Austin J. Tobin Plaza Explained

Austin J. Tobin Plaza
Image Place:World Trade Center, New York. Exterior. Entrance Sphere at Plaza Fountain sculpture. Overhead view - LCCN2021637339 (cropped).jpg
Image Caption:The plaza, as seen in 1976. The Sphere can be seen at the center of the plaza, and Ideogram is visible to the upper right, located between 1 and 2 World Trade Center.
Image Alt:The center of the Austin J. Tobin Plaza, as seen from the air in 1976. The plaza has white flooring, and in the middle is a large bronze circle, elevated on a pedestal, known as The Sphere. The South Tower lobby is at the top of the plaza, and to the right is the base of the North Tower, both of which are part of the World Trade Center complex.
Address2:World Trade Center, Lower Manhattan, New York City, U.S.
Place Type:Public square
Owner:Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
Designer:Minoru Yamasaki
Area:5 acres (220,000 square feet)
Open:April 4, 1973
Destroyed:September 11, 2001
Dedicated To:Austin J. Tobin
Other Names:World Trade Center Plaza, Tobin Plaza
Cost:$12 million (1999 USD)
Construction:1966
Complete:1973

The Austin J. Tobin Plaza, also known as the World Trade Center Plaza, was a large elevated public square that was located within the World Trade Center site in Lower Manhattan, New York City, from 1966 until its destruction during the September 11 attacks in 2001. It covered 5acres, making it the largest plaza in New York City by acreage at the time.

The plaza opened as part of the original World Trade Center on April 4, 1973, and was renamed after Austin J. Tobin in 1982. Several sculptures were located there, including The Sphere and Ideogram. The plaza was damaged during the 1993 World Trade Center bombing and destroyed eight years later during the September 11 terrorist attacks, which saw over 1000000000lb of debris fall onto the plaza's floor. Fires that erupted from the large pile of debris ended up destroying the plaza permanently.

Design and location

At the center of the plaza was The Sphere, and rows of benches were arranged in a circular pattern around the sculpture. The plaza was made of smooth marble and granite.[1] The plaza was landscaped, and flowerbeds located near the benches were changed out seasonally.[2] Muzak was regularly played throughout the plaza, provided by loudspeakers positioned around The Sphere and on the ground level of the surrounding buildings. [3] A total of 37 staircases led up to the plaza,[4] and a staircase that led up to the plaza from Vesey Street was used to get to the plaza from 7 World Trade Center.[5] [6] Another building, designed by architectural firm Walker & Gillette, was to be built on the eastern edge of the plaza, but was later cancelled due to sizing issues. Director Gary Beck called the plaza a "naturally perfect performing site" and "accidentally one of the best in America".[7] Author Virginia Dajani also gave remarks on the plaza, stating that it was "considerably larger than the Piazza San Marco in Venice and infinitely less memorable".[8]

The plaza was surrounded by all seven buildings of the World Trade Center Complex. 1 World Trade Center was located on the west-facing side of the plaza adjacent to West Street and 2 World Trade Center was located on the south side of the plaza. Marriott World Trade Center (also known as 3 World Trade Center) was located on the southwestern corner of the plaza in between the towers.[9]

4 World Trade Center, adjacent to the South Tower, was positioned on the southeastern edge of the plaza bounded by Liberty and Church streets.[10] 5 World Trade Center was located directly opposite of 4, bounded by Church and Vesey Street, and 6 World Trade Center was located on the northwestern edge of the plaza bounded by Vesey Street.

7 World Trade Center was located on an adjacent street, and was connected to the plaza via the Vesey Street stairs. The World Financial Center (now known as Brookfield Place)[11] was also adjacent to the plaza's west side.[12] The Millennium Downtown New York Hotel, located on the corner of Fulton Street across the street from the eastern edge of the plaza,[13] was heavily damaged in the September 11 attacks.

History

See also: Construction of the World Trade Center. In early 1961, the plan for the original World Trade Center was released to the public, and the site was to be located along the East River. Due to heavy backlash, that December the project was relocated to a 16acres plot in Lower Manhattan.[14] The plaza was brought into design in January 1964, when architect Minoru Yamasaki released a model for the complex at a press conference.[15] The original plans called for a reflecting pool at the center of the plaza.[16] In addition, the plaza would have been accessed through a single large entrance on Church Street to the east.[17] By May 1966, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, the site's developer, had revised the plans for the plaza; there would be entrances on all four sides, as well as an 80-wideNaN-wide fountain at the center of the plaza.Development of the plaza began on August 5, 1966, as the construction of other buildings that were part of the World Trade Center took place.[18] The plaza was constructed to be supported by large steel columns that reached into the "Bathtub" below,[19] [20] and the foundations for the towers were also built into the plaza. These foundations reached into the bedrock below. The Bathtub, which helped hold the plaza, took up an underground space that reached to the West Side Highway and the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line.

