October 7 attacks explained

The October 7 attacks were a series of coordinated armed incursions from the blockaded Gaza Strip into the Gaza envelope of southern Israel, carried out by Hamas and several other Palestinian militant groups in 2023, during the Jewish holiday of Simchat Torah. The attacks, which began the ongoing Gaza war, were the first large-scale invasion of Israeli territory since the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. In response, Israel launched a large-scale military operation in Gaza.

The attacks began with a barrage of at least 4,300 rockets launched into Israel^{[11] [12]} and vehicle-transported and powered paraglider incursions into Israel.^{[13] [14]} Hamas militants breached the Gaza–Israel barrier, attacking military bases and massacring civilians in 21 communities, including Be'eri, Kfar Aza, Nir Oz, Netiv Haasara, and Alumim. According to an Israel Defense Forces (IDF) report that revised the estimate on the number of attackers, 6,000 Gazans breached the border in 119 locations into Israel, including 3,800 from the elite Nukhba forces and 2,200 civilians and other militants.^[15] Additionally, the IDF report estimated 1,000 Gazans fired rockets from the Gaza Strip, bringing the total number of participants on Hamas's side to 7,000.

In total, 1,195 people were killed by the attacks: at least 828 civilians(including 36 childrenand 71 foreign nationals) and at least 367 members of the security forces. 364 civilians were killed while they were attending the Nova music festival and many more wounded.^{[16] [17]} At least 14 Israeli civilians were killed by the IDF's use of the Hannibal Directive.^{[18] [19]} About 250 Israeli and non-Israeli civilians and soldiers were taken as hostages to the Gaza Strip.^{[20] [21] [22] [23]} Dozens of cases of rape and sexual assault reportedly occurred, but Hamas officials denied the involvement of their fighters.^[24]

Hamas said its attack was in response to the continued Israeli occupation, the blockade of the Gaza Strip, the expansion of illegal Israeli settlements, rising Israeli settler violence, and recent escalations.^{[25] [26] [27]} The day was labelled the bloodiest in Israel's history and "the deadliest for Jews since the Holocaust" by many figures and media outlets in the West, including then-US president Joe Biden.^{[28] [29]} Some have made allegations that the attack was an act of genocide or a genocidal massacre against Israelis. The governments of 44 countries denounced the attack and described it as terrorism, while some Arab and Muslim-majority countries blamed Israel's occupation of the Palestinian territories as the root cause of the attack.^{[30] [31] [32]}

Name

Hamas and other Palestinian armed groups codenamed the attacks Operation Al-Aqsa Flood,^[33] while in Israel they are referred to as Black Saturday^[34] or the Simchat Torah Massacre.^[35] Internationally and commonly in Israel,^[36] the attacks are called the October 7 attacks.^{[37] [38] [39]}

Background

Israel has occupied the Palestinian territories, including the Gaza Strip, since the Six-Day War in 1967.^{[40] [41]} In 2005, Israel disengaged from the Gaza Strip by dismantling all 21 Israeli settlements there.^[42] Nonetheless, the Gaza Strip has continued to be regarded by the United Nations, many other international humanitarian and legal organizations, and most academic commentators as being under Israeli occupation due to Israel's active control over the territory's external affairs, as affirmed by the 2024 International Court of Justice advisory opinion.^[43]

The Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas), is a Palestinian nationalist^[44] Islamist movement. They formed in 1987, and are the largest Islamist movement in the Palestinian territories.^[45] They maintain an uncompromising stance on the "complete liberation of Palestine", often using political violence to achieve their goals. Recent statements suggest a shift in focus toward ending the Israeli occupation of Palestinian territories and establishing a Palestinian state based on the 1967 borders. Hamas has been responsible for numerous suicide bombings^{[46] [47]} and rocket attacks targeting Israeli civilians.^[48] Australia, Canada, the EU, Japan, New Zealand, and the UK have designated Hamas a "terrorist organisation". In 2010 it attempted to derail the peace talks between Israel and the PA. In 2017, it adopted a new charter, removing antisemitic language and shifting focus from Jews to Zionists.^[49] Scholars differ on Hamas's objectives, with some saying it sought a Palestinian state within 1967 borders^[50] while others believe Hamas still sought the destruction of Israel.^[51]

Warnings

Before the attack, Saudi Arabia warned Israel of an "explosion" as a result of the continued occupation,^[52] and Egypt had warned of a catastrophe.^[53] The Israeli defense establishment had warned the Prime Minister that political upheavals related to the significant judicial overhauls had signaled to adversaries that the country was vulnerable, although that very apparatus had ignored its own detection of Hamas's "Walls of Jericho" mass-invasion plan a year prior to the event, as well as, the detection of border movements in the hours leading up to the invasion.^[54]

Events leading to the attack

See also: Timeline of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict in 2023.

Throughout 2023, increased settler attacks displaced hundreds of Palestinians.^[55] In April, clashes occurred around the Al-Aqsa Mosque, a contested holy site in Jerusalem. In May, clashes occurred between Israel and the Palestinian Islamic Jihad group.^[55]

Tensions between Israel and Hamas rose in September 2023, and The Washington Post wrote that the two were "on the brink of war".^[56] On September 13, five Palestinians were killed at the border. Israel said it found explosives hidden in a shipment and halted all exports from Gaza; Hamas denied Israel's claims. Reuters quoted Palestinians who said that the several-day ban affected thousands of families.^[57] In response to the ban, Hamas put its forces on high alert and conducted military exercises with other groups, including openly practicing storming Israeli settlements. Hamas also allowed Palestinians to resume protests at the Gaza–Israel barrier. On September 29, Qatar, the UN, and Egypt mediated an agreement between Israeli and Hamas officials in the Gaza Strip to reopen closed crossing points and deescalate tensions;^[58] the total number of Gazans with work permits in Israel stood at 17,000.^[59]

Egypt said it warned Israel days before the attack that "an explosion of the situation [was] coming, and very soon, and it would be big."^[60] Israel denied receiving such a warning,^[61] although Michael McCaul, Chairman of the US House Foreign Relations Committee, said that warnings were given three days before the attack.^[62]

Operational planning

For two years, Hamas used hardwired phone lines within Gaza's tunnel network, nicknamed the "Gaza metro", to covertly communicate, evade Israeli intelligence, and plan Operation Al-Aqsa Flood.^{[63] [64]}

In the months preceding the attack, Hamas publicly released videos of its militants preparing to attack Israel. A video released in December 2022 showed Hamas training to take hostages, while another video showed Hamas practicing paragliding.^[65] On September 12, Hamas posted a video of its fighters training to blast through the border.^[66] After the attack, the IDF said that Hamas had extensively studied the military bases and communities near the border.^{[67] [68]}

The Wall Street Journal has accused Iran of being behind the attack.^[69] U.S. officials^[70] and Iran have denied this.^[71]

According to a New York Times investigation, a memo dated August 24, 2022, and apparently written by Yahya Sinwar described a Hamas attack on Israel similar to October 7 attacks. It called for bulldozers to breach the Gaza-Israel fence and for multiple assault waves. It urged "Stomp on the heads of soldiers" and listed "opening fire on soldiers at point-blank range, slaughtering some of them with knives, blowing up tanks". It ordered entry into residential areas to set them on fire "with gasoline or diesel from a tanker", preparing "two or three operations" in which "an entire neighborhood, kibbutz, or something similar will be burned". It directed unit commanders to film and broadcast the acts to mobilize Palestinians in the West Bank, Arabs in Israel, and "our nation" to "join the revolution".^[72]

The IDF reportedly seized over 10,000 weapons following the attack. The arsenal included RPGs, mines, sniper rifles, drones, thermobaric rockets, and other advanced weapons. According to Israeli sources, documents and maps seized from Hamas militants indicated that Hamas intended a coordinated, month-long operation to invade and occupy Israeli towns, cities, and kibbutzim, including attacking Ashkelon by sea and reaching Kiryat Gat, 20 miles (32 km) into Israel. The scale of weapons, supplies, and plans indicated, according to Israel, that Hamas intended to inflict mass casualties on Israeli civilians and military forces over an extended period.^[73] Western and Middle Eastern security officials gathered evidence suggesting that Hamas intended to invade as far as the West Bank, had the initial attack been more successful.^[74]

Israeli intelligence failure

According to The New York Times, Israeli officials had obtained detailed attack plans more than a year before the attack. The document described operational plans and targets, including the size and location of Israeli forces, and raised questions in Israel about how Hamas learned these details. The document provided a plan that included a large-scale rocket assault before an invasion, drones to knock out the surveillance cameras and automated guns that Israel has stationed along the border, and gunmen invading Israel, including with paragliders. The Times reported, "Hamas followed the blueprint with shocking precision." According to The Times, the document was widely circulated among Israeli military and intelligence leadership, who largely dismissed the plan as beyond Hamas's capabilities, though it was unclear whether the political leadership was informed. In July 2023, a member of the Israeli signals intelligence unit alerted her superiors that Hamas was conducting preparations for the assault, saying, "I utterly refute that the scenario is imaginary". An Israeli colonel ignored her concerns.^[75]

The official investigation by Israel's domestic intelligence agency, Shin Bet, found that the agency failed to provide the warning that could have prevented the massacre. The head of Shin Bet convened a situation assessment in the early hours of October 7 to discuss the intelligence received from Gaza; in the end, only a low-level warning was issued, and a small team specialising in thwarting limited attacks was sent to the south. According to the report the counterintelligence service of Hamas had been highly effective in preventing the gathering of intelligence in Gaza.^[76]

According to the findings of the investigation, Shin Bet warned the Prime Minister that Hamas was not deterred and objected to the prevailing divide-and-rule policy of the Israeli government.^[76]

According to Haaretz, Shin Bet and IDF military commanders discussed a possible threat to the Nova music festival near kibbutz Re'im just hours before the attack, but the festival's organizers were not warned.^{[77] [78]}

As revealed by a BBC investigation, surveillance reports suggested that Hamas was planning a significant operation against Israel, but senior IDF officers repeatedly ignored the warnings.^[79]

A Haaretz investigation found that incompetence in the IDF's higher ranks, including refusal to acknowledge Hamas's preparations for the attacks, was a major contributor to the severity of the October attacks. The IDF had reduced funding and manpower dedicated to observing Hamas, focusing primarily on rocket sites and ignoring Hamas training and troop movements, and the activities of the Hamas military leadership. Exercises in which Hamas attacks were simulated found the Gaza division's response lacking. Cultural conformity was fostered among officers and dissent discouraged. Senior officers often silenced subordinates to maintain their positions, contributing to a toxic atmosphere in which lower-ranking officers were apprehensive about questioning the decisions of their superiors - and tended to refrain from doing so.^[80]

Attacks

See main article: List of military engagements during the Gaza war.

At around 6:30 a.m. Israel Summer Time (UTC+3) on Saturday, October 7, 2023, Hamas announced the start of Operation Al-Aqsa Flood.^[81] Al-Qassam Brigades commander Mohammed Deif gave a speech mentioning Israel's 16-year blockade of Gaza, Israeli incursions in West Bank cities, violence at Al-Aqsa mosque, Israeli settler violence with the army's support, the confiscation of property and demolition of homes, arbitrarily detaining Palestinians for years until "they wither from cancer and disease", Israel's neglect for international law, American-Western support, and international silence. He then described the operation, that they had drawn the line, and that it was to end "the last occupation on Earth".^{[82] [81]} Shortly thereafter, Ismail Haniyeh made a similar announcement in a televised address.^[83]

Participating and supporting organizations

In addition to Hamas, several Palestinian militant groups voiced support for the operation and participated in it to some extent. The National Resistance Brigades, the armed wing of the Maoist Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP), confirmed their participation in the operation through their military spokesman Abu Khaled,^[84] saying it had lost three fighters in combat with the IDF.^[85] The PFLP (a Palestinian Marxist–Leninist / secular nationalist political party)^[86] and the Lions' Den group (a nonpartisan militant group based in the West Bank) voiced support for the operation and declared maximum alertness and general mobilization among their troops. Nine individuals employed by UNRWA were accused by Israel of participation, and after a months-long internal investigation, were fired for possible involvement.^[87]

Rocket fire

See main article: List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2023.

Deif said more than 5,000 rockets had been fired from the Gaza Strip into Israel in a span of 20 minutes at the start of the operation. Israeli sources reported the launch of 4,300 projectiles from Gaza, killing twelve and injuring dozens, most of them from the Bedouin community.^[88] Explosions were reported in areas surrounding Gaza and in the Sharon Plain, including Gedera, Herzliya, Beersheba, Tel Aviv, and Ashkelon.^{[89] [90]} Air raid sirens were activated in Beersheba, Jerusalem, Rehovot, Rishon LeZion, and Palmachim Airbase.^{[91] [92]} Hamas issued a call to arms, with Deif calling on "Muslims everywhere to launch an attack". In the evening Hamas launched another barrage of about 150 rockets towards Israel, with explosions reported in Yavne, Givatayim, Bat Yam, Beit Dagan, Tel Aviv, and Rishon LeZion.

Incursions into southern Israel

Simultaneously, around 6,000 Palestinian militants and civilians infiltrated Israel from Gaza breaching the border in 119 places.^[93] The infiltration was executed using trucks, pickup trucks, motorcycles, bulldozers, speedboats, and powered paragliders.^{[94] [95]}

In a raid on the Sderot police station, 30 Israeli policemen and civilians were killed.^[96] Early in the attack the computer systems were destroyed, disabling communication and delaying the response to the attacks.^{[97] [98] [99]}

Images and videos on social media showed heavily armed and masked militants dressed in black fatigues riding pickup trucks and opening fire in Sderot, killing dozens of Israeli civilians and soldiers and setting homes on fire.^[100] Other videos appeared to show Israelis taken prisoner, a burning Israeli tank,^[101] and militants driving Israeli military vehicles. Israeli first responders recovered documents from militants' bodies with instructions to attack civilians, including elementary schools and a youth center, to "kill as many people as possible", and to take hostages for use in future negotiations.^{[102] [103] [104]} The UN's Pramila Patten and Commission of Inquiry concluded in their reports that the authenticity of these alleged instruction documents, claimed to have been retrieved from Hamas militants, could not be substantiated.^[105] Some of the militants wore body cameras to record the acts, presumably for propaganda purposes.^[106] In recordings of Hamas commanders during the attack, published by The New York Times, one commander is heard saying: "Document the scenes of horror, now, and broadcast them on TV channels to the whole world", and "Slaughter them. End the children of Israel".

The morning of the attack, an Israeli military spokesman said that the militants from Gaza had entered Israel through at least seven locations and invaded four small rural Israeli communities, the border city of Sderot, and two military bases from both land and sea. Israeli media reported that seven communities came under Hamas control, including Nahal Oz, Kfar Aza, Magen, Be'eri, and Sufa.^[107] The Erez Crossing was reported to have come under Hamas control, enabling militants to enter Israel from Gaza. Israeli Police Commissioner Kobi Shabtai said there were 21 active high-confrontation locations in southern Israel.

The New York Times reported that an Israeli intelligence document prepared weeks after the attack found that Hamas had breached the border fence in over 30 separate locations.^[108]

Starting at 6.30a.m. the same day, a massacre unfolded at an outdoor music festival near Re'im, resulting in at least 360 dead and many others missing. Witnesses recounted militants on motorcycles opening fire on fleeing participants, who were already dispersing due to rocket fire that had wounded some attendees; some were also taken hostage.^{[109] [110] [111]} Militants killed civilians at Nir Oz,^[112] Be'eri, and Netiv HaAsara, where they took hostages^{[113] [114]} and set fire to homes, as well as in kibbutzim around the Gaza Strip. Around 50 civilians were killed in the Kfar Aza massacre, 108 in the Be'eri massacre, and 15 people in the Netiv HaAsara massacre.^{[115] [116]} Militants killed 16 or 17 Thai and Nepalese employees during the Kibbutz Alumim massacre.^{[117] [118]}

Other militants carried out an amphibious landing in Zikim.^[119] Palestinian sources claim that the local Israeli army base was stormed.^[120] The IDF said it had killed two attackers on the beach and destroyed four vessels, including two rubber boats. Militants also attacked a military base outside Nahal Oz, leaving 66 soldiers dead^[121] and taking seven hostage.^{[122] [123]} An IDF fire investigation found that the militants had "ignited substances... that contain toxic gasses which can cause suffocation within minutes, or even less" both at the base and in civilian locations.

Attack	Location		Israelis and foreign nationals				Destruction in the area	Militants from Gaza			Start time	End date
	Name	Pop.	Total killed	Civilians killed	Combatants killed	Hostages and POWs		Number	Killed	POWs
October 7 attacks on Israel[124] [125]	Gaza envelope and southern Israel	total pop. =	total =	total =	total =	total =	Gaza–Israel barrier, military bases, kibbutzim, moshavim	total ≈	total ≈	total =	06:29
Erez Crossing attack[126] [127] [128]	Erez crossing	<	-- number of personnel on duty? -->	9	0	9	3	crossing allegedly made unusable.	120	9		06:42	October 7, 23:00
Erez attack[129]	Kibbutz Erez		1	0	1	0		15–20	8		07:05	October 7, 10:30
Battle of Sderot[130] [131]	The town of Sderot		53	39	14	0	police station computer server and connections	41	39	2	06:58	October 8, 09:30
Nova music festival massacre[132] [133] [134] [135]		~3500	378	344	34	44	cars <	-- how many? -->	110+	20		08:20	October 7, 15:00
Battle of Re'im[136]	Re'im headquarters Kibbutz Re'im		22	7	15	5		100	49		07:51	October 10, 20:00
Be'eri massacre[137] [138]	Kibbutz Be'eri		132	101	31	32	Surveillance tower[139]	300+	100+	18	06:42	October 9
Nahal Oz attack[140] [141]	Nahal Oz lookout base	162	53	0	53	10	Base set on fire.	215	45+		06:45	October 7, 17:00
Nahal Oz attack[142]	Kibbutz Nahal Oz		17	11	6	8	<	-- physical destruction -->	180+	80		07:05	October 7, 17:30
Kfar Aza massacre[143]	Kibbutz Kfar Aza		80	56	24	19	Weapons tower destroyed with a drone	250	101	3	06:42	October 10, 17:00
Zikim attack[144] [145] [146]	Zikim Training Base	141	7	0	7		<	-- physical destruction -->	120	9		07:24	October 7, 14:30
Zikim attack[147] [148]	Zikim beach Kibbutz Zikim		18	17	1	0	<	-- physical destruction -->	38	32+		06:36	October 11
Nir Oz attack[149] [150] [151]	Kibbutz Nir Oz		47	43	4	76	<	-- physical destruction -->	500+	1+		06:49	October 7, 12:30
Psyduck music festival massacre	Music festival between Nir Oz and Nirim	~100	17
Nirim attack[152]	Kibbutz Nirim		15	5	10	7	<	-- physical destruction -->	150	65		06:40	October 7, 14:00
Netiv HaAsara massacre[153] [154]	Moshav Netiv HaAsara		17	14	3	0	<	-- physical destruction -->	10	1	4	06:42	October 7, 12:47
Alumim massacre[155]	Kibbutz Alumim		62	57	5	5	<	-- physical destruction -->	100	40	10	07:01	October 7
Kissufim massacre[156]	Kibbutz Kissufim		44	16	28	1	<	-- physical destruction -->	150	55		06:55	October 12
Attack on Holit[157]	Kibbutz Holit		13+				<	-- physical destruction -->				<	-- start time -->	<	-- end date and time -->
Ein HaShlosha attack[158]	Kibbutz Ein HaShlosha		4	3	1	0	<	-- physical destruction -->	40	1	1	06:58	October 7, 15:15
Nir Yitzhak attack[159]	Kibbutz Nir Yitzhak		6	0	6	5	<	-- physical destruction -->	90	1		07:30	October 7, 15:00
Battle of Nir Am[160] [161]	Kibbutz Nir Am		3	0	3	2		"Dozens"	"Dozens"		07:02	October 7
Battle of Ofakim[162] [163]	The town of Ofakim	<	-- 35,506 -->	33	25	8			15	15		06:40	October 8, 15:25[164]
Battle of Sufa[165]	Kibbutz Sufa	<	-- 35,506 -->	3	1	2			50	"Dozens"		06:52	October 7, 18:30
Mefalsim attack[166] [167]	Kibbutz Mefalsim	1,050	13	0	13	0		200+			07:07	October 10, 17:00
Kerem Shalom attack[168]	Kibbutz Kerem Shalom		6	0	6	0		100	9		07:00	October 8
event	location	population	total deaths	civilian deaths	military and police deaths	hostages	physical destruction	number of attackers	attackers killed	attackers POWs	start time on 7 October 2023	end date and time

Table Footnotes:

Nova music festival

See main article: Nova music festival massacre.

As part of the Hamas-led attack, 364 civilians were killed and many more wounded at the Supernova Sukkot Gathering, an open-air music festival celebrating the Jewish holiday of Sukkot near kibbutz Re'im. At least 40 hostages were also taken.^{[169] [170] [171]} This mass killing had the largest number of casualties out of a number of massacres targeting Israeli civilians in communities adjacent to Gaza that were part of the October 7 attack, alongside those at the communities of Netiv HaAsara, Be'eri, Kfar Aza, Nir Oz, and Holit.^[172]

At 6:30 a.m., around sunrise, rockets were noticed in the sky. Around 7:00 a.m., a siren warned of an incoming rocket attack, prompting festival-goers to flee.^[173] Subsequently, armed militants, dressed in military attire and using motorcycles, trucks and powered paragliders, surrounded the festival grounds and indiscriminately fired on people attempting to escape. Attendees seeking refuge nearby, in bomb shelters, bushes, and orchards, were killed while in hiding. Those who reached the road and parking lot were trapped in a traffic jam as militants fired at vehicles. The militants executed some wounded people at point-blank range as they crouched on the ground.^{[174] [175]}

The massacre at the festival has been described as the largest terror attack in Israel's history^{[176] [177]} and the worst Israeli civilian massacre ever.^[178]

Kfar Aza

During the Hamas-led attack, around 250 Hamas militants attacked Kfar Aza, a kibbutz about 3km (02miles) from the border with the Gaza Strip, massacring 62 residents and abducting 19 hostages.

The kibbutz had more than 950 residents, and it took the IDF nearly three days to wrest back full control of it from militants that fortified themselves in houses of the kibbutz.^[179]

Be'eri

On the morning of the attack, around 70 Hamas militants^{[180] [181]} carried out a massacre at Be'eri, an Israeli kibbutz near the Gaza Strip. At least 130 people were killed in the attack, including women (such as peace activist Vivian Silver),^[182] children, and infants,^[183] claiming the lives of 10% of the community's residents. Dozens of homes were also burned down.^[184] Several newspapers called the massacre an act of terrorism; some compared the brutality of the atrocities to that of ISIS.^[185] Hostages were taken, leading to a standoff with the IDF.^{[186] [187] [188]} According to survivors, there were also deaths from friendly fire; an Israeli tank fired on a house known to contain around 40 Hamas fighters and 14 hostages, among them two children, killing all hostages in the house but one.^[189]

Yakhini

A squad of Hamas militants that arrived in a van attacked the moshav of Yakhini.^{[190] [191] [192]} There were seven casualties in the moshav,^{[193] [194]} including a border police officer.^{[195] [196]} An IDF major in the Maglan unit was also injured.^[197] The community's security coordinator was on holiday in Thailand at the time and remotely directed the moshav's 18-person protection team's response. Yamam and Sayeret Matkal IDF units eventually arrived and killed all the attackers.

Ein HaShlosha

Approximately 90 militants infiltrated kibbutz Ein HaShlosha, killing four civilians, looting, shooting, and burning houses.^{[198] [199]} An 80-year-old Argentinian-Israeli woman died after her home was set on fire and she was unable to escape.^[200] A standoff between the attackers and the residents' security team lasted six hours.^[201] The leader of the security team, who was in his sixties, was killed in the firefight.^[201] A 63-year-old grandmother was also among those killed in the attack.^[202] A 39-year-old Israeli-Chilean woman was shot eight times.^[203]

Thirty survivors were discovered in the kibbutz three days after the attack,^[204] 14 of whom were Thai nationals.^[205]

Psyduck music festival

See main article: Psyduck music festival massacre.

