Presidency of Joe Biden explained
Joe Biden's tenure as the 46th president of the United States began with his inauguration on January 20, 2021, and ended on January 20, 2025. Biden, member of the Democratic Party, had previously served as the 47th vice president from 2009 to 2017 under President Barack Obama, took office after defeating the Republican incumbent president Donald Trump in the 2020 presidential election. Upon his inauguration, he became the oldest president in American history, breaking the record set by Ronald Reagan.[1] Alongside Biden's presidency, the Democratic Party also held their majorities in the House of Representatives and the Senate during the 117th U.S. Congress following the 2020 elections, thereby attained an overall federal government trifecta. Biden entered office amid the COVID-19 pandemic, an economic crisis, and increased political polarization.[2]
Day one actions of his presidency included restoring U.S. participation in the Paris Agreement, revoking the permit for the Keystone XL pipeline and halting funding for the Mexico–United States border wall.[3] On his second day, he issued a series of executive orders to reduce the impact of COVID-19, including invoking the Defense Production Act of 1950, and set an early goal of achieving one hundred million COVID-19 vaccinations in the United States in his first 100 days. The first major legislation signed into law by Biden was the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021, a $1.9 trillion stimulus bill that temporarily established expanded unemployment insurance and sent $1,400 stimulus checks to most Americans in response to continued economic pressure from COVID-19.[4] He signed the bipartisan Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, a ten-year plan brokered by Biden alongside Democrats and Republicans in Congress to invest in American roads, bridges, public transit, ports and broadband access.[5]
Biden proposed a significant expansion of the U.S. social safety net through the Build Back Better Act, but those efforts, along with voting rights legislation, failed in Congress. In August 2022, Biden signed the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, a domestic appropriations bill that included some of the provisions of the Build Back Better Act after the entire bill failed to pass. It included significant federal investment in climate and domestic clean energy production, tax credits for solar panels, electric cars and other home energy programs as well as a three-year extension of Affordable Care Act subsidies, an insulin price cap, and a provision allowing Medicare to negotiate drug prices. In late 2022, Biden signed the Respect for Marriage Act, which repealed the Defense of Marriage Act and codified same-sex and interracial marriage in the United States. Other domestic legislation signed during his term included the Bipartisan Safer Communities Act, the first major federal gun control law in nearly three decades;[6] the CHIPS and Science Act, bolstering the semiconductor and manufacturing industry; the Honoring our PACT Act, expanding health care for US veterans; the Electoral Count Reform and Presidential Transition Improvement Act; and the Juneteenth National Independence Day Act, making Juneteenth a federal holiday in the United States. Biden also unsuccessfully pushed for legislation protecting the right to abortion in response to the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization overturning Roe v. Wade.[7]
Biden appointed Ketanji Brown Jackson to the U.S. Supreme Court—the first Black woman to serve on the court. In response to the debt-ceiling crisis of 2023, he negotiated and signed the Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023, which restrains federal spending for fiscal years 2024 and 2025, implements minor changes to SNAP and TANF, includes energy permitting reform, claws back some IRS funding and unspent money for COVID-19, and suspended the debt ceiling to January 1, 2025.[8] He established the American Climate Corps and created the first ever White House Office of Gun Violence Prevention. On September 26, 2023, Biden visited a United Auto Workers picket line during the 2023 United Auto Workers strike, making him the first US president to visit one. Biden also rigorously enforced antitrust laws by appointing Lina Khan to head the FTC.[9] Biden issued more individual pardons and commutations than any other president, including controversial sweeping pardons of members of his family and high profile political figures that he claimed were either presently or expected to be the subject of "baseless and politically motivated investigations." The first sitting U.S. president to oppose the death penalty, Biden commuted the sentences of nearly all inmates on federal death row to life imprisonment weeks before leaving office.[10]
The foreign policy goal of the Biden administration was to restore the U.S. to a "position of trusted leadership" among global democracies in order to address the challenges posed by Russia and China. Biden signed AUKUS, an international security alliance together with Australia and the United Kingdom. He supported the expansion of NATO with the additions of Finland and Sweden. Biden approved a raid which led to the death of Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi, the leader of the Islamic State, and approved a drone strike which killed Ayman Al Zawahiri, leader of Al-Qaeda. He completed the withdrawal of U.S. military forces from Afghanistan, declaring an end to nation-building efforts and shifting U.S. foreign policy toward strategic competition with China and, to a lesser extent, Russia.[11] [12] [13] During the withdrawal, the Afghan government collapsed and the Taliban seized control, leading to Biden receiving bipartisan criticism. He responded to the Russian invasion of Ukraine by imposing sanctions on Russia and providing Ukraine with over $100 billion in combined military, economic, and humanitarian aid.[14] [15] During the Gaza war, Biden condemned the actions of Hamas and other Palestinian militants as terrorism, and announced American military support for Israel; he also sent humanitarian aid to the Gaza Strip and brokered a four-day temporary pause and hostage exchange in 2023 followed by a three-phase ceasefire in January 2025. Biden negotiated and oversaw the 2024 Ankara prisoner exchange, the largest prisoner exchange since the end of the Cold War, involving the release of 26 individuals, including American journalist Evan Gershkovich and former U.S. Marine Paul Whelan.
Biden began his term with over 50% approval ratings; these fell significantly after the withdrawal from Afghanistan,[16] and remained low as the country experienced high inflation and rising gas prices, even as they later decreased during his presidency.[17] [18] His age and mental fitness were a frequent subject of discussion throughout his presidency,[19] ultimately culminating in his decision to withdraw his bid for re-election in the 2024 presidential election.[20] Trump won the election against Biden's preferred successor, Kamala Harris, making him the second U.S. president to be succeeded in office by his predecessor. Biden oversaw the strongest economic recovery of any G7 nation post COVID-19 and one of the strongest economic recoveries in United States history, breaking a 70-year record for low unemployment,[21] and the creation of over 16 million new jobs, the most of any single term president.[22] During Biden's time in office, median wages stagnated, and the share of wealth of the wealthiest 0.1% of Americans continued to increase.[23] Although some political scientists and historians have rated Biden's presidency favorably,[24] his political legacy is interwoven with the re-election of Trump in 2024.[25]
Milestones
2020 election
See main article: Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign, 2020 United States presidential election and 2021 United States Electoral College vote count. Biden, who unsuccessfully sought the Democratic nomination in 1988 and 2008, and later served as the 47th vice president of the United States under President Barack Obama from 2009 to 2017, announced his candidacy for the nomination of the Democratic Party in the 2020 presidential election on April 25, 2019. In June 2020, Biden secured the Democratic nomination. Biden selected Senator Kamala Harris of California as his running mate, and the two were officially nominated at the 2020 Democratic National Convention.
On November 7, four days after the election, Biden was projected to have secured the presidency. Biden won the presidential election with 306 electoral votes and 51.3% of the popular vote, while Donald Trump received 232 electoral votes and 46.8% of the popular vote.[26] [27] [28] [29] [30] The Trump campaign launched at least 63 lawsuits against the results,[31] especially in the battleground states of Arizona, Georgia, Michigan, Nevada, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin, raising unsubstantiated claims of widespread voter fraud that were subsequently dismissed by courts.[32] [33] The electoral votes were certified on January 6–7, 2021. In the concurrent congressional elections, Democrats secured a government trifecta after retaining their majority in the House of Representatives and winning back control of the Senate, leaving the partisan balance in the Senate at 50 Democrats and 50 Republicans, with vice president Kamala Harris' tie-breaking vote giving Democrats control of the chamber.
Transition period and inauguration
See main article: Presidential transition of Joe Biden and Inauguration of Joe Biden. Though Biden was generally acknowledged as the winner,[27] [28] [29] [30] General Services Administration head Emily W. Murphy initially refused to begin the transition to the president-elect, thereby denying funds and office space to his team.[34] [35] On November 23, after Michigan certified its results, Murphy issued the letter of ascertainment, granting the Biden transition team access to federal funds and resources for an orderly transition.[36]
Two days after becoming the projected winner of the 2020 election, Biden announced the formation of a task force to advise him on the COVID-19 pandemic during the transition, co-chaired by former Surgeon General Vivek Murthy, former FDA commissioner David A. Kessler, and Yale University's Marcella Nunez-Smith.[37]
On January 5, 2021, the Democratic Party won control of the United States Senate, effective January 20, as a result of electoral victories in Georgia by Jon Ossoff in a runoff election for a six-year term and Raphael Warnock in a special runoff election for a two-year term.[38] [39] President-elect Biden had supported and campaigned for both candidates prior to the runoff elections on January 5.[40] [41]
On January 6, a mob of thousands of Trump supporters violently stormed the Capitol in the hope of overturning Biden's election, forcing Congress to evacuate during the counting of the Electoral College votes.[42] [43] More than 26,000 National Guard members were deployed to the capital for the inauguration, with thousands remaining into the spring.[44]
On January 20, 2021, Biden was sworn in by U.S. Chief Justice John Roberts as the 46th president of the United States, completing the oath of office at 11:49 am EST, 11 minutes before the legal start of his term at 12:00 pm, EST.[45] [46]
Inaugural address
Biden's inaugural speech laid out his vision to unite the nation, prefaced by the various impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, economic strife, climate change, political polarization, and racial injustice.[47] Biden called for an end to the "uncivil war" of political, demographic, and ideological American cultures through a greater embrace of diversity.[48] He cited the American Civil War, Great Depression, world wars, and September 11 attacks as moments in American history where citizens' "better angels" prevailed, saying that the unity, the solution, must again be invoked to rise from the "cascading" crises of the present; this unity, he proclaimed, exists in the "common objects" that define America: "opportunity, liberty, dignity, respect, honor, and ... truth."[49] [50] He explicitly decried white supremacy and nativism, calling them an "ugly reality" of American life he vows to defeat that clouds the "American ideal" set out in the U.S. Declaration of Independence — that all Americans are equal.[48] [50] [51] Biden pledged that the U.S. would "engage with the world once again", "repair our alliances", and act as a "trusted partner for peace and security".[52] Near the conclusion of his speech, Biden held a moment of silence for those who died in the COVID-19 pandemic.[49] Quoting the Gene Scheer composition "American Anthem",[53] he implored Americans to consider their legacy in answering the "call of history" to protect "democracy, hope, truth, and justice", "secure liberty", and make America a "beacon to the world", insisting that generations of their descendants would judge them on their actions.[49]
First 100 days
See main article: First 100 days of the Biden presidency. The first hundred days of a President's term have been historically significant since the first term of Franklin D. Roosevelt who, in his first 100 days, worked on both legislative and executive actions to combat the great depression.[54] In Biden's first hundred days, he signed 42 executive orders, more than any of his predecessors since Harry S. Truman.[55] Many of these executive orders were reversals to Donald Trump's policies and to resume where Barack Obama—under whom Biden served as vice president—left off after his two terms in office. On March 11, he signed the American Rescue Plan, a $1.9 trillion bill to help relieve economic strain due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[56]
Administration
Biden was inaugurated alongside Kamala Harris, the first woman, first African American, and first Asian American vice president.[57]
On November 11, 2020, Biden selected Ron Klain, who served as his vice presidential chief of staff, to serve as his White House chief of staff.[58] Biden chose Jen Psaki, deputy White House press secretary and U.S. Department of State spokesperson during the presidency of Barack Obama, as his White House press secretary. Psaki announced, and has held, daily press briefings for White House reporters. On March 25, 2021, Biden held his first solo press conference after 64 days in office,[59] unlike his most recent predecessors (back to Herbert Hoover in 1929), who all held their first solo press conferences within 33 days of taking office.[60] [61]
On November 17, 2020, Biden announced that he had selected Mike Donilon as senior advisor and Steve Ricchetti as counselor.[62] Jen O'Malley Dillon, who had served as campaign manager for Biden's successful presidential campaign, was named as deputy chief of staff.[63]
Cabinet
See main article: Cabinet of Joe Biden.