The plaza was inaugurated on April 4, 1973. In 1982, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey decided to rename the plaza in honor of its former executive director, Austin J. Tobin, who promoted the construction of the towers.[21]

The plaza was renovated between 1998 and 1999.[22] The marble paving stones were replaced with gray and pink granite stones, new benches, planters, restaurants, food kiosks and outdoor eating areas were added. Trees were also planted, and lined the plaza entrances.[23] The total cost was $12 million (1999 USD). The plaza covered 5acres, and was the largest plaza in New York City.[24] Below the plaza was the Mall at the World Trade Center and a concourse.[25]

1993 bombing

See main article: 1993 World Trade Center bombing.

On February 26, 1993, a van bomb planted by al-Qaeda terrorists was detonated in the underground garage directly under the plaza, killing six and injuring over 1,000. The plaza was heavily damaged, and the communications center near the plaza was destroyed.[26] After the bombing, security was increased at the complex, and fire safety improvements were implemented.[27]

On February 26, 1995, a memorial fountain made of granite was dedicated in the Plaza to honor the victims of the 1993 bombing.[28] The fountain was designed by sculptor Elyn Zimmerman, and placed above the site of the explosion. It included an inscription with the names of the six victims of the attack, as well as a message that read: "On February 26, 1993, a bomb set by terrorists exploded below this site. This horrible act of violence killed innocent people, injured thousands, and made victims of us all."[29]

Security

The plaza was heavily monitored, and security cameras were placed on the rooftops of surrounding buildings to deter a potential terrorist attack. The cameras operated constantly, and more were installed facing the streets adjacent to the plaza. After the 1993 bombing, up to 300 security personnel were at the complex and plaza at any given time.[30] Crowds would often gather in the plaza for various events, although security prevented people from sitting on planters in between the benches that circled the plaza.[31]

Sculptures

Located on the plaza were several sculptures and art pieces.[32] The World Trade Center Plaza Sculpture, designed by Masayuki Nagare, was commissioned in 1970 and was dedicated on the plaza in 1972. The sculpture was composed of a set of two black granite pyramids that were 34 feet long, 17 feet wide and 14 feet high.[33] [34] The 1993 World Trade Center Bombing Memorial by Elyn Zimmerman was dedicated in 1995;[35] it was a granite fountain dedicated to the 1993 bombing victims.[36] Fritz Koenig's bronze sculpture The Sphere, measuring high,[37] was dedicated in 1972.[38] Ideogram, a stainless-steel sculpture designed by James Rosati, was located on the plaza near the Marriott World Trade Center.[39] [40]

Destruction

See main article: September 11 attacks, Collapse of the World Trade Center and List of buildings damaged or destroyed in the September 11 attacks. On September 11, 2001, a terrorist attack unfolded at the World Trade Center site, and the plaza became an evacuation route for civilians attempting to escape the area. Firefighters directed a majority of the people who were evacuating to the mall located beneath the plaza via the lobby in the North Tower.[41] Many people also evacuated the area by using the Vesey Street staircase, which connected the plaza to Vesey Street.[42]

When 1 and 2 World Trade Center collapsed, about 600,000 tons of debris fell onto the plaza, crushing it. The plaza sustained heavy damage and was destroyed as a result of fires inside of the rubble in the hours after the attack. The Sphere and Cloud Fortress were recovered, but the latter was demolished in recovery efforts at the site.[43] The Sphere is currently located in Liberty Park.[44]

The 1993 bombing memorial was heavily damaged during the September 11 attacks, and only a small segment of the fountain survived. The Sphere was heavily damaged and was relocated to Battery Park in 2002;[45] it was moved to Liberty Park at the World Trade Center site in 2016.[46] The Sphere is the only artwork from the original World Trade Center to survive the September 11 attacks and subsequent recovery effort.[47]

Surrounding buildings and structures

The plaza was surrounded by all seven buildings of the World Trade Center Complex. 1 World Trade Center was located on the west-facing side of the plaza adjacent to West Street and 2 World Trade Center was located on the south side of the plaza. Marriott World Trade Center (also known as 3 World Trade Center) was located on the southwestern corner of the plaza in between the towers.