Psyduck was a small trance music festival that took place in the open fields near kibbutz Nir Oz, about 2km (01miles) from the border of Gaza. The event drew around 100 participants. Hamas militants attacked the festival, killing 17 Israelis. Some were fatally shot at the festival site, while others were killed as they attempted to escape to nearby kibbutzim. Most survivors hid under small bushes until Israel Defense Forces rescued them a few hours later.^[206]

Re'im military base

See main article: Battle of Re'im.

At 10 a.m., less than five hours after the attacks began, fighting was reported at Re'im military base, headquarters of the Gaza Division.^{[207] [208]} It was later reported that Hamas took control of the base and took several Israeli soldiers captive before the IDF regained control later in the day.^{[209] [210]} The base was reportedly the location of IDF drone and surveillance operations. Hamas reportedly posted video of dead Israeli soldiers it had killed at the base.^[211]

Nir Am

Nir Am was attacked but no residents were harmed. Inbal Rabin-Lieberman, the 25-year-old security coordinator, alongside her uncle Ami, led a guard detail that killed multiple militants attempting to infiltrate a nearby chicken farm. They successfully deterred the rest of the invading militants from entering the community.^{[212] [213]}

Ofakim

See main article: Battle of Ofakim.

In the town of Ofakim, 47 were people killed in the October 7, attacks.^[214] Ofakim was the furthest point reached by the initial intense attacks on October 7. A large proportion of the population of the town is working-class Jews of North African descent.^[215] Ofakim was one of the first locations where a "hostages situation" was reported.^[216] The militants targeted the parts of the town where the housing was older and did not have individual bomb shelters in every home, and locals reported that the invaders had shot people who were trying to get to communal shelters.^[217]

Rahat

A number of Qassam Brigades militants infiltrated the Bedouin city of Rahat, north-east of Ofakim and 30 kilometres from Gaza, representing the furthest extent of the incursions by Palestinian militant groups on October 7. Over a month after the initial attack, two militants were arrested by Israeli police.^[218]

Failed plans

A Hamas group carried intelligence information and maps guiding it to the border of the West Bank, suggesting it had intentions of going all the way to the West Bank.^[219]

According to a report in Asharq Al-Awsat, two Hamas units had plans of reaching Shikma Prison in Ashkelon (13 km from the Gaza Strip) with the aim of freeing Palestinian inmates. One cell got lost and ended up in Sderot, at which point they were told to change their plans and operate in Sderot. A second cell which was operating in Zikim was commanded to go up to Ashkelon, but the cell was completely gunned down by Israeli security forces in Zikim.^[220]

Hostages

Soon after the start of the Hamas operation, there were reports that many civilians and soldiers had been taken as captives back to the Gaza Strip. Later in the day Hamas announced it had captured enough Israeli soldiers to force a prisoner swap, and Israel confirmed hostages had been taken.^[221]

In Be'eri, up to 50 people were taken hostage; after an 18-hour standoff between militants and IDF forces, they were freed.^[222] Hostages were also reported taken in Ofakim, where policemen led by Chief Superintendent Jayar Davidov engaged Palestinian militants in a shootout on October 7; Davidov and three of his men were killed, and the IDF later rescued two Israeli hostages in the suburb of Urim.^[223] There were reports of militants killing and stealing family pets.^[224]

Hamas took many hostages back to Gaza. On October 16, they said they were holding 250 hostages^[225] and that it had done so to force Israel to release its Palestinian prisoners.^[226] In addition to hostages with only Israeli citizenship, almost half of the hostages were foreign nationals or held multiple citizenships.^[227] Some hostages were Negev Bedouins.^[228] Some of the hostages, including three members of the Bibas family, were subsequently handed over to other militant groups. Palestinian Islamic Jihad ended up holding at least 30 of the hostages, but it is unclear whether they or Hamas originally kidnapped them.

According to Ariel Merari, the raiders "were ordered to kidnap as many [people] as possible... [and] they intentionally kidnapped a populace that is sensitive from the aspect of Israeli public opinion".^[229]

Casualties

Gender percentage of October 7 deaths

Group	Source	% female	Reference
Total	AOAV[230]	26.6%
Civilians		36%
Civilians	AOAV	41%
Military	AOAV	11%
Other security forces	AOAV	15%

The total number killed during the attack is 1,219,^[231] of whom at least 379 were from Israeli security forces and at least 810 were civilians^[232] (including 71 foreign).^[233] 26.6% of those killed were female.^[230] Initially up to 1,400 people were reported killed; on November 10, this was revised to 1,200,^[234] before being revised further in December. The casualties included 38 children;^[235] the youngest person killed was 10 months old,^[233] and 25 were over age 80. The attack was the deadliest day in Israel's history.^[236] According to the Center for Strategic and International Studies, the attack is the deadliest per capita terrorist attack.^[237] Some, including then-US President Joe Biden, have said it was also the deadliest day for Jews since the Holocaust.^[238] Others such as historian Enzo Traverso and Holocaust and Genocide scholar Raz Segal have warned against invoking the Holocaust in relation to October 7.^{[239] [240]} Segal condemned the "weaponizations of Holocaust memory" by Biden, Israeli politicians and others, saying it is done "not in order to stand with powerless people facing the prospect of genocidal violence, but to support and justify an extremely violent attack by a powerful state and, at the same time, distort this reality."

The attack left over 3,400 wounded,^[241] and 247 soldiers and civilians were taken hostage.^[242] On October 19, Israeli officials reported an additional 100 to 200 missing.^[243] By July 2024, the number of missing was down to 1. Israeli casualties include about 70 Arab Israelis, predominantly from Negev Bedouin communities.^[244] The attack affected a province with a population of 4,000,000 Israelis, while the war displaced 300,000 Israelis.^[245]

On October 7, over 100 civilians were killed in the Be'eri massacre, including women and children, and over 270 people were killed at a music festival in Re'im.^[109] As of October 10, over 100 people had been reported killed in the Kfar Aza massacre, with the total death toll unknown.^[246] Nine people were fatally shot at a bus shelter in Sderot. At least four people were reported killed in Kuseife. At least 400 wounded were treated in Ashkelon,^[247] while 280 others were reported in Beer Sheva, 60 of whom were in serious condition. In the north, injuries from rocket attacks were reported in Tel Aviv.^[248] At least 49 Israeli children and adolescents under the age of 19 were killed in the attack.^[249]

Former Hapoel Tel Aviv F.C. striker Lior Asulin was among those killed in the Re'im music festival massacre.^[250] The head of the Sha'ar HaNegev Regional Council, Ofir Libstein, was killed in an exchange of fire with the militants.^[251] The police commander of Rahat, Jayar Davidov, was also killed.^[252] The IDF confirmed that 247 of its soldiers had been killed.^[253] Among those confirmed dead were Colonel Yonatan Steinberg, the commander of the Nahal Brigade, who was killed near Kerem Shalom; Colonel Roi Levy, commander of the Multidimensional "Ghost" unit, who was killed near kibbutz Re'im;^{[254] [255]} and Lieutenant Colonel Eli Ginsberg, commander of the LOTAR Counter-terrorism Unit School.^[256] The Druze deputy commander of the 300th "Baram" Regional Brigade, Lieutenant Colonel Alim Abdallah, was killed in action along with two other soldiers while responding to an infiltration from southern Lebanon on October 9.^[257] Israeli peace activist Hayim Katsman was killed in Holit. Peace activist Vivian Silver, originally thought to be taken hostage, was later confirmed to have been killed during the attack on Be'eri.^[258] Israel Hayom photographer Yaniv Zohar was killed in Nahal Oz.^[259] The oldest person killed was Moshe Ridler, a 91 years old Holocaust survivor from kibbutz Holit.^[260] The youngest victim was Naama Abu Rashed, a Bedouin-Israeli, a baby delivered in an emergency procedure after the mother, who was nine months pregnant, was shot and killed in the attack. The baby survived for 14 hours before dying on October 7.^{[261] [260]} The great number and geographical spread of the victims made locating all of their remains difficult. Several weeks after the massacre, once conventional search techniques had been exhausted, the IDF approached the Israel Nature and Parks Authority for help in tracking the flight paths of vultures, which resulted in the discovery of at least five more bodies.^[262] The IDF also enlisted the aid of archaeologists from the Israel Antiquities Authority to help recover remains that were so badly burned as to be indistinguishable from the surrounding rubble; the remains of at least ten victims have been recovered this way.^{[263] [264]}

Hamas took at least 247 people hostage and transported them to Gaza. On October 8, Palestinian Islamic Jihad said it was holding at least 30 captives.^[265] At least four people were reportedly taken from Kfar Aza.^[266] Videos from Gaza appeared to show captured people, with Gazan residents cheering trucks carrying dead bodies. Four captives were later reported to have been killed in Be'eri,^[267] while Hamas said that an IDF airstrike on Gaza on October 9 killed four captives.^[268] Yedioth Ahronoth photographer Roy Edan was reported missing and likely captured alongside his child in Kfar Aza. His wife was killed and two of their children were able to hide in a closet until rescued.^[269] Edan's body was identified ten days later as one of the casualties of the Kfar Aza massacre.^[270] American-Israeli Hersh Goldberg-Polin was one of the kidnapped. On October 11, Hamas's Qassam Brigades released a video appearing to show the release of three hostages, a woman and two children, in an open area near a fence. Israel dismissed the video as "theatrics".^[271] According to Ynet, there were also casualties from friendly fire on October 7 which the IDF believed "it would not be morally sound to investigate [...] due to the immense and complex quantity of them that took place in the kibbutzim and southern Israeli communities due to the challenging situations the soldiers were in at the time."^[272]

Identification of remains

According to Chen Kugel, head of the Abu Kabir Forensic Institute, hundreds of bodies arrived at the institute in a state "beyond recognition".^[273] Pathologists were required to process, among others, bone fragments recovered from fires; a blood-soaked baby mattress; victims who were tied, then executed; and two victims who were tied, then incinerated alive.

With hundreds missing and bodies burned beyond recognition, Israeli authorities assembled recovery teams from across society. This included archaeologists from the Israel Antiquities Authority, who identified and removed ancient remains in attempts to sift through ash and rubble for bone fragments other forensic teams overlooked.^[274]

The sheer number of casualties overwhelmed authorities. Bodies were brought chaotically to the Shura IDF base and Abu Kabir forensic institute. The different military, police, and civilian teams caused confusion. Archeologists systematically searched rooms, dividing them into grids and carefully extracting bone shards. At one house, the archeology team found a bloodstain under ash that it determined was the outline of a body, later identified by DNA analysis as Meni Godard.^[274]

Revision of casualty numbers

On November 10, Israel revised its casualty count from 1,400 to 1,200 after realizing that some bodies that were badly burned^[275] were those of Hamas fighters.^{[276] [234]} This included 859 civilians,^[277] 283 soldiers,^{[278] [279]} 58 policemen, and 10 Shin Bet members.^[280]

At the end of May 2024, using social security data, this was further revised to 1,189: 810 civilians (including 71 foreign nationals) and 379 security forces.^{[233] [232]} One person,^[281] peace activist Bilha Inon, was classed as missing^[282] until August 6, 2024, when the IDF confirmed that she died at Netiv Ha'asara, with her husband.^[283]

Reported atrocities

See also: Bearing Witness (2023 film).

Sexual violence

Israeli women and girls were reportedly raped, assaulted, and mutilated by Hamas militants during the incursion, an allegation Hamas denies.^{[284] [285]} In the months following the attacks, The Wall Street Journal reported on December 21, there was "mounting evidence of sexual violence, based on survivor accounts, first responders and witnesses."^[286] Critics of Hamas denounced what they said was gender-based violence, war crimes, and crimes against humanity.^{[287] [288]}

The BBC reported that "Videos of naked and bloodied women filmed by Hamas on the day of the attack, and photographs of bodies taken at the sites afterwards, suggest that women were sexually targeted by their attackers." Testimonies from those at the Shura Base where the victims bodies were brought, such as IDF Captain (Res.) Maayan, who is also a dentist, and Shari Mendes, a volunteer, claimed that there were signs of sexual abuse, including mutilations, broken limbs, and broken pelvises.^{[289] [290] [291]} Some of the released hostages also shared testimonies of sexual violence during their time in Gaza.^[284]

Some witness testimony was subsequently discredited, including the claim shared by among others Shari Mendes of the alleged stabbing of a pregnant woman and her fetus and several alleged rapes.^{[292] [293]} Haaretz reported in April 2024 that "according to a source knowledgeable about the details, there were no signs on any of those bodies [at Shura Base, to which most of the bodies were taken for purposes of identification] attesting to sexual relations having taken place or of mutilation of genitalia." It also alleged that due to the lack of forensic pathologists at most a quarter of the bodies could be fully examined, and for at least one hundred bodies conclusions could not be drawn given their deteriorated state.^[294] Israeli forensic pathologists in charge of the process later clarified that all bodies had been examined, and some were disfigured or burned.^[295]

A two-month New York Times investigation by Jeffrey Gettleman, Anat Schwartz, and Adam Sella, Screams Without Words, released in late December 2023, reported finding at least seven locations where sexual assaults and mutilations of Israeli women and girls were carried out. It concluded that these were not isolated events but part of a broader pattern of gender-based violence during the October 7 massacres. The probe was said to have been based on video footage, photographs, GPS data from mobile phones, and interviews with more than 150 people.^[296] According to reporting by The Intercept, the New York Times investigation has been criticized, both externally and internally by other employees, for apparent discrepancies in witness accounts and lax evidentiary standards.^[297] On December 30, The Daily Telegraph wrote: "First responders to massacre saw raped and abused bodies, but the rapidity of events—and cultural taboos—may leave the truth uncovered".^[298] Al-Jazeera said that "while isolated rapes may have taken place", the "allegations of widespread and systematic rape", allegations it said "were used repeatedly by politicians in Israel and the West to justify the ferocity of the subsequent bombardment of the Gaza Strip", were false.^[299] On March 25, 2024, The New York Times reported that new video had surfaced, contradicting the account of an Israeli military paramedic previously interviewed by the Times that two teenagers murdered in Be'eri had also been sexually assaulted.^[300]

Pramila Patten, the UN's special envoy on sexual violence in conflict, reported in March 2024 that there were "reasonable grounds" to believe sexual assaults including rape and gang rape took place in multiple locations during the October 7 attacks. Patten also reported receiving "clear and convincing information" that some of the hostages held by Hamas had suffered rape and sexualized torture and that there were "reasonable grounds" to believe such abuses were "ongoing".^[301] The report^[302] stemmed from an unprecedented fact-finding mission to "verify information" and was not a full and legal investigation as Patten's office lacks such a mandate. It was thus unable to establish anything beyond a reasonable doubt.^[303] As American journalist Azadeh Moaveni reported: "Her office didn't have a mandate to investigate sexual crimes on the ground and had never undertaken such a mission before. I was told by multiple sources at the UN that her trip was a matter of fierce controversy within the organisation." Patten's report also did not determine that the sexual violence was systematic in nature, did not attribute it to Hamas or other factions, did not find evidence of it being planned, and remained agnostic on its scope. Patten was also unable to find some evidence that Israeli politicians insisted existed, including video and photographic evidence of rape.^[304] The report concludes that "specific attribution of the violations would require a fully-fledged investigation".^[302] Later, Patten, the UN's special representative, requested permission to investigate Hamas's alleged crimes, on condition that her team should also be allowed to access Israeli detention facilities to examine claims of sexual violence by Israeli soldiers, but the request was denied.^[305]

The UN's Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory released an in-depth investigative report on June 12, 2024, which found that both Hamas and Israel had committed sexual violence and torture, along with intentional attacks on civilians.^{[105] [306]} The report was created by information compiled from interviews of victims, witnesses, open sourced items, forensic medical reports, and satellite imagery. Israel had previously announced its refusal to cooperate with the inquiry and rejected the allegations.^[307] The commission found that Palestinian forces were responsible for incidents "indicative of sexual violence" at the Re'im festival and the Nahal Oz military outpost, as well as several kibbutzim.^{[307] [308]} The report concluded there was a "pattern indicative of sexual violence" by Palestinian forces during the attack, and that Hamas and other militant groups were responsible for gender-based violence "by willful killings, abductions, and physical, mental and sexual abuse".^{[307] [105]} The commission was unable to independently verify testimony of genital mutilation, sexual torture and rape, citing a lack of access to witnesses and crime scenes, and Israel's obstruction of its investigations. It also found no evidence that Palestinian forces had been ordered to commit sexual violence. In addition, the Commission found some specific allegations to be false or contradictory.

In June 2024, The Times published a detailed investigative report concluding that Israel's claims about the scale and the formally sanctioned, systematic nature of sexual assaults did not stand up to scrutiny.^[303]

As of January 2025, the former head of the security cases division in Israel's Southern District prosecutor's office said that no case was being filed due to a lack of evidence and complainants, which she said could be due to victims being dead or unwilling to come forward.^[309]

Torture and mutilation

U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken described photos that Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and the Israeli government privately showed him: "a baby, an infant, riddled with bullets. Soldiers beheaded. Young people burned alive. I could go on, but it's simply depravity in the worst imaginable way."^[310] Israeli forces in Kfar Aza and Be'eri^[311] reported that they found bodies of victims mutilated. One IDF commander falsely told an I24NEWS reporter that 40 babies had been killed,^{[312] [313] [314]} out of what one estimate described as at least 100 civilian victims;^{[315] [246] [316]} Instead, two babies are known to have died as a result of the attack, one from a bullet, and one in a hospital shortly after birth.^[317]

ZAKA volunteers acting as first responders spread other false reports of this type.^[318] In one, a ZAKA volunteer said groups of children were found tied up and burned alive. Other reported atrocities included sexual assaults, rapes, and mutilations; some victims were reportedly bound, and some victims' bodies desecrated. Graeme Wood reported that the video footage retrieved from body cameras the attackers wore showed several victims who "in the beginning of the footage... are alive, [and] by the end they're dead. Sometimes, in fact frequently, after their death their bodies are still being desecrated."^[319] Other videos show attackers shooting at children, executing men in civilian clothing, throwing grenades into civilian shelters, and an attempted decapitation.^{[320] [321] [322]}

First response personnel recovering the bodies reported being extremely distressed by the evidence of atrocities they encountered, and said they placed the bodies of Hamas militants in body bags marked with an "X" and removed them with a bulldozer.^[323]

Israeli security agencies released videos that the Times of Israel described as alleged confessions of Hamas attackers, in which the subjects said they were ordered to kill, behead, cut off limbs and rape.^[324] Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International and Physicians for Human Rights Israel stated that these alleged confessions were likely extracted under torture, should not be accepted as credible evidence, and called on the Israeli government to cease their production and publication.^{[325] [326]}

A former chief rabbi of the Israeli army, part of the team identifying bodies, said there were many instances of rape and torture, and an Israeli reserve warrant officer said that forensic exams had discovered multiple cases of rape, though neither provided forensic evidence to support the claims.^[327] Haaretz reported in April 2024 that no such forensic evidence exists. CNN has interviewed several Israelis who witnessed the aftermath of the attack, who reported visible signs of rape and excessive violence on the bodies of women and girls from several sites.^[328] The Intercept called into question the credibility of some of these testimonies, also cited in other reports such as the New York Times' Screams Without Words.

A Haaretz investigation into the claims of mutilation and torture found that "Members of Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad, as well as other Gazans who entered Israel, committed war crimes and crimes against humanity." Regarding "testimonies about Hamas's atrocities on October 7", Haaretz found that "Most are supported by extensive evidence, but a few have been proved untrue, providing ammunition to deniers of the historic massacre." Haaretz found several cases where Israeli search and rescue units, the army, and politicians disseminated inaccurate information. An Israeli army officer claimed that babies had been hung on clotheslines; later investigations showed that exactly one infant was killed, alongside her father, and that the reports of groups of children being slaughtered and mutilated were false. A total of five children under age six were killed, and another 14 between ages 12 and 15 were killed in rocket attacks from Gaza. Most of the children were killed alongside family members.

Haaretz reported that "Hamas terrorists did desecrate corpses during the massacre, especially the bodies of soldiers. There were also beheadings and cases of dismemberment" but that "there is no evidence that children from several families were murdered together, rendering inaccurate Netanyahu's remark to U.S. President Joe Biden that Hamas terrorists 'took dozens of children, tied them up, burned them and executed them.^[329] ZAKA volunteers shared stories of atrocities, with one repeatedly describing 20 children having been bound and burned at a kibbutz; the same volunteer said a pregnant woman had her unborn baby cut from her womb and that he had found the woman next to a murdered child aged six or seven. But the list of dead does not correspond to the claims, and no children of that age were killed in the kibbutz; the kibbutz has denied that the story is related to the kibbutz. Sara Netanyahu, the Israeli prime minister's wife, sent U.S. first lady Jill Biden a letter claiming that a heavily pregnant woman was taken hostage to Gaza; the woman was identified as a Thai worker who had been taken hostage and later released. She was not pregnant and had not given birth.

U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken also repeated some of the evidence given by the same ZAKA volunteer, describing a scene the volunteer said he found in Be'eri: "a young boy and girl, 6 and 8 years old, and their parents around the breakfast table. The father's eye gouged out in front of his kids. The mother's breast cut off, the girl's foot amputated, the boy's fingers cut off before they were executed."^{[330] [331]} Haaretz reported in December 2023 that "no children 6 or 7 or near those ages were killed on Be'eri". The Intercept similarly said no one killed in Be'eri matched this account and expressed mystification that U.S. media kept citing ZAKA, even though their testimony was debunked in Israeli media.^[332]

On October 20, a forensic analysis was presented to the media at Israel's National Center of Forensic Medicine that claimed to show evidence of victims burned alive with bound hands. The analysis suggested that one CT scan of charred remains showed an adult bound to a child at the time of death.^{[333] [334]} Many victims were described as having soot in their trachea, indicating that they burned to death.^[335]

Two or three decapitations of adults or military-age teenagers have been confirmed, one or two IDF soldiers (beheaded after death in combat) and a foreign worker.^[336] Adir Tahar, age 19, from the Golani Brigade, was killed in combat by multiple grenades on October 7. After his death, his head was removed and taken to the Gaza Strip where it was found later in the freezer of an ice cream store, inspiring speculation about why it had been taken there. His body was identified by DNA and buried incomplete. The IDF tried to hide from his family that there was only an incomplete body to bury.^{[337] [338]} A second burial ceremony was held after his head was recovered.^[339]

Unsubstantiated reports of beheaded babies and children

See main article: Hamas baby beheading hoax.

Several Israeli sources said in the aftermath of the attack that there were bodies of multiple beheaded infants in Kfar Aza. Later the Israeli government said it could not confirm the veracity of the claim and several investigations found it to be untrue.

In its investigation Le Monde concluded that the unverified claim is false, although it became a significant element in the information war, with Israeli authorities intentionally maintaining ambiguous messaging that helped spread the narrative despite lack of confirmation: "Israel has done nothing to fight it and has more often tried to instrumentalize it than deny it, fueling accusations of media manipulation." Some opponents of Israel in turn also instrumentalized the false claim; Pro-Palestinian influencer Sulaiman Ahmed used the claim to deny the reality of Hamas killings, while conspiracist Jackson Hinkle used it to argue that Israel "has lied about everything." The issue continues to be sensitive, with pro-Palestinian influencers and conspiracists seeing it as "fake news" spread by a "genocidal army of occupation", while on the Israeli side questioning it is likened to Holocaust denial. "Denied internationally, the rumor remains alive and well within Israel."^[340]

Use of hostages as human shields

During the October 7 assault, Human Rights Watch reported two instances where Palestinian militants used Israeli civilians as human shields. In Be'eri, fighters held civilians in a home and threatened to kill them if Israeli forces attacked. When the Israelis did fire, it led to the deaths of militants and hostages. In Nahal Oz, a fighter used 17-year-old Tomer Arava Eliaz to move between homes and potentially block attacks, and Tomer was later found dead. A purported "hostage detention plan" suggested using hostages as human shields, but its authenticity could not be verified by Human Rights Watch.^[341]

Aftermath

Military operations

After the initial breach of the Gaza perimeter by Palestinian militants and civilians, it took hours for the Israeli military to send troops to counterattack.^[342] The first helicopters were launched from the north of Israel, and arrived in Gaza an hour after fighting began.^[343] Israel had difficulty determining which outposts and communities were occupied, and distinguishing between Palestinian militants and the soldiers and civilians on the ground.