See also: Vice presidency of Kamala Harris. Biden selected Antony Blinken to be secretary of state, Linda Thomas-Greenfield as ambassador to the United Nations, and Jake Sullivan as national security advisor.[64] [65]
On November 23, 2020, Biden announced Alejandro Mayorkas to be his choice for Secretary of Homeland Security and Avril Haines as Director of National Intelligence.[66] Throughout December and January, Biden continued to select cabinet members, including Marty Walsh, the then current mayor of Boston, as his Secretary of Labor.[67] [68]
Biden altered his cabinet structure, elevating the chair of the Council of Economic Advisers, director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy, and ambassador to the United Nations as cabinet-level positions.[69] [70] [71] Biden removed the director of the Central Intelligence Agency from his official cabinet at the onset of his presidency, but he restored it to the cabinet in 2023.[72] [73]
While administering the oath of office to hundreds of White House officials through video conferencing, Biden called for more civility in politics, saying: "If you ever work with me and I hear you treat another colleague with disrespect, talk down to someone, I promise you I will fire you on the spot. ... No ifs, ands, or buts."[74]
Judicial appointments
Of the Article III judges nominated by Biden, 235 of them were confirmed by the United States Senate, including: one associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, 45 judges for the United States courts of appeals, 187 judges for the United States district courts and two judges for the United States Court of International Trade. Biden appointed the most federal judges during the first two years of any presidency since John F. Kennedy.[75] Notably, President Biden declined to select a nominee for a judicial vacancy on the Third Circuit in his home state of Delaware even though the vacancy was announced eight months before President Biden's term ended, which, in combination with Biden's unsuccessful nomination of Adeel A. Mangi to another seat on the same court, allowed President Trump to fill both vacant judgeships in 2025 and flip the Third Circuit to a conservative majority.[76]
United States Supreme Court nominations
Domestic affairs
Health care
Biden strongly campaigned for the presidency on the public option, a policy that, if enacted into law, would have offered Americans a choice between maintaining their private healthcare insurance or buying into Medicare. The idea was viewed as a compromise between the progressive and moderate flanks of the Democratic Party. The Biden campaign described the public option as a "plan to protect and build on ObamaCare".[77]
However, shortly before taking office in January 2021, Biden's team abruptly dropped the proposal, frustrating many online progressives who already viewed the public option healthcare proposal as a failure to fight the status quo.[78]
The Biden administration rescinded work requirements for Medicaid recipients.[79] The administration opened a special enrollment period for the Affordable Care Act as well as extending the normal enrollment period, citing the COVID-19 pandemic.[80] [81] The administration provided larger premium subsidies.[82]
In August 2022, President Biden signed into law the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022. The law allocates $64 billion[83] for a three-year expansion of Affordable Care Act subsidies originally expanded under the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 and $265 billion for prescription drug price reform to lower prices, including providing Medicare the authority to negotiate the prices for certain drugs with pharmaceutical companies.[84]
That same month, Biden signed into law the Honoring our PACT Act of 2022, which expands federal health care access, services, and funding for veterans who were exposed to toxic substances during their service, including toxic smoke from burn pits.[85]
Opioid epidemic
See main article: Opioid epidemic in the United States. Drug overdoses killed 106,699 in the United States in 2021.[86] Opioids were involved in 80,411 overdose deaths in 2021, up from around 10,000 in 1999.[87]
In June 2023, U.S. federal prosecutors announced criminal indictments of fentanyl precursor producers in China.[88] In October 2023, OFAC sanctioned a China-based network of fentanyl manufacturers and distributors.[89] [90] In 2023, the Biden administration announced a crackdown on Mexican drug cartels smuggling fentanyl into the United States.[91]
Rahul Gupta led White House efforts to combat the opioid epidemic.[92]
COVID-19 pandemic
See main article: COVID-19 pandemic in the United States.
On January 20, 2021, his first day as president, Biden implemented a federal mask mandate, requiring the use of masks and social distancing in all federal buildings, on federal lands, and by federal employees and contractors.[93] Biden also signed an executive order that reversed the withdrawal of the U.S. from the World Health Organization (WHO), making Dr. Anthony Fauci the head of the delegation to the WHO.[94] On January 21, the administration released a 200-page document titled "National Strategy for the COVID-19 Response and Pandemic Preparedness".[95] [96] That same day, Biden invoked the Defense Production Act to speed up the vaccination process and ensure the availability of glass vials, syringes, and other vaccine supplies at the federal level.[97] In justifying his use of the act, Biden said: "And when I say wartime, people kind of look at me like 'wartime?' Well, as I said last night, 400,000 Americans have died. That's more than have died in all of World War II. 400,000. This is a wartime undertaking."[98] Biden established the White House COVID-19 Response Team, a White House Office dedicated to coordinating a unified federal government response.[99]
According to a report by Reuters, in mid-2021 the Biden administration ended a military-run propaganda campaign to spread disinformation about the Sinovac Chinese COVID-19 vaccine which had begun in 2020 during the Trump administration.[100] The campaign was described as "payback" for COVID-19 disinformation by China directed against the U.S.[101] Primarily targeting people in the Philippines, the campaign used fake social media accounts to spread disinformation, including that the Sinovac vaccine contained pork-derived ingredients and was therefore haram under Islamic law.
On January 21, 2021, Biden signed ten executive orders pertaining to the COVID-19 pandemic.[102] In order to meet his vaccination goal of a hundred million shots in his first 100 days in office, Biden signed an executive order increasing needed supplies.[103] [104] Biden signed an order on January 21 that directed FEMA to offer full reimbursements to states for the cost of using their own National Guard personnel and emergency supplies such as Personal Protective Equipment in schools.[103] [105] On January 24, 2021, Biden reinstated a travel ban imposed by President Trump on Brazil, United Kingdom, Ireland, South Africa, and 26 other European countries.[106] [107] [108] The travel ban prevents non-U.S. citizens living in the prospective countries from entering the U.S.[109] Biden implemented a face mask requirement on nearly all forms of public transportation and inside of transportation hubs; previously, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) had recommended that such a policy be enacted but it was blocked by the Trump administration, under which the CDC issued strong, albeit non-binding recommendations for mask use in these settings.[110]
In mid-March 2021, Biden dismissed a request by the European Union to export unused COVID-19 vaccines from AstraZeneca out of the U.S. even though the manufacturer endorsed it and vowed to resupply the doses. The rationale for this decision, which contributed to low European vaccination rates, was that the U.S. had to be "over-supplied and over-prepared", according to White House press secretary Jen Psaki.[111] Whereas the U.S. exported no vaccines, the European Union exported 77 million doses to the world from December 2020 to March 2021.[112] Eventually, the U.S. reversed course and gave vaccine doses from AstraZeneca to Mexico, Canada, and Japan by the end of March.[113]
On May 6, 2021, the Biden administration announced that it supports waiving patent protections on existing COVID-19 vaccines so that other countries can produce generic variants, after weeks of pressure from the international community.[114] On May 7, French president Emmanuel Macron called on the U.S. "to put an end to export bans not only on vaccines but on vaccine ingredients, which prevent production."[115]
On May 26, 2021, Biden ordered U.S. intelligence agencies to increase their investigations into the origin of the virus, after reports that researchers at the Wuhan Institute of Virology became ill a month before the pandemic began.[116]
In July 2021, amid a slowing of the COVID-19 vaccination rate in the country and the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant, Biden said that the U.S. has "a pandemic for those who haven't gotten the vaccination" and that it was therefore "gigantically important" for Americans to be vaccinated, touting the vaccines' effectiveness against hospitalizations and deaths from COVID-19.[117] He also criticized the prevalence of COVID-19 misinformation on social media, saying it was "killing people".[118]
Despite months of vaccine availability and incentives, by September many Americans continued to resist vaccination amid rising cases in several states, hampering prospects towards herd immunity. On September 9, Biden stated, "We've been patient. But our patience is wearing thin, and your refusal has cost all of us." That day he issued an executive order directing businesses with more than 100 employees to require vaccination of their workers or weekly testing, affecting about 80 million Americans. The order also required the roughly 17 million employees of health facilities receiving federal Medicare or Medicaid to be vaccinated.[119] Many Republicans asserted Biden's order was an unconstitutional overreach of federal authority, and some Republican governors said they would sue to block it.[120]
The Biden administration responded to the global spread of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in December 2021 by advocating response by the states instead of the federal government.[121] Throughout the surge, the Biden administration has been criticized for a lack of COVID-19 tests, exacerbating the spread of the Omicron variant. When questioned about the apparent shortage of tests, Jen Psaki replied, "Should we just send one to every American? Then what happens if every American has one test? How much does that cost and what happens after that?",[122] causing backlash.[123] The Biden administration responded by promising an increased supply of at-home tests later in 2022.[124]
In the midst of an all-time high of new COVID-19 cases,[125] the Centers for Disease Control revised their guidelines, recommending five days of quarantine rather than ten without requiring a negative COVID-19 test.[126] This move was criticized by health experts who worry that without rapid testing, COVID-positive people may unknowingly spread COVID-19 in workplaces under the recommended CDC guidelines. Others criticize the CDC for implementing this change after lobbying by Delta Air Lines, leading to social media backlash against the federal government.[127]
Cancer research
Biden gave a speech at the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum on September 12, 2022, the 60th anniversary of Kennedy's We Choose to Go to the Moon speech, promoting his administration's revival of the Beau Biden Cancer Moonshot, including the new Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health.[128]
Economy
See also: Economic policy of the Biden administration. The New Republic praised Biden's economic record in July 2024, highlighting record low unemployment leading to a growth in wages at the lower end of the wage distribution as workers had more bargaining power. However, overall real median full-time wages stagnated throughout his time in office.[129] The wealthiest 0.1% of Americans further expanded their share of household wealth from 13.2% to 13.8%, continuing the trend of the previous decades.[130] While inflation was painful, it has returned near its pre-pandemic rate and was similar to peer countries, though the U.S. economy has grown faster than its peers.[131] The expansion of the Affordable Care Act, the child tax credit, $1400 stimulus checks, and the expansion of SNAP benefits boosted balance sheets for low and middle-income Americans. New business formation rose 30% from pre-pandemic levels, and was notably strong among women. Biden also signed three major pieces of longer-term economic legislation to repair infrastructure like roads, bridges and water pipes, boost semiconductor investment, and expand green energy.
In February 2024, the total federal government debt grew to $34.4 trillion after having grown by approximately $1 trillion in both of two separate 100-day periods since the previous June.[132]
Build Back Better Plan
See main article: Build Back Better Plan. The Build Back Better Plan was a proposed framework of public investment in social, infrastructural, and environmental programs. It was eventually divided into three parts. The American Rescue Plan was focused on COVID-19 pandemic relief, and was passed and signed into law in March 2021 as the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021. The second part called for investment in infrastructure and addressing climate change, and was called the American Jobs Plan. Elements of the American Jobs Plan were the basis for the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, signed into law in November 2021. The third part, the American Families Plan, proposed investment in social policies, such as paid parental leave. The American Families Plan was merged with elements of the American Jobs Plan to form the Build Back Better Act, introduced in September 2021. This passed the House of Representatives, but failed to pass the Senate. Continued negotiations led to a new proposal, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 which included proposals addressing climate change, healthcare, and tax reform proposals while excluding Build Back Better's social safety net proposals. This was passed and signed into law in August 2022.
Consumer price reductions
The administration also pursued lower drug prices by allowing Medicare to negotiate the prices it pays and capping the price of insulin.
In 2024, Biden pushed to limit junk fees through the FTC, FCC and CFPB.[133]
Biden took antitrust more seriously than presidents in recent memory, as seen by the work of Lina Khan at the FTC, a historic court victory against Google's search monopoly, and a lawsuit to break-up Live Nation and Ticketmaster.