4 World Trade Center, adjacent to the South Tower, was positioned on the southeastern edge of the plaza bounded by Liberty and Church streets. 5 World Trade Center was located directly opposite of 4, bounded by Church and Vesey Street, and 6 World Trade Center was located on the northwestern edge of the plaza bounded by Vesey Street.

7 World Trade Center was located on an adjacent street, and was connected to the plaza via the Vesey Street stairs. The World Financial Center (now known as Brookfield Place)[48]

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Finkelstein . Katherine E. . June 20, 1999 . From Zen Garden to Piazza, A Plaza Gets a New Look . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240911023429/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/06/20/nyregion/from-zen-garden-to-piazza-a-plaza-gets-a-new-look.html . September 11, 2024 . September 4, 2024 . The New York Times.
  2. Web site: January 1996 . The World Trade Center In the Port of New York-New Jersey . September 5, 2024 . Anthony W. Robins . September 3, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240903180740/https://anthonywrobins.com/WTCarchive/World%20Trade%20Center%20-%20Fact%20Sheet%20-%20Jan%201996.pdf . live.
  3. Book: Belgiojoso, Ricciarda . Constructing Urban Space with Sounds and Music . 2016-05-23 . Routledge . 978-1-317-16138-7 . en.
  4. Web site: May 22, 2008 . WTC Staircase Moved . September 5, 2024 . ABC30 Fresno . en . September 24, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210924155600/https://abc30.com/archive/6006184/ . live.
  5. Web site: March 7, 2008 . A Vital Escape Route on 9-11, World Trade Center Staircase To Be Moved . September 5, 2024 . Los Angeles Daily News . Associated Press . en-US . September 11, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240911023327/https://www.dailynews.com/2008/03/07/a-vital-escape-route-on-9-11-world-trade-center-staircase-to-be-moved/ . live.
  6. Web site: About the Museum National September 11 Memorial & Museum . September 5, 2024 . www.911memorial.org . September 11, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240911023339/https://www.911memorial.org/visit/museum/about-museum . live.
  7. Web site: Richman . Alan . June 22, 1979 . At World Trade Center, Moliere Alfresco . September 26, 2024 . The New York Times.
  8. Web site: Anderson . Susan Heller . Prial . Frank J. . April 21, 1984 . NEW YORK DAY BY DAY; WALKING TOURS FOR JURORS . September 26, 2024 . The New York Times.
  9. Web site: Barnett . Jonathon . Gewain . Richard . Gilsanz . Ramon . Nelson . Harold "Bud" . WTC4, 5 & 6 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20191011134956/https://www.fema.gov/pdf/library/fema403_ch4.pdf . October 11, 2019 . September 5, 2024 . FEMA.

  10. "... Four World Trade Center, at the southeast corner of the complex, is New York's headquarters for commodities trading."

