 1988. Jāmi‘at Umm al-Qurá, Markaz al-Baḥth al-‘Ilmī wa-Iḥyā’ al-Turāth al-Islāmī, Kullīyat al-Sharīʻah wa-al-Dirāsāt al-Islāmīyah. Mecca. 2. 1st. 236. Arabic.
8. .
9. Book: Previte-Orton, C.W. . The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History: The Twelfth Century to the Renaissance . 2 . Cambridge University Press . 1952. 796 .
10. Book: Shaha, Rishikesh . Ancient and Medieval Nepal . University of Cambridge . 1990 . Kathmandu, Nepal . 47 . English.
11. Petech, Luciano (1984). Medieval History of Nepal (PDF) (2nd ed.)(Rome: Fondata Da Giuseppe Tucci) pp.137-146
12. Book: Bueno de Mesquita, D. M. (Daniel Meredith) . 2011 . 1941 . Giangaleazzo Visconti, Duke of Milan (1351-1402): A Study in the Political Career of an Italian Despot . Cambridge, UK . Cambridge University Press . 9780521234559 . 173 .
13. Book: Ćirković, Sima . Историја средњовековне босанске државе . History of the medieval Bosnian state . Srpska književna zadruga . 1964 . 176 . sh.
14. Web site: Universities in the Middle Ages . dead . en.
15. Saul, Nigel (1997). Richard II. New Haven: Yale University Press. . p. 461
16. Branislav Milutinović, Borba Balšića sa Mlečanima za zetske primorske gradove (The Balšićs' Struggle with the Venetians for the Zeta Coastal Cities), Round Table of the Historical Institute (Podgorica, 1999)
17. 임석재|2019|pp=|p=39 임석재 (Im Seok-jae), (2019). 예(禮)로 지은 경복궁: 동양 미학으로 읽다 (Gyeongbokgung Palace Built with Propriety: A Reading Through Eastern Aesthetics (Korean). 인물과사상사 (Inmulgwasasangsa Press, 2019) p.39.
18. Goldberg. J.. 2014. John Rykener, Richard II, and the Governance of London. Leeds Studies in English. 45. 54. 819172511.
19. Web site: Acamapichtli, "Puñado de cañas" (1375-1395). Arqueologia Mexicana. July 2016 . June 3, 2019. es. Acamapichtli, "Fistful of canes" (1375-1395).