American Rescue Plan Act of 2021
See main article: American Rescue Plan Act of 2021. On January 14, 2021, Biden revealed a $1.9 trillion stimulus bill, the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021.[134] The plan includes $1 trillion in direct aid, including $1,400 per-person checks, for working Americans, and would provide for direct housing and nutrition assistance, expanding access to safe and reliable childcare and affordable healthcare, increasing the minimum wage, extending unemployment insurance, and giving families with kids and childless workers an emergency boost this year.[135] It would also expand the eligibility of these checks to adult dependents who have been left out of previous rounds of relief.[135] [134] The plan additionally includes $440 billion in community support, providing $350 billion of community support to first responders while the rest goes to grants for small businesses and transit agencies; $400 billion for a national vaccination plan and school reopenings; and $10 billion for information technology, modernizing federal cybersecurity infrastructure.[134] [136] In her first press briefing, press secretary Psaki said the plan was likely to change as negotiations continued, with the provision to increase the minimum wage later being excluded from the relief plan.[137] Biden signed the Plan into law on March 11, 2021, passing through both chambers of Congress with a party-line vote.[138] [139]
The plan invokes the Defense Production Act of 1950 to ensure the production of personal protective equipment, glass vials, syringes, and other supplies exceeds the demand.[135] It allows partners of states to create vaccine centers in stadiums, convention centers and pharmacies.[140] The federal government would identify communities that have been hit hardest by COVID-19, and ensure the vaccine does not reach them at an unfair pace.[136] [135] [140] In addition, the plan would launch a national campaign to educate Americans about the vaccine and COVID-19, targeting misinformation related to the pandemic.[140] Vaccines would also be freely available to all citizens regardless of immigration status.[135] In Biden's plan, he would issue a national testing strategy that attempts to mitigate the spread of COVID-19 by increasing laboratory capacity and expanding testing. The plan would also develop new treatments for COVID-19.[135] [134] [136] [140]
American Families Plan
On April 28, during Biden's speech to Congress he unveiled the American Families Plan, a roughly $1.8 trillion proposal to significantly increase federal spending in areas related to childcare, paid leave, pre-kindergarten, community college, and healthcare.[141] [142] It is considered to be the third part of Biden's "Build Back Better" agenda (the first being the American Rescue Plan and the second being the American Jobs Plan).[143] The bill was effectively merged with climate change and other provisions that didn't make it into the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, for a total $3.5 trillion Build Back Better Act. However, the bill did not have Republican support, and Democrats struggled to win the support of Senator Joe Manchin of West Virginia to pass it on a party-line vote through budget reconciliation, even as the price was lowered to $2.2 trillion.[144] After the bill ultimately failed to match his envisioned cost, Manchin publicly rejected it, dooming its passage.[145]
Labor
On January 22, 2021, Biden signed an executive order that removed schedule F, overturning a number of Trump's policies that limited the collective bargaining power of federal unions.[146] [147] Biden's executive order also promotes a $15 minimum wage for federal workers and repeals three of Trump's executive orders which made the employee discipline process stricter and restricted union representatives' access to office space. As well as promoting a $15 minimum wage, Biden's executive order increases the amount of money going to the families of children who are missing meals because of school closures due to the pandemic by 15%.[148] The repealing of Trump's three executive orders comes as the orders were used to transfer civil servants and career scientists and replace them with employees friendly to the Trump administration.[149]
On inauguration day 2021, Biden fired pro-business Peter Robb, then general counsel of the National Labor Relations Board,[150] replacing him with pro-union Jennifer Abruzzo in February 2021.[151] Biden's NLRB has pursued action against Starbucks' and Amazon's alleged anti-union activities.[152] On August 24, 2023, the NLRB reinstated Obama-era policies regarding union elections, speeding up the timeline by removing restrictions such as resolving litigation before holding an election.[153]
In late 2022, Biden signed a bill forcing an agreement between union workers and rail companies in order to prevent a strike, earning him criticism from progressives and rail workers.[154] [155] [156] Afterwards, Biden pressured the rail companies to offer paid sick leave to workers, which had been a key demand in the original planned strike.[157] More than 60% of rail workers had sick leave agreements in June 2023.[158]
On the 2023 United Auto Workers strike, Biden repeated union leader Shawn Fain's motto "record profits, record contracts" and expressed support for the workers in negotiations.[159] Biden assigned two White House officials to aid in negotiation efforts, senior adviser Gene Sperling and acting Labor Secretary Julie Su.[160] On September 26, Biden joined striking UAW workers on the picket line in Michigan, becoming the first president to do so.[161]
Biden became the first US president to run for election with a unionized campaign staff for his 2024 election run.[162]
The Biden administration helped to resolve the 2024 United States port strike.[163]
Banking
See also: 2023 banking crisis. After the Collapse of Silicon Valley Bank in 2023, Biden expressed opposition to a bailout that was borne by taxpayers.[164] He also claimed that the partial roll-back of Dodd-Frank regulations contributed to the bank failures.[165]
Domestic manufacturing
Biden signed an executive order intended to support domestic manufacturers by increasing a federal preference for purchasing goods made wholly or partly in the U.S. Using the broad term "Made in America laws", the executive order's stated goal is to strengthen "all statutes, regulations, rules, and Executive Orders relating to Federal financial assistance awards or Federal procurement, including those that refer to 'Buy America' or 'Buy American.'"[166] [167]
On August 9, 2022, Biden actively promoted and signed into law the CHIPS and Science Act, which authorized $52 billion for domestic semiconductor research and manufacturing.[168] On August 16, 2022, Biden signed the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 into law, which included provisions to support the domestic production of solar panels, wind turbines, and other infrastructure.[169] Due to incentives from the CHIPS and Science Act, Micron Technology will invest billions in new semiconductor manufacturing in New York.[170]
Trade
The Wall Street Journal reported that instead of negotiating access to Chinese markets for large American financial-service firms and pharmaceutical companies, the Biden administration may focus on trade policies that boost exports or domestic jobs. U.S. Trade Representative Katherine Tai said the administration wants a "worker-centered trade policy".[171] [172] U.S. Secretary of Commerce Gina Raimondo aggressively enforced trade rules to combat unfair practices by China.[173]
In March 2021, in her first interview since taking office, U.S. Trade Representative Katherine Tai told The Wall Street Journal the U.S. would not lift tariffs on Chinese imports (implemented under the Trump administration as urged by Peter Navarro) in the near future, despite lobbying efforts from "free traders" including former U.S. Secretary of Treasury Hank Paulson and the Business Roundtable, a big-business group in the U.S., that pressed for tariff repeal.[174]
In 2021, the U.S. suspended its diplomatic trade engagement with Myanmar after a rise in violence perpetrated by the Burmese military against anti-coup protesters.[175]
In May 2024, the Biden administration raised tariffs on Chinese imports, including a doubling for solar cells; tripling for lithium-ion electric vehicle batteries; and increases for steel, aluminum, and medical equipment. This marks the first time that critical minerals, including rare earth magnets—key components in electric and hybrid vehicles—have been specifically included in the tariffs.[176] China produces and refines over 90 percent of the world's rare earth material.[177] The tariff increases will be phased in over a period of three years.[178]
Infrastructure
See also: Build Back Better Plan and Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act. As a part of the Build Back Better Plan, the Biden administration aimed for massive spending on the nation's infrastructure on the order of $2 trillion.[179] Several of the physical infrastructure provisions featured in the proposal were included in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act. Biden signed the Act into law on November 15, 2021.[180]
This final version included approximately $1.2 trillion in spending, with $550 billion being newly authorized spending on top of what Congress was planning to authorize regularly.[181] The bill included $7.5 billion for electric vehicle charging.[182] As of March 2024, seven charging stations with a total of 38 spots for charging vehicles had been built.
Inflation
See also: 2021–2023 inflation surge. Longer-term variables that preceded the pandemic and contributed to the rise in inflation include structural housing shortages,[183] [184] [185] impacts of climate change on food, energy and home insurance prices,[186] [187] [188] as well as the size of government debt and deficits.[189] [190] [191]
In the midst of recovery from COVID-19, inflation rose to the highest rate in forty years peaking at 9.1% in 2022, with many other major global economies reaching similar level.[192] [193] [194] [195] [196] Biden stated during his first State of the Union Address on March 1, 2022, that addressing inflation was his "top priority", while touting an anti-inflation plan that he said would address ocean shipping costs and prescription drug prices.[197]
The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine resulted in increases in food and energy prices.[198] [199]
At the end of 2023, the U.S. Census Bureau found that without housing inflation, inflation would have been just 1.8%, instead of 3.2%.[200] Katy O'Donnell of Politico argued that housing shortages, caused by artificial scarcity driven by NIMBYism, had been the single-biggest contributor to inflation.[201] Freddie Mac estimated that the housing shortage surged 52% between 2018 and 2020.[200] Between 2020 and 2023 climate-change exacerbated home insurance premiums in the U.S. by 33%.[186] July 2024 data showed that inflation had dropped to 2.9%, with rising rents and childcare costs as the main drivers.[202]
Most economists surveyed by the WSJ in July 2024 found that inflation would be worse under a second Trump administration compared to a second Biden term, due in part to tariffs, a crack down on illegal immigration, and larger deficits.[203]
Taxation
Biden changed the practice of IRS agents disproportionately auditing lower-income Americans.[204]
Finance officials from 130 countries agreed on July 1, 2021, to plans for a new international taxation policy. All the major economies agreed to pass national laws that would require corporations to pay at least 15% income tax in the countries they operate. This new policy would end the practice of locating world headquarters in small countries with very low taxation rates. Governments hope to recoup some of the lost revenue, estimated at $100 billion to $240 billion each year. The new system was promoted by the Biden administration and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Secretary-General Mathias Cormann of the OECD said: "This historic package will ensure that large multinational companies pay their fair share of tax everywhere."[205]
Energy, environment, and climate
See also: Environmental policy of the Biden administration.
General
During his first week in office, Biden established the position of White House National Climate Advisor, appointing environmental health and air quality expert Gina McCarthy to the role. Biden also created the position of U.S. Special Presidential Envoy for Climate, appointing former secretary of state John Kerry.[206]
On January 20, 2021, Biden signed an executive order rejoining the U.S. to the Paris Agreement.[207] [208] With the U.S. rejoining the agreement, countries responsible for two-thirds of the global greenhouse gas emissions would make pledges of becoming carbon neutral, while without United States it is only half.[209] On the same day, Biden also issued an executive order that cancelled the construction of the Keystone XL pipeline, an extension of the Keystone Pipeline. The pipeline was heavily criticized by environmental and Native American activists and groups.[210] [211] This order also directed agencies to review and reverse more than 100 actions made by Trump on the environment.[94]
On March 27, 2021, Biden invited more than forty world leaders for a climate summit.[212]
In August 2022, Biden signed the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 into law, a domestic spending bill born out of continued negotiations on the Build Back Better Act after its collapse that fulfilled some of its initial provisions. The bill included significant federal investment in domestic clean energy production, combating climate change, and healthcare; it aims to reduce U.S. carbon emissions by 40% from peak 2005 levels by 2030, included a three-year extension of Affordable Care Act subsidies, and empowered Medicare to begin negotiating lower prescription drug costs for the first time.
In May 2022, the White House Council on Environmental Quality released a report in which it describes how Biden's administration followed the around 200 recommendations of the White House Environmental Justice Advisory Council. The full report has around 150 pages. The report summarizes many of the steps taken by the administration on environmental issues. Among others, it mentions significant achievements in the domains of energy efficiency, weatherization, transit-oriented development, walking, cycling, mixed-use development, cooperation with Indigenous peoples of the Americas.[213]
In April 2024 Biden delivered $20 billion to eight environmental NGOs. The aim is to reduce the country's emissions by 40 million tonnes per year with the money, while giving 70% of the benefits to low income communities.[214] [215] In the same month, the American Climate Corps is expected to begin function with several hundred members. The tasks will probably be "things like installing solar panels, restoring vulnerable habitats, and fire hazard prevention." Biden plans increase the number of participants to 20,000 during the first year and then 50,000 more will be added each year by 2031. However, this plan is opposed by Republicans.[216]
In May 2024, the administration announced guidelines around carbon markets. They push for increased verifiability from suppliers and transparency from buyers. The guidelines are not binding or enforceable.[217]