After clearing militants from its territory, Israel launched a bombing campaign and invaded Gaza on 27 October. The bombing campaign began at 9:45am, and at 10:00am Israel claimed responsibility for the attacks.^[344] The IDF declared a state of emergency for areas within 80km (50miles) of the Gaza border and began targeted actions in Gaza.^{[345] [346]}

In a televised broadcast, Netanyahu said: "We are at war." He also said that the IDF would reinforce its border deployments to deter others from "making the mistake of joining this war".^[347] In a later address, he threatened to "turn Gaza into a deserted island" and urged its residents to "leave now". Israel's Security Cabinet voted to undertake actions to bring about the "destruction of the military and governmental capabilities of Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad", according to a statement by the Prime Minister's Office.^[348] The Israel Electric Corporation, which supplies up to 80% of Gaza's electricity, cut off power to the area.

USA Today reported that in the days following the attacks, Israel ordered the killing of Hamas, Hezbollah, and Iranian leaders whom Netanyahu held responsible, including Iran's supreme leader Ali Khamenei, who was killed during the 2026 Iran conflict.^[349]

Friendly fire and use of the Hannibal Directive

See main article: Hannibal Directive.

According to a December 2023 Ynet article, there was also an "immense and complex quantity" of friendly-fire incidents during the October 7 attack.^[350] Helicopter crews initially poured down fire at a tremendous rate, attacking about 300 targets in four hours. Later, the crews began to slow their attacks and carefully select targets. According to Haaretz journalist Josh Breiner, a police source said that a police investigation found that an IDF helicopter that had fired on Hamas militants "apparently also hit some festival participants" in the Nova music festival massacre.^[351] The Israeli police denied the report.^[352] Subsequent investigation has determined that militants had been instructed not to run so that the air force would think they were Israelis. This deception worked for some time, but pilots began to realize the problem and ignore their restrictions. By around 9 a.m., amid the chaos, some helicopters started laying down fire without prior authorization. It is unclear how many hostages were killed by friendly fire.

In January 2024, an investigation by Israeli newspaper Yedioth Ahronoth concluded that the IDF had in practice applied the Hannibal Directive, ordering all combat units to stop "at all costs" any attempt by Hamas militants to return to Gaza, even if there were hostages with them.^{[353] [354]} According to Yedioth Ahronoth, around 70 burnt-out vehicles on roads leading to Gaza had been fired on by helicopters or tanks, killing all occupants in at least some cases.

A report by a UN Commission published in June 2024 found "strong indications" that the Israeli security forces used the Hannibal Directive in several instances on October 7. In one example, a tank crew confirmed that they had applied the directive when they shot at a vehicle suspected of carrying kidnapped Israeli soldiers. The report also said that in two instances, Israeli forces "had likely applied the Hannibal Directive," resulting in the killing of up to 14 Israeli civilians.^[355]

A July 2024 Haaretz investigation concluded that the IDF ordered the Hannibal Directive to be used, adding: "Haaretz does not know whether or how many civilians and soldiers were hit due to these procedures, but the cumulative data indicates that many of the kidnapped people were at risk, exposed to Israeli gunfire, even if they were not the target." One of these decisions was made at 7:18 A.M., when an observation post reported someone had been kidnapped at the Erez crossing, close to the IDF's liaison office. "Hannibal at Erez" came the command from divisional headquarters, "dispatch a Zik." The Zik is an unmanned assault drone, and the meaning of this command was clear, Haaretz reported. At 10:32 AM, an order was issued to all battalions in the area to fire mortars towards Gaza. Documents obtained by Haaretz and the testimonies of soldiers show that use of the Hannibal Directive was "widespread" after an order was issued to the Gaza Division at 11:22 AM that "Not a single vehicle can return to Gaza."

A source in the Southern Command of the IDF told Haaretz:

Everyone knew by then that such vehicles could be carrying kidnapped civilians or soldiers...There was no case in which a vehicle carrying kidnapped people was knowingly attacked, but you couldn't really know if there were any such people in a vehicle. I can't say there was a clear instruction, but everyone knew what it meant to not let any vehicles return to Gaza.

At 2:00 p.m., all units were instructed not to leave border communities or chase anyone into Gaza, as the border was under heavy, indiscriminate fire. Haaretz further reported that at 6:40 P.M. military intelligence believed militants were intending to flee back to Gaza in an organized manner from near Kibbutz Be'eri, Kfar Azza and Kissufim. In response the army launched artillery at the border fence area, very close to some of these communities. Shells were also fired at the Erez border crossing shortly thereafter. The IDF says it is not aware of any civilians being hurt in these bombardments. Haaretz notes one case in which it is known that civilians were hit, in the house of Pessi Cohen at Kibbutz Be'eri. 14 hostages were in the house as the IDF attacked it, with 13 of them killed.

In a September 2024 report by Australia's ABC News, former Israeli officer, Air Force Colonel Nof Erez, is quoted as saying: "This was a mass Hannibal. It was tons and tons of openings in the fence, and thousands of people in every type of vehicle, some with hostages and some without." The report also notes Tank officers confirming their interpretation of the Directive, firing on vehicles returning to Gaza, potentially with Israelis on board. "My gut feeling told me that they [soldiers from another tank] could be on them," tank captain Bar Zonshein told Israel's Channel 13. ^[356]

Reactions

See also: Denial of the October 7 attacks.

Allegations of genocide

See main article: Allegations of genocide in the October 7 attacks.

According to several international law and genocide studies experts, Hamas's assault amounted to genocide.^{[357] [358] [359]} Legal and genocide experts have condemned the attack,^{[360] [361]} saying it represents a serious violation of international law. They argue that Hamas carried out these actions with the intent to destroy the Israeli national group.^[362] Some commentators point to Hamas's original 1988 founding charter (not to be confused with the revised 2017 Hamas charter), which advocated for the destruction of Israel, contained antisemitic language, and, according to certain researchers, implied a call for the genocide of Jews.^[363] Some legal experts have suggested that Hamas's targeting of families should be defined as a new crime called "kinocide".^{[364] [365]}

Palestinian response

Hamas

Khaled Mashal, the chairman of the Hamas Political Bureau from 1996 to 2017 and later co-chairman, lauded the Hamas attack, calling it legitimate resistance to Israeli occupation. He said, "We know very well the consequences of our operation on Oct. 7", emphasizing that Palestinian lives must be sacrificed in the quest for liberation.^[366]

Khalil al-Hayya, a senior member of Hamas and also later a co-chairman of the Hamas Political Bureau, said the action was necessary to "change the entire equation and not just have a clash... We succeeded in putting the Palestinian issue back on the table, and now no one in the region is experiencing calm."^[367]

Taher El-Nounou, a Hamas media adviser, said that he hoped "that the state of war with Israel will become permanent on all the borders, and that the Arab world will stand with [Hamas]".

Ghazi Hamad, a senior Hamas official, said in an interview: "We must teach Israel a lesson, and we will do this again and again. The Al-Aqsa Flood is just the first time, and there will be a second, a third, a fourth. Because we have the determination...to fight."^[368] He emphasized Hamas's willingness to "pay a price", concluding with a call for the elimination of Israel: "We must remove that country because it constitutes a security, military and political catastrophe to the Arab and Islamic nations".^[369]

Hamas denied killing any children in the attack.^[370] Its official announcement referring to the event rejected the "falsehood of the fabricated allegations" promoted by some Western media outlets. When asked about the Re'im music festival massacre, where 260 civilians were murdered, Hamas official Mousa Abu Marzook replied that it was a "coincidence", and that the attackers may have thought these were soldiers "resting".^{[371] [372]}

In January 2024, Hamas released a report titled "Our Narrative", which accepted "some faults" but continued to deny having intentionally targeted civilians, blamed Israel for deaths, and justified the attacks as "a necessary step and a normal response to confront all Israeli conspiracies against the Palestinian people".^[373]

Palestinian Authority

On the eve of the Hamas attack at the emergency meeting in Ramallah, Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas said that the Palestinian people had the right to defend themselves against the terror of settlers and occupation troops.^[374] According to Palestinian government agency WAFA, Abbas also ordered the government and relevant authorities to immediately send all available resources to alleviate the suffering of Palestinians in Gaza under Israeli aggression.^[375] On October 16, he declared that "Hamas's actions don't represent the Palestinians".^{[376] [377]}

On October 30, Hanan Ashrawi, a Palestinian Christian official, said the attacks were an act of resistance launched against the IDF.^[378]

In March 2024, Fatah – the party that controls the Palestinian Authority – released a statement accusing Hamas of "having caused the return of the Israeli occupation of Gaza". The Fatah comments came in response to criticism by Hamas and its allies over Abbas' appointment of Mohammed Mustafa as the new Palestinian Authority prime minister following the resignation of Mohammed Shtayyeh.^[379]

On May 16, 2024, Mahmoud Abbas said that Hamas's unilateral military action on October 7 provided Israel with justification for attacks in the Gaza Strip. He emphasized opposition to harming civilians. In response, Hamas expressed regret for the remarks, asserting that the attack elevated the Palestinian cause and yielded strategic gains.^[380]

Palestinian public opinion

In November 2023, as a result of Israeli actions in Gaza following the October 7 attacks, Hamas's popularity among Palestinians in Gaza and the West Bank increased significantly.^[381] In a survey conducted on November 14 by the Arab World for Research and Development (AWRAD), Palestinians showed overwhelming support for the attack. It said, "Palestinians living in the West Bank overwhelmingly answered that they supported the attack to either an extreme or 'somewhat' extent (83.1%)."^{[382] [383] [384]} In Gaza, Palestinians exhibited lesser consensus, with only 63.6% "extremely" or "somewhat" supporting the attack. 14.4% answered they neither opposed or supported the attack, and 20.9% opposed the attack to some degree.

By 2024, support for the attacks had significantly dropped. According to a poll published in September by the Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research (PSR), 57% of respondents in the Gaza Strip said the decision to launch the offensive was incorrect, while 39% said it was correct. In the West Bank, most still considered the attacks justified despite a decline in support.^[385]

Israeli response

See main article: Israeli government response to the October 7 attacks.

Israel said that Hamas "made a grave mistake" in launching its attack and pledged that "Israel will win". The IDF declared a "state of readiness for war", adding that reservists were to be deployed not only in Gaza but also in the West Bank and along the borders with Lebanon and Syria.^[386] Residents in areas near Gaza were asked to stay inside, while civilians in southern and central Israel were "required to stay next to shelters". Roads around Gaza were closed by the IDF. Tel Aviv's streets were also locked down.

After the attack, Israel declared a heightened state of preparedness for conflict.^[387] The IDF declared a state of readiness for war, and Netanyahu convened an emergency gathering of security authorities. Israeli Police Commissioner Kobi Shabtai announced that a "state of war" existed, following what he called "a massive attack from the Gaza Strip".^[388] He also announced the closure of all of southern Israel to "civilian movement" and the Yamam counterterrorism unit's deployment to the area.^[389] The IDF's chief spokesperson, Rear Admiral Daniel Hagari, said four divisions were deployed to the area, augmenting 31 preexisting battalions.

Israeli President Isaac Herzog said the country was facing "a very difficult moment", and offered strength and encouragement to the IDF, other security forces, rescue services, and residents who were under attack.

Ben Gurion Airport and Ramon Airport remained operational, but multiple airlines canceled flights.^[390] Israel Railways suspended service in parts of the country and replaced some routes with temporary bus routes,^{[391] [392]} and cruise ships removed the ports of Ashdod and Haifa from their itineraries.^[393]

Capture and interrogation of militants

See main article: Confessions of detained Palestinians in the Gaza war.

Following the attack, more than 600 militants were captured in Israel. Israel has claimed the interrogation of suspects revealed significant insights into the group's strategies, ideologies, and operational methods that played a crucial role in its military response and in shaping the global understanding of the conflict.^{[394] [395] [396]} Israel's aim was to support its narrative and counter Hamas narratives.

However, a number of sources have questioned whether Israel forced Palestinians to make confessions. Some of the militants in the videos appear to be bloodied and in pain.^[397] On November 14, AP News analyzed that a confession video Israel released showed the captured militant was speaking "clearly under duress".^[398] Palestinians detainees released after October 7 have reported that Israeli authorities ordered them to make statements, beat them severely, and sometimes demanded that they make statements with a gun pointed to their face.^{[399] [400]} The UN and reports by human rights organizations such as B'Tselem and media outlets have confirmed Israeli systematic use of torture during the Gaza War, including rape, gang-rape, sexualized torture and mutilation of detained Palestinian men, women and children by Israeli guards, including during interrogations.^[401]

Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International stated that taped alleged confessions released by the Israeli military were likely extracted under torture, violate international law and basic human rights, and should be considered inadmissible as credible evidence.^[402] They also called on the Israeli government to cease publishing such taped "confessions". Physicians for Human Rights Israel also denounced alleged taped confessions, citing "severe concern that the interrogations included the use of torture."^[403]

Arab Israelis

Arab Israeli politicians, including the United Arab List leader Mansour Abbas and Arab Knesset member Ayman Odeh, condemned the Hamas-led attack on Israel.^{[404] [405]} Israel's Social Equality Minister Amichai Chikli said, "the Arab population has shown much solidarity and responsibility, and this is especially true for the Bedouin population in the Negev."

International

See also: International reactions to the Gaza war. At least 44 nations denounced Hamas and explicitly condemned its conduct as terrorism, with the denunciations including a joint statement by the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Germany. In contrast, Arab and Muslim countries including Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Syria, Iran and Iraq blamed Israel's policy of occupying the Palestinians for the attack. The UAE, Bahrain, and China have amended their initial declarations to expressly denounce the killing and abduction of Israeli civilians.^{[30] [31] [32]} According to a poll conducted by The Washington Institute for Near East Policy between November 14 and December 6, 2023, 95% of Saudis did not believe that Hamas had killed civilians in its attack on Israel.^[406]

Over 680 legal experts and 128 human rights experts from Israel and around the world have signed an appeal for the immediate release of all hostages kidnapped by Hamas, and for the end of the "vicious and inhumane capture, violence, torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment of women and girls, children and infants." According to the appeal, "the abductees are defined according to international law as victims of enforced disappearance... [which makes these acts] blatant violations of international human rights law and humanitarian law, amounting to war crimes and crimes against humanity."^[407]

The United Nations, particularly the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), faced criticism for failing to condemn Hamas's actions against women and failing to voice disapproval of reports of sexual and gender-based violence against Israeli women and girls.^{[408] [409] [410]}

In response Sarah Hendrik, an official from UN Women, one of the UN agencies subject to these criticisms, stated that "within the UN family, these investigations are led by the Office of the High Commission for Human Rights", and that her agency did not have the legal competence to determine culpability.^[410] Azadeh Moaveni reported that claims of double standards or lack of condemnation by UN Women were incorrect, as:

UN Women has not inveighed against conflict-related sexual violence in Yemen, Afghanistan, Somalia, Libya, Colombia or Mali, and its condemnations of rape in the DRC, Central African Republic, Syria and Iraq came years after the events themselves. Where it has responded more swiftly (and then only within months), it has done so in places where the UN had teams on the ground investigating and documenting abuses, or as a result of UN-wide appeals. UN Women has never named a specific group or perpetrator. According to its own protocols, it has been vociferous in responding to October 7 – as many as eight times in the first two months – through statements, social media posts and session remarks.^[410]

Moaveni also notes that what was demanded of UN Women was to go beyond its mandate and name in an unprecedented way before a proper investigation by the mandated UN bodies had been carried out, and that if it had done so it would have significantly damaged its relationships with grassroots women's groups.^[410]

The US House of Representatives overwhelmingly passed a bill to amend the US immigration code and ban people associated with Hamas, PIJ, and other perpetrators of the October 7 attacks from seeking immigration-related relief or protections in the United States.^{[411] [412]} The U.S. Department of Justice filed charges in absentia against six Hamas leaders for their involvement in the attacks.^[413]

After the attacks, the Shoah Foundation said it had gathered over 100 video testimonies of those who experienced the attacks to add them to the collection of "Holocaust survivor and witness testimony."^[414] Shoah Foundation founder Steven Spielberg said of the attacks, "I never imagined I would see such unspeakable barbarity against Jews in my lifetime" and that the Shoah Foundation project would ensure "that their stories would be recorded and shared in the effort to preserve history and to work toward a world without antisemitism or hate of any kind."^[415]

On May 20, 2024, the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court requested arrest warrants against Haniyeh, Deif and Yahya Sinwar for crimes committed during the October 7 attacks, as part of the court's ongoing investigation in Palestine.^{[416] [417]} On November 21, an arrest warrant was issued for Deif accusing him of crimes including murder, sexual violence, torture, hostage taking, extermination and cruel treatment of the civilian population.^[418] The charges against Deif were dropped in February 2025 after ICC prosecutors confirmed he had been killed in an airstrike.^[419]

In March 2025, United States Attorney General Pam Bondi announced the establishment of the Joint Task Force October 7 (JTF 10-7) to seek justice for victims of the October 7 attacks. The task force focuses on prosecuting the direct perpetrators of the attack, pursuing charges against senior Hamas leaders, and targeting individuals and entities providing support or financing to Hamas, Iranian-linked proxy groups, and affiliates. It also addresses acts of antisemitism linked to these groups. JTF 10-7 is led by senior officials from the Justice Department's National Security Division and the Federal Bureau of Investigation, with personnel drawn from multiple DOJ divisions, the FBI, and international partners, including Israel's National Bureau of Counter Terror Finance.^{[420] [421] [422]}

In culture

One Day in October is a seven-episode anthology drama television series based on personal stories from the attacks. It premiered on Yes Drama in Israel on October 7, 2024.^{[423] [424]}

Red Alert, another television series based on the attacks, premiered in Israel on October 5, 2025 and internationally via Paramount+ on October 7.^{[425] [426]}

See also

• List of major terrorist incidents
• List of massacres in Israel
• Outline of the Gaza war
• Timeline of the Gaza war
• Displacement of Israelis after the October 7 attacks

Further reading

• Yaron, Lee. 10/7: 100 Human Stories. St. Martin's Press, New York, 2024. Winner of the Jewish Book Council Everett Family Foundation Award in 2024.
• Yingst, Trey. Black Saturday: An Unfiltered Account of the October 7th Attack on Israel and the War in Gaza. HarperCollins, 2024.

External links

• Mapping the massacres
• Ex-Israeli Defense Minister's Recollection of October 7, 2023

Notes and References

1. Web site: Palestinian Al Quds Brigades claim responsibility for attack at Lebanon-Israel border . September 10, 2023 . October 14, 2023 . October 9, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231009170610/https://english.alarabiya.net/amp/News/middle-east/2023/10/09/At-least-two-infiltrators-from-Lebanon-killed-in-border-clash-Israel-channel-13-TV . live . Al-Arabiya.
2. Web site: Cuzdan . Vecih . October 7, 2023 . Hamide Rencüs: İsrail ilk defa Gazze sınırındaki kontrolü kaybetmiş durumda . tr . Hamide Rencüs: Israel has lost control over the Gaza border for the first time . bianet.org . October 8, 2023 . October 9, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231009000610/https://bianet.org/haber/hamide-rencus-israil-ilk-defa-gazze-sinirindaki-kontrolu-kaybetmis-durumda-285983 . live.
3. Web site: December 19, 2023 . Noa Argamani was abducted not by Hamas but by civilian mob, NBC report suggests . July 10, 2025 . The Times of Israel . en-US.
4. News: Overwhelmed: The IDF's first hours fighting the terror waves on Oct 7 . Frantzman . Seth J. . December 26, 2023 . October 17, 2023 . . Golani soldiers from the 51st and 13th battalions fought along 30km of the border at numerous points and took heavy casualties between October 7 and 9. . December 24, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231224112100/https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/defense-news/article-768702 . live.
5. News: New footage shows harbor security unit foiling Hamas naval infiltration on October 7 . . October 14, 2023 . October 20, 2023 . October 14, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231014161508/https://www.timesofisrael.com/new-footage-shows-harbor-security-unit-foiling-hamas-naval-infiltration-on-october-7/ . live.
6. Web site: Heroes of Israel: Armed members of several kibbutzim managed to fight off terrorists . Israel . Duro . VOZ . October 11, 2023 . October 11, 2023 . October 13, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231013032145/https://voz.us/heroes-of-israel-armed-members-of-several-kibbutzim-managed-to-fight-off-terrorists/?lang=en . live.
7. News: Young dad of 6 absorbed blast to protect family in attack on Kerem Shalom . Enee . Ghert-Zand . October 18, 2023 . . October 18, 2023 . October 18, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231018140318/https://www.timesofisrael.com/young-dad-of-6-absorbed-blast-to-protect-family-in-attack-on-kibbutz-kerem-shalom/ . live.
8. News: Report: New IDF assessment shows some 6,000 Gazans invaded Israel on Oct. 7 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240920121730/https://www.timesofisrael.com/report-new-idf-assessment-shows-some-6000-gazans-invaded-israel-on-oct-7/ . September 20, 2024 . . August 31, 2024 . August 31, 2024.
9. Web site: Fabian . Emanuel . February 27, 2025 . 767 troops faced 5,000 terrorists; Gaza Division was overrun for hours – IDF Oct. 7 probe . February 27, 2025 . The Times of Israel . en-US.
10. Web site: Davori . Nir . Hevrat HaHadashot . https://www.mako.co.il/news-military/2024_q1/Article-bb644614196ed81026.htm . he:הבקשה של פיקוד הדרום בלילה שלפני הטבח – והסירוב . The Southern Command's request the night before the massacre – and the refusal . he . February 26, 2024 . February 27, 2024 . February 27, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240227065128/https://www.mako.co.il/news-military/2024_q1/Article-bb644614196ed81026.htm . live.
11. News: August 31, 2024 . Probe reveals 6,000 Gazans infiltrated Israel during October 7 massacre – report . September 1, 2024 . . en . August 31, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240831221239/https://www.jpost.com/israel-hamas-war/article-817176 . live.
12. News: Report: New IDF assessment shows some 6,000 Gazans invaded Israel on Oct. 7 . . September 1, 2024 . September 20, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240920121730/https://www.timesofisrael.com/report-new-idf-assessment-shows-some-6000-gazans-invaded-israel-on-oct-7/ . live.
13. News: Kubovich . Yaniv . The First Hours of the Israel-Hamas War: What Actually Took Place? . . October 17, 2023 . https://archive.today/20231017102332/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-17/ty-article-magazine/.premium/the-first-hours-of-the-israel-hamas-war-what-actually-took-place/0000018b-38bc-d0ac-a39f-b9be58df0000 . October 17, 2023 . October 17, 2023 . live . subscription.
14. News: Around 1,000 dead in Israel-Hamas war, as Lebanon's Hezbollah also launches strikes . . October 8, 2023 . October 9, 2023 . October 8, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231008185151/https://www.scmp.com/news/world/middle-east/article/3237210/hundreds-dead-israel-hamas-war-lebanons-hezbollah-launches-attacks . live.
15. News: Doubling previous numbers, report says 6,000 Gazans – including 3,800 trained Hamas terrorists – broke into Israel on Oct. 7 . . August 31, 2024 . September 1, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240901041345/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/doubling-previous-numbers-report-says-6000-gazans-including-3800-trained-hamas-terrorists-broke-into-israel-on-oct-7/ . live.
16. News: November 11, 2023 . Israel revises death toll from Oct. 7 Hamas assault, dropping it from 1,400 to 1,200 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231111061709/https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-revises-death-toll-from-oct-7-hamas-assault-dropping-it-from-1400-to-1200/ . November 11, 2023 . The Times of Israel.
17. News: November 10, 2023 . Israel revises Hamas attack death toll to 'around 1,200' . https://web.archive.org/web/20231111012813/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-revises-death-toll-oct-7-hamas-attack-around-1200-2023-11-10/ . November 11, 2023 . Reuters.
18. News: Nicola Smith . June 13, 2024 . Israel killed own citizens on October 7 in 'Hannibal Directive', UN claims . https://archive.today/20240615152306/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2024/06/13/israel-killed-dozen-own-citizens-on-october-7-un-claims/ . June 15, 2024 . June 15, 2024 . The Daily Telegraph.
19. News: Yaniv . Kubovich . July 7, 2024 . IDF Ordered Hannibal Directive on October 7 to Prevent Hamas Taking Soldiers Captive . live . https://archive.today/20240707093306/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-07-07/ty-article-magazine/.premium/idf-ordered-hannibal-directive-on-october-7-to-prevent-hamas-taking-soldiers-captive/00000190-89a2-d776-a3b1-fdbe45520000 . July 7, 2024 . September 14, 2025 . Haaretz.
20. News: Hamas says it has enough Israeli captives to free all Palestinian prisoners . . October 7, 2023 . October 12, 2023 . October 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007163709/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/7/hamas-says-it-has-enough-israeli-captives-to-free-all-palestinian-prisoners . live.
21. News: Yonah . Jeremy . October 19, 2023 . IDF working on rescue ops for over 200 Israeli hostages in Gaza . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231020172403/https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-769274 . October 20, 2023 . October 20, 2023 . The Jerusalem Post.
22. News: McKernan . Bethan . October 7, 2023 . Hamas launches surprise attack on Israel as Palestinian gunmen reported in south . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007101214/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/07/hamas-launches-surprise-attack-on-israel-as-palestinian-gunmen-reported-in-south . October 7, 2023 . October 7, 2023 . The Guardian.
23. News: Explained: The Palestinian children detained by Israel . November 25, 2024 . . en.