  11. Web site: Brookfield Place: Best NYC Destination for Shopping & Dining . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240911183047/https://bfplny.com/ . September 11, 2024 . September 4, 2024 . Brookfield Place New York BFPL . en-US.
  12. Web site: The World Financial Center Wired New York . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240911024519/http://wirednewyork.com/skyscrapers/world-financial-center/ . September 11, 2024 . September 3, 2024 . en-US.
  13. Web site: Collins . Glenn . March 28, 2003 . Back to work, family at Ground Zero; Hotel Employees Reunite After 9/11 Joblessness . September 12, 2024 . The New York Times.
  14. Web site: World Trade Center (1942–2002) American Experience . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240903183923/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/newyork-world-trade-center-1942-2002/ . September 3, 2024 . September 5, 2024 . www.pbs.org . en.
  15. Web site: Stengren . Bernard . January 19, 1964 . Biggest Buildings in World to Rise at Trade Center; Twin 1,350-Foot Towers to Be Surrounded by Plaza With Small Structures; . September 26, 2024 . The New York Times.
  16. News: Kwartler . Richard . January 20, 1964 . Twin Towers Due to Put 'Empire State in Shade . Newsday . 4 . 2574-5298 . .
  17. Web site: May 22, 1966 . Design is Revised for Trade Center; Architects Refine Plans, but Make No Major Changes . September 26, 2024 . The New York Times.
  18. Web site: World Trade Center, New York City, detail view of model of the plaza . September 3, 2024 . Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA . September 11, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240911182527/https://www.loc.gov/item/2016652079/ . live.
  19. Web site: Hamburger . Ronald . Baker . William . Barnett . Jonathon . Marrion . Christopher . Milke . James . Nelson . Harold "Bud" . 2002 . WTC1 and WTC2 . September 5, 2024 . FEMA . June 29, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210629034403/https://www.fema.gov/pdf/library/fema403_ch2.pdf . live.
  20. Web site: Buyukozturk . Oral . Ulm . Franz-Josef . 2021 . Materials and structures . September 5, 2024 . MIT . September 11, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240911023216/https://web.mit.edu/civenv/wtc/PDFfiles/Chapter%20VI%20Materials%20%26%20Structures.pdf . live.
  21. Web site: 2019 . Bench, Recovered . September 7, 2024 . 9/11 Memorial & Museum . September 11, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240911023426/https://collection.911memorial.org/Detail/objects/6268 . live.
  22. Web site: Moritz . Owen . June 20, 1999 . Grand Opening of Plaza at WTC . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240911023434/https://www.nydailynews.com/1999/06/20/grand-opening-of-plaza-at-wtc/ . September 11, 2024 . September 3, 2024 . New York Daily News . en-US.
  23. Web site: Dunlap . David W. . December 7, 2006 . At New Trade Center, Seeking Lively (but Secure) Streets . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160415180330/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/07/nyregion/07blocks.html?fta=y . April 15, 2016 . September 3, 2024 . The New York Times.
  24. Web site: World Trade Center Facts and Figures National September 11 Memorial & Museum . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240911182603/https://www.911memorial.org/learn/resources/digital-exhibitions/world-trade-center-history/world-trade-center-facts-and-figures . September 11, 2024 . September 3, 2024 . www.911memorial.org.
  25. Web site: September 30, 2004 . Route 9A Project FSEIS . 44 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240911023835/https://www.dot.ny.gov/regional-offices/region11/projects/project-repository/files/fseis/04_lu_and_neigh_char.pdf . September 11, 2024 . September 4, 2024 . New York State Department of Transportation.
  26. Web site: Langewiesche . William . August 2002 . American Ground: Unbuilding the World Trade Center . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240911023427/https://login.ebsco.com/?requestIdentifier=1ce740ff-f1df-4959-bcd4-2f4d4ecbd8e8&acrValues=uid&ui_locales&redirect_uri=https://logon.ebsco.zone/api/dispatcher/continue/prompted?state=NDRjZjRkZjc0ODM4NGI5NWIwYWFjMzYzYmI3ZmMyNzM=&authRequest=eyJraWQiOiIxNjg2MTQ5MjEzNjMxIiwiYWxnIjoiUlMyNTYifQ.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.SitB6anBZTn7ux9HPZskISnFNUq_vpcfM7wTPxfkxZ5kn8qCLg70FMdj1FNUqqUz2I3kqO7OyWDeOHpl21UHOeTI6yj9-JXOpHfVq6uFc3fxaHctIMB3-pkmsuqJwAOCWSh3R4e2l0Ae0f8nfdtIVfds14D_NHWR6VTP1sdhTlixSpORhX2rt4sj7zcAh3pHa3sRGyGmw3EKAFedK1WlD5FAx7lpgEDrW8vd_2qk2pbWdplLDtdz10n_hsj9L9gBKjutBAkYz3dy6YKSD_ldJ6xNB7-jUyFWRbByQ0b8IjaIe1KH571DKgaVH1JvA7cEv9FNPzzysmj-eJ8a7jyOuw . September 11, 2024 . September 5, 2024 . Atlantic Monthly.
  27. Web site: Smith . Sandy . September 10, 2004 . Report: 1993 WTC Bombing Probably Saved Lives On 9/11 . September 7, 2024 . EHS Today . en . September 7, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240907220558/https://www.ehstoday.com/archive/article/21910710/report-1993-wtc-bombing-probably-saved-lives-on-9-11 . live.