In November 2024, the Biden administration withheld federal funding from Climate Justice Alliance, a move which CJA and The Intercept connected to its support for a ceasefire in Gaza and other progressive policy issues that had made it a target of Republican scrutiny.[218]
Oil, gas extraction and transportation
On January 21, 2021, the Biden administration issued a 60-day ban on oil and gas leases and permits on federal land and waters.[219] On January 27, 2021, Biden signed a number of executive orders aimed at combating climate change,[220] one of them setting climate change as a key consideration for U.S. national security and foreign policy.[221] In an attempt to encourage U.S. membership to the Kigali Amendment, an international agreement aimed to reduce the production of hydrofluorocarbons, Biden's executive order directed the U.S. Department of State to submit the Kigali Amendment to the Senate.[222] [223]
In March 2021, 21 Republican state attorneys general of 21 states sued the Biden administration for revoking the Keystone XL pipeline permit. The suit claims Biden's executive order exceeded his authority.[224] [225]
In May 2021, the EPA rolled back a Trump administration rule that prohibited the EPA from using certain studies.[226] [227] The previous rule, which made it more difficult to use major scientific studies to justify pollution reduction policies,[228] had already been invalidated by a federal court.[229]
On June 1, 2021, Secretary of the Interior Deb Haaland suspended all oil and gas drilling leases in Alaska's Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, pending further review of their environmental impacts.[230]
In January 2021, Biden had issued a 60-day ban on oil and gas leases and permits on federal land and waters. A group of Republican state attorneys general successfully obtained a decision in federal court to lift the moratorium. The Biden administration appealed the decision but agreed to continue with the sales, and in September 2021 held the largest federal gas and oil lease auction in U.S. history, selling leases to extract 1.7 million acres in the Gulf of Mexico. The areas that were purchased by oil companies can be expected to produce around 4.2 trillion cubic feet of natural gas and 1.12 billion barrels of oil over the next 50 years. The administration has also proposed another round of gas and oil lease sales in 2022, in Colorado, Montana, Wyoming, and other western states.[231] [232] [233]
The Biden administration supported the Line 3 pipeline, which transports oil from Canada's oil sands region.[234]
In November 2021, a closely watched Interior Department report on federal oil and gas lease policy, ordered by Biden, was completed. The report recommended increasing the 12.5% federal royalty rate for oil and gas drilling, which had not been raised by a century, and was significantly lower than rates charged for leasing on state and private land. The report also recommended an increase in the bond rates that drilling companies are required to pay for future cleanup efforts before beginning extraction at new sites, and recommended that leases be focused on sites with "moderate to high potential" for production in proximity to existing fossil-fuel infrastructure.[233] The report stopped short of banning the leasing program, which generates billions of dollars for the federal government, but reformed its terms to be less favorable for industry; environmental groups praised the reforms, but also said they were insufficient to address the U.S. contribution to the climate crisis.[233]
In 2021, the Biden administration proposed a 20-year ban on oil and gas drilling around Chaco Culture National Historical Park, a site in northwestern New Mexico that contain important Ancestral Puebloan sites.[235]
Environmental science
In May 2021, the EPA rolled back a Trump administration rule that prohibited the EPA from using certain studies.[226] [227] The previous rule, which made it more difficult to use major scientific studies to justify pollution reduction policies,[228] had already been invalidated by a federal court.[229]
Renewable energy
The Biden administration set a goal of achieving 30 gigawatts of offshore wind energy generated in the U.S. by 2030 (sufficient to provide electricity to about 10 million homes). In 2021, the Biden administration approved the South Fork Wind project, a major (130 MW, 12-turbine) commercial offshore wind power project located southeast of Rhode Island's Block Island and east of New York's Montauk Point, the wind farm is projected to provide electricity to proved 70,000 Long Island homes. The project is the country's second large-scale offshore wind project (after a similar wind-power development in Massachusetts).[236] [237]
Nature conservation
The U.S. is part of the 30 by 30 initiative which aims to preserve 30% of the global land and sea territory by 2030. For the U.S. to accomplish its part, Biden launched a campaign called "America the Beautiful". The campaign seeks to work in cooperation with indigenous people and farmers, as well as better serve disadvantaged communities.[238]
In November 2021, Biden promised to end and reverse deforestation and land degradation by 2030,[239] joining more than 100 other global leaders in the COP26 climate summit's first major agreement.[240] [241]
According to a report from the Center for American Progress during the first 3 years of his presidency Biden broke several records in conservation, which is "a proven defense against the changing climate". In 2023 alone he turned 12.5 million acres into protected areas and made 200 agreements with indigenous people about co-management of the protected areas.[242] [243] He advanced a proposal to ban logging in old growth forests from 2025 which is also important for the climate.[244]
Electoral and ethical reform
See also: Electoral and ethics policy of the Biden administration. In response to what Biden describes as the growing influence of special interests and gerrymandering in elections, he has pledged to seek electoral and government ethics reforms.[245] Biden supported the For the People Act and the John Lewis Voting Rights Act.[246] [247] In January 2022, he endorsed a change to senate filibuster rules after they both failed to invoke cloture.[248] However, the rules change failed when two Democratic senators joined Senate Republicans in opposing it.[249]
Known for his generally bipartisan tone, Biden avoided directly referring to his predecessor during his first year in office.[250] Beginning in 2022, Biden condemned Trump and Trumpism in stronger terms; he likened the "MAGA philosophy" to "semi-fascism" and, in a 2022 speech outside Independence Hall in Philadelphia, said the "extreme ideology" of Trump, and a Republican Party dominated by him, "threatens the very foundation of our republic." Biden specifically condemned Trump and "MAGA Republicans" for promoting authoritarian leaders, using violent rhetoric, refusing to disavow political violence, and refusing to acknowledge election losses.[250] [251] Biden suggested that the 2022 United States elections could be illegitimate if federal laws are not passed to combat enacted voter-suppression legislation from state legislatures.[252] [253] [254]
After the attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election, Biden called for reforms to the 1887 Electoral Count Act to clarify the roles of Congress and the vice president in certifying electoral votes. The Electoral Count Reform and Presidential Transition Improvement Act of 2022 raised the threshold for objections to electoral votes, clarified that the vice president cannot decertify electoral votes, and modified the process for which electors are certified. It was included as part of the 2023 Consolidated Appropriations Act.[255]
Housing
See main article: Housing Supply Action Plan. Due to ongoing decreases in housing affordability exacerbated by the pandemic, inflation, and snarls in the global supply chain, Biden launched the Housing Supply Action Plan on May 16, 2022, to increase housing supply and construction through executive initiatives, administrative deregulation and funding from the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act. Due to the statutory limits upon federal intervention in housing policy, the plan relied heavily upon partnerships with willing municipal governments and the private sector to reform zoning and permitting laws and secure construction supply, issuing financial incentives to municipal governments for cooperation with the plan, issuing financial support to renters, landlords and first-time homeowners, and disincentivizing large institutional investors from acquiring government-owned or funded home properties.[256] Biden also called upon Congress to pass an Unlocking Possibilities Program to allow HUD to issue grants to states and localities to help reform permitting for affordable housing, as well as further mortgage assistance for first-time homebuyers.[257]
Through the Inflation Reduction Act, the Biden administration secured over $25 billion to invest in a variety of programs and tax credits that incentivize renovations and energy efficiency in housing through five federal agencies (HUD, IRS, DOE, DOT, EPA).[258] [259]
Immigration
See also: Immigration policy of the Biden administration. On January 20, 2021, the day Biden was inaugurated, he halted the construction of the U.S.–Mexico barrier[94] and ended a related national emergency declared by Trump in February 2018. Biden issued a proclamation that ended the Trump travel ban imposed on predominantly Muslim countries in January 2017.[94] Biden also reaffirmed protections to recipients of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA).[260] The same day, Biden sent a memorandum to the U.S. Department of State reinstating Deferred Enforced Departure for Liberians.[261] [262]
On January 20, Biden proposed the U.S. Citizenship Act of 2021 which would enact broad changes to the immigration system.[263] [264] It would provide an eight-year potential pathway for citizenship to eleven million immigrants living in the U.S. without a permanent legal status.[265] The bill would also make it easier for certain foreign workers to stay in the U.S.[266] [267] In addition, it would deliver record budget allocations for the Department of Homeland Security to secure the border and $4 billion to El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras to combat the root causes of their emigration.[268] If passed, it would also replace the word "alien" with "noncitizen" in U.S. immigration law.[269] [270] [271] Senate Majority Whip Dick Durbin called the bill "aspirational" and it was widely expected not to pass both houses of Congress without significant revision.
Also on January 20, 2021, the Biden administration issued a moratorium on deportations from the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) for the first 100 days of his presidency.[272] On January 22, Texas Attorney General Ken Paxton sued the Biden administration for violating Biden's written pledge to cooperatively work with the state of Texas.[273] A federal judge in Texas subsequently issued a temporary restraining order barring the Biden administration from enforcing its moratorium, citing the lack of "any concrete, reasonable justification for a 100-day pause on deportations."[274]
On January 22, 2021, Biden had a call with Mexican president Andrés Manuel López Obrador. On the call, Biden and López Obrador spoke about immigration, where Biden spoke of reducing immigration from Mexico to the U.S. by targeting what Biden deemed as root causes.[275] According to an Associated Press report, López Obrador noted that Biden pledged $4 billion to "help development in Honduras, El Salvador and Guatemala — nations whose hardships have spawned tides of migration through Mexico toward the United States."[276]
According to a 2021 Politico report, Republicans expected prior to Biden taking office that there would be a border surge at the start of 2021 (due to seasonal patterns and regional crises) and coordinated to make it a central issue in the lead-up to the 2022 mid-term elections.[277] The number of migrants arriving in the U.S. from Central America had been rising since April 2020 due to ongoing violence, natural disasters, food insecurity, and poverty in the region.[278] In February 2021, the U.S. Border Patrol reported a 61% increase in encounters with unaccompanied children from the month before, the largest one-month percentage increase in encounters with unaccompanied children since U.S. Customs and Border Protection began recording data in 2010.[279] [280]
Biden instructed the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) to focus on violent offenders of immigration laws rather than all offenders of immigration laws.[281] [282]
In February 2021, it was reported that DHS agents who had been empowered by Trump to enact his anti-immigration policies were resisting and defying Biden's immigration policies.[281] The union representing ICE agents signaled that its agents would not accept reversals of Trump policies.[281]
In March 2021, the Biden administration granted temporary protected status to Venezuelans fleeing the country amidst the ongoing political and economic crisis.[283] On March 24, 2021, Biden tasked Vice President Harris to reduce the number of unaccompanied minors and adult asylum seekers. She is also tasked with leading the negotiations with Mexico, Honduras, Guatemala, and El Salvador.[284] The number of migrant families and unaccompanied children entering the U.S. from across the Southwest border steeply declined in August, September, and October 2021.[285]
On June 1, 2021, the DHS officially terminated the Trump-era "Remain in Mexico" policy, which mandated that all asylum seekers from Central America were to wait in Mexico pending their court cases; however, a health order from March 2020 allowed the border authorities to send migrants back for the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic have remained in place.[286] [287] However, on August 14, 2021, a federal judge in Texas ordered the Biden administration to reimplement the policy; the Supreme Court placed a pause on the ruling to give the administration time for arguments.[288] [289] On August 24, 2021, the Supreme Court ruled that the Biden administration must comply with the lower court's ruling to reinstate the policy.[290] [291]
In fiscal year 2022, over one million immigrants (most of whom entered through family reunification) were granted legal residence,[292] up from 707,000 in 2020.[293] Up until 2022 during Biden's presidency, the number of unauthorized immigrants in the United States steadily rose.[294]
On October 5, 2023, Biden's administration said it will add sections to a border wall to stave off record migrant crossings from Mexico, carrying forward a signature policy of former president Donald Trump.[295] [296] One of Biden's first actions after taking office in January 2021 was to issue a proclamation pledging that "no more American taxpayer dollars be diverted to construct a border wall" as well as a review of all resources that had already been committed. The administration said Thursday's action did not deviate from Biden's proclamation because money that was allocated during Trump's term in 2019 had to be spent now. Former president Trump was quick to claim victory and demand an apology: "As I have stated often, over thousands of years, there are only two things that have consistently worked, wheels, and walls!" Trump wrote on social media. "Will Joe Biden apologize to me and America for taking so long to get moving...". Mexico's President Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador called the move "a step backwards."