24. "Meni Binyamin, the head of the International Crime Investigations Unit of the Israeli police, has said that "dozens" of women and some men were raped by Hamas militants on Oct. 7."

25. News: October 7, 2023 . Fears of a ground invasion of Gaza grow as Israel vows 'mighty vengeance' . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231008024318/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/7/world-is-watching-fears-grow-of-a-massive-gaza-invasion-by-israel . October 8, 2023 . October 8, 2023 . Al Jazeera.
26. News: McKernan . Bethan . Michaelson . Ruth . Graham-Harrison . Emma . Kierszenbaum . Quique . Balousha . Hazem . Taha . Sufian . Sherwood . Harriet . Beaumont . Peter . October 14, 2023 . Seven days of terror that shook the world and changed the Middle East . Anadolu Agency . . November 1, 2023 . October 20, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231020003656/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/14/seven-days-of-terror-that-shook-the-world-and-changed-the-middle-east . live.
27. News: Pacchiani . Luca . October 7, 2023 . Hamas deputy chief anticipates hostages will be swapped for Palestinian prisoners . . October 25, 2023 . October 25, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231025222136/https://www.timesofisrael.com/hamas-deputy-chief-anticipates-hostages-will-be-swapped-for-palestinian-prisoners/ . live.
28. News: October 12, 2023 . Hamas's attack was the bloodiest in Israel's history . . live . subscription . October 15, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231014231955/https://www.economist.com/briefing/2023/10/12/hamass-attack-was-the-bloodiest-in-israels-history . October 14, 2023 . 0013-0613 . The most searing historical comparison predates Israel's founding. Not all of Hamas's victims were Israeli, and not all of the Israeli dead were Jewish. But under reasonable assumptions about the ethnic make-up of those killed in this and previous attacks, the last time before October 7th that this many Jews were murdered on a single day was during the Holocaust..
29. News: October 12, 2023. Hamas attack 'deadliest day for Jews since the Holocaust', says Biden, as Israeli jets pound Gaza. The Guardian. October 12, 2023. 0261-3077. October 12, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231012060934/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/12/israel-hamas-war-biden-jews-holocaust-palestine-iran-warning. live.
30. Web site: Waldo . Cleary . Epstein . Gabriel . Hilbush . Sydney . October 11, 2023 . International Reactions to the Hamas Attack on Israel . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231016215412/https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/international-reactions-hamas-attack-israel . October 16, 2023 . October 13, 2023 . . PolicyWatch 3793.
31. News: Michaelson . Ruth . October 7, 2023 . Condemnation and calls for restraint after Hamas attack on Israel . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007155544/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/07/condemnation-and-calls-for-restraint-after-hamas-attack-on-israel . October 7, 2023 . October 7, 2023 . . 0261-3077 . International leaders condemned an unprecedented incursion by Palestinian militants into southern Israel, while governments across the Middle East called for restraint after an attack that shook the Israeli security establishment. [...] The US defence secretary, Lloyd Austin, said his organisation would send support to Israel. 'Over the coming days the Department of Defense will work to ensure that Israel has what it needs to defend itself and protect civilians from indiscriminate violence and terrorism,' he said..
32. News: World reaction to surprise attack by Palestinian Hamas on Israel . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007201341/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/7/we-are-at-war-reactions-to-palestinian-hamas-surprise-attack-in-israel . October 7, 2023 . October 8, 2023 . Al Jazeera.
33. From the United Nations:
    • Web site: United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) . Fact Sheet: Israel and Palestine Conflict (9 October 2023) . . United Nations (UN) . October 13, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231013173556/https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/fact-sheet-israel-and-palestine-conflict-9-october-2023 . October 13, 2023 . . October 9, 2023 . On Saturday, 7 October — a Jewish sabbath day, the end of the weeklong Jewish festival of Sukkot, and a day after the 50th anniversary of the Yom Kippur War — Hamas and other Palestinian armed groups launched Operation al-Aqsa Flood, a coordinated assault consisting of land and air attacks into multiple border areas of Israel. . live.
    • Web site: United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) . UNRWA Situation Report #1 on the Situation in the Gaza Strip . . October 16, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231016003630/https://www.un.org/unispal/document/unrwa-situation-report-1-on-the-situation-in-the-gaza-strip/ . October 16, 2023 . Situation Report . October 7, 2023 . At 06:30 on the morning of 7 October 2023, Hamas launched "Operation Al-Aqsa Flood" with more than 5,000 rockets reportedly fired towards Israel from multiple locations in Gaza, as well as ground operation into Israel. . live.
    • Web site: United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) . Fact Sheet: Israel and Palestine Conflict (19 October 2023) . . . October 22, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231022001152/https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/fact-sheet-israel-and-palestine-conflict-19-october-2023 . October 22, 2023 . . October 20, 2023 . On Saturday, 7 October...Hamas and other Palestinian armed groups launched Operation al-Aqsa Flood, a coordinated assault consisting of land and air attacks into multiple border areas of Israel. . live.
34. News: Waghorn . Dominic . This is a dangerous moment in Israel-Hamas war – and the rest of the world is holding its breath . October 27, 2023 . . October 23, 2023 . October 23, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231023201652/https://news.sky.com/story/this-is-a-dangerous-moment-in-israel-hamas-war-and-the-rest-of-the-world-is-holding-its-breath-12983870 . live.
35. News: Herzl . Tova . he:אל תשתמשו במילה "שואה" בקשר לטבח . el tishtameshu bemila "sho'a" baksher litbach . Don't use the word "Shoah" in connection with the massacre. . October 27, 2023 . . October 20, 2023 . he . October 27, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231027051136/https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/b1h48wc11t . live.
36. Web site: לכל מלחמה יש שם, לזאת — רק תאריך .
37. Web site: Biden Energy Adviser to Discuss Lebanon Border Issues on Israel Trip . Asharq Al-Awsat . November 20, 2023 . "In the months before the Oct. 7 attack on Israel by Palestinian Hamas militants who run the Gaza Strip, Hochstein said the United States was exploring the possibility of resolving the longstanding border dispute between Lebanon and Israel." . November 20, 2023 . November 28, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231128102703/https://english.aawsat.com/arab-world/4680031-biden-energy-adviser-discuss-lebanon-border-issues-israel-trip . live.
38. News: Hamas fighter says he is 'proud' of the October 7 attack on Israel and vows to keep fighting . . November 10, 2023 . November 20, 2023 . December 9, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231209044919/https://news.sky.com/video/hamas-fighter-says-he-is-proud-of-the-october-7-attack-on-israel-and-vows-to-keep-fighting-13004550 . live.
39. News: A deadly cascade: how secret Hamas attack orders were passed down at last minute . . November 9, 2023 . Jason . Burke . "Analysts said other objectives of the 7 October attacks probably included halting efforts to normalise relations between Israel and Saudi Arabia, further undermining the Palestinian Authority, distracting from Hamas's failure to deliver services or break the blockade of Gaza, and provoking a violent reaction from Israel that would mobilise its own supporters in Gaza, the West Bank and elsewhere." . November 20, 2023 . December 17, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231217072449/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/07/secret-hamas-attack-orders-israel-gaza-7-october . live.
40. News: Original sin: on the attack on Israel and the occupation of Palestine . . October 10, 2023 . October 10, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231010081312/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/original-sin-on-the-attack-on-israel-and-the-occupation-of-palestine/article67400015.ece . live.
41. Web site: Arab Perspectives on the Middle East Crisis . . November 7, 2023 . November 16, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231116150803/https://carnegieendowment.org/2023/10/13/arab-perspectives-on-middle-east-crisis-pub-90774 . live.
42. Web site: Israel's disengagement from Gaza (2005) Withdrawal, Map, & Hamas Britannica . 2024-05-12 . britannica.com . en.
43. Book: Sanger, Andrew . Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law – 2010 . 2011 . Springer Science & Business Media . 978-90-6704-811-8 . M.N. Schmitt . 13 . 429 . The Contemporary Law of Blockade and the Gaza Freedom Flotilla . 10.1007/978-90-6704-811-8_14 . Israel claims it no longer occupies the Gaza Strip, maintaining that it is neither a State nor a territory occupied or controlled by Israel, but rather it has 'sui generis' status. Pursuant to the Disengagement Plan, Israel dismantled all military institutions and settlements in Gaza and there is no longer a permanent Israeli military or civilian presence in the territory. However, the Plan also provided that Israel will guard and monitor the external land perimeter of the Gaza Strip, will continue to maintain exclusive authority in Gaza air space, and will continue to exercise security activity in the sea off the coast of the Gaza Strip as well as maintaining an Israeli military presence on the Egyptian-Gaza border, and reserving the right to reenter Gaza at will. Israel continues to control six of Gaza's seven land crossings, its maritime borders and airspace and the movement of goods and persons in and out of the territory. Egypt controls one of Gaza's land crossings. Gaza is also dependent on Israel for water, electricity, telecommunications and other utilities, currency, issuing IDs, and permits to enter and leave the territory. Israel also has sole control of the Palestinian Population Registry through which the Israeli Army regulates who is classified as a Palestinian and who is a Gazan or West Banker. Since 2000 aside from a limited number of exceptions Israel has refused to add people to the Palestinian Population Registry. It is this direct external control over Gaza and indirect control over life within Gaza that has led the United Nations, the UN General Assembly, the UN Fact Finding Mission to Gaza, International human rights organisations, US Government websites, the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office and a significant number of legal commentators, to reject the argument that Gaza is no longer occupied. . Louise Arimatsu . Tim McCormack . https://books.google.com/books?id=hYiIWVlpFzEC&pg=PA429.
    
    • Book: Scobbie, Iain . Iain Scobbie . International Law and the Classification of Conflicts . 2012 . Oxford University Press . 978-0-19-965775-9 . Elizabeth Wilmshurst . 295 . Even after the accession to power of Hamas, Israel's claim that it no longer occupies Gaza has not been accepted by UN bodies, most States, nor the majority of academic commentators because of its exclusive control of its border with Gaza and crossing points including the effective control it exerted over the Rafah crossing until at least May 2011, its control of Gaza's maritime zones and airspace which constitute what Aronson terms the 'security envelope' around Gaza, as well as its ability to intervene forcibly at will in Gaza..
      * Book: Gawerc, Michelle . Prefiguring Peace: Israeli-Palestinian Peacebuilding Partnerships . 2012 . Lexington Books . 9780739166109 . 44 . While Israel withdrew from the immediate territory, it remained in control of all access to and from Gaza through the border crossings, as well as through the coastline and the airspace. In addition, Gaza was dependent upon Israel for water, electricity sewage communication networks and for its trade (Gisha 2007. Dowty 2008). In other words, while Israel maintained that its occupation of Gaza ended with its unilateral disengagement Palestinians – as well as many human rights organizations and international bodies – argued that Gaza was by all intents and purposes still occupied..
44. Theocratic extremist Islamists, affiliates and sympathizers of ISIS and Al Qaeda, have condemned Hamas for their nationalism and their participation in electoral politics: News: Why Differences between Globalist and Nationalist Armed Islamist Groups Matter . MES Insights . 14 . 6 . August 21, 2024 . December 2023 . August 21, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240821194747/https://www.usmcu.edu/Outreach/Marine-Corps-University-Press/MES-Publications/MES-Insights/Excommunicating-Hamas/ . live.
45. Book: Kushner, Harvey W. . Encyclopedia of terrorism . 2003 . . 978-0-7619-2408-1 . Thousand Oaks (Calif.) London . xxiv.
46. Dolnik . A. . Bhattacharjee . A. . 2002 . Hamas: Suicide Bombings, Rockets, or WMD? . live . Terrorism and Political Violence . 14 . 3 . 109–128 . 10.1080/714005624 . 0954-6553 . 143776419 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240206101232/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/714005624 . February 6, 2024 . February 1, 2024 . Hamas' initial involvement in the violent exchange dates to 1989, when the group conducted a stabbing campaign against individual Israelis. ... when Hamas launched a series of suicide bombings accompanied by several kidnappings of Israeli soldiers. Suicide operations remain the most dominant Hamas tactic to date, along with occasional shooting, grenade and time bomb attacks.. subscription .
47. Litvak . Meir . July 15, 2010 . "Martyrdom is Life": Jihad and Martyrdom in the Ideology of Hamas . live . Studies in Conflict & Terrorism . 33 . 8 . 716–734 . 10.1080/1057610X.2010.494170 . 1057-610X . 144566931 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231212103657/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1057610X.2010.494170 . December 12, 2023 . February 1, 2024 . In the course of time, Hamas has become the most effective Palestinian organization fighting Israel, carrying out a series of suicide attacks, against mostly civilian Israeli targets, in the years 1994–1996 and 2001–2007, which caused the death of over 1,000 Israeli civilians.. subscription .
48. Web site: August 12, 2021 . Rights group says Hamas rockets at Israel a clear war crime . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231204154541/https://apnews.com/article/middle-east-business-israel-race-and-ethnicity-racial-injustice-1032a5117375ba8c0cdffbdd62ce02ad . December 4, 2023 . December 7, 2023 . AP News.
49. • Book: Seurat, Leila . The Foreign Policy of Hamas . . 2019 . 978-1-83860-744-9 . 17.
    • Book: Qossay Hamed . Hamas in Power: The Question of Transformation . IGI Global . 2023 . 161.
    • Book: Timea Spitka . National and International Civilian Protection Strategies in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict . . 2023 . 88–89.
    • News: May 6, 2017 . Khaled Meshaal: Struggle is against Israel, not Jews . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231119044505/https://www.aljazeera.com/program/talk-to-al-jazeera/2017/5/6/khaled-meshaal-struggle-is-against-israel-not-jews . November 19, 2023 . November 19, 2023 . Al-Jazeera.
50. Sources that believe that Hamas has accepted the 1967 borders:
    • Book: Bjorn Brenner . Gaza Under Hamas . . 206.
    • Book: . The Many Faces of Political Islam, Second Edition . . 133.
    • Book: Maria Koinova . Diaspora Entrepreneurs and Contested States . . 150.
    • News: Zartman . Jonathan . 2021 . Conflict in the Modern Middle East:An Encyclopedia of Civil War, Revolutions, and Regime Change . . 230.
    • Book: Routledge Companion to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict . Asaf Siniver.
    • Book: Seurat, Leila . The Foreign Policy of Hamas . . 2019 . 978-1-83860-744-9 . 61–62.
51. Sources that say Hamas has called for Israel's destruction: News: May . Tiffany . October 8, 2023 . A Quick Look at Hamas . subscription . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231014102435/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/08/world/middleeast/hamas-military-gaza-explained.html . October 14, 2023 . October 9, 2023 . .

    Web site: November 16, 2023 . Have war crimes been committed in Israel and Gaza and what laws govern the conflict? . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231116210611/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/11/16/middleeast/israel-hamas-gaza-war-crimes-international-law-explainer-intl/index.html . November 16, 2023 . November 18, 2023 . CNN.