  28. Web site: 9/11 Memorial Timeline . September 4, 2024 . timeline.911memorial.org . September 11, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240911023423/https://timeline.911memorial.org/timeline/10691/images/215/198 . live.
  29. Web site: 1993 WTC Bombing Memorial Voices Center for Resilience . April 18, 2023 . voicescenter.org . September 11, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240911023423/https://voicescenter.org/living-memorial/memorials/1993-wtc-bombing-memorial . live.
  30. Web site: Fischbach . Amy Florence . March 2001 . Towering Security . September 5, 2024 . Electrical Construction & Maintenance.
  31. Web site: Hyatt . James C. . October 3, 1980 . What Makes a Public Place Pleasant for People? . September 26, 2024 . The Wall Street Journal . .
  32. Web site: Art and Artists at the World Trade Center National September 11 Memorial & Museum . September 4, 2024 . www.911memorial.org . September 11, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240911023954/https://www.911memorial.org/learn/resources/digital-exhibitions/world-trade-center-history/art-and-artists-world-trade-center . live.
  33. Web site: Canaday . John . May 7, 1970 . Trade Center to Get Huge Sculpture . September 26, 2024 . The New York Times.
  34. Web site: Wenegrat . Saul . February 28, 2002 . September 11th: Art Loss, Damage, and Repercussions – Proceedings of an IFAR Symposium on February 28, 2002 . December 2, 2017 . ifar.org . International Foundation For Art Research . September 11, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240911182520/https://www.ifar.org/nineeleven/911_public1.htm . live.
  35. News: May 26, 1995 . NYC Bombing Memorial Dedicated . April 17, 2023 . . Associated Press . 4 . September 11, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240911182516/https://www.newspapers.com/image/255200604/?terms=World%20Trade%20Center%20fountain&match=2 . live.
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  37. Web site: Adlon . Percy . Percy Adlon . 2001 . Koenig's Sphere . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100928110617/http://www.percyadlon.com/film_and_stage/koenigssphere_1.html . September 28, 2010 . September 9, 2019 . Leora Films, Inc..
  38. Web site: Klein . Holger A. . December 1972 . From Ganslberg to Manhattan, Fritz Koenig's Great Caryatid Sphere N.Y. (1967–1972) . September 3, 2024 . Columbia Art & History . January 20, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220120072702/https://arthistory.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/content/faculty/pdfs/klein/Klein_Fritz%20Koenig_english.pdf . live.
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  40. Book: Quay . Sara E. . September 11 in Popular Culture: A Guide: A Guide . Damico . Amy M. . 2010 . ABC-CLIO . 978-0-313-35505-9 . United States of America . 265 . September 4, 2024 . September 11, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240911023958/https://books.google.com/books?id=mgtSLkKxIpEC&q=ideogram+world+trade+center&pg=PA265 . live.
  41. Web site: Fritsch . Jane . September 12, 2001 . A Day of Terror: the Response; Rescue Workers Rush In, And Many Do Not Return . September 4, 2024 . The New York Times . September 11, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240911023957/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/12/us/a-day-of-terror-the-response-rescue-workers-rush-in-and-many-do-not-return.html . live.
  42. News: Dunlap . David W. . January 17, 2008 . Extracting Survivors' Stairway for a Home at the 9/11 Museum . April 14, 2022 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . July 17, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240717203028/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/17/nyregion/17stairway.html . live.
  43. News: Corkill . Edan . September 13, 2007 . Memories of fortresses and clouds . Japan Times . December 2, 2017.
  44. Web site: del Valle . Lauren . July 22, 2016 . World Trade Center sphere to come home . September 4, 2024 . CNN . September 3, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240903184601/https://www.cnn.com/2016/07/21/us/world-trade-center-sphere/index.html . live.
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  46. Web site: Dunlap . David W. . July 21, 2016 . Enduring 'Sphere' Sculpture to Return to World Trade Center Site . September 4, 2024 . The New York Times.
  47. Web site: Blakemore . Erin . August 22, 2017 . The World Trade Center's Only Surviving Art Heads Home . September 4, 2024 . Smithsonian Magazine . December 8, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221208020202/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/world-trade-centers-only-surviving-art-headed-back-home-180959910/ . live.
  48. The Millennium Downtown New York Hotel, located on the corner of Fulton Street across the street from the eastern edge of the plaza, was heavily damaged in the September 11 attacks.

    See also

    References

    Sources

    • Book: Gillespie . Angus K. . 1999 . Twin Towers: The Life of New York City's World Trade Center . 1st . Rutgers University Press . . 263 . 0-8135-2742-2.
    • CITEREFSternMellinsFisherman1995.

    External links

  49. was also adjacent to the plaza's west side.[48]

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