On October 31, 2023, Homeland Security Secretary Alejandro Mayorkas testified before the Senate Homeland Security Committee that more than 600,000 people illegally made their way into the United States without being apprehended by border agents during the 2023 fiscal year.[297] [298]
President Biden pledged to welcome 125,000 refugees in 2024.[299] The Biden administration considered accepting Palestinian refugees from the Gaza Strip.[300]
On March 29, 2024, in response to a class-action lawsuit filed by lawyers representing detained migrant children, the Biden administration argued in front of a federal court that it had no responsibility to feed and house migrant children that were waiting in Border Patrol camps along the U.S.-Mexico border.[301] This argument was rejected by Judge Dolly M. Gee, who ordered the administration to "expeditiously" house all detained migrant children.[302]
On June 4, 2024, President Biden issued a new executive order granting immigration officials the authority to deport certain asylum seekers without processing their claims. This measure targets migrants who enter the United States "without permission and against the law," making it easier for authorities to deport them.[303] Under the new order, if migrants express fear of returning to their home countries, they may be given an interview with an asylum officer. However, agents are no longer required to ask migrants if they have such fears.[304] As part of the new action, the Biden administration announced the closure of the South Texas Family Residential Center, the largest immigrant detention center in the United States. The primary reason cited for this decision was the high cost of operating the facility.[305]
2024 bipartisan border bill
Separation of church and state
Biden, a practicing Catholic,[306] has taken a public position of dissent against the Church's position opposing free-choice in the abortion issue.[307] This has raised the question of whether his public office might allow him to influence the outcomes of current debates with the Church concerning abortion.[308] The Vatican has taken a mediating position concerning Biden's dissent by allowing him to take Communion in Rome while visiting the Pope.[307]
Social issues
See main article: Social policy of the Biden administration. During his early days in office, Biden focused on "advancing equity, civil rights, racial justice and equal opportunity." According to The New York Times, Biden's early actions in office focused on racial equality more than any president since Lyndon B. Johnson, who passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964.[309] On January 25, 2021, Biden signed an executive order that lifted the ban on transgender military service members.[310] This reversed a memorandum imposed by Trump.[311]
The Biden administration sought to put Harriet Tubman on the twenty-dollar bill.[312] [313] This effort followed that of the Obama administration, which was blocked by Steven Mnuchin.[314] Press secretary Psaki said it was important that U.S. money and notes reflect the "history and diversity" of the country and that putting Tubman on the twenty-dollar bill would do so.[315]
On January 20, 2021, the Biden administration issued an Executive Order entitled Advancing Racial Equity and Support for Underserved Communities Through the Federal Government[316] increasing the federal government's anti-bias enforcement against government contractors. The intent is heightened investigations and audits by the Department of Justice as well as more detailed follow-up inquiries with government contractors, with an emphasis on combatting pay discrimination.[317] Also in January, Biden directed the U.S. Department of Justice to reduce their usage of private prisons and ordered the attorney general to not renew contracts with private prisons, citing the need to "reduce profit-based incentives" for the incarceration of racial minorities.[318] [319] [320]
Three days after the Atlanta spa shootings that killed 8 people, including 6 Asian women, Biden and Vice President Harris travelled to Atlanta. They spoke to Asian American and Pacific Islander advocates and leaders and condemned sexism, and racism against Asian Americans.[321]
Biden made Juneteenth (June 19) a federal holiday in 2021, celebrating the end of slavery in the U.S.[322] In March 2022, Biden signed the Emmett Till Antilynching Act into law. With the enactment of that legislation, lynching was made a federal hate crime for the first time in American history.[323]
In October 2022, Biden pardoned all past federal marijuana possession charges and announced an inquiry into whether cannabis should be removed from Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act.[324] In December 2022, Biden signed the Medical Marijuana and Cannabidiol Research Expansion Act which was the first standalone cannabis-related bill ever passed by the United States Congress.[325]
In January 2025, Biden declared the lapsed Equal Rights Amendment ratified as the "28th Amendment" to the constitution. However, the declaration has no formal effect[326] [327] and the National Archives has said they do not intend to certify the amendment as part of the constitution, citing "established legal, judicial, and procedural decisions."[328]
LGBT rights
The United States Department of Agriculture unveiled efforts in 2022 to prevent anti-LGBT discrimination in food programs, including school lunch programs, resulting in 20 lawsuits from 20 Republican attorneys general.[329]
In December 2022, Biden signed the Respect for Marriage Act, which repealed the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), required states to recognize other states' marriage certificates for LGBT Americans, and ensured some religious liberties.[330] The bill came from a push from Democrats to codify same-sex marriage after the Dobbs decision, particularly Clarence Thomas's push to reconsider other precedents.[331]
In January 2023, the Biden administration released an "evidence agenda" for LGBTQI+ Americans to learn about "their experiences engaging with federal agencies and the disparities they face in their daily lives," as well as documenting how many LGBT people live in the United States.[332] [333]
Abortion
In December 2021, the Biden administration ended a long-standing restriction on sales of abortion pills through the mail. This decision came amidst legal cases and Supreme Court decisions that jeopardized abortion access in the United States.[334]
After the U.S. Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade and Planned Parenthood v. Casey on June 24, 2022, in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, Biden addressed the nation in the Cross Hall of the White House.[335] [336] He mentioned that "it's a sad day ... for the country" and "with Roe gone, ... The health and life of women in this nation are now at risk."[335] [336] In addition, he attacked the Court saying "With this decision, the conservative majority of the Supreme Court shows how extreme it is" and "They have made the United States an outlier among developed nations in the world."[335] [336] Regarding action, Biden stated that his administration will defend the right of women to seek an abortion in another state where abortion is legal and help protect a woman's access to contraception and abortion pills approved by the FDA.[335] [336] He also called on Congress to codify Roe v. Wade, saying "No executive action ... can do that.".[335] [336] But stated that if Congress did not have the votes to codify, that the voters would have to take action by "elect[ing] more senators and representatives who will codify a woman's right to choose into federal law."[335] [336]
The Biden administration rejected the call from progressives[337] to allow abortions on federal land, with White House press secretary Karine Jean-Pierre saying, "in states where abortion is now illegal, women and providers who are not federal employees, as you look at the federal land, could be potentially – be prosecuted."[338]
During a press conference at the 2022 Madrid NATO Summit, Biden expressed support for providing an exception to the filibuster to codify Roe v. Wade.[339]
Criminal justice and crime rates
The Biden administration rescinded a Trump administration policy that curtailed the use of consent decrees that had been used by previous administrations in their investigations of misconduct in police departments.[340]
Biden proposed in his fiscal 2022 budget to more than double funding for the Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) Hiring Program, which helps state and local governments to hire law enforcement officers.[341]
Despite perceptions, notably by Republicans and conservative media, of a "crime crisis" of soaring violent crime under Biden, FBI data indicated the violent crime rate had declined significantly during the president's first two years in office, after a spike in 2020 during the COVID pandemic. By 2022, the violent crime rate was near a 50-year low, and preliminary data released in early 2024 indicated continuing declines in 2023.[342] [343] [344] [345]
As of July 1, 2024, violent crime was down and homicides were on pace to drop to 2015 levels by the end of the year.[346] [347]
Pardons and commutations
Biden issued more individual pardons and commutations than any other president. On October 6, 2022, he pardoned all Americans convicted of "small" amounts of cannabis possession under federal law.[348] On December 22, 2023, he pardoned Americans for cannabis use or possession on federal lands regardless of whether they had been charged or prosecuted. On December 12, 2024, in the largest single-day clemency act in history, Biden granted clemency to about 1,500 nonviolent felons in home confinement who had previously been released from prison. The act generated controversy, as it included felons such as Michael Conahan, a judge involved in the kids for cash kickback scandal, and Rita Crundwell, a comptroller responsible for the single largest municipal fraud in U.S. history. On December 23, 2024, Biden commuted the sentences of 37 of the 40 individuals on federal death row to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole.[349] [350]
On December 1, 2024, Biden issued a "full and unconditional" pardon to his son, Hunter Biden, that covered all federal offenses between 2014 and December 1, 2024. According to Reason magazine, the pardon's sweeping extent was "unprecedented" and was even more far-reaching than Richard Nixon's or other "controversial" pardons:[351]
The Hunter pardon is far more comprehensive...in that it covered not just his convictions for drug-related activities and tax fraud, but any other criminal behavior since 2014—the year that Hunter joined the board of Ukrainian energy company Burisma. It has been alleged that Hunter's job was essentially to trade on the family name and sell his access to dad. This may not have been illegal, but it does mean that the pardon is clearly designed to offer preemptive protection not just to Hunter, but to Joe Biden himself. These features make the pardon unprecedented, though perfectly in line with the president's executive powers.
Hunter had been convicted on charges related to tax and gun offenses, after which Joe made numerous promises not to pardon him. He and his staff continued to say that Hunter would not be pardoned as late as November, although internal staff discussions affirmed that the option remained on the table even as Biden said otherwise.
[352] In a statement announcing the pardon, Biden said he believed his son was "selectively, and unfairly, prosecuted".
On his last day in office, Biden issued pardons for more of his family members and other high-profile figures. The pardons covered Biden's siblings and their spouses, including James Biden, who was interviewed as part of an impeachment probe into Biden. Others pardoned that day include former chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Mark Milley, former National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases director Anthony Fauci, and members and participants in the House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack, despite many of those pardoned not having been under criminal investigation. Biden justified the pardons by citing his concern about "baseless and politically motivated investigations" during Trump's second term. Biden added that the pardons were preemptive and should not be seen as implying their recipients' guilt. The pardons Biden granted to his family and other political figures had a sweeping scope similar to the one he granted Hunter, covering federal offenses the recipients committed or may have committed between 2014 and the day of the pardon.
Gun control
In a national address in March 2021, after mass shootings in the Atlanta area and Boulder, Colorado, Biden advocated further gun regulations, such as a restored ban on assault weapons and a high-capacity magazine ban, as well as reinforcing preexisting background checks.[353] [354]
After the Robb Elementary School shooting on May 24, 2022, President Biden addressed the nation.[355] The next week, he again called on Congress to pass an assault weapons and high-capacity magazine ban, as well as red flag laws and other legislation.[356] [357] As a result of the shooting, the Bipartisan Safer Communities Act was eventually passed by Congress and signed into law. It marked the first federal gun safety law to have been enacted in 30 years.[358]
After the Colorado Springs nightclub shooting, Biden called again for an assault weapons ban.[359]
Space policy
The Biden administration reversed the Trump administration's method of using the National Space Council to coordinate commercial, civil, and military space policies, instead using the National Security Council to issue national security memoranda instead of the Space Council's space policy directives.[360] The Biden administration renewed the National Space Council, chaired by Vice President Harris,[361] "to assist the president in generating national space policies, strategies, and synchronizing America's space activities."[362] Harris held meetings with the leaders of five countries to discuss international cooperation on space issues.[361]
The Biden administration continued the Artemis program to send people back to the Moon.[361] [363] The administration also emphasized the role of NASA in studying climate change.[361] [364]
Biden appointed Bill Nelson, an astronaut and former U.S. senator, to the post of NASA administrator. Nelson was confirmed unanimously by the Senate in April 2021.[365]
In April 2021, as part of his first annual budget request, Biden proposed a $24.8 billion budget for NASA in 2022, a $1.5 billion increase on what Congress allocated to 2021.[364] [366] The proposal includes funding for the Artemis program for a new crewed Moon landing mission. The proposal also included a 12.5% increase for NASA's Earth Science Division, as well as a 22% increase for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, which operates a fleet of weather satellites; both measures aimed to use space tools to study and mitigate climate change.[364]
On December 1, 2021, Biden announced his new framework for US space policy, the United States Space Priorities Framework, which explains Biden's approach for commercial, civil, and military space activity.[367] There is a new emphasis on combating climate change and investing in STEM education.
Supreme Court
On July 29, 2024, Biden announced a plan to reform the Supreme Court of the United States. The plan called for three major changes. The first was an amendment to the Constitution, the No One Is Above the Law Amendment, which would eliminate immunity for presidents. This would effectively reverse the Supreme Court's decision in Trump v. United States. Second, Biden laid out a plan for creating term limits for Supreme Court justices. Under his plan, every two years presidents would appoint justices to 18 year terms. Lastly, he pushed for "a binding code of conduct" to replace the Supreme Court's existing self-enforced ethics code.[368]
Surveillance
In 2024, Biden reauthorized Section 702.[369]
Foreign affairs
See main article: Foreign policy of the Biden administration.
See also: List of visits by foreign leaders to the United States under Joe Biden.
Defense
On January 22, 2021, Biden signed his first bill, H.R. 335 into law, providing a waiver to the law preventing appointment of a Secretary of Defense who had been on active duty in the armed forces within the past seven years;[370] this was the third time such a waiver was granted by Congress. Retired army four-star general Lloyd Austin was confirmed by the Senate in a 93–2 vote that same day, making Austin the first African-American Defense Secretary.[371] [372]
Austin said his number one priority was to assist COVID-19 relief efforts, pledging he would "quickly review the Department's contributions to COVID-19 relief efforts, ensuring that we're doing everything that we can to help distribute vaccines across the country and to vaccinate our troops and preserve readiness."[373]
On February 10, 2021, Biden visited the Pentagon for the first time as president.[374] In remarks to service members alongside Vice President Kamala Harris and Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin, Biden announced a U.S. Department of Defense-led China task force "to provide a baseline assessment of department policies, programs and processes in regard to the challenge China poses."[375]
On June 18, 2021, the administration removed eight MIM-104 Patriot anti-missile batteries from Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Kuwait, and Iraq, removed the THAAD anti-missile defense system from Saudi Arabia, and announced that most jet squadrons and hundreds of American troops would be withdrawn from the region. The changes come in light of both de-escalating tensions with Iran and the administration changing its focus on countering China.[376]
After taking office, Biden heavily restricted the use of armed drones and drone strikes.[377] [378] After Biden's first year in office, drone strikes had hit a 20-year low and were heavily limited by the administration.[379] [380]
In October 2023, President Biden asked Congress for nearly $106 billion in funding for Israel, Ukraine, countering China in the Indo-Pacific, and operations on the southern U.S. border.[381] Biden signed a record $886 billion defense spending bill into law on December 22, 2023.[382] [383]
Indo-Pacific strategy
In 2021, Biden held a virtual meeting with leaders of Japan, India and Australia, an alliance of countries known as the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue, or the Quad, that work together to address China's expansionism in the Indo-Pacific region.[384] [385] This was followed by high level meetings and sanctions on Chinese officials,[386] [385] and later hosting the first in-person Quad summit at the White House.[387]
On May 23, 2022, Biden launched the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF) with 12 regional partners to counter growing Chinese economic and political influence in the Indo-Pacific region,[388] a move China described as a "closed and exclusive club".[389] [390] In November 2023, under pressure from Congressional Democrats, the Biden administration halted plans for the IPEF's trade component.[391] [392]
On August 18, 2023, Biden hosted Japan's Fumio Kishida and South Korea's Yoon Suk Yeol at Camp David, producing the Camp David Principles relating to joint military exercises, supply chain resilience, and united criticism of North Korea, Russia, and China.[393]
China
Biden has said the U.S. needs to "get tough" on China and build "a united front of U.S. allies and partners to confront China's abusive behaviors and human rights violations."[394] He described China as the "most serious competitor" that poses challenges on the "prosperity, security, and democratic values" of the U.S.[395]
Biden nominated Antony Blinken to serve as Secretary of State who took office on January 26, 2021.[396] [397] During his nomination hearing, Blinken said that previous optimistic approaches to China were flawed,[398] and that Biden's predecessor, Donald Trump, "was right in taking a tougher approach to China" but he "disagree[s] very much with the way [Trump] went about it in a number of areas."[397] He endorsed former secretary of state Mike Pompeo's report that China is committing a genocide against Uyghur Muslims.[397] In March 2021, Secretary of State Antony Blinken, National Security Advisor Jake Sullivan and other administration officials met with the Chinese Communist Party Politburo member Yang Jiechi, Chinese foreign minister Wang Yi, and other Chinese officials in Alaska with heated exchanges on China's human rights abuses, cyberattacks, its threats against Taiwan, its crackdown in Xinjiang and Hong Kong, and other issues of U.S. interest. The Chinese side countered: "The U.S. does not have the qualification to speak to China from a position of strength [and] does not serve as a model to others [and] China's development and strengthening is unstoppable."[399] [400]
On October 20, 2021, Biden said he is concerned about Chinese hypersonic missiles, days after China tested a nuclear-capable hypersonic missile that circled the globe before speeding towards its target.[401]
The U.S. took steps to restrict TikTok over national-security concerns related to its Chinese ownership. In December 2022, Biden signed the No TikTok on Government Devices Act, barring TikTok on federal devices.[402] In April 2024, he signed the Protecting Americans from Foreign Adversary Controlled Applications Act,[403] which set a deadline for apps owned by foreign adversaries, such as TikTok's parent company ByteDance, to either be sold to a non-adversary owner or be banned in the United States. TikTok's U.S. ban was not enforced; service was restored and the enforcement deadline was repeatedly extended.[404]
Taiwan
On September 18, 2022, Biden said that U.S. forces would defend Taiwan if China launched an invasion. China condemned the remark, saying it sent the wrong signal to supporters of Taiwanese independence. The policy was stated in contrast to Biden's previous exclusion of U.S. forces in support for Ukraine in its current conflict with Russia.[405]
Myanmar
On February 1, 2021, Biden condemned the Myanmar coup d'état and called for the release of detained officials. Biden also left open the door to re-imposing sanctions on the country, saying in a statement that "[t]he United States removed sanctions on Burma over the past decade based on progress toward democracy. The reversal of that progress will necessitate an immediate review of our sanction laws and authorities, followed by appropriate action."[406]
On March 5, 2021, Biden imposed sanctions on Myanmar's Ministry of Home Affairs and Ministry of Defence and certain junta conglomerates.[407] On March 22, 2021, Secretary of State Antony Blinken announced sanctions on several military generals in response to a violent crackdown on peaceful protests.[408]
Afghanistan
See main article: 2020–2021 U.S. troop withdrawal from Afghanistan.