52. News: Wong . Edward . Nereim . Vivian . October 7, 2023 . The war could upend Biden's diplomacy on Saudi-Israel normalization. . . October 8, 2023 . October 8, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231008012102/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/07/world/middleeast/saudi-israel-gaza-war.html . live . limited.
53. News: October 12, 2023. Egypt warned Israel days before Hamas struck, US committee chairman says. BBC . July 3, 2025.
54. Yonah Jeremy Bob. (10 February 2026). "No contact for hours: Behind Netanyahu, IDF's failure to stop Hamas's Oct. 7 massacre - exclusive." Jerusalem Post website Retrieved 11 February 2026.
55. News: Goldberg . Tia . Shurafa . Wafaa . October 7, 2023 . Israel declares war, goes after Hamas fighters and bombards Gaza . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231008051308/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-rockets-airstrikes-tel-aviv-ca7903976387cfc1e1011ce9ea805a71 . October 8, 2023 . October 7, 2023 . Associated Press.
56. News: What's behind the violence in Israel and Gaza? Here's what to know. . Brian . Murphy . Adam . Taylor . Sammy . Westfall . Bryan . Pietsch . Steve . Hendrix . . October 9, 2023 . October 18, 2023 . limited . October 8, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231008184041/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/07/israel-gaza-violence-conflict-faq/ . live.
57. News: Israel says it found 16 tons of rocket-making substance headed from Turkey to Gaza . September 14, 2023 . . September 14, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231027205725/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-says-it-found-16-tons-rocket-making-substance-headed-turkey-gaza-2023-09-14/ . October 27, 2023.
58. News: October 7, 2023 . Civilians and soldiers held hostage in Gaza, says Israel . 14 . . October 10, 2023 . October 10, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231010211556/https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/oct/07/hamas-launches-attack-on-israel-with-5000-rockets-live?filterKeyEvents=false&page=with%3Ablock-6520f64b8f08584119dd1adf#liveblog-navigation . live.
59. News: Israel Expands Number of Work Permits for Gazans . . November 7, 2023 . November 17, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221117104147/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2022-09-22/ty-article/.premium/defense-ministry-expands-number-of-israeli-work-permits-for-gazans/00000183-6548-db87-a18f-67fc94e40000 . live.
60. News: Egypt intelligence official says Israel ignored repeated warnings of 'something big' . October 9, 2023 . . . October 9, 2023 . October 9, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231009113011/https://www.timesofisrael.com/egypt-intelligence-official-says-israel-ignored-repeated-warnings-of-something-big/ . live.
61. News: 'Utterly Fake': Israel's National Security Adviser Denies Receiving Egyptian Warning of Hamas Attack . Jonathan . Lis . . subscription. October 13, 2023 . October 18, 2023 . October 13, 2023 . https://archive.today/20231013193825/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-13/ty-article/.premium/israels-national-security-adviser-denies-receiving-egyptian-warning-of-hamas-attack/0000018b-28c9-d1bc-a58b-69ef2ed70000 . live.
62. News: Senior US lawmaker says Egypt warned Israel 3 days before onslaught . October 11, 2023 . . . October 11, 2023 . October 11, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231011163145/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/senior-us-lawmaker-says-egypt-warned-israel-3-days-before-onslaught/ . live.
63. News: Brown . Pamela . Cohen . Zachary . October 24, 2023 . Hamas operatives used phone lines installed in tunnels under Gaza to plan Israel attack over 2 years, sources familiar with intelligence say . December 11, 2024 . . en.
64. News: Beaumont . Peter . October 28, 2023 . 'A spider's web of tunnels': inside Gaza's underground network being targeted by Israel . December 11, 2024 . . en-GB . 0029-7712.
65. News: Hamas militants trained for its deadly attack in plain sight and less than a mile from Israel's heavily fortified border . Paul P. . Murphy . Tara . John . Brent . Swails . Oren . Liebermann . October 13, 2023. October 13, 2023 . . October 13, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231013024259/https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/12/middleeast/hamas-training-site-gaza-israel-intl/index.html . live.
66. News: Hamas practised in plain sight, posting video of mock attack weeks before border breach . October 12, 2023 . . November 17, 2023 . November 17, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231117064305/https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/hamas-practised-in-plain-sight-posting-video-of-mock-attack-weeks-before-border-breach-1.6599556 . live.
67. News: Schecter . Anna . October 14, 2023 . 'Top secret' Hamas documents show that terrorists intentionally targeted elementary schools and a youth center . October 14, 2023 . . October 14, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231014000228/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/investigations/top-secret-hamas-documents-show-terrorists-intentionally-targeted-elem-rcna120310 . live.
68. News: Morris . Loveday . Hendrix . Steve . Documents found on fighters reveal Hamas capabilities, bloody plans . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231023110256/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/21/hamas-documents-plans-israel-attack/ . October 23, 2023 . October 30, 2023 . The Washington Post.
69. News: Said . Summer . Faucon . Benoit . Stephen . Kalin . October 8, 2023 . Iran Helped Plot Attack on Israel Over Several Weeks . . December 10, 2023 . October 8, 2023 . https://archive.today/20231008204919/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 . live . subscription.
70. News: 500 Hamas, PIJ terrorists trained for October 7 attack in Iran last month – report . October 27, 2023 . . October 25, 2023 . October 26, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231026232038/https://www.timesofisrael.com/500-hamas-pij-terrorists-trained-for-october-7-attack-in-iran-last-month-report/ . live.
71. News: Iran's UN mission says Tehran not involved in Hamas attacks . October 9, 2023 . . November 17, 2023 . October 9, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231009033748/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-un-mission-says-tehran-not-involved-hamas-attacks-2023-10-09/ . live.
72. News: October 11, 2025 . A Memo in a Bunker, Intercepted Communications and Hamas's Oct. 7 Plans . October 12, 2025 . en.
73. News: Zitun . Yoav . Captured weapons shed light on stunning extent of Hamas's battle blueprint . . October 16, 2023 . November 6, 2023 . November 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231107121128/https://www.ynetnews.com/article/ry4wgk9116 . live.
74. News: Hamas planned to push October 7 massacre to the West Bank border – report . . November 12, 2023 . November 14, 2023 . November 14, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231114055918/https://www.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/gaza-news/article-772934 . live.
75. News: Bergman . Ronen . Goldman . Adam . Israel Knew Hamas's Attack Plan Over a Year Ago . . December 1, 2023 . December 1, 2023 . December 6, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231206180618/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/30/world/middleeast/israel-hamas-attack-intelligence.html?campaign_id=307&emc=edit_igwb_20231201&instance_id=109019&nl=israel-hamas-war-briefing&regi_id=64680187&segment_id=151409&te=1&user_id=1e9c9142246ac5796beabc2f49486341 . live.
76. News: Probing October 7, Shin Bet Points Fingers at Netanyahu, Fueling Tensions With PM . March 11, 2025 . . March 5, 2025 . Amos . Harel . https://archive.today/20250305041235/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2025-03-05/ty-article/.premium/shin-bet-oct-7-probe-finds-internal-failures-points-finger-at-prime-minister/00000195-62f1-db7b-afdd-f2fdc8cb0000 . March 5, 2025.
77. News: Kubovich . Yaniv . Despite Israeli Intelligence Warnings About a Hamas Attack, the Army Didn't Evacuate the Nova Festival . . December 5, 2023 . December 10, 2023 . December 5, 2023 . https://archive.today/20231205200823/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-12-05/ty-article/.premium/despite-intel-warnings-about-a-hamas-attack-the-army-didnt-evacuate-the-nova-festival/0000018c-3993-dc03-a9ec-3dfb2cda0000 . live . subscription.
78. News: Grylls . George . December 6, 2023 . Nova festival: Israel 'withheld warnings' about Hamas massacre . . London . September 14, 2025 . August 26, 2025 . https://web.archive.org/web/20250826010149/https://www.thetimes.com/world/middle-east/article/israel-nova-music-festival-shin-bet-hamas-massacre-wv7qs3cww . live.
79. News: Cuddy . Alice . January 15, 2024 . They were Israel's 'eyes on the border' – but their Hamas warnings went unheard . . January 15, 2024 . January 15, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240115002359/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-67958260 . live.
80. News: Kubovich . Yaniv . Disdain, denial, neglect: The deep roots of Israel's devastating intelligence failure on Hamas and October 7 . May 11, 2024 . . May 9, 2024 . subscription . https://archive.today/20250803192603/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-05-09/ty-article/.premium/disdain-denial-neglect-the-roots-of-israels-intelligence-failure-on-hamas-and-oct-7/0000018f-5811-d348-a7bf-feb907a80000 . August 3, 2025.
81. News: Israel retaliation kills 230 Palestinians after Hamas operation . October 7, 2023 . . October 18, 2023 . October 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007053106/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/7/sirens-warn-of-rockets-launched-towards-israel-from-gaza-news-reports . live.
82. News: Hamas leader Haniyeh: Battle 'will spread to West Bank, Jerusalem' . October 8, 2023 . . "The leader of Hamas' military wing, Mohammed Deif, said Saturday's assault was in response to the 16-year blockade of Gaza, Israeli raids inside West Bank cities over the past year, violence at Al-Aqsa and increasing attacks by settlers on Palestinians, and growth of settlements." . https://web.archive.org/web/20231018143356/https://www.arabnews.com/node/2387276/middle-east . October 18, 2023.
83. News: Hundreds dead as war erupts after surprise Hamas attack catches Israel off guard . October 7, 2023 . . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240110155357/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/gaza-israel-rockets-attack-hamas-1.6990209 . January 10, 2024.
84. Web site: ar:"أبو خالد" الناطق العسكري لكتائب المقاومة الوطنية (قوات الشهيد عمر القاسم) الجناح العسكري للجبهة الديمقراطية لتحرير فلسطين . [Statement from] "Abu Khalid", the military spokesperson for the National Resistance Brigades (the military wing of the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine). . https://alhourriah.org/article/125236 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231008113130/https://alhourriah.org/article/125236 . October 8, 2023 . October 8, 2023 . . ar.
85. News: خلال بيان لها قبل قليل.. كتائب المقاومة الوطنية (قوات الشهيد عمر القاسم) الجناح العسكري للجبهة الديمقراطية . Al-Hurriya . October 11, 2023 . A few moments ago... The National Resistance Brigades (Martyr Omar Al-Qassem Forces), the military wing of the Democratic Front . October 8, 2023 . October 8, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231008112533/https://alhourriah.org/article/125237 . live.
86. Web site: October 7, 2023 . صادر عن كتائب الشهيد أبو علي مصطفى الجناح العسكري للجبهة الشعبية لتحرير فلسطين . Issued by the Abu Ali Mustafa Brigades, the military wing of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine . May 14, 2025 . Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine . ar.
87. News: U.N. fires Gaza staff, citing possible involvement in attack on Israel . Karen . DeYoung . August 5, 2024 . . August 10, 2024 . August 7, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240807091206/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2024/08/05/unrwa-october-7-israel-hamas-gaza/ . live.
88. News: Israel-Palestine escalation live news: Hamas starts Operation Al-Aqsa Flood . October 7, 2023 . . October 7, 2023 . October 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007062723/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/10/7/israel-palestine-escalation-live-news-barrage-of-rockets-fired-from-gaza . live.
89. News: October 7, 2023 . Netanyahu: 'We are at war' . . live . October 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007052803/https://www.ynetnews.com/article/rysg8i0l6 . October 7, 2023.
90. News: Strikes on Gaza after Palestinian militants enter Israel . October 7, 2023 . . David . Gritten . October 7, 2023 . October 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007045410/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67036625 . live.
91. News: Barrages of rockets fired from Gaza as Hamas launches unprecedented operation against Israel . October 7, 2023 . . October 7, 2023 . October 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007094105/https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20231007-sirens-heard-as-dozens-of-rockets-fired-from-gaza-towards-israel . live.
92. News: Militants enter Israel from Gaza after woman killed in rocket barrage . October 7, 2023 . . October 7, 2023 . October 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007094105/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/07/middleeast/sirens-israel-rocket-attack-gaza-intl-hnk/index.html . live.
93. News: Dov . Yehuda . Huge Arsenal Of Weapons Indicate: Hamas Planned To Invade Ashkelon, Kiryat Gat . October 16, 2023 . VINnews . October 17, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231017020444/https://vinnews.com/2023/10/16/huge-arsenal-of-weapons-indicate-hamas-planned-to-invade-ashkelon-kiryat-gat/ . live.
94. News: Federman . Josef . Adwan . Issam . October 7, 2023 . Hamas militant group has started a war that 'Israel will win,' defense minister says . . live . October 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007073124/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-rockets-airstrikes-tel-aviv-11fb98655c256d54ecb5329284fc37d2 . October 7, 2023.
95. News: October 7, 2023 . Gaza and Israel in 'War Mode' After Militants Launch Surprise Assaults . . live . October 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007075901/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/10/07/world/israel-gaza-attack . October 7, 2023.
96. News: Margulies . Joanie . October 8, 2023 . IDF regains control over Sderot police station . Jerusalem Post . October 12, 2023 . October 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007170438/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/gunmen-homes-captives-abducted-gaza-leave-israelis-shock-2023-10-07/ . live.
97. News: Darnley-Stuart . Adam . West . Levi . MWI Podcast: Understanding Hamas—from Tactics to Strategy . January 5, 2024 . Modern War Institute at West Point . November 14, 2023 . January 6, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240106001052/https://mwi.westpoint.edu/mwi-podcast-understanding-hamas-from-tactics-to-strategy/ . live.
98. News: Darnley-Stuart . Adam . West . Levi . Modern War Institute: Understanding Hamas: From Tactics to Strategy on Apple Podcasts . January 5, 2024 . Modern War Institute at West Point . Apple Podcasts . January 6, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240106001050/https://podcasts.apple.com/au/podcast/understanding-hamas-from-tactics-to-strategy/id1079958510?i=1000634767004 . live.
99. News: West . Levi . Darnley-Stuart . Adam . Irregular Warfare Podcast: Taking the Long View on Hamas on Apple Podcasts . January 6, 2024 . Irregular Warfare Podcast . Modern War Institute at West Point . iTunes . January 6, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240106015516/https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/taking-the-long-view-on-hamas/id1514636385?i=1000634764141 . live.
100. News: October 7, 2023 . In pictures: Scenes of war and chaos after Hamas launch surprise attack on Israel . . live . October 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007163706/https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20231007-in-pictures-hamas-israel-palestine-gaza-attack-netanyahu . October 7, 2023.
101. News: Federman . Josef . Adwan . Issam . October 7, 2023 . Hamas militant group launches unprecedented operation against Israel with rockets and infiltration . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007073124/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-rockets-airstrikes-tel-aviv-11fb98655c256d54ecb5329284fc37d2 . October 7, 2023 . October 10, 2023 . Associated Press.
102. Web site: Robinson . Adele . Taylor . Jack . Elms . Victoria . October 13, 2023 . 'Top secret' documents seen by Sky News suggest Hamas attack may have been planned for a year . October 14, 2023 . Sky News . October 13, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231013231802/https://news.sky.com/story/hamas-may-have-planned-israel-attack-for-more-than-a-year-documents-shared-with-sky-news-suggest-12984107 . live.
103. Web site: Lieber . Dov . Cloud . David S. . October 14, 2023 . Hamas Fighters' Orders: 'Kill as Many People as Possible' . live . https://archive.today/20231015133441/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/hamas-fighters-orders-kill-as-many-people-as-possible-2a6abff8 . October 15, 2023 . October 15, 2023 . WSJ.
104. News: מגידו . גור . שיזף . הגר . October 27, 2023 . לחמאס הייתה תוכנית קרב מסודרת לפוגרום בניר עוז. כך היא נראתה . he . . October 27, 2023 . October 27, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231027080451/https://www.haaretz.co.il/tmr/weekend/2023-10-27/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/0000018b-65c2-d230-a1bf-6df316350000 . live.
105. Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and Israel . Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory . June 12, 2024 . . August 23, 2024 . August 29, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240829134953/https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/hrbodies/hrcouncil/sessions-regular/session56/a-hrc-56-26-auv.docx . live.
106. News: Tolan . Casey . Ash . Audrey . Chapman . Isabelle . Merrill . Curt . October 26, 2023 . Slain Hamas militants' body camera videos show the preparation and tactics behind their terror attack on Israel . October 28, 2023 . . October 28, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231028185030/https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2023/middleeast/hamas-attack-body-cam-videos-invs-dg/ . live.
107. News: Bayer . Lili . Ho . Vivian . Fulton . Adam . Yang . Maya . October 7, 2023 . Israel declares state of war after Hamas fires thousands of rockets and 'militants cross border' – live . . October 7, 2023 . October 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007071116/https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/oct/07/hamas-launches-attack-on-israel-with-5000-rockets-live . live.
108. News: Goldman . Adam . Bergman . Ronen . Mazzetti . Mark . Odenheimer . Natan . Cardia . Alexander . Tiefenthäler . Ainara . Frenkel . Sheera . Where Was the Israeli Military? . . December 30, 2023 . December 30, 2023 . December 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231230223314/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/30/world/middleeast/israeli-military-hamas-failures.html . live.
109. News: October 12, 2023 . Témoignage d'un survivant du festival Supernova où 270 personnes ont été tuées par le Hamas . Testimony of a survivor of the Supernova festival where 270 people were killed by Hamas . October 16, 2023 . . fr . October 14, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231014010611/http://fr.euronews.com/2023/10/12/temoignage-dun-survivant-du-festival-supernova-ou-270-personnes-ont-ete-tuees-par-le-hamas . live.
110. News: Estrin . Daniel . October 7, 2023 . . In surprise deadly attacks, Israel says Palestinian militants infiltrated from Gaza . October 7, 2023 . October 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007090901/https://www.npr.org/2023/10/07/1204436940/palestinian-militants-launch-rockets-into-israel . live.
111. News: October 8, 2023 . Israeli music festival: 260 bodies recovered from site where people fled in hail of bullets . . October 12, 2023 . October 8, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231008143208/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67047034 . live.
112. News: חסון . ניר . מילרוד . מוטי . October 20, 2023 . בניר עוז כמעט ולא היה קרב. תושבי הקיבוץ הסמוך לגבול נטבחו בשיטתיות . he . Haaretz . October 20, 2023 . October 20, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231020120608/https://www.haaretz.co.il/news/politics/2023-10-20/ty-article-magazine/.premium/0000018b-492c-d5d2-afef-cdfde9e70000 . live.
113. News: Militants infiltrate Israel from Gaza as Hamas claims major rocket attack . October 7, 2023 . . October 7, 2023 . October 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007075445/https://www.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/al-aqsa-storm-militants-infiltrate-israel-after-gaza-rockets-10-07-intl-hnk/index.html . live.
114. News: חסון . ניר . October 20, 2023 . בקיבוצי העוטף מנסים להסתכל קדימה: "המטרה מול עיניי — לחזור הביתה" . he . Haaretz . October 20, 2023 . October 20, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231020160628/https://www.haaretz.co.il/news/politics/2023-10-20/ty-article-magazine/.premium/0000018b-499a-dc3c-a5df-ddbaab290000 . live.
115. News: October 7, 2023 . Border town identifies at least 15 of its residents killed in Hamas attack . The Times of Israel . October 9, 2023 . October 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007234157/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/border-town-identifies-at-least-15-of-its-residents-killed-in-hamas-attack/ . live.
116. News: Ido. Efrati. 10 Percent of Kibbutz Population Found Dead After Hamas Massacre in Southern Israel . Haaretz . October 12, 2023 . October 11, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231011170120/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-10/ty-article/.premium/10-percent-of-kibbutz-population-found-dead-after-hamas-massacre-in-southern-israel/0000018b-191c-df31-a99f-7ddf54fa0000 . live.
117. Web site: כיתת כוננות מול עשרות מחבלים: הקרב שהציל את קיבוץ עלומים . October 13, 2023 . November 2, 2023 . www.makorrishon.co.il . Hebrew . October 14, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231014141250/https://www.makorrishon.co.il/news/yoman/679665/ . live.
118. Web site: Sue. Surkes. Thai laborers, the 'working hands' of Israeli farming, pay with blood . October 19, 2023 . November 2, 2023 . The Times of Israel. October 31, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231031135239/https://www.timesofisrael.com/thai-laborers-the-working-hands-of-israeli-farming-pay-with-blood/ . live.
119. News: O'Connor . Tom . October 7, 2023 . What's happening in Israel right now as it battles full-scale Hamas assault . October 9, 2023 . . October 8, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231008210405/https://www.newsweek.com/whats-happening-israel-right-now-it-battles-full-scale-hamas-assault-1832883 . live.
120. Web site: October 9, 2023 . This is How Al-Qassam's Navel Units Stormed Zakim's Fortified Military Base – VIDEO . October 9, 2023 . Palestine Chronicle . October 9, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231009212918/https://www.palestinechronicle.com/this-is-how-al-qassams-navel-units-stormed-zakims-fortified-military-base-video/ . live.
121. Web site: Detailed findings on attacks carried out on and after 7 October 2023 in Israel . https://web.archive.org/web/20240612075926/https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/hrbodies/hrcouncil/sessions-regular/session56/a-hrc-56-crp-3.pdf . June 12, 2024.
122. Web site: בוחבוט . אמיר . November 6, 2023 . חמ"ל התצפיתניות של נחל עוז נפתח מחדש: "נמשיך להילחם – לזכר חברותינו" . December 13, 2023 . וואלה! חדשות . he . December 13, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231213111410/https://news.walla.co.il/item/3620800 . live.
123. Web site: Abraham . Yaron . December 12, 2023 . he:תחקיר המתקפה על חמ"ל התצפיתניות חושף: החיילות נחנקו למוות מרימון גז רעיל שהושלך לחדר . tachkir hamitkafa al cham"le hitzpitaniot hoshef: hachaylot nechanku lemooot merimon gaz ra'il shehushlach lechader . Investigation into the attack on the observation post reveals: The female soldiers were suffocated to death by a poisonous gas grenade thrown into the room . he . December 13, 2023 . N12 . December 13, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231213111410/https://www.mako.co.il/news-military/6361323ddea5a810/Article-b520e558c2f5c81026.htm . live.
124. News: Fabian . Emanuel . Pacchiani . Gianluca . IDF estimates 3,000 Hamas terrorists invaded Israel in Oct. 7 onslaught . November 1, 2023 . . November 1, 2023 . November 1, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231101214815/https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-estimates-3000-hamas-terrorists-invaded-israel-in-oct-7-onslaught/ . live.
125. News: Why the Palestinian group Hamas launched an attack on Israel? All to know . July 5, 2024 . October 7, 2023 . Al Jazeera.
126. News: Emmanuel. Fabian. Israel shows major damage to Erez Crossing with Gaza following Hamas assault . January 27, 2024 . . October 17, 2023 . January 27, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240127155015/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/israel-shows-major-damage-to-erez-crossing-with-gaza-following-hamas-assault/ . live.
127. News: Israel reopens Erez crossing for Gaza aid trucks 7 months after it was destroyed by Hamas . June 20, 2024 . . May 1, 2024.
128. Web site: 120 terrorists invaded Erez Crossing, adjacent base on Oct. 7, as troops made brave stand . April 28, 2025 . The Times of Israel.
129. Web site: Fabian . Emanuel . June 10, 2025 . Kibbutz Erez defense squad, with help from nearby kibbutz, repelled Hamas invasion on Oct. 7 . June 10, 2025 . The Times of Israel . en-US.
130. News: Shaulov . Roni Green . October 17, 2023 . Hamas war crimes: An elderly group gunned down at a bus stop . . November 12, 2023 . October 18, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231018141514/https://www.ynetnews.com/magazine/article/b1f2eqo11p . live.
131. Web site: 1,000 troops were in Sderot on Oct. 7, when they were urgently needed elsewhere, probe finds . April 28, 2025 . The Times of Israel.
132. News: Hayun . Dedi . Abandoned cars underline panic at Israeli music festival where Hamas gunmen killed hundreds . . October 15, 2023 . October 10, 2023 . October 15, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231015084325/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/abandoned-cars-underline-panic-israeli-music-festival-where-hamas-gunmen-killed-2023-10-09/ . live.
133. Web site: Emanuel. Fabian. IDF okayed Nova music festival, but didn't inform troops deployed at border, probe finds . April 28, 2025 . The Times of Israel.
134. Web site: April 3, 2025 . Nova festival massacre: Hamas murdered 378 Israelis in bloodiest Oct. 7 attack . April 28, 2025 . The Jerusalem Post . en.
135. Web site: April 4, 2025 . Israel revises death toll from 2023 attack on music festival . April 28, 2025 . Al Arabiya English . en.
136. Web site: Civil defense squad, cops battled 100 terrorists in Re'im; some were headed to Nevatim Airbase . April 28, 2025 . The Times of Israel.
137. Web site: Fabian . Emanuel . Failure and slaughter: IDF's Be'eri probe shows army's colossal errors, residents' bravery . April 28, 2025 . The Times of Israel . July 11, 2024 . en-US.
138. News: Zitun . Yoav . July 11, 2024 . IDF says it 'failed in its mission to defend' Kibbutz Be'eri . April 28, 2025 . Ynetnews . en.
139. News: How Israel's high-tech 'Iron Wall' crumbled under Hamas's Oct. 7 attack Visual Forensics . July 10, 2024 . . November 17, 2023.