In February 2020, the Trump administration made a deal with the Taliban to completely withdraw U.S. forces by May 1, 2021.[409] In April 2021, President Biden formally announced that American troops would instead withdraw from Afghanistan by September 11, 2021, which would signal an end to the U.S.'s longest war.[410] According to Princeton professor Julian E. Zelizer, Biden "clearly learned a great deal from his time in the Obama presidency", and demonstrated that "he is a politician capable of learning and evolving, contrary to some of the skeptics in the primaries who thought he didn't understand how politics had changed." According to Washington Post journalist Steven Levingston, "Obama listened to military leaders who advised him that withdrawal would be a mistake. Biden, meanwhile, was the top administration official arguing for a much more limited role for American forces in Afghanistan. Later, Biden would go on to say that he could tell by Obama's 'body language' that he agreed with that assessment — even though he ultimately rejected it."[411]
Soon after the withdrawal of U.S. troops started, the Taliban launched an offensive against the Afghan government, quickly advancing in front of a collapsing Afghan Armed Forces.[412] [413] President Biden defended the withdrawal, saying "I trust the capacity of the Afghan military, who is better trained, better equipped and ... more competent in terms of conducting war."[414]
By early July 2021, most of the American troops in Afghanistan were withdrawn.[409] Biden addressed the withdrawal, stating that: "The likelihood there's going to be the Taliban overrunning everything and owning the whole country is highly unlikely."[409] On August 15, amid an offensive by the Taliban, the Afghan government collapsed, Afghan president Ashraf Ghani fled the country and Kabul fell to the Taliban.[409] [415] Biden reacted by ordering 6,000 American troops to assist in the evacuation of American personnel and Afghan allies.[416] He has been criticized over the manner of the American withdrawal.[415]
On August 16, Biden addressed the "messy" situation, taking responsibility for it ("the buck stops with me"), and admitting that the situation "unfolded more quickly than we had anticipated".[415] [417] He defended his decision to withdraw, saying that Americans should not be "dying in a war that Afghan forces are not willing to fight for themselves", since the "Afghan military collapsed [against the Taliban], sometimes without trying to fight".[417] [418] Biden partly attributed the lack of early evacuation of Afghan civilians to the Afghan government's opposition of a "mass exodus" which they thought would cause a "crisis of confidence".[418] On August 26, a suicide attack was carried out by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant - Khorasan Province at the Hamid Karzai International Airport, killing more than 170 people, including at least 62 Afghan civilians, 13 US service members, two British nationals and the child of a third British national.[419] [420] Biden made a public address after the attack, in which he honored the American service members who were killed, calling them "heroes" and saying they lost their lives "in the service of liberty", and stated that the US had evacuated more than 100,000 Americans, Afghans, and others. He expressed deep sorrow for the Afghan victims as well. Biden said to those who wished harm upon the US that "we will hunt you down and make you pay."[421] [422] Biden received increasingly harsh criticism from both Republicans and Democrats in the US Congress, with Republicans calling for his resignation or for his impeachment.[423] [424] [425]
After the Taliban takeover of Afghanistan, the Biden administration froze about $9 billion in assets belonging to the Afghan central bank, blocking the Taliban from accessing these billions of dollars in reserves held in U.S. bank accounts.[426] [427]
In February 2022, Biden signed an executive order that seeks to unfreeze approximately $3.5 billion of Afghan assets in the U.S. for the purpose of humanitarian assistance in Afghanistan.[428]
On July 31, 2022, Al-Qaida leader Ayman al-Zawahiri was killed in Kabul by an American drone strike approved by Biden.[429]
Iran
See main article: Iran–United States relations during the Biden administration. Relations with Iran during the Biden administration centered on attempts to revive the 2015 nuclear agreement amid sanctions, cyberattacks, and proxy conflicts. U.S. officials sought a return to the JCPOA,[430] but Vienna talks stalled,[431] [432] as Iran increased uranium enrichment and imposed retaliatory sanctions,[431] [433] while the U.S. imposed new sanctions over missile programs, oil exports, and human rights abuses.[434] [435] [436]
Proxy attacks on U.S. bases continued,[437] intensifying after the Gaza war in late 2023,[438] and were met with American strikes.[439] The period also saw disputes over the assassination of Qasem Soleimani,[440] [441] [442] and military escalations across the Gulf region.[443] [444] [445] In 2023, a breakthrough occurred with a U.S.–Iran prisoner swap and the release of frozen Iranian funds,[446] [447] [448] though indirect diplomacy remained fragile.[449] Later accusations of Iranian cyber interference in the 2024 U.S. election,[450] [451] [452] along with alleged assassination plots in the U.S.,[453] further strained relations. By late 2024, relations remained tense and adversarial.
Saudi Arabia and Yemen
Biden ordered a halt in the arms sales to Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates which the Trump administration had previously agreed to.[454] Two years after Jamal Khashoggi's assassination, Avril Haines, the Director of National Intelligence under Biden's administration, announced that the intelligence report into the case against the Saudi government would be declassified. It was reported that Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman would be blamed for the murder, as was concluded by the CIA.[455]
On February 4, 2021, the Biden administration announced that the U.S. was ending its support for the Saudi-led bombing campaign in Yemen. President Biden in his first visit to the State Department as president said "this war has to end" and that the conflict has created "a humanitarian and strategic catastrophe".[456] However, the details of the end of American involvement in the war have yet to be released as of April 2021.[457]
In September 2021, Biden's national security adviser Jake Sullivan met in Saudi Arabia with Crown Prince Bin Salman to discuss the high oil prices.[458] The record-high energy prices were driven by a global surge in demand as the world quit the economic recession caused by COVID-19.[459] [460] The Biden administration was pressed on potential oil deals with Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, and Iran that would have them increase their oil production.[461] [462] However, so far, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates have declined requests from the US.[463] [464]
As a presidential candidate, Joe Biden had vowed to make the Saudis "pay the price" and make them a "pariah" state, citing the Kingdom's involvement in the assassination of Jamal Khashoggi.[465] But, in June 2022, the White House confirmed that Biden was to visit Saudi Arabia and meet Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, during his Middle East trip in July.[466] [467] The announcement came after inflation in the US rose to a 40-year high.[468] The Russian invasion of Ukraine also had an impact on the oil and gas prices in the US. Biden repeatedly appealed to the Saudis to increase oil production, but the Kingdom turned down such requests.[469] Biden's planned visit was seen as a move to seek Saudi assistance to ease the oil and gas prices at home.[470] However, human rights activists and Democratic lawmakers warned Biden that the visit could send signals to Saudi that their horrific human rights violations could be exempted. Saudi dissidents living in the US said that as Saudi activists who were wronged by Prince Mohammed, they "feel betrayed by Biden". Son of Saad Aljabri, Khalid AlJabri said Biden's meeting with MbS would be "equivalent of a presidential pardon for murder".[471] Democratic representative Adam Schiff also criticized the visit saying, "I wouldn't go. I wouldn't shake his hand. This is someone who butchered an American resident, cut him up into pieces and in the most terrible and premeditated way."[472] On July 10, 2022, president Biden defended his trip to Saudi Arabia, saying humans rights were on his agenda.[473] In an op-ed, he wrote that he aims to "reorient and not rupture relations with a country that's been a strategic partner for 80 years", and that Saudi Arabia has helped to restore unity among the six countries of Gulf Cooperation Council and has fully supported the truce in the context of the Yemen war.[474]
Ahead of Biden's visit to Saudi Arabia, reports revealed that the Biden administration could possibly lift a ban on sales of offensive weapons to Riyadh. However, U.S. national security adviser Jake Sullivan they were focused on a "real ceasefire", and on Saudi efforts to end the war.[475] After the meeting with Saudi officials, Biden announced that the Kingdom committed to extend the truce in Yemen.[476] On August 2, 2022, the State Department approved the potential sale of 300 MIM-104E Guidance Enhanced Missile-Tactical Ballistic Missiles (GEM-T) for the Patriot missile defense system to Saudi Arabia. It also approved support equipment, spares and technical support to the Arab nation. In addition, the State Department also approved the potential sale of 96 Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) missile defense system interceptors and support equipment to the UAE.[477] [478] However, Human Rights Watch said the US should suspend sales of both offensive and defensive arms to Saudi Arabia and the UAE, which have used American weapons in unlawful airstrikes. HRW said a policy reversal by the US could lead to added rights violations in Yemen.[479]
United Arab Emirates
The U.S. authorities indicted Thomas J. Barrack Jr., an outside adviser to Donald Trump during and after the 2016 United States presidential election campaign. They alleged he acted as an unregistered foreign lobbyist for the United Arab Emirates. Barrack was also accused of obstruction of justice by giving false statements to the investigators.[480] [481] He was found not guilty on all charges in November 2022.[482] The DOJ also prosecuted some men for funneling more than $3.5 million to Hillary Clinton from George Nader, the royal adviser of the UAE.[483]
While federal prosecutors accused the Emirates of interfering in American politics from both sides, the relations with the Arab nation during Biden's presidency didn't witness much of the expected changes. The UAE was seen escaping its blunder-filled history of relations with the US, despite Biden's repetitive criticism against the Emirates' human rights violations and its attempts of infiltrating the US politics.[484] Moreover, the Biden administration also permitted the arms sales of $23 billion to the UAE, which was initiated by Donald Trump and involved a transfer of sophisticated weaponry like the F-35 fighter jets.[485] The US Justice Department did not charge any Emirati in the case. However, Barrack's indictment identified three UAE officials who were hosts at his reception in the Gulf nation after Trump's 2016 elections, and two others who were involved. Amongst the hosts was Abu Dhabi Crown Prince Mohamed bin Zayed, the UAE's national security adviser Tahnoun bin Zayed and director of the Emirati intelligence service, Ali Mohammed Hammad Al Shamsi. The fourth Emirati official was Abdullah Khalifa Al Ghafli, who "tasked" Barrack to push Emirati interests with America. Another official was Yousef Al Otaiba, who asked to remain anonymous in discussions over private matters.[486]
On September 23, 2024, the UAE president Mohamed bin Zayed visited the White House to hold meetings with President Biden and Kamala Harris. It marked the first ever meeting of an Emirati President to Washington. Biden and Harris met Mohamed separately, focusing on future bilateral economic and technological relations. Prior to the meeting, Biden received a letter from the lawmakers to raise concerns with the UAE around its military support to the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) in Sudan. Appreciating Biden's efforts towards the Sudan crisis, the lawmakers stated that the Emirati actions could become an obstruction. They urged Biden to address the concerns to Mohammed and press the UAE to cease the support to RSF.[487] [488] [489]
Israel
Early on, the Biden administration addressed Trump's recognition of Jerusalem as the Israeli capital. The White House confirmed that the U.S. Embassy would remain in Jerusalem and it would continue to be recognized as the capital. The administration also expressed support for the Abraham Accords while wanting to expand on them, although it shied away from using that name, instead referring to it simply as "the normalization process".[490] [491] [492]
On May 13, 2021, in the aftermath of the Al-Aqsa mosque conflict, the Biden administration was accused of being indifferent towards the violent conflict between Israeli statehood and the Palestinian minority there. Critics on both sides identified the reaction by the White House as "lame and late".[493]
On May 21, 2021, a ceasefire was brokered between Israel and Hamas after eleven days of clashes. According to Biden, the US will be playing a key role to rebuild damaged infrastructure in the Gaza alongside the Palestinian authority.[494] [495]
Gaza War
After the October 7 attack in Israel, Biden stated, "We stand with Israel" three days later and emphasized the US's role in potentially freeing American hostages in Gaza.[496]
On October 14, Biden condemned the murder of Wadea Al-Fayoume, a six-year-old Muslim boy in Chicago, by the boy's landlord. The murder was an alleged hate crime inspired by the conflict. Biden said, "There is no place in America for hate against anyone."[497] [498]
During a speech at the Human Rights Campaign Dinner on October 15, a protestor chanted "let Gaza live" and "ceasefire now" to which Biden responded that he could not hear the protestor, but then later said "I get it. I'm not sure that's a good thing. No, I'm only joking."[499] [500]
Biden's trip to Jordan to meet King Abdullah II, Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, and Mahmoud Abbas was "mutually" canceled on October 17 and indefinitely postponed.[501] [502] [503]
President Biden traveled to Tel Aviv, Israel on October 18 and met with Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, resulting in humanitarian aid being allowed into Gaza, including food, water, and medicine.[504] During the trip, Biden blamed the al-Ahli Arab Hospital explosion on "an errant rocket fired by a terrorist group in Gaza," citing US intelligence reports.[505] [506] He also promised to ask congress for an "unprecedented support package for Israel's defense," potentially tied to a bill with support for Ukraine, Taiwan, and the Southern Border.[507] Biden called on Congress to pass $14.3 billion in emergency military aid to Israel.[508] Israel already receives $3.8 billion a year in military aid.[509] Biden also announced that the US would send $100 million in humanitarian aid to Gaza and the West Bank.[510]
On November 1, after Jessica Rosenberg, a rabbi and activist from Jewish Voice for Peace, heckled Biden during a speech in Northfield, Minnesota calling for a ceasefire, Biden said, "I think we need a pause. A pause means give time to get the prisoners out."[511] [512]
Starting November 9, Biden negotiated four-hour pauses for civilians to flee every day after his push for three-day pauses failed.[513] Starting on November 23, Israel agreed to a four-day ceasefire for north of Gaza for six hours a day and a complete ceasefire south of Gaza in exchange for hostages taken by Hamas. The deal was brokered by Qatar, Egypt, and the United States.[514] [515] [516]
Ian Bremmer, an American political scientist, stated the Biden administration's position unconditionally supporting Israel had left him as isolated on the world stage as Russia's president Vladimir Putin.[517] Biden has reportedly expressed frustration with Netanyahu's handling of the war, although this has not led to a major shift in American policy.[518] [519]
Congressional oversight on arms sales has been sidestepped by the Biden administration on two occasions in December 2023.[520] Usually the Arms Export Control Act would require the State Department, on behalf of the president, to provide U.S. Congress advance notification of government-to-government foreign military sales of defense equipment. But the secretary of state Antony Blinken certified the existence of an "emergency" and therefore the requirement was lifted twice which raised objections from lawmakers from the Democratic Party.[521]
In February 2024, the Biden administration warned the government of Israel against its announced advance against Rafah,[522] and NBC news reported that Biden "has been venting his frustration in recent private conversations, some of them with campaign donors, over his inability to persuade Israel to change its military tactics in the Gaza Strip".[518] On February 16, 2024, the Wall Street Journal reported that the administration is pushing for a cease-fire deal but on the other hand is preparing another delivery of bombs and other weapons and that the administration has to notify "congressional committee leaders who would need to approve the transfer."[523] On February 20, the U.S. government vetoed a U.N. Security Council resolution demanding a cease-fire in Gaza.[524]
After the killing of Palestinian civilians receiving food aid on February 29, Biden expressed that the current level of aid flowing into Gaza was insufficient.[525] On March 3, US military began airdropping food aid into Gaza.[526] Some experts called the US airdrops performative and claimed they would do little to alleviate the food situation in Gaza.[527] In July 2024, following Biden's decision not to seek re-election, Palestinian advocacy groups stated they believed that the war would define Biden's presidential legacy.[528]
On March 30, 2024, the Biden administration authorized $2.5 billion in weapons transfers to Israel.[529] On April 24, 2024, Biden signed a $95 billion security package which included around $17 billion in military aid for Israel.[530] In June 2024, the United States officially signed a Letter of Offer and Acceptance, allowing Israel to purchase 25 additional Lockheed Martin F-35 stealth fighter jets for $3 billion.[531]
On July 10, 2024, the Biden administration resumed shipments of the 500-pound bombs to Israel, which were halted in May over concerns about the humanitarian impact of Israel's use of them in killing Palestinians in Gaza.[532] On August 9, 2024, the Department of State said the United States would send Israel an additional $3.5 billion to spend on US-made weapons and military equipment.[533] On August 13, 2024, the Department of State announced that the U.S. had approved a $20 billion weapons package sale to Israel, which included fighter jets and advanced air-to-air missiles.[534]
On September 17, 2024, thousands of handheld pagers used by Hezbollah simultaneously exploded across Lebanon and Syria.[535] The attack came just a day after the Biden administration's special envoy Amos Hochstein visited Israel and warned Benjamin Netanyahu against provoking a major escalation in Lebanon.[536]
On November 20, 2024, a UN Security Council draft resolution that demanded an immediate and unconditional ceasefire in the Gaza Strip was vetoed by the U.S. whereas all other members voted in favor. The draft resolution would have rejected "any effort to starve Palestinians" and demanded the facilitation of full, rapid, safe and unhindered entry of aid at scale to and throughout the Strip and its delivery to all those in need.[537] On January 15, 2025, a ceasefire proposal backed by Biden was adopted just days before his leaving office.[538] [539]
Palestine
During a July 2022 visit to Israel, Biden stressed the importance of keeping the two-state vision alive. He met with Palestinian National Authority President Mahmoud Abbas and announced a new aid package to the Palestinians.[540] During the administration of his predecessor Donald Trump, U.S. contributions to the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees had been defunded.[541] On the Israeli end, Prime Minister Yair Lapid reaffirmed his position on a two-state solution.
Armenian genocide
On April 24, 2021, the Biden administration declared that the Turkish killings of Armenians at the start of the 20th century were a genocide. He is the first U.S. president to ever officially recognize the Armenian genocide.[542]
Russia
On the day of Biden's inauguration, the Russian government urged the new U.S. administration to take a "more constructive" approach in talks over the extension of the 2010 New START treaty, the sole remaining agreement limiting the number of U.S. and Russian long-range nuclear warheads.[543] In Biden's first telephone call as president with Russian President Vladimir Putin, on January 26, 2021, Biden and Putin agreed to extend the New START treaty (which was set to expire in February 2021) by an additional five years.[544]
Biden and his administration condemned human rights violations by the Russian authorities, calling for the release of detained dissident and anti-corruption activist Alexei Navalny, his wife, and the thousands of Russians who had demonstrated in his support; the U.S. called for the unconditional release of Navalny and the protestors and a credible investigation into Navalny's poisoning.[545] [546] [547] On March 2, 2021, the U.S. and European Union imposed coordinated additional sanctions on Russian officials, as well as the FSB and GRU, over Navalny's poisoning and imprisonment. The State Department also expanded existing sanctions from the Chemical and Biological Weapons Control and Warfare Elimination Act that had been imposed after the poisoning of Skripal.[548] The Biden administration also planned to impose sanctions against Russia because of the 2020 SolarWinds cyberespionage campaign, which compromised the computer systems of nine federal agencies.[549] Biden's national security adviser Jake Sullivan said the response "will include a mix of tools seen and unseen, and it will not simply be sanctions."[549] [548]
The Biden administration's comprehensive review into Russian activities has included an examination of reports that the Russian government offered bounties to kill U.S. troops in Afghanistan.[550] [551] The Biden administration said intelligence community has only "low to moderate" confidence in reports due to the fact that the bounty reports originated from "detainee reporting and because of the difficult operating environment in Afghanistan."[552] [553] Biden called Russian president Vladimir Putin a "killer" in an ABC News interview, and said that Russia would pay a price for election meddling.[554]
On May 19, 2021, the Biden administration lifted CAATSA sanctions on the Nord Stream 2 pipeline project between Russia and Germany. Despite Biden's personal opposition to the project, the U.S. State Department says that it concluded that it was in the "U.S. national interest" to waive the sanctions.[555] Russian deputy foreign minister Sergei Ryabkov welcomed the move as "a chance for a gradual transition toward the normalization of our bilateral ties."[555]
On June 16, 2021, Biden met with Putin in Geneva, Switzerland. The two presidents discussed a number of topics, including stable policy on climate change, nuclear proliferation, and cybersecurity. Russia's activities regarding Ukraine, Alexei Navalny, Belarus, and nationals jailed in each other's countries. The summit was significantly shorter than expected, only lasting three and a half of the predicted five hours.[556] Putin praised Biden as a knowledgeable and shrewd negotiator the next day.[557] [558]
In November 2021, Putin stated that an expansion of NATO's presence in Ukraine, especially the deployment of any long-range missiles capable of striking Russian cities or missile defense systems similar to those in Romania and Poland, would be a "red line" issue for Russia.[559] [560] In December 2021, Putin asked President Joe Biden for legal guarantees that NATO wouldn't expand eastward or put "weapons systems that threaten us in close vicinity to Russian territory."[561] The U.S. and NATO have rejected Putin's demands.[562] [563]
On February 24, 2022, Biden condemned Russia's invasion of Ukraine, saying Putin "chose this war" and calling him "the aggressor". He announced new sanctions against Russia.[564] On February 25, the White House announced the US would personally sanction Putin and foreign minister Sergey Lavrov.[565] On February 28, the Biden administration announced sanctions against Russia's central bank, prohibiting Americans from doing business with the bank and freezing the bank's assets.[566] On March 29, 2022, Biden appeared to heighten his condemnation concerning Putin made at the end of his NATO trip to Europe, stating that he makes "no apologies" for previously stating that "Putin cannot remain in power".[567] On April 12, he called the war a "genocide".[568] Biden criticized the Kremlin for "idle comments" on the possible use of nuclear weapons.[569] On April 28, Biden asked Congress for an additional $33 billion to assist Ukraine, including $20 billion to provide weapons to Ukraine.[570] On May 10, the House passed legislation that would provide $40 billion in new aid to Ukraine.[571] The New York Times reported that the United States provided real-time battlefield targeting intelligence to Ukraine that helped Ukrainian forces kill Russian generals and sink the Russian warship Moskva.[572] [573] The Biden administration has pledged to help the International Criminal Court (ICC) to prosecute Putin and others for war crimes committed during the invasion of Ukraine.[574] [575]
On September 27, 2022, White House press secretary Karine Jean-Pierre encouraged Russian men fleeing their home country to avoid being drafted to apply for asylum in the United States.[576] In early 2023, the Biden administration resumed deportations of Russians who had fled Russia because of mobilization and political persecution.[577]
In January 2024, the Biden administration rejected Putin's proposal for a ceasefire in Ukraine. Biden's National Security Advisor Jake Sullivan informed Putin's foreign policy adviser Yuri Ushakov that the United States would not discuss a ceasefire without Ukraine's participation.[578] [579]
On May 30, 2024, Biden gave Ukraine permission to strike targets inside Russia using American-supplied weapons.[580] Biden said "They are authorized to be used in proximity to the border. We are not authorizing strikes 200 miles into Russia."[581] On August 9, 2024, a convoy of Russian troops in the Kursk Oblast of Russia was destroyed in a strike by U.S.-supplied HIMARS rocket system in what Russian milbloggers described as one of the bloodiest attacks of the entire war.[582] [583]
Ukraine
In February 2022, amid rising tensions between Ukraine and Russia, the Biden administration faced questions for its year-long failure to nominate an ambassador to Ukraine.[584]
The Russian invasion of Ukraine instigated significant and substantial support to Ukraine during the Biden presidency including two dozen military aid packages to assist them against the invasion. On October 28, 2022 the Pentagon announced the 24th presidential drawdown of materiel worth $275 million; the security assistance has totaled $18.5 billion to Ukraine since January 2021.[585] The aid includes 500 Excalibur precision-guided 155mm artillery rounds, 2000 155mm remote anti-armor mine systems, more than 1,300 anti-armor weapons, more than 2.75 million rounds of small arms ammunition, more HIMARS rockets, 125 Humvees, and four satellite communications antennas for Ukraine's command and control systems, as well as training for operation of the NASAMS units. Two NASAMS units arrived in Ukraine on November 7, 2022.[586]
On February 20, 2023, four days before the one-year anniversary of the start of Russia's invasion of Ukraine, Biden visited Kyiv and met with President Volodymyr Zelenskyy and First Lady of Ukraine Olena Zelenska.[587] While there, Biden affirmed more military aid to Ukraine and denounced the war.[588] The trip was unannounced, and involved major security coordinations to ensure safety.[589]
In 2022, Congress approved more than $112 billion in aid to Ukraine. In October 2023, the Biden administration requested $61.4 billion more in aid for Ukraine for the year ahead.[590]
Europe
President Biden promised to repair "strained" relationships with European allies in contrast to his predecessor Trump. "An attack on one is an attack on all. That is our unshakeable vow," Biden said, referring to Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty (the mutual defense clause).[591] Biden pledged support for the European project and for Ukraine's sovereignty as well as the need for global cooperation on fighting the pandemic and climate change.[592] U.S. relations with France deteriorated in September 2021 due to fallout from the AUKUS security pact between the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia, which aimed to counter Chinese power in the Indo-Pacific region. As part of the agreement, the U.S. agreed to provide nuclear-powered submarines to Australia. After entering into the agreement, the Australian government canceled an agreement that it had made with France for the provision of French conventionally powered submarines. The deal angered the French government, which recalled its ambassador to the U.S. (Philippe Étienne) as well as the ambassador to Australia. Amid the diplomatic row, the French Foreign Ministry contended that it had been subjected to "duplicity, disdain and lies"[593] [594] and French foreign minister Jean-Yves Le Drian called the deal a "stab in the back".[595] In a conciliatory call a few days later, Biden and French president Emmanuel Macron agreed to reduce bilateral tensions, and the White House acknowledged the crisis could have been averted if there had been open consultations between allies.[596] A month later, Biden met Macron, telling him his administration was "clumsy" and that he was "under the impression that France had been informed long before" that France's deal with Australia was "not going through".[597]
In July 2024, the Biden administration announced its intention to deploy long-range missiles in Germany beginning in 2026. In response, Russian president Putin warned of a Cold War-style missile crisis and threatened to deploy long-range missiles within striking distance of the West.[598] US weapons in Germany would include SM-6 and Tomahawk cruise missiles and hypersonic weapons. The United States' decision to deploy long-range missiles in Germany has been compared to the deployment of Pershing II launchers in Western Europe in 1979.[599] [600] Critics say the move would trigger a new arms race.[601] According to Russian military analysts, it would be extremely difficult to distinguish between a conventionally armed missile and a missile carrying a nuclear warhead, and Russia could respond by deploying longer-range nuclear systems targeting Germany.[602]
Biden has reiterated his commitment to maintaining peace in Northern Ireland by resisting the possibility of a hard border as a result of Brexit.[603]
Cuba
The Biden administration has maintained the sanctions against Cuba that were issued by the first Trump administration, despite one of Biden's campaign promises being to lift restrictions against the country.[604] [605]
In June 2021, the Biden administration continued America's tradition of voting against an annual United Nations General Assembly resolution calling for an end to the U.S. economic embargo against Cuba.[606] The resolution was adopted for the 29th time with 184 votes in favor, three abstentions, and two no votes: the U.S. and Israel.[607]
In July 2021, protesters gathered in front of the White House and demonstrators called on President Joe Biden to take action in Cuba.[608] The Biden administration sanctioned a key Cuban official and a government special forces unit known as the Boinas Negras for human rights abuses in the wake of historic protests on the island.[609] On July 22, 2021, directly before hosting a meeting with Cuban American leaders,[610] President Biden stated "I unequivocally condemn the mass detentions and sham trials that are unjustly sentencing to prison those who dared to speak out in an effort to intimidate and threaten the Cuban people into silence."[611] President Biden has also ordered government specialists to develop ideas for the U.S. to unilaterally extend internet access on the island, and he has promised to enhance backing for Cuban dissidents.[612]
In August 2021, Biden sanctioned three additional Cuban officials who were also reportedly involved in the suppression of anti-government protesters in Cuba.[613]
In December 2021, 114 Democratic House members signed a letter that urged President Biden to lift restrictions and sanctions against Cuba in order to make their access to food and medicine easier.