140. News: Lecker . Maya . On October 7, Sexism in Israel's Military Turned Lethal . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231128154139/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/haaretz-today/2023-11-20/ty-article/.highlight/on-october-7-sexism-in-israels-military-turned-lethal/0000018b-ee5b-ddc3-afdb-fe5b25be0000 . November 28, 2023 . November 29, 2023 . . en.
141. Web site: 'Systemic failure': How Nahal Oz base, 850 meters from Gaza yet utterly vulnerable, fell to Hamas . April 28, 2025 . The Times of Israel.
142. Web site: Civilians, police stopped 1st wave of terrorists at Nahal Oz; IDF arrived 7 hours later . April 28, 2025 . The Times of Israel.
143. Web site: Terrorists took Kfar Aza in an hour. Recapturing it took the IDF days, probe finds . April 28, 2025 . The Times of Israel.
144. Web site: Fabian . Emanuel . Commanders battled terrorists, saving 100 rookies at Zikim training base on Oct. 7 . April 28, 2025 . The Times of Israel . April 27, 2025 . en-US.
145. Web site: April 27, 2025 . Zikim base held firm during Oct. 7 despite poor defenses, IDF probe finds . April 28, 2025 . The Jerusalem Post . en.
146. News: April 27, 2025 . Probe: Single Company of Experienced IDF Soldiers Prevented Hamas From Taking Over Base on Oct. 7 . May 4, 2025 . Haaretz.
147. Web site: Fabian . Emanuel . In 'massive failure,' troops abandoned civilians at Zikim Beach on Oct. 7, IDF probe finds . May 4, 2025 . The Times of Israel . May 4, 2025 . en-US.
148. News: May 4, 2025 . Zikim Probe: IDF Troops Didn't Confront Terrorists, Failed to Protect Civilians . May 4, 2025 . Haaretz. Eden. Solomon.
149. Web site: 'Massive failure': First troops reached Kibbutz Nir Oz 40 minutes after last terrorists left . April 28, 2025 . The Times of Israel. Emanuel. Fabian.
150. News: Kubovich . Yaniv . March 14, 2025 . IDF Investigation Into Nir Oz Reveals an Exceptional Failure – Even Compared to Oct. 7 . April 28, 2025 . Haaretz.
151. News: Zitun . Yoav . March 14, 2025 . '40 minutes too late': IDF report details Hamas' attack on Nir Oz and systematic failures . April 28, 2025 . Ynetnews . en.
152. Web site: Troops fended off 1st wave of terrorists at Nirim, but IDF left kibbutz vulnerable . April 28, 2025 . The Times of Israel. Emanuel. Fabian.
153. News: Zitun . Yoav . March 4, 2025 . 37 soldiers didn't stop 3 terrorists from killing 17 civilians in Netiv HaAsara on Oct. 7 : IDF probe into 'most frustrating' failure . April 28, 2025 . Ynetnews . en.
154. News: 37 armed Israelis failed to stop 3 terrorists from murdering 17 in Netiv Ha'asara . April 28, 2025 . The Times of Israel. Emanuel. Fabian.
155. Web site: Emanuel . Fabian . Civil defense team stopped major Hamas invasion at Alumim, but dozens were murdered outside . April 28, 2025 . The Times of Israel . March 19, 2025 .
156. Web site: Fabian . Emanuel . IDF rushed to Kibbutz Kissufim as Hamas invaded, but some attackers stayed for days . May 22, 2025 . The Times of Israel . May 22, 2025 . en-US.
157. News: צורי . מתן . פורסמו שמותיהם של נרצחי קיבוץ חולית . Ynet . October 15, 2023 . he . October 8, 2023 . October 15, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231015002344/https://www.ynet.co.il/blogs/war2dayevening/article/bj6jwugbt . live.
158. Web site: Fabian . Emanuel . Outgunned, outnumbered Ein Hashlosha security team failed to resist Oct. 7 onslaught . April 28, 2025 . The Times of Israel . April 23, 2025 . en-US.
159. Web site: Fabian . Emanuel . Nir Yitzhak security team resisted terrorists on Oct. 7, preventing murderous rampage . April 28, 2025 . The Times of Israel . April 25, 2025 . en-US.
160. News: Levaton . Stav . 2025-10-01 . Nir Am defenders staved off one of Hamas's fiercest October 7 assaults — probe . 2025-11-04 . The Times of Israel . en-US . 0040-7909.
161. News: Shaulov . Roni Green . 2025-10-01 . One soldier's heroic sacrifice, abduction at hatchery: IDF probe into Oct. 7 battle at Nir Am . 2025-11-04 . Ynetglobal . en.
162. News: Curiel . Ilana . Turgeman . Meir . July 14, 2025 . IDF failed to stop Ofakim Oct 7 massacre as 33 killed before troops arrived, probe finds . July 28, 2025 . Ynetnews . en.
163. Web site: Levaton . Stav . July 14, 2025 . Bravery of locals prevented bloodier Ofakim massacre as IDF failed to act, army finds . July 28, 2025 . The Times of Israel . en-US.
164. Web site: July 14, 2025 . IDF arrived in Ofakim after Oct. 7 battles were over, probe finds . July 28, 2025 . JNS . en-US.
165. Web site: Levaton . Stav . July 28, 2025 . Outnumbered and unprotected, Kibbutz Sufa was left to fight Hamas alone on Oct. 7 . July 28, 2025 . The Times of Israel . en-US.
166. Web site: Fabian . Emanuel . Forces cleared major junction, stopped abduction of 12 workers in Mefalsim on Oct. 7 . May 27, 2025 . The Times of Israel . May 27, 2025 . en-US.
167. Web site: Bob . Yonah Jeremy . May 27, 2025 . IDF probe: 12 foreign workers rescued in Mefalsim battle, IAF stopped larger invasion on Oct. 7 . May 27, 2025 . The Jerusalem Post . en.
168. Web site: Fabian . Emanuel . May 28, 2025 . IDF, civil defense squad repelled terrorists at Kerem Shalom, saving residents on Oct. 7 . May 28, 2025 . The Times of Israel . en-US.
169. • Web site: Death count from Re'im music festival massacre reportedly updated to 364 — a third of Oct. 7 fatalities . The Times of Israel . November 17, 2023 . November 20, 2023 . November 17, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231117222212/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/death-count-from-massacre-at-reim-music-festival-reportedly-updated-to-364-a-third-of-oct-7-deaths/ . live.
     • Web site: New footage shows British-Israeli soldier toss grenades back at Hamas . Sky News . November 15, 2023 . November 20, 2023 . November 21, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231121154502/https://news.sky.com/story/new-footage-shows-british-israeli-soldier-toss-grenades-back-at-hamas-13008579 . live.
     • Web site: Cpl. Liel Vainshtein, 19: Former child star slain at music festival . The Times of Israel . October 30, 2023 . November 20, 2023 . November 16, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231116021039/https://www.timesofisrael.com/cpl-liel-vainshtein-19-former-child-star-slain-at-music-festival/ . live.
170. News: Gillett . Francesca . October 8, 2023 . How an Israel music festival turned into a nightmare after Hamas attack . . live . October 8, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231008143208/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67047034 . October 8, 2023.
171. News: Tabachnick . Cara . October 8, 2023 . Israelis search for loved ones with posts and pleas on social media . . live . October 8, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231008061931/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/israelis-search-loved-ones-posts-pleas-social-media-hamas-attack/ . October 8, 2023.
172. News: October 10, 2023 . Hamas Leaves Trail of Terror in Israel . . live . October 11, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231011163643/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/10/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-war-hamas-deaths-killings.html . October 11, 2023 . 0362-4331.
173. Web site: October 8, 2023 . Hamas gunmen open fire on hundreds at music festival in southern Israel . . October 29, 2023 . October 8, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231008062414/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/hamas-gunmen-open-fire-hundreds-music-festival-southern-israel-kibbutz-reim/ . live.
174. News: DeBre . Isabel . Biesecker . Michael . October 9, 2023 . Israeli survivors recount terror at music festival, where Hamas militants killed at least 260 . October 11, 2023 . . October 11, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231011145548/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-music-festival-6a55aae2375944f10ecc4c52d05f2ffe . live.
175. News: October 10, 2023 . What to know about the deadly Hamas attack on an Israeli music festival . October 11, 2023 . . October 11, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231011170907/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/10/what-to-know-about-deadly-hamas-attack-on-the-israeli-music-festival . live.
176. News: Debre . Isabel . October 9, 2023 . Israeli survivors recount terror at music festival, where Hamas militants killed at least 260 . October 11, 2023 . . October 11, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231011202607/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/hamas-attack-music-festival-led-chaos-frantic-attempts-103824517 . live.
177. https://www.economist.com/podcasts/2023/10/09/israel-has-suffered-the-biggest-terror-attack-in-its-history-how-will-it-respond Israel has suffered the biggest terror attack in its history. How will it respond?
178. Browne . David . Dillon . Nancy . Grow . Kory . 'They Wanted to Dance in Peace. And They Got Slaughtered'. Israel's Supernova festival celebrated music and unity. It turned into the deadliest concert attack in history . October 15, 2023 . . October 18, 2023 . October 18, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231018015038/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/hamas-israel-nova-music-festival-massacre-1234854306/ . live.
179. News: Terrorists took Kfar Aza in an hour. Recapturing it took the IDF days, probe finds . Emanuel . Fabian . March 3, 2025 . Times of Israel.
180. News: Kierszenbaum . Quique . October 11, 2023 . 'It was a pogrom': Be'eri survivors on the horrific attack by Hamas terrorists . . October 11, 2023 . 0261-3077 . October 11, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231011200820/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/11/it-was-a-pogrom-beeri-survivors-horrific-attack-hamas-terrorists . live.
181. News: Amanda . Macias . Sam . Meredith . Ruxandra . Iordache . Israel-Hamas war live updates: 22 U.S. citizens confirmed dead; Israel to form emergency government . October 12, 2023 . . October 11, 2023 . October 11, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231011194235/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/10/11/live-updates-latest-news-on-gaza-and-israel-hamas-conflict.html . live.
182. News: November 13, 2023 . Canadian Israeli peace activist Vivian Silver, feared to be held hostage, confirmed killed in Hamas attacks . . November 13, 2023 . November 13, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231113233658/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/israel-gaza-vivian-silver-1.7027333 . live.
183. Web site: eduyot toshvi ha'otef memitkafat hafta al yisral: "tovchim kan batinokot" . he:עדויות תושבי העוטף ממתקפת הפתע על ישראל: "טובחים כאן בתינוקות" . Testimonies from residents of the encirclement from a surprise attack on Israel: "Babies are being slaughtered here" . October 10, 2023 . . October 7, 2023 . October 9, 2023 . he . https://web.archive.org/web/20231009173239/https://www.israelhayom.co.il/news/local/article/14679668 . live.
184. News: 'After a minute, my friend was murdered in front of me' . Matan . Tzuri . Roni . Green Shaulov . Adam . Kutub . October 9, 2023 . . October 12, 2023 . October 10, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231010062239/https://www.ynetnews.com/article/sktjpy11wt . live.
185. • News: Hutchinson . Bill . October 13, 2023 . Israel's 'Ground Zero:' The Be'eri Kibbutz was among the bloodiest scenes of the Hamas attack . November 7, 2023 . . October 15, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231015025342/https://abcnews.go.com/International/israels-ground-zero-beeri-kibbutz-bloodiest-scenes-hamas/story?id=103936668 . live.
     • News: November 2, 2023 . Hundreds of soldiers waited outside Be'eri with terrorists still inside, survivor says . November 7, 2023 . . November 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231107215753/https://www.timesofisrael.com/hundreds-of-soldiers-stood-outside-beeri-as-massacre-took-place-survivor-says/ . live.
     • Web site: Verbatim report of proceedings – The despicable terrorist attacks by Hamas against Israel, Israel's right to defend itself in line with humanitarian and international law and the humanitarian situation in Gaza (debate) – Wednesday, 18 October 2023 . November 17, 2023 . europarl.europa.eu . November 17, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231117103858/https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/CRE-9-2023-10-18-INT-3-010-0000_EN.html . live.
     • News: October 9, 2023 . 'Isis-level savagery' by Hamas killed 11 Americans, says US . . November 17, 2023 . November 17, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231117103859/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-67056761 . live.
186. News: Federman . Josef . Adwan . Issam . Hamas says it is holding dozens of Israeli soldiers captured in surprise incursion . . October 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007163600/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-rockets-airstrikes-tel-aviv-11fb98655c256d54ecb5329284fc37d2 . October 7, 2023 . Jerusalem . October 7, 2023 . Hagari said militants were holding hostages in standoffs in two towns, Beeri and Ofakim, which is 15 miles (24 kilometers) from the Gaza border. . live.
187. News: CCTV Shows Hamas Militants' Attack on Kibbutz Be'eri . . October 16, 2023 . October 16, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231016065135/https://www.wsj.com/video/cctv-shows-hamas-militants-attack-on-kibbutz-beeri/BD0AE9E0-36E8-43A1-88F9-30794FC02977.html . live.
188. News: October 7, 2023 . Terrorists seize house in Ofakim, negotiations underway for hostages . October 8, 2023 . The Jerusalem Post. Yanir. Yagna-Walla. October 8, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231008002502/https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/defense-news/article-762112 . live.
189. News: Limone . Noa . December 13, 2023 . If Israel Used a Controversial Procedure Against Its Citizens, We Need to Talk About It Now . . December 15, 2023 . https://archive.today/20231214060525/https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2023-12-13/ty-article-opinion/.premium/if-israel-used-a-procedure-against-its-citizens-we-need-to-talk-about-it-now/0000018c-6383-de43-affd-f783212e0000 . December 14, 2023.
190. News: he:מגיעים בטנדר, פורקים – וטובחים: תיעודים מהזוועות במתקפת חמאס . megi'im betander, porkim – vetuvchim: ti'udim mehizva'ot bemitkafat chamas . Arriving in a van, unloading – and slaughtering: Documents from the horrors of the Hamas attack . October 10, 2023 . November 6, 2023 . . he . Tzuri . Matan . October 11, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231011114214/https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/bypjr5gbt . live.
191. News: CCTV footage shows fighting near kibbutz in Yachini . October 11, 2023 . November 6, 2023 . . November 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231107024459/https://www.reuters.com/video/watch/idRW900811102023RP1 . live.
192. Web site: hakrav al yechini: "ro'im shayerot mechavlim, havnu sheza mishehu achar" . he:הקרב על יכיני: "רואים שיירות מחבלים, הבנו שזה משהו אחר" . The Battle of Yakhini: "We saw terrorist convoys, we realized it was something else" . Kan 13 . Yossi . Eli . October 13, 2023 . November 6, 2023 . he . November 26, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231126104451/https://13tv.co.il/item/news/politics/security/ny6f0-903750047/ . live.
193. Web site: Israeli casualties of October 7th, 2023 . October 23, 2023 . November 6, 2023 . . December 1, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231201105907/https://zakaworld.org/israeli-casualties-of-october-7th-2023/ . live.
194. News: 'I will find the time to mourn my son, but now we have to fight,' IDF Lt. Col. says . October 18, 2023 . November 6, 2023 . . Keren . Yoav . November 6, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231106124642/https://www.ynetnews.com/article/b1g4ty2za . live.
195. Web site: אני אהיה ראשונה, תחפה עליי ואני אחפה עליך": לוחמת מג"ב רווית אסייג נפלה בקרב במושב יכיני" . October 12, 2023 . November 6, 2023 . . Hebrew . October 14, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231014184939/https://www.israelhayom.co.il/news/local/article/14702311 . live.
196. Web site: There are human beings who are suffering on both sides of the war . October 18, 2023 . November 6, 2023 . Miami Herald.
197. News: מעטים מול רבים: הצל"שניק שלקח פיקוד על הפלגה, והקצין שהציל תצפיתניות . October 11, 2023 . November 6, 2023 . . Hebrew . זיתון . יואב . November 23, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231123154805/https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/hj00nme4b6 . live.
198. News: Zomer . Navit . Rediscovering normality: Kibbutzim in southern Israel are bouncing back . May 31, 2024 . . May 15, 2024 . May 31, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240531053330/https://www.ynetnews.com/magazine/article/r18qmczmr . live.
199. Web site: Rosenberg . Michelle . What happened on my kibbutz was apocalyptic . www.jewishnews.co.uk . October 8, 2023 . October 13, 2023 . October 13, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231013080324/https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/what-happened-on-my-kibbutz-was-apocalyptic/ . live.
200. News: Murió una argentina en el ataque terrorista a Israel: tenía 80 años y vivía en un kibutz . Kolesnicov . Patricia . October 8, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231015210211/https://www.infobae.com/america/mundo/2023/10/08/murio-una-argentina-en-el-ataque-terrorista-a-israel-tenia-80-anos-y-vivia-en-un-kibutz/ . October 15, 2023 . . es . An Argentine woman died in the terrorist attack in Israel: she was 80 years old and lived in a kibbutz.
201. News: Tzuri . Matan . October 12, 2023 . Untrained, lacking proper arms, local security teams defended their Gaza border homes . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231014221936/https://www.ynetnews.com/article/h1yx3zhwt . October 14, 2023.
202. News: יגורוב . איליה . October 8, 2023 . he:בתה של מרסל טליה ז"ל סיפרה בעצב: "אימא שלי נרצחה יממה בלבד לאחר שילדתי" . he . Marcelle Talia's daughter sadly said: My mother was murdered just a day after I gave birth . . https://www.israelhayom.co.il/news/local/article/14686235 . live . October 16, 2023 . October 17, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231017204916/https://www.israelhayom.co.il/news/local/article/14686235.
203. Web site: Hija de chilena murió en Israel tras ataque de Hamas: habría recibido 8 disparos . October 7, 2023. November 11, 2023 . www.24horas.cl . es-CL . October 8, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231008033837/https://www.24horas.cl/internacional/noticias/hija-de-chilena-murio-en-israel-tras-ataque-de-hamas-habria-recibido-8-disparos . live.
204. News: Fabian . Emanuel . 30 missing people found safe in Gaza border kibbutz after hiding out for 3 days . . October 10, 2023 . October 13, 2023 . October 13, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231013002449/https://www.timesofisrael.com/30-missing-people-found-safe-in-gaza-border-kibbutz-after-hiding-out-for-3-days/ . live.
205. News: Friedson . Yael . October 10, 2023 . Thirty Missing Who Hid From Terrorists at Israeli Kibbutz Near Gaza Border Rescued . . October 13, 2023 . October 10, 2023 . https://archive.today/20231010220059/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-10/ty-article/.premium/thirty-missing-who-hid-from-terrorists-at-israeli-kibbutz-are-rescued/0000018b-1aae-d2fc-a59f-dbbfc0290000 . live.
206. News: שמעוני . מור . December 1, 2023 . he:"כשעלה הבוקר התחיל מטח, כל אחד רץ למקום אחר" הטבח במסיבה המחתרתית . he . When morning came, a barrage of rockets started and everyone scattered The massacre at the underground party . . https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/hkdnxour6 . December 18, 2023 . December 18, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231218202448/https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/hkdnxour6 . live.
207. News: October 7, 2023 . At least 7 Nepali injured, 17 held captive by Hamas in Israel: Nepal's envoy . ANI . live . October 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007163708/https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/at-least-7-nepali-injured-17-held-captive-by-hamas-in-israel-nepals-envoy20231007181710/ . October 7, 2023.
208. News: Williams . Dan . October 7, 2023 . How the Hamas attack on Israel unfolded . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007150408/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/how-hamas-attack-israel-unfolded-2023-10-07/ . October 7, 2023 . October 7, 2023 . Reuters.
209. Web site: Israel says it regains control of Re'im army base . October 7, 2023 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007204208/https://defence-blog.com/israel-says-it-regains-control-of-reim-army-base/ . October 7, 2023 . October 7, 2023 . Defense Blog.
210. News: Fabian . Emanuel . October 7, 2023 . IDF regains control of Re'im military base from Hamas terrorists in southern Israel . . live . October 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007204043/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-regains-control-of-reim-military-base-from-hamas-terrorists-in-southern-israel/ . October 7, 2023.
211. News: Daniella . Cheslow . October 10, 2023 . Israel and the West reckon with a high-tech failure . . October 16, 2023 . October 17, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231017005803/https://www.politico.com/news/2023/10/10/israel-hamas-technology-failure-00120667 . live.
212. News: In Ofakim, one woman's graceful bravery offers precious solace to a grieving nation . . October 13, 2023 . October 11, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231011143848/https://www.timesofisrael.com/in-ofakim-one-womans-graceful-bravery-offers-precious-solace-to-a-grieving-nation/ . live.
213. News: Israeli Woman Who Helped Save a Kibbutz: 'I'm Not a Hero, I Wasn't There by Myself' . . Ran . Shimoni . October 11, 2023 . October 13, 2023 . October 13, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231013003223/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-11/ty-article/.premium/israeli-woman-who-helped-save-a-kibbutz-im-not-a-hero-i-wasnt-there-by-myself/0000018b-1e4f-d47b-a7fb-bfdf2e560000 . live.
214. News: Daily Briefing Jul 29: Day 297 – Golan's Druze demand reprisal for 12 killed by Hezbollah . . August 24, 2024 . August 1, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240801223258/https://www.timesofisrael.com/daily-briefing-jul-29-day-297-golans-druze-demand-reprisal-for-12-killed-by-hezbollah/ . live.
215. News: DIARY: Under siege by Hamas militants, a hometown and the lives within it are scarred forever . July 7, 2024 . . October 20, 2023 . en.
216. News: Dahman . Ibrahim . Gold . Hadas . Iszo . Lauren . Tal . Amir . Salman . Abeer . Khadder . Kareem . Greene . Richard Allen . Alam . Hande Atay . October 7, 2023 . Netanyahu says Israel is 'at war' after Hamas launches surprise attack, takes hostages . July 8, 2024 . . en . Another IDF spokesman, Brigadier General Daniel Hagari, said there were hostage situations in two locations – Ofakim and Beeri. . October 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007094105/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/07/middleeast/sirens-israel-rocket-attack-gaza-intl-hnk/index.html . live.
217. News: The Israeli Town of Ofakim Has Been Cleared of Terrorists but the Blood and Shock Remain . July 7, 2024 . . October 8, 2023 . October 8, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231008183420/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-08/ty-article-magazine/.premium/the-israeli-town-of-ofakim-has-been-cleared-of-terrorists-but-the-blood-and-shock-remain/0000018b-0fe0-dfff-a7eb-aff8ad030000 . live.
218. News: 2 Gaza terrorists found in Rahat a month after October 7 assault . . June 18, 2024 . April 20, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240420074838/https://www.timesofisrael.com/report-2-gaza-terrorists-found-in-rahat-a-month-after-october-7-assault/ . live.
219. News: Hamas envisioned deeper attacks, aiming to provoke an Israeli war . . November 12, 2023 . Shira Rubin and Joby Warrick . February 21, 2024 . November 13, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231113024604/http://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/11/12/hamas-planning-terror-gaza-israel/ . live.
220. News: Hamas planned Ashkelon jail raid to free Palestinian prisoners on October 7 – report. . February 20, 2024 . May 3, 2025 . February 21, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240221033444/https://www.timesofisrael.com/hamas-planned-ashkelon-jail-raid-to-free-palestinian-prisoners-on-october-7-report/. live.
221. News: Israel vows 'mighty vengeance' after deadliest day in 50 years following surprise Hamas attack . October 7, 2023 . . December 19, 2023 . December 19, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231219030130/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/10/07/israel-declares-state-of-war-alert-after-surprise-hamas-attack.html . live.
222. News: Davies . Alys . October 8, 2023 . What we know about Israeli hostages taken by Hamas . . live . October 8, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231008025612/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67044255 . October 8, 2023.
223. News: ג'יי אר דוידוב, מפקד משטרת רהט, נהרג בקרב ליד אופקים . May 19, 2025 . Mako . October 7, 2025 . he.
224. News: Leshem . Eitan . October 14, 2023 . "הם היו בבית 3–4 ימים, חלקם בלי אוכל, חלקם לבד, לא מעט מהם הגיעו אלינו רועדים": הזוועה לא פסחה על חיות המחמד . he . They were in their houses for 3–4 days, some of them without food, some of them alone, quite a few of them came to us trembling: The horror did not spare the pets . . October 14, 2023 . October 20, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231020003819/https://www.haaretz.co.il/travel/2023-10-14/ty-article/.premium/0000018b-22e4-dd34-afdf-f7e79ac30000 . live.
225. News: Sherwood . Harriet . October 17, 2023 . Hamas says 250 people held hostage in Gaza . . October 17, 2023 . 0261-3077 . October 16, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231016235352/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/16/israeli-hostages-hamas-gaza . live.
226. News: Hamas says it has enough Israeli captives to free all Palestinian prisoners . . live . October 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007163709/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/7/hamas-says-it-has-enough-israeli-captives-to-free-all-palestinian-prisoners . October 7, 2023.
227. News: October 25, 2023 . More than half of Hamas' hostages have foreign nationality – Israel . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231106003621/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/more-than-half-hamas-hostages-have-foreign-nationality-israel-2023-10-25/ . November 6, 2023 . November 6, 2023 . Reuters.
228. News: October 17, 2023 . Israel's Negev Bedouins, forgotten victims of the Hamas attack, rally to provide aid . April 25, 2024 . . April 22, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240422233135/https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20231017-negev-bedouins-israel-s-forgotten-victims-of-the-hamas-attack-rally-to-provide-aid . live .
229. מררי . אריאל . ליאור קודנר . פרופ' אריאל מררי: אין לי ספק – חמאס חטף תינוקות כדי להתגונן ממתקפה ישראלית . November 12, 2023 . November 13, 2023 . November 12, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231112174140/https://www.haaretz.co.il/digital/podcast/weekly/2023-11-12/ty-article-podcast/0000018b-c36d-dc2b-a3fb-e7fd61560000 . live .
230. Web site: Westlake . Tamsin . An analysis of the 7th of October 2023 casualties in Israel . AOAV . December 20, 2023 . April 10, 2024 . April 18, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240418233254/https://aoav.org.uk/2023/an-analysis-of-the-7th-of-october-2023-casualties-in-israel-as-a-result-of-the-hamas-attack/ . live.
231. https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20251007-israel-marks-october-7-anniversary-as-talks-held-to-end-gaza-war Israel marks October 7 anniversary as talks held to end Gaza war
232. https://www.barrons.com/news/new-tally-puts-oct-7-attack-death-toll-in-israel-at-1-189-3e038de6 New Tally Puts Oct 7 Attack Death Toll In Israel At 1,189
233. News: Israel social security data reveals true picture of Oct 7 deaths . December 15, 2023 . . December 18, 2023 . December 17, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231217222630/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231215-israel-social-security-data-reveals-true-picture-of-oct-7-deaths . live.
234. Web site: Israel Revises Down October 7 Hamas Attack Death Toll To 1,200: Foreign Ministry . . November 10, 2023 . November 10, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231110195126/https://www.barrons.com/news/israel-revises-down-october-7-hamas-attack-death-toll-to-1-200-foreign-ministry-07097f94 . live.
235. News: March 3, 2024 . 38 children were killed, 20 orphaned on Oct. 7: 'The state did not pass the test of protecting them' . May 14, 2024 . . September 3, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240903082359/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/38-children-were-killed-20-orphaned-on-oct-7-the-state-did-not-pass-the-test-of-protecting-them/ . live.
236. News: October 7, 2024 . Hamas terrorist attacks on October 7: The deadliest day in Israel's history . February 3, 2025 . . en.
237. Web site: Hamas's October 7 Attack: Visualizing the Data. 2023-12-19. 2025-12-01. Center for Strategic and International Studies. Byman. Daniel. McCabe. Riley. Palmer. Alexander. Doxsee. Catrina. Holtz. Mackenzie. Duff. Delaney. The October 7 attack is the deadliest per capita terrorist attack since the Global Terrorism Database started data collection in 1970, with a rate of slightly over one person killed per every 10,000 Israelis..
238. News: Staff . October 12, 2023 . Hamas attack 'deadliest day for Jews since the Holocaust', says Biden, as Israeli jets pound Gaza . February 3, 2025 . . en-GB . 0261-3077.
239. Web site: Confavreux . Josep . Dejean . Mathieu . November 5, 2023 . Enzo Traverso : la guerre à Gaza « brouille la mémoire de l'Holocauste » . Enzo Traverso: Gaza war 'blurs memory of Holocaust' . February 3, 2025 . Mediapart . fr.
240. News: Segal . Raz . Raz Segal . October 24, 2023 . Israel must stop weaponising the Holocaust . February 3, 2025 . . en-GB . 0261-3077.
241. News: Israeli death toll from Hamas attack surpasses 1,000, top military officer says . October 10, 2023 . . October 10, 2023 . October 11, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231011133836/https://thehill.com/policy/4247805-israeli-death-toll-from-hamas-attack-surpasses-1000-top-military-officer-says/ . live.
242. News: November 2, 2023 . IDF says it has notified families of 242 hostages being held in Gaza . Fabian . Emanuel . . November 2, 2023 . November 2, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231102100112/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-says-it-has-notified-families-of-242-hostages-being-held-in-gaza/ . live.
243. News: Israel Believes Some of Those Missing After Hamas' Attack Will Not Be Found. Haaretz. Yaniv. Kubovich. October 19, 2023. October 20, 2023. October 20, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231020001636/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-19/ty-article/.premium/israel-believes-some-of-those-missing-after-hamas-attack-will-not-be-found/0000018b-4942-d5d2-afef-cdff5b7f0000. live.
244. • Web site: Johnston . Holly . October 12, 2023 . Palestinian paramedic missing after Hamas attack at Israel music festival . October 12, 2023 . The National . October 12, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231012180504/https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/2023/10/12/paramedic-missing-hamas-attack-israel-music-festival/ . live.
     • News: Bedouin Leader in Israel Says Community Lost Lives in Attack . October 11, 2023. . Anat . Peled . October 11, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231011073732/https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/israel-hamas-war-gaza/card/bedouin-leader-criticizes-israeli-response-qnYiTMMNVllFq1upZmES . live.
     • News: Sharon . Jeremy . Bachner . Michael . Ben Gvir widely panned for warning of renewed Jewish-Arab intercommunal riots . October 11, 2023 . . October 11, 2023 . October 11, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231011190503/https://www.timesofisrael.com/ben-gvir-widely-panned-for-warning-of-renewed-jewish-arab-intercommunal-riots/ . live.
     • News: At least six Arab Israelis missing since Hamas attack, likely kidnapped . . October 11, 2023 . Jack . Khoury . Nir . Hasson . October 10, 2023 . October 11, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231011013109/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-10/ty-article-live/900-israelis-killed-2-400-wounded-in-war-with-hamas/0000018b-17bd-d465-abbb-17bf23000000 . live.
245. Web site: Israel – Complex Emergency . IFRC . January 21, 2024.
246. Web site: Corpses and kid's bikes, burned homes and death in kibbutz where Hamas butchered 100. October 11, 2023. The Times of Israel. October 11, 2023 . October 12, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231012092912/https://www.timesofisrael.com/corpses-and-kids-bikes-burned-homes-and-death-in-kibbutz-where-hamas-butchered-100/. live.
247. News: 'Nobody could help us' – Shock and anger in Israel's Ashkelon. October 9, 2023. BBC News. October 8, 2023 . October 9, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231009000452/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67048672 . live.
248. News: Sella. Adam. October 8, 2023. Tel Aviv's residents start venturing out. Al Jazeera English. live . October 10, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231008221205/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/8/tel-avivs-resident-start-venturing-out . October 8, 2023.
249. News: 14 kids under 10, 25 people over 80: Up-to-date breakdown of Oct 7 victims we know about . The Times of Israel . December 4, 2023 . December 15, 2023 . December 4, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231204235558/https://www.timesofisrael.com/14-kids-under-10-25-people-over-80-up-to-date-breakdown-of-oct-7-victims-we-know-about/ . live .
250. News: October 8, 2023. Ex-soccer star Lior Asulin among those killed at nature party. The Times of Israel. October 8, 2023 . October 8, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231008144950/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/ex-soccer-star-lior-asulin-among-those-killed-at-nature-party/ . live.
251. News: Fabian. Emanuel. October 7, 2023. The Times of Israel. Head of Sha'ar Hanegev council Ofir Liebstein killed in gunfight with Hamas terrorists. October 7, 2023 . October 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007094609/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/head-of-shaar-hanegev-council-ofir-liebstein-killed-in-gunfight-with-hamas-terrorists/ . live.
252. News: October 8, 2023. The Chief of the Rahat police, Sen. Giyar Davidov, was killed today. October 7, 2023. Cedar News. ar . October 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007231427/https://cedarnews.net/task/breakingnews/news-task/640691/the-chief-of-the-rahat-police-sen-giyar-davidov-was-killed-today/ . live.
253. News: Palestinians rush to buy food and struggle under strikes as Israel readies possible ground operation. October 12, 2023. . October 12, 2023. October 12, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231012055133/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-airstrikes-cabinet-beb1fa2b9e4ede6cf4568dd6c86ff11a. live.
254. News: Fabian. Emanuel. October 8, 2023. IDF says commander of elite 'Ghost' unit among those killed in battles. . October 8, 2023 . October 9, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231009001617/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-says-commander-of-elite-ghost-unit-among-those-killed-in-battles/ . live.
255. News: Commander of IDF's Nahal Brigade killed in clashes with Hamas on Gaza border. The Times of Israel. October 7, 2023 . October 7, 2023 . October 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007231424/https://www.timesofisrael.com/commander-of-idfs-nahal-brigade-killed-in-clashes-with-hamas-on-gaza-border/. live.
256. News: Israel at war: IDF discloses names of personnel killed in line of duty. i24. October 9, 2023 . October 9, 2023 . October 9, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231009170234/https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/israel/society/1696834023-israel-at-war-idf-discloses-names-of-its-personnel-that-were-killed-in-line-of-duty . live.
257. News: Fabian . Emanuel . Officer, 2 soldiers killed in clash with terrorists on Lebanon border; mortars fired . . October 9, 2023 . October 11, 2023 . October 9, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231009170223/https://www.timesofisrael.com/mortars-fired-from-lebanon-infiltrators-killed-as-6-israelis-hurt-in-gunfight/ . live.
258. News: November 14, 2023 . . Peace Activist Thought to Be a Hostage in Gaza Is Confirmed Dead. Nadav . Gavrielov . November 19, 2023 . November 19, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231119194226/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/14/world/middleeast/vivian-silver-canada-hamas-israel.html . live.
259. News: October 15, 2023 . Yaniv, Yasmin, Keshet and Tehelet Zohar: News photographer, wife, daughters murdered . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231207191540/https://www.timesofisrael.com/yaniv-zohar-54-news-photographer-and-family-murdered-son-escaped/ . December 7, 2023 . January 18, 2024 . The Times of Israel.
260. Web site: Swords of Iron: Civilian Casualties. HomePage . fr . March 7, 2025.
261. Web site: All-Party Parliamentary Group Israel-UK . March 18, 2025 . . 7 October Parliamentary Commission Report . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20250318205950/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/67bf0490d422da027d74c55c/t/67d80d04b3bde77ec3ac2b66/1742212374048/The+7+October+Parliamentary+Commission+Report+-+The+Roberts+Report+-+APPG+UK-Israel.pdf . March 18, 2025 . March 18, 2025 . . 232, 267, 269. Title at the foot of pages: The Roberts Report on The October 7 Attacks
262. News: לשם . איתן . November 8, 2023 . צה"ל משתמש במשדרים המוצמדים לעופות דורסים כדי לאתר גופות נסתרות בשטח . he . Haaretz . November 9, 2023.
263. News: Gritten . David . November 7, 2023 . Israeli archaeologists help find remains of Hamas attack victims. . November 12, 2023 . November 12, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231112111142/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67343928 . live .
264. News: Lubell . Maayan . Hayun . Dedi . November 8, 2023 . Israeli archaeologists help find remains of Hamas attack victims . Reuters . November 12, 2023 . November 12, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231112111142/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israeli-archaeologists-help-find-remains-hamas-attack-victims-2023-11-08/ . live .
265. News: Pacchiani. Gianluca. Islamic Jihad leader claims terror group is holding over 30 Israeli hostages. October 8, 2023. . October 8, 2023 . October 8, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231008184608/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/islamic-jihad-leader-claims-terror-group-is-holding-over-30-israeli-hostages/ . live.
266. News: Goldenberg . Tia . Shurafa . Wafaa . October 8, 2023 . Hamas fighters storm Israeli towns in surprise attack; Israel responds with deadly strikes on Gaza . . live . October 8, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231008051308/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-rockets-airstrikes-tel-aviv-ca7903976387cfc1e1011ce9ea805a71 . October 8, 2023.
267. News: Civilian hostages in Hamas custody killed in Be'eri near Gaza border, CNN verified videos show . October 9, 2023 . . October 9, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231009082701/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/09/middleeast/israel-gaza-hamas-beeri-hostages-killed-intl-hnk/index.html . live.
268. News: Israeli Strikes On Gaza Kill Four 'Prisoners': Hamas. October 9, 2023. . October 9, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231009130842/https://www.barrons.com/news/israeli-strikes-on-gaza-kill-four-prisoners-hamas-76bea3c9?refsec=topics_afp-news . live.
269. News: Ynet Photographer missing with daughter, wife murdered . Matan . Tzuri . Lior . El-Hai . October 9, 2023 . . October 12, 2023 . October 12, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231012210310/https://www.ynetnews.com/article/sjsninbzp. live.
270. Web site: צלם ynet רועי עידן נרצח בכפר עזה עם אשתו, הבת הקטנה נעדרת, "חבר טוב ואדם מיוחד ויקר" . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231019214559/https://www.inn.co.il/news/617228 . October 19, 2023 . October 19, 2023 . inn.co.il . he.
271. News: Hamas video appears to show release of woman, two children . October 11, 2023 . . October 12, 2023 . October 12, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231012192501/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/11/hamas-video-appears-to-show-release-of-woman-two-children . live.
272. News: Zitun . Yoav . December 12, 2023 . One-fifth of troop fatalities in Gaza due to friendly fire or accidents, IDF reports . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231214212217/https://www.ynetnews.com/article/rkjqoobip . December 14, 2023 . December 15, 2023 . . Casualties fell as a result of friendly fire on October 7, but the IDF believes that beyond the operational investigations of the events, it would not be morally sound to investigate these incidents due to the immense and complex quantity of them that took place in the kibbutzim and southern Israeli communities due to the challenging situations the soldiers were in at the time..
273. News: ראובני . נוב . October 24, 2023 . חשבו שהם ראו כבר הכל: אנשי המכון לרפואה משפטית מדברים על הזוועות . כאן 11 . October 27, 2023 . October 26, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231026235158/https://www.kan.org.il/content/kan/kan-actual/p-11894/news-item/581538/ . live .
274. News: The biblical archaeologist finding the victims Hamas burned. The Economist. Wendell. Steavenson. November 5, 2023. November 6, 2023. November 7, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231107105307/https://www.economist.com/1843/2023/11/05/the-biblical-archaeologist-finding-the-victims-hamas-burned. live.
275. News: 'That was a mistake': Mehdi challenges Israeli adviser Mark Regev on false Israeli claims . February 13, 2024 . MSNBC . October 16, 2023 . 6'45":...1400...revised that down to 1200...there were bodies that were so badly burnt, we thought they were ours, in the end, apparently they were Hamas terrorists . February 13, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240213212657/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HD-yRuTasHU . live .
276. News: November 10, 2023 . Israel revises down toll from October 7 attack to 'around 1,200' . Al Jazeera . https://web.archive.org/web/20231111000449/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/10/israel-revises-death-toll-from-october-7-hamas-attack-to-1200-people . November 11, 2023.
277. News: November 14, 2023 . Police say they've identified 859 civilian victims from 7 October massacre, up 16 . The Times of Israel . November 16, 2023 . November 20, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231120074925/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/police-say-theyve-identified-859-civilian-victims-from-october-7-massacre-up-16/ . live .
278. News: November 12, 2023 . What We Know About the Death Toll in Israel From the Hamas-Led Attacks . The New York Times . https://web.archive.org/web/20231114005923/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/12/world/middleeast/israel-death-toll-hamas-attack.html . November 14, 2023. At least 278 soldiers were killed in the battles inside Israel, according to the Israeli military's website..
279. https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/three-soldiers-abducted-by-hamas-declared-dead-by-army/ Three soldiers abducted by Hamas declared dead by army
280. News: Authorities name 682 soldiers, 63 police officers killed in Gaza war . Emanuel . Fabian . . October 21, 2023 . October 17, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231017234834/https://www.timesofisrael.com/authorities-name-44-soldiers-30-police-officers-killed-in-hamas-attack/ . live.
281. https://www.barrons.com/news/new-tally-puts-october-7-attack-dead-in-israel-at-1-163-78182279 New Tally Puts October 7 Attack Dead In Israel At 1,163
282. Web site: Netanyahu pleads ignorance in meeting with families of slain surveillance soldiers | The Times of Israel. . July 17, 2024 . July 17, 2024. July 17, 2024. https://archive.today/20240717101017/https://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-pleads-ignorance-in-meeting-with-families-of-slain-surveillance-soldiers/. live.
283. Web site: Fabian . Emanuel . Spiro . Amy . Final unaccounted for October 7 victim died in onslaught, IDF confirms | The Times of Israel. . August 6, 2024 . August 8, 2024. August 8, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240808100734/https://www.timesofisrael.com/final-unaccounted-for-october-7-victim-died-in-onslaught-idf-confirms/. live.
284. News: December 6, 2023 . Biden calls reports of Hamas raping Israeli hostages 'appalling,' says world can't look away . .
285. • News: Rubin . Shira . November 25, 2023 . Israel investigates an elusive, horrific enemy: Rape as a weapon of war. . live . November 29, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231128081253/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/25/israel-hamas-rape-sexual-violence/ . November 28, 2023.
     • News: Sexual Violence Evidence Against Hamas Is Mounting, but the Road to Court Is Still Long . . live . November 29, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231123215829/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-11-22/ty-article-magazine/.premium/sexual-assault-evidence-against-hamas-is-mounting-but-the-road-to-court-is-still-long/0000018b-f6bb-dafe-a18f-f7fb0a570000 . November 23, 2023.
     • News: The Scope of Hamas' Campaign of Rape Against Israeli Women Is Revealed, Testimony After Testimony . https://archive.today/20240107114704/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-11-30/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/hamas-campaign-of-rape-against-israeli-women-is-revealed-testimony-after-testimony/0000018c-2144-da36-a1de-6767dac90000 . January 7, 2024 . February 5, 2024 . Haaretz.
286. News: Stancati . Margherita . Ayyoub . Abeer . December 21, 2023 . Gazans Are Starting to Blame Hamas for Wartime Suffering . subscription . live . https://archive.today/20231221041400/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/gazans-are-starting-to-blame-hamas-for-wartime-suffering-066256b0 . December 21, 2023 . December 21, 2023 . The Wall Street Journal.
287. News: Lawless . Jill . . November 5, 2023 . How international law applies to war, and why Hamas and Israel are both alleged to have broken it . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231128175241/https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2023-11-05/how-international-law-applies-to-war-and-why-hamas-and-israel-are-both-alleged-to-have-broken-it . November 28, 2023 . November 29, 2023 . Los Angeles Times.
288. News: December 5, 2023 . Israel Gaza: Hamas raped and mutilated women on 7 October, BBC hears . . December 7, 2023.
289. News: Hinsliff . Gaby . Gaby Hinsliff . December 1, 2023 . Whatever your view of the Israel-Hamas war, rape is rape. To trivialise it is to diminish ourselves . December 14, 2023 . . 0261-3077.
290. News: Carrie . Keller-Lynn . November 9, 2023 . Amid war and urgent need to ID bodies, evidence of Hamas's October 7 rapes slips away . . live . November 29, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231111231211/https://www.timesofisrael.com/amid-war-and-urgent-need-to-id-bodies-evidence-of-hamass-october-7-rapes-slips-away/ . November 11, 2023.
291. News: December 5, 2023 . Hamas accused of using rape as weapon of war in Israel in October 7 attack . .
292. Web site: Grim . Ryan . Boguslaw . Daniel . Scahill . Jeremy . February 29, 2024 . Between the Hammer and the Anvil: The Story Behind the New York Times October 7 Exposé . April 1, 2024 . .
293. Web site: Scahill . Jeremy . Grim . Ryan . March 4, 2024 . Kibbutz Be'eri Rejects Story in New York Times October 7 Exposé: "They Were Not Sexually Abused" . October 6, 2024 . The Intercept . en-US.
294. News: Rozovsky . Liza . April 18, 2024 . 15 Witnesses, Three Confessions, a Pattern of Naked Dead Bodies. All the Evidence of Hamas Rape on October 7 . https://archive.today/20240418162906/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-04-18/ty-article-magazine/.premium/witnesses-confessions-naked-dead-bodies-all-the-evidence-of-hamas-rape-on-oct-7/0000018e-f114-d92e-abfe-f77f7e3f0000 . April 18, 2024 . Haaretz.
295. Mor . Zohar . Kugel . Chen . Mizrahi . Hagar . Kaliner . Ehud . November 2024 . Mass killing during terror attack at the Israel-Gaza border and the role of the Ministry of Health in identification of human remains and their release . Forensic Science International . 363 . 1 . 112188 . 10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112188 . 1872-6283 . 39128201 . Bodies were delivered to a central mortuary. Each body was coded and undressed for external inspection and documentation of physical elements... Whole-body CT was performed in cases the bodies were disfigured or burned from the second week.
296. News: Gettleman . Jeffrey . Jeffrey Gettleman . Schwartz . Anat . Anat Schwartz . Sella . Adam . Shaar-Yashuv . Avishag . December 28, 2023 . 'Screams Without Words': How Hamas Weaponized Sexual Violence on Oct. 7 . March 5, 2024 . . A two-month investigation by The Times uncovered painful new details, establishing that the attacks against women were not isolated events but part of a broader pattern of gender-based violence on Oct. 7. . 0362-4331 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240306020559/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/28/world/middleeast/oct-7-attacks-hamas-israel-sexual-violence.html . March 6, 2024.
297. Web site: Grim . Ryan . Boguslaw . Daniel . New York Times Puts "Daily" Episode On Ice Amid Internal Firestorm Over Hamas Sexual Violence Article . theintercept.com . January 29, 2024 . The Intercept . February 14, 2024.
298. News: Vasilyeva . Nataliya . Kierszenbaum . Quique . December 30, 2023 . Why the full extent of Hamas's sex crimes may never be known . January 8, 2024 . The Telegraph . 0307-1235.
299. Web site: Unit . Al Jazeera Investigative . October 7: Forensic analysis shows Hamas abuses, many false Israeli claims . . March 21, 2024 . March 21, 2024.
300. News: Rasgon . Adam . Odenheimer . Natan . March 25, 2024 . Israeli Soldier's Video Undercuts Medic's Account of Sexual Assault . . https://web.archive.org/web/20250209000606/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/25/world/middleeast/video-sexual-assault-israel-kibbutz-hamas.html . February 9, 2025.
301. News: Borger . Julian . March 4, 2024 . UN finds 'convincing information' that Hamas raped and tortured Israeli hostages . March 30, 2024 . . 0261-3077 . https://web.archive.org/web/20250203065504/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/04/un-envoy-reports-on-accounts-of-hamas-raping-and-torturing-israeli-hostages . February 3, 2025.
302. Web site: United Nations Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary General on Sexual Violence in Conflict . March 4, 2024 . Mission report – Official visit of the Office of the SRSG-SVC to Israel and the occupied West Bank 29 January – 14 February 2024 . March 5, 2024 . . March 4, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240304224551/https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/report/mission-report-official-visit-of-the-office-of-the-srsg-svc-to-israel-and-the-occupied-west-bank-29-january-14-february-2024/20240304-Israel-oWB-CRSV-report.pdf . live.
303. News: Philp . Catherine . Weiniger . Gabrielle . June 7, 2024 . Israel says Hamas weaponised rape. Does the evidence add up? . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20241008030639/https://www.thetimes.com/magazines/the-times-magazine/article/israel-hamas-rape-investigation-evidence-october-7-6kzphszsj . October 8, 2024 . August 11, 2024 . The Times.
304. News: April 23, 2024 . Israel fumes as UN secretary-general leaves Hamas off sexual violence blacklist . . https://web.archive.org/web/20250131032427/https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-fumes-as-un-secretay-general-leaves-hamas-off-sexual-violence-blacklist/ . January 31, 2025.
305. News: Rozovsky . Liza . January 8, 2025 . Israel Blocks UN Probe Into Hamas Sexual Crimes From October 7 to Avoid Inquiry Into Abuse of Palestinians . https://archive.today/20250126114219/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2025-01-08/ty-article/.premium/israel-blocks-un-hamas-sexual-crimes-probe-to-avoid-inquiry-into-abuse-of-palestinians/00000194-44e0-d087-a9bd-7de1d5f20000 . January 26, 2025 . live . subscription . Haaretz.
306. Web site: June 12, 2024 . Israeli authorities, Palestinian armed groups are responsible for war crimes, other grave violations of international law, UN Inquiry finds . United Nations Human Rights.
307. News: Pokharel . Sugam . Nicholls . Catherine . Yeung . Jessie . Karadsheh . Jomana . June 12, 2024 . Inquiry says Israel and Hamas have both committed war crimes since October 7 . CNN.
308. News: June 12, 2024 . Report by UN-backed experts cites crimes by Israeli forces, Palestinian militants starting Oct. 7 . Associated Press.
309. Web site: January 6, 2025 . 'We don't have any complainants,' Israeli prosecutor says dept failed to gather evidence on Oct 7 'mass rape' claims . July 3, 2025 . The New Indian Express . en.
310. News: Blinken describes images of Hamas attack victims, pledges US support on trip to Israel . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231114182231/https://abcnews.go.com/International/blinken-meets-hamas-attack-survivors-pledges-us-support/story?id=103925374 . November 14, 2023 . November 15, 2023 . ABC News.
311. News: Medics describe atrocities committed by Hamas on Oct 7 . . November 1, 2023 . Jake . Tapper . Jake Tapper . November 1, 2023 . November 1, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231101153242/https://edition.cnn.com/videos/world/2023/10/31/the-lead-jake-tapper-hamas-atrocities-live.cnn . live.
312. News: Berman . Lazar . 'At least 40 babies killed': Foreign reporters taken to massacre site in Kfar Aza . October 10, 2023 . . October 12, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231012193700/https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-takes-foreign-journalists-to-see-massacre-site-in-kfar-aza/ . live.
313. News: Joshua . Zitser . Rebecca . Cohen . IDF says Hamas fighters killed and decapitated babies at one kibbutz near the Gaza border . . October 10, 2023 . October 11, 2023 . October 11, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231011000739/https://www.businessinsider.com/idf-says-hamas-decapitated-babies-in-israel-2023-10 . live.
314. News: October 12, 2023 . Unverified reports of '40 babies beheaded' in Israel-Hamas war inflame social media . Kat . Tenbarge . Melissa . Chan . October 19, 2023 . . October 12, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231012182948/https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/internet/unverified-allegations-beheaded-babies-israel-hamas-war-inflame-social-rcna119902 . live.
315. News: October 10, 2023 . Inside the Israeli border village where Hamas 'atrocities' have shocked IDF soldiers . Bel . Trew. October 10, 2023 . . October 10, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231010184508/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/kfar-aza-israel-village-hamas-attack-b2427446.html . live.
316. News: 'It smells of death here': Surveying the scenes of atrocities in Kfar Aza . October 11, 2023 . . October 10, 2023 . October 10, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231010181638/https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/israel-at-war/1696938010-it-smells-of-death-here-surveying-the-scenes-of-atrocities-in-kfar-aza . live.
317. News: Kessler . Glenn . December 7, 2023 . Analysis Biden yet again says Hamas beheaded babies. Has new evidence emerged? . August 11, 2024 . Washington Post . en-US . 0190-8286.
318. News: Rabinowitz . Aaron . January 31, 2024 . Death and Donations: Did the Israeli Volunteer Group Handling the Dead of October 7 Exploit Its Role? . January 26, 2024 . . February 9, 2024 . https://archive.today/20240209154317/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-01-31/ty-article-magazine/.premium/death-and-donations-did-the-volunteer-group-handling-the-october-7-dead-exploit-its-role/0000018d-5a73-d997-adff-df7bdb670000 . live . Tales of imagination
     This horrific incident, which the Zaka volunteer alleged occurred in Be'eri, simply didn't happen.
319. News: October 25, 2023 . Journalist describes footage of Hamas atrocities compiled by the IDF . . . October 26, 2023 . October 26, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231026041233/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EW0Atcdy38g&feature=youtu.be . live.
320. News: Carroll . Rory . October 23, 2023 . Israel shows footage of Hamas killings 'to counter denial of atrocities' . . October 28, 2023 . 0261-3077 . October 28, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231028212742/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/23/israel-shows-footage-of-hamas-killings-to-counter-denial-of-atrocities . live.
321. News: Estrin . Daniel . Bashir . Abu Bakr . Balaban . Samantha . Harbage . Claire . October 27, 2023 . New details emerge about the Hamas-led attackers who massacred Israelis . . October 28, 2023 . October 28, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231028190716/https://www.npr.org/2023/10/27/1208836319/israel-hamas-islamic-jihad-militants-videos-details . live.
322. Web site: October 18, 2023 . Israel/Palestine: Videos of Hamas-Led Attacks Verified . . October 28, 2023 . October 28, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231028190716/https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/10/18/israel/palestine-videos-hamas-led-attacks-verified . live.
323. News: Ramsay . Stuart . October 16, 2023 . Israel-Hamas war: Recovered bodies show 'bloodthirsty' gunmen 'took time over torture' – and that Hamas has changed . October 19, 2023 . . October 15, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231015215425/https://news.sky.com/story/israel-gaza-war-recovered-bodies-show-bloodthirsty-gunmen-took-time-over-torture-and-that-hamas-has-changed-12985212 . live.
324. News: ToI Staff . Kill, behead, rape: Interrogated Hamas members detail atrocities against civilians . October 29, 2023 . . October 29, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231029160226/https://www.timesofisrael.com/kill-behead-rape-interrogated-hamas-members-detail-atrocities-against-civilians/ . live.
325. News: Israel likely tortured Palestinian to record rape confession, say rights groups . August 11, 2024 . . en.
326. Web site: November 26, 2023 . Gender-Based Violence as a Weapon of War during the October 7 Hamas Attacks Position Paper . August 11, 2024 . Physicians for Human Rights Israel . en-US.
327. News: October 15, 2023 . Israeli forensic teams describe signs of torture, abuse . . October 29, 2023 . October 28, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231028215804/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israeli-forensic-teams-describe-signs-torture-abuse-2023-10-15/ . live.
328. News: Tapper . Jake . November 17, 2023 . Video: Witness describes sexual assault of Israeli women by Hamas militants on Oct. 7 . . November 17, 2023.
329. News: Hasson . Nir . Hamas Committed Documented Atrocities. But a Few False Stories Feed the Deniers . . December 4, 2023 . https://archive.today/20231220010209/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-12-04/ty-article-magazine/.premium/hamas-committed-documented-atrocities-but-a-few-false-stories-feed-the-deniers/0000018c-34f3-da74-afce-b5fbe24f0000 . December 20, 2023 . December 5, 2023.
330. Web site: Shoaib . Alia . Hamas militants ate family's meal after they tortured and mutilated parents and 2 young children, Blinken says . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231104020341/https://www.businessinsider.com/israel-hamas-gaza-militants-ate-lunch-tortured-mutilated-young-family-2023-10 . November 4, 2023 . November 15, 2023 . Business Insider.
331. Web site: Scahill . Jeremy . February 7, 2024 . Israel's Ruthless Propaganda Campaign to Dehumanize Palestinians . March 30, 2024 . The Intercept.
332. Web site: Gupta . Arun . February 27, 2024 . American Media Keep Citing Zaka — Though Its October 7 Atrocity Stories Are Discredited in Israel . March 30, 2024 . The Intercept.
333. News: Forensic teams still working to identify bodies 10 days after Hamas massacres Israel-Gaza war . December 18, 2023 . . October 17, 2023.
334. News: November 16, 2023 . Inside the Israeli lab 'reassembling and reconnecting' the mangled bodies of the dead . December 18, 2023 . Los Angeles Times.
335. News: Poris . Aaron . October 19, 2023 . Evidence on Display at Israel's Forensic Pathology Center Confirms Hamas' Atrocities . The Media Line . October 22, 2023.
336. Web site: Poris . Aaron . October 24, 2023 . Horrific Footage of Hamas Atrocities Revealed by IDF Shakes Global Media . October 27, 2024 . The Media Line.
337. News: ToI Staff . January 18, 2024 . Father of fallen soldier: Terrorist decapitated my son, tried to sell head for $10,000 . June 9, 2024 . The Times of Israel.
338. News: Barnea . Yuval . January 18, 2024 . Gazans Tried to Sell Fallen IDF Soldier's Head for $10,000, Says Soldier's Father . June 9, 2024 . The Jerusalem Post.
339. News: ToI Staff . February 18, 2024 . Sgt. Adir Tahar, 19: Quiet Boy Who Fulfilled Dream of Joining Golani . October 27, 2024 . The Times of Israel.
340. News: April 3, 2024 . '40 beheaded babies': Deconstructing the rumor at the heart of the information battle between Israel and Hamas . November 28, 2024 . . en.
341. Wille . Belkis . July 17, 2024 . "I Can't Erase All the Blood from My Mind" . . en.
342. News: Many Israelis accuse government's of inept, chaotic response to October 7 massacre . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231113074458/https://www.timesofisrael.com/many-israelis-accuse-governments-of-inept-chaotic-response-to-october-7-massacre/ . November 13, 2023 . November 13, 2023 . The Times of Israel.
343. News: he:הטעיה של חמאס למסוקי צה"ל והכוונת טייסים בוואטסאפ . hataya shel chamas lemesuki tza"le vehakavnet taysim bevatsup . Hamas deception of IDF helicopters . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231113050601/https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/b111niukzt . November 13, 2023 . November 13, 2023 . YNET . he.
344. News: What happened in Israel? A breakdown of how Hamas attack unfolded: 06:45 GMT – Israeli attacks . August 24, 2024 . . October 9, 2023.
345. Web site: Hamas-Israel War – Real Time Updates . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231013102344/https://www.idf.il/en/mini-sites/hamas-israel-war-october-2023/real-time-updates-hamas-israel-war/ . October 13, 2023 . idf.il.
346. News: October 8, 2023 . Two Israeli tourists and local guide shot dead in Egypt, Israel says . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231008120503/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67046394 . October 8, 2023 . October 8, 2023 . BBC News.
347. 1710622311760413115 . netanyahu . October 7, 2023 . October 7, 2023 . he . he:דבריי בפתח ישיבת הקבינט . My words at the beginning of the cabinet meeting:.
348. News: October 7, 2023 . Security cabinet says Israel will destroy military, governmental abilities of Hamas, Islamic Jihad . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231008000150/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/security-cabinet-says-israel-will-destroy-military-governmental-abilities-of-hamas-islamic-jihad/ . October 8, 2023 . October 7, 2023 . The Times of Israel.
349. Web site: Hjelmgaard . Kim . Exclusive: Israel decided to kill Iran’s leader after Oct. 7 attack . 2026-03-03 . USA TODAY . en-US.
350. News: Cook . Jonathan . December 15, 2023 . Why is western media ignoring evidence of Israel's own actions on 7 October? . https://web.archive.org/web/20231215161307/https://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/israel-palestine-war-media-ignoring-evidence-actions-7-october . December 15, 2023 . December 15, 2023 . live . Middle East Eye.
351. News: Breiner . Josh . November 18, 2023 . Israeli Security Establishment: Hamas Likely Didn't Have Advance Knowledge of Nova Festival . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231118160048/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-11-18/ty-article/.premium/israeli-security-establishment-hamas-likely-didnt-have-prior-knowledge-of-nova-festival/0000018b-e2ee-d168-a3ef-f7fe8ca20000 . November 18, 2023 . November 19, 2023 . . According to a police source, the investigation also indicates that an IDF combat helicopter that arrived to the scene and fired at terrorists there apparently also hit some festival participants..
352. Web site: November 19, 2023 . Israel Police slams 'Haaretz' claim IDF helicopter may have harmed civilians on Oct. 7 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231119164605/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/israel-police-slams-haaretz-claim-idf-helicopter-may-have-harmed-civilians-on-oct-7/ . November 19, 2023 . November 19, 2023 . The Times of Israel.
353. News: Bergman . Ronen . Ronen Bergman . Zitun . Yoav . January 10, 2024 . he:ההוראה: למנוע ממחבלים לחזור לעזה 'בכל מחיר', גם אם יש איתם חטופים . hahor'a: lemanoa mimchavlim lechzor le'eza tavivkel mechir, gam am yesh itam hatofim . The instructions: prevent terrorists from returning to Gaza "at all costs" even if there are hostages with them . https://web.archive.org/web/20240224193530/https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/yokra13754368 . February 24, 2024 . January 12, 2024 . live . . he.
354. News: Bergman . Ronen . Ronen Bergman . Zitun . Yoav . January 12, 2024 . השעות הראשונות של השבת השחורה . The first hours of Black Saturday . https://web.archive.org/web/20240118162157/https://w.ynet.co.il/yediot/7-days/time-of-darkness . January 18, 2024 . January 19, 2024 . . he.
355. Web site: UN finds at least 14 Israelis likely intentionally killed by own army on 7 October . June 13, 2024 . Middle East Eye . en.
356. News: September 6, 2024 . Israel accused of killing its own civilians under the 'Hannibal Directive' to avoid them being taken hostage . September 8, 2024 . . en-AU . September 9, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240909021335/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-09-07/israel-hannibal-directive-kidnap-hamas-gaza-hostages-idf/104224430 . live.
357. Web site: . October 19, 2023 . Genocide Emergency Alert: Israel and Gaza . December 7, 2023.
358. News: Winer . Stuart . October 15, 2023 . Hamas actions are war crimes, could constitute genocide – international law experts . .
359. News: Sokol . Sam . October 16, 2023 . Deadly Hamas Rampage Constitutes 'International Crime of Genocide,' Hundreds of Legal Experts Say . December 7, 2023 . Haaretz.
360. News: Gettleman . Jeffrey . Jeffrey Gettleman . Sella . Adam . Schwartz . Anat . Anat Schwartz . December 4, 2023 . What We Know About Sexual Violence During the Oct. 7 Attacks on Israel . https://web.archive.org/web/20231204200541/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/04/world/middleeast/oct-7-attacks-israel-hamas-sexual-violence.html . December 4, 2023 . December 4, 2023 . . 0362-4331.
361. News: November 25, 2023 . Israel investigates an elusive, horrific enemy: Rape as a weapon of war . December 7, 2023 . The Washington Post.
362. Web site: October 18, 2023 . Legal Experts: Hamas committed War Crimes, Genocide . December 7, 2023 . Genocide Watch.
363. News: How the term "genocide" is misused in the Israel-Hamas war . . December 7, 2023 . 0013-0613.
364. Web site: Elkayam-Levy. Cochav. Gilad. Michal. Rudyak. Ilya. Cotler. Irwin. March 3, 2025. The New Crime of Kinocide. Lieber Institute . July 14, 2025.
365. News: Elkayam-Levy and . Cochav . Cotler. Irwin . May 20, 2024. Kinocide: Hamas targeting of families is a new crime against humanity. The Times of Israel. July 14, 2025 . 0040-7909.
366. Web site: October 20, 2023 . Hamas official says group 'well aware' of consequences of attack on Israel, Palestinian liberation comes with 'sacrifices' . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231102073534/https://www.arabnews.com/node/2394966/middle-east . November 2, 2023 . November 2, 2023 . Arab News.
367. News: Hubbard . Ben . Abi-Habib . Maria . November 8, 2023 . Behind Hamas's Bloody Gambit to Create a 'Permanent' State of War . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231111105142/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/08/world/middleeast/hamas-israel-gaza-war.html . November 11, 2023 . November 10, 2023 . . 0362-4331.
368. Web site: November 1, 2023 . 'We will repeat October 7 again and again' – Hamas official . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231112091745/https://www.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/article-771199 . November 12, 2023 . November 11, 2023 . The Jerusalem Post.
369. News: Pacchiani . Gianluca . Bachner . Michael . Hamas official says group aims to repeat Oct. 7 onslaught many times to destroy Israel . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231107182541/https://www.timesofisrael.com/hamas-official-says-group-aims-to-repeat-oct-7-onslaught-many-times-to-destroy-israel/#:~:text=A%20senior%20member%20of%20Hamas,future%20until%20Israel%20is%20exterminated. . November 7, 2023 . November 7, 2023 . The Times of Israel.
370. News: Hamas denies it killed children in fight with Israel . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231104205316/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/hamas-denies-it-killed-children-in-fight-with-israel/3015680 . November 4, 2023 . November 4, 2023.
371. News: October 11, 2023 . A Hamas leader refuses to admit his group planned to kill civilians . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231107124816/https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2023/10/11/a-hamas-leader-refuses-to-admit-his-group-planned-to-kill-civilians . November 7, 2023 . November 11, 2023 . . 0013-0613.
372. News: Hamas says October 7 attack was a 'necessary step', admits to 'some faults' . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240204194616/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/21/hamas-says-october-7-attack-was-a-necessary-step-admits-to-some-faults . February 4, 2024 . January 22, 2024 . Al Jazeera English.
373. News: Hamas says October 7 attack on Israel was a 'necessary step' . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240204194616/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/21/hamas-says-october-7-attack-was-a-necessary-step-admits-to-some-faults . February 4, 2024 . January 22, 2024 . Al Jazeera English.
374. News: October 7, 2023 . Abbas: Palestinian people have the right to defend themselves . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231104204042/https://www.reuters.com/article/israel-palestinians-abbas-idAFS8N3AU0AU . November 4, 2023 . November 4, 2023 . Reuters.
375. Web site: President Abbas orders immediate dispatch of aid to Gaza amidst Israeli aggression . WAFA.
376. News: Abbas says Hamas actions 'don't represent Palestinians,' then seems to backtrack . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240101210102/https://www.timesofisrael.com/abbas-says-hamas-actions-dont-represent-palestinians-then-seems-to-backtrack/ . January 1, 2024 . January 1, 2024 . The Times of Israel.
377. News: President Abbas says Hamas' actions do not represent Palestinians . October 16, 2023 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240101210102/https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2023/10/16/President-Abbas-says-Hamas-actions-do-not-represent-Palestinians . January 1, 2024 . January 1, 2024.
378. News: Gilani . Iftikhar . 'This was an act of resistance against the occupation army': Hanan Ashrawi . Frontline . October 30, 2023.
379. News: March 15, 2024 . Fatah hits back at criticism of new PM by Hamas, other Palestinian groups . April 29, 2024 . . en.
380. News: May 17, 2024 . PA's Abbas accuses Hamas of giving Israel 'pretexts' for Gaza war with Oct. 7 attack . The Times of Israel.
381. News: November 21, 2023 . Israel's Assault on Gaza Is Making Hamas More Popular and Destroying Hope for a Future Peace . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231208201526/https://www.thedailybeast.com/israels-assault-on-gaza-is-making-hamas-more-popular . December 8, 2023 . December 10, 2023 . The Daily Beast.
382. News: Greyman-Kennard . Danielle . November 17, 2023 . Palestinians in Gaza, West Bank strongly support Hamas, October 7 attack . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231117235748/https://www.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/article-773791 . November 17, 2023 . November 18, 2023 . The Jerusalem Post.
383. Web site: Koningsveld . Akiva Van . November 17, 2023 . Three in four Palestinians support Hamas's massacre . November 18, 2023 . Jewish News Syndicate.
384. Web site: Azriel . Guy . Grace . Paz . November 16, 2023 . Survey finds majority in the West Bank support the Oct 7 massacre . November 18, 2023 . I24news.
385. News: Al-Mughrabi . Nidal . Sawafta . Ali . October 8, 2024 . Hamas faces dissent in Gaza as heavy toll weakens support for war, a year on . October 8, 2024 . Reuters.
386. News: Army says it is fighting Gaza militants who entered Israel by land, sea and air . October 7, 2023 . . October 7, 2023 . October 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007112343/https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2023/10/07/Army-says-it-is-fighting-Gaza-militants-who-entered-Israel-by-land-sea-and-air- . live.
387. News: Netanyahu says 'we are at war' after major Hamas attack . October 7, 2023 . . October 7, 2023 . October 8, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231008000139/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/07/israel-gaza-rocket-attack-hamas/ . live.
388. News: October 7, 2023 . Missiles strike southern & central Israel; police declare state of war . October 7, 2023 . JordanNews . October 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007094646/https://www.jordannews.jo/Section-20/Middle-East/Missiles-strike-southern-central-Israel-police-declare-state-of-war-31321 . live.
389. News: October 7, 2023 . Missiles strike southern & central Israel; police declare state of war . Jordan News . October 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007094646/https://www.jordannews.jo/Section-20/Middle-East/Missiles-strike-southern-central-Israel-police-declare-state-of-war-31321 . live.
390. News: Trabelsy . Nevo . August 10, 2023 . Ben Gurion airport stays open as foreign airlines cancel flights . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231008230802/https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-ben-gurion-airport-stays-open-as-foreign-airlines-cancel-flights-1001459661 . October 8, 2023 . October 11, 2023 . Globes.
391. Web site: adkunim veshinu'im bitno'at harkavot, ad lehodaa hadsha . Updates and changes in train traffic until further notice . he:עדכונים ושינויים בתנועת הרכבות, עד להודעה חדשה . he . Israel Railways . October 11, 2023 . October 12, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231012021622/https://rail.co.il/?page=special-update-081023 . live.
392. Web site: War with Gaza cuts train services in Israel . International Railway Journal . Jeremaya . Goldberg . October 10, 2023 . October 11, 2023 . subscription . October 11, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231011093427/https://www.railjournal.com/regions/middle-east/war-with-gaza-cuts-train-services-in-israel/ . live.
393. Web site: Cruise Lines Change, Cancel Itineraries Following Israel Attack . . Aaron . Saunders . October 10, 2023 . October 11, 2023 . October 10, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231010190604/https://www.cruisecritic.com/news/cruise-lines-change-cancel-itineraries-following-israel-attack . live.
394. News: Ilnai . Itay . Detained terrorists: 'Hamas has become akin to animals; they've become ISIS' . December 8, 2023 . . November 5, 2023 . December 22, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231222194840/https://www.ynetnews.com/magazine/article/hjnc0ysx6. live.
395. News: Zitun . Yoav . An apartment and $10K promised for each Israeli captive, captured terrorist says . December 8, 2023 . . October 23, 2023 . 23:06 IST.
396. News: Sanchez . Raf . Inside Shin Bet's interrogation of 50 Hamas fighters . December 8, 2023 . . November 19, 2023 . December 9, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231209101801/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/shin-bet-interrogation-hamas-rcna125748 . live.
397. News: UN's António Guterres calls for immediate ceasefire to end 'epic suffering' in Gaza. Rory. Carroll . October 24, 2023. The Guardian.
398. News: Federman . Josef . November 13, 2023 . Is Hamas hiding in Gaza's main hospital? Israel's claim is now a focal point in a dayslong stalemate . Associated Press.
399. News: The Palestinian teenagers suddenly freed from jail in Hamas hostage deal . Mehul . Srivastava . Financial Times.
400. Web site: November 8, 2023 . Israel/OPT: Horrifying cases of torture and degrading treatment of Palestinian detainees amid spike in arbitrary arrests . November 9, 2023 . Amnesty International.
401. • News: Borger . Julian . March 5, 2024 . Palestinians 'beaten and sexually assaulted' at Israeli detention centres, UN report claims . March 18, 2024 . The Guardian.
     • News: July 29, 2024 . Palestinians recount deadly abuse in Israeli prisons: 'It is Guantánamo' . August 16, 2024 . . en.
     • News: Graham-Harrison . Emma . Taha . Sufian . McKernan . Bethan . Kierszenbaum . Quique . August 5, 2024 . Torture, abuse and humiliation: Palestinians on Israeli prison 'hell' . August 17, 2024 . The Guardian.
     • News: 'Raped by female soldiers': Palestinian in leaked Sde Teiman photo speaks out . August 16, 2024 . . en.
     • News: August 10, 2024 . Palestinian in leaked Sde Teiman photo speaks out . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240811152052/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2WKeKZ6Csro . August 11, 2024 . August 11, 2024 . Middle East Eye.
     • Web site: August 5, 2024 . Welcome to Hell: The Israeli Prison System as a Network of Torture Camps . B'Tselem.
402. News: Hearst . Katherine . March 29, 2024 . War on Gaza: Israel likely tortured Palestinian to record rape confession, say rights groups . July 26, 2024 . Middle East Eye.
403. News: November 26, 2023 . Gender-Based Violence as a Weapon of War during the October 7 Hamas Attacks . July 26, 2024 . Physicians for Human Rights – Israel.
404. News: Teller . Neville . October 24, 2023 . The Arab Israeli community stands in solidarity against Hamas – opinion . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231024064722/https://www.jpost.com/opinion/article-769843 . October 24, 2023 . December 10, 2023 . The Jerusalem Post.
405. News: Arab Israeli Lawmaker Abbas Denounces Hamas Attack, Says the Massacre Does Not 'Represent Our Arab Society' . . November 7, 2023 . December 10, 2023 . December 15, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231215144224/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-11-07/ty-article/.premium/arab-list-mk-abbas-denounces-hamas-attack-says-massacre-doesnt-represent-arab-society/0000018b-aa11-d5aa-a19f-affb1b4b0000 . live.
406. News: Nereim . Vivian . December 22, 2023 . Saudis Overwhelmingly Oppose Ties With Israel, Poll Finds . The New York Times.
407. Web site: October 11, 2023 . Law Professors and Human Rights Experts: Holding Hostages in Gaza is a Crime Against Humanity . November 8, 2023 . The Israeli Law Professors' Forum for Democracy . en . November 8, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231108002045/https://www.lawprofsforum.org/post/an-urgent-appeal-from-human-rights-law-professors-oct-9-2023 . live.
408. Web site: Eglash . Ruth Marks . November 19, 2023 . United Nations slammed for silence over Hamas rapes, mutilation and murder of Israeli women, critics say . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231127024452/https://news.yahoo.com/united-nations-slammed-silence-over-174157036.html . November 27, 2023 . November 29, 2023 . Yahoo News.
409. News: Btobl . Amelie . November 23, 2023 . Global women's rights groups silent as Israeli women testify about rapes by Hamas . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231129161152/https://www.timesofisrael.com/global-womens-rights-groups-silent-as-israeli-women-testify-about-rapes-by-hamas/ . November 29, 2023 . November 29, 2023 . The Times of Israel.
410. News: Moaveni . Azadeh . May 9, 2024 . What They Did to Our Women . August 11, 2024 . London Review of Books . en . 46 . 9 . 0260-9592.
411. Web site: February 1, 2024 . US House passes bill to ban Hamas, other perpetrators of October 7 . February 3, 2024 . I24news.
412. Web site: February 1, 2024 . US Reps Bush, Tlaib vote no on 'redundant' bill to ban Oct. 7 terrorists . February 3, 2024 . The Jerusalem Post.
413. News: US charges Hamas leader, other militants in connection with Oct. 7 massacre in Israel . AP News . Associated Press . September 4, 2024 . Eric . Tucker.
414. News: December 10, 2023 . Shoah Foundation launches project to document 'unspeakable barbarity' of October 7 . The Times of Israel.
415. News: Rosenbloom . Alli . December 6, 2023 . Steven Spielberg comments on 'unspeakable barbarity against Jews' in Oct. 7 attacks . December 15, 2023 . CNN.
416. News: ICC prosecutor seeks arrest of Israeli and Hamas leaders . May 20, 2024 . . Raffi . Berg.
417. News: The International Criminal Court is seeking warrants for Israeli and Hamas leaders . Willem . Marx . . May 20, 2024.
418. News: ICC issues arrest warrant for assassinated Hamas head Mohammed Deif . . November 21, 2024 . Eve . Young.
419. News: ICC nixes arrest warrant for slain Hamas leader Mohammed Deif . The New Arab . February 27, 2025.
420. Web site: March 17, 2025 . Justice Department Announces Launch of Joint Task Force October 7 . August 9, 2025 . United States Department of Justice - Office of Public Affairs.
421. News: Rubin . April . March 17, 2025 . Justice Department, FBI launch task force to investigate Oct. 7 attack on Israel. August 9, 2025 . Axios.
422. News: Whiteside . Steph . August 9, 2025 . DOJ announces details of Oct. 7 task force . August 9, 2025 . NewsNation.
423. Web site: Brown . Hannah . October 6, 2024 . Anthology series about October 7 to air on anniversary . November 12, 2025 . The Jerusalem Post . en.
424. News: Anderman . Nirit . A new drama series based on stories from October 7 is sure to impress American viewers . https://web.archive.org/web/20241217203840/https://www.haaretz.com/news/tv/2024-10-09/ty-article/.premium/a-new-drama-series-based-on-stories-from-october-7-is-sure-to-impress-american-viewers/00000192-7113-dfca-adb7-73d303b10000 . October 9, 2024 . December 17, 2024 . November 12, 2025 . Haaretz.com . en . live .
425. Web site: Hibberd . James . September 25, 2025 . Paramount's 'Red Alert' Trailer Depicts Oct. 7 Massacre in Israel for First Time . November 12, 2025 . The Hollywood Reporter . en-US.
426. News: Steinberg . Jessica . September 24, 2025 . Paramount+ to screen Keshet 12's Oct. 7 series 'Red Alert' worldwide . November 12, 2025 . The Times of Israel . en-US . 0040-7909.