In January 2022, Biden again sanctioned Cuba officials, this time placing travel restrictions on eight members of the Cuban government.[614]
In May 2022, the Biden administration lifted some of the sanctions, with policy changes such as expansion of flights to Cuba and resumption of a family reunification program. In January 2023, the Biden administration made changes to its immigration policy, to limit the amount of Cuban migrants entering the United States.
In the final week of his presidency, the Biden administration removed Cuba from the state sponsors of terrorism list, in concert with a prisoner exchange, brokered by the Vatican.[615]
Africa
Biden hosted a three-day U.S.-Africa summit in Washington in December 2022, attended by 49 African national leaders.[616] The meeting was the first such summit since 2014.[616] [617] The leaders of every African nation in good standing with the African Union (AU), except Eritrea, were invited to the summit.[617] The leaders of African nations not in good standing with the AU (mostly those who had come to power through military coups) were also not invited.[617]
At the summit, Biden announced U.S. support for the AU joining the G20 group of major economies, a long-sought goal for Africa.[618] The summit was part of a broader effort by the U.S. to rebuild U.S.-African relations and counter Chinese influence on the continent.[616] During the summit, the administration announced $800 million in new deals with Cisco Systems and Cybastion to combat cyberthreats targeting Africa, a bid to blunt the dominance of the Chinese firm Huawei in Africa.[619] The administration also signed a memorandum of understanding in support of the African Continental Free Trade Area to reduce trade barriers in Africa,[619] and committed $55 billion to Africa over the next three years, focused on preexisting U.S. initiatives,[619] [616] such as the trade-focused Prosper Africa and Africa Growth and Opportunity Act, as well as the Power Africa initiative, which aims to increase connections of Africans to the electric grid.[616] The administration also emphasized initiatives in technology and cybersecurity, health, clean energy and the environment, and other areas.[619] [617] Biden committed an additional $2 billion for emergency humanitarian aid and $11 billion for food security programs in Africa.[617] The administration also expanded ties with West Africa, including support for infrastructure improvements at the Benin seaport of Cotonou, a key part of the West African economy.[616] [620] Biden appointed a longtime U.S. diplomat, Johnnie Carson, to coordinate implementation of U.S. actions following up the summit.[621]
During the 2022 summit, Biden and senior administration officials also met privately with six African leaders facing elections in 2023, pushing them to ensure free and fair elections in their nations.[621]
Senator Bob Menendez, the Democratic chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, has criticized the Biden administration for hesitating to impose sanctions on the governments of Sudan and Ethiopia, where many atrocities and war crimes were committed in the Tigray War.[622]
Americans detained abroad
In July 2022, President Biden signed an executive order aimed at deterring the wrongful detention of Americans abroad.[623] According to an estimate by The James W. Foley Legacy Foundation, there are at least 67 U.S. citizens who are currently imprisoned abroad. The foundation further estimates that 90% of those are wrongly detained by foreign governments hostile to the U.S., including Venezuela, Russia, China, Iran, and others.[624] Dozens of families of Americans who are detained abroad say President Biden has failed to adequately address the crisis. They formed a group called "Bring Our Families Home Campaign" to pressure Biden to do more.[625]
In September 2023, President Biden reached a deal to release five prisoners held by Iran. In exchange, $6 billion of frozen Iranian assets were released.[626] The U.S. said the unfrozen money would be held in restricted accounts so that it could only be spent on humanitarian goods such as food and medicine.[627]
In August 2024, President Biden reached a deal to secure the largest prisoner exchange since the Cold War.[628] The exchange included the release of Americans Evan Gershkovich, Paul Whelan, and Alsu Kurmasheva; thirteen others from Russia and Belarus; and Russians held by the U.S., Slovenia, Norway, Poland, and Germany.[629] Turkey and Estonia were also involved in the deal. Biden stressed the importance of alliances on the world stage by describing the achievement as "a powerful example of why it's vital to have friends in this world."[630]
Worldwide LGBT rights
On February 4, 2021, Biden issued a presidential memorandum for expanding protection of LGBT rights worldwide, which includes the possibility to impose financial sanctions.[631]
The US State Department released a statement on Intersex Awareness Day promoting LGBTQI+ rights around the globe, saying, "Intersex persons often face stigma and discrimination in accessing education, healthcare, and legal recognition, and are subjected to medically unnecessary surgeries. These harmful practices, which can cause lifelong negative physical and emotional consequences, are a medical form of so-called conversion therapy practices in that they seek to physically "convert" Intersex children into non-Intersex children."[632]
Biden announced he would be removing Uganda from the African Growth and Opportunity Act trade deal[633] over the country's anti-LGBT bill that included the death penalty for "aggravated homosexuality" and life-in-prison for identifying as LGBT.[634] [635]
Investigations of Biden
Hur special counsel investigation
Biden's attorneys informed the National Archives Administration in November 2022 that classified documents from before Biden's presidency had been found at the Penn Biden Center. Days later Attorney General Garland tasked U.S. Attorney John R. Lausch Jr. with conducting an initial investigation. On January 5, 2023, Lausch advised Garland that the assignment of a special counsel was warranted.[636] [637] [638] On January 12, Garland announced that he was appointing a special counsel to investigate "possible unauthorized removal and retention of classified documents or other records",[639] [640] and appointed Robert K. Hur as special counsel.[641] Hur released his report on February 8, 2024, stating that the "evidence does not establish Mr. Biden's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt".[642] The report's final conclusion was that "no criminal charges are warranted in this matter" and that it would be "the same even if there was no policy against charging a sitting president".[643]
Congressional investigations
See also: United States House Oversight Committee investigation into the Biden family, United States House Judiciary Select Subcommittee on the Weaponization of the Federal Government, Efforts to impeach Joe Biden and Impeachment inquiry into Joe Biden.
On September 12, 2023, Speaker McCarthy acceded to the right wing of the House Republican Conference and announced the launch of an impeachment inquiry into Biden.[644] [645] [646] McCarthy claimed that earlier findings of House investigations "paint a picture of corruption" involving Biden and his relatives.[647] Prior investigations have failed to find evidence of wrongdoing by the president. The impeachment inquiry fizzled out by April 2024.[648]
Elections during the Biden presidency
2022 midterm elections
See main article: 2022 United States elections. Despite Biden's low approvals, a red wave did not occur during the 2022 mid-term elections as many had anticipated. Democrats expanded their narrow Senate majority while Republicans took control of the House by a far smaller margin than expected.[649] This was largely attributed to a backlash against the Supreme Court's decision in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization,[650] as well as the perceived extremeness of certain Republican candidates in competitive races.
It was the first midterm election since 1986 in which the party of the incumbent president achieved a net gain in governorships, and the first since 1934 in which the president's party didn't lose any state legislative chambers or incumbent senators.[651]
Many pundits had failed to predict the Democrats' resilient performance; Simon Rosenberg was one exception.[652] Polls for the election cycle were the most accurate since 1998, though Republican-aligned pollsters such as the Trafalgar Group had a notable polling miss.[653] [654]
The results drew praise from the Democratic Party,[655] and Biden celebrated the results as a strong day for democracy.[656]
Democratic overperformance in these elections are considered to have played a factor in the party's defeat in the 2024 elections, with its results misinterpreted as support for Biden's initial bid for re-election.[657] [658]
2024 elections and transition period
Initial re-election campaign and withdrawal
See main article: Joe Biden 2024 presidential campaign, 2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries and Withdrawal of Joe Biden from the 2024 United States presidential election. After speculation Biden would not seek re-election due to his advanced age and poor job approval,[659] Biden officially announced his reelection campaign for the Democratic nomination in the 2024 presidential election on April 25, 2023.[660] Representative Dean Phillips ran against Biden in the primaries but was unsuccessful.[661] [662] Phillips campaigned as a younger alternative to Biden, who would be a stronger opponent to Trump.[663] [664] Biden became the presumptive Democratic party nominee on March 12, 2024, facing no effective challengers in the primaries.[665] Following what was widely viewed as a lackluster performance in the first presidential debate against presumptive Republican nominee Donald Trump and numerous age and health concerns, Biden faced repeated calls to suspend his candidacy. On July 21, 2024, Biden announced in a post on X (formerly known as Twitter) that he was suspending his campaign. He stated that "while it has been my intention to seek re-election, I believe it is in the best interest of my party and the country for me to stand down and to focus solely on fulfilling my duties as President for the remainder of my term", and immediately endorsed Vice President Kamala Harris to replace him in his place as the party's presidential nominee.[666]
General election and transition period
See main article: 2024 United States elections.
Following the attempted assassination of his then-opponent and then-presumptive Republican nominee former president Donald Trump, Biden condemned the shooting and, in an Oval Office address the next day, spoke about the "need for to lower the temperature" of its political rhetoric.[667]
Biden defended his record as president at the Democratic National Convention and advocated for the election of Harris in one of the last speeches of his presidency.[668] The convention was largely portrayed as an honoring of his political legacy.[669] In the general election, Harris was defeated by Trump. Some Democrats attributed Harris' loss to Biden's unpopularity on issues such as the economy and his refusal to withdraw from the race sooner.[670] [25] In the concurrent congressional elections, Republicans also retained a narrow majority in the House of Representatives and took control of the Senate.On January 15, 2025, Biden gave a farewell address in the Oval Office days before the second inauguration of Donald Trump.[671]
Approval ratings and image
See also: 2021 opinion polling on the Biden administration, 2022 opinion polling on the Biden administration, 2023 opinion polling on the Biden administration and 2024–2025 opinion polling on the Biden administration.
Very early in Biden's presidency, opinion polls found that Biden's approval ratings were steadier than Trump's, with an average approval rating of 55% and an average disapproval rate of 39%.[672] Biden's early approval ratings have been more polarized than Trump's, with 98% of Democrats, 61% of independents and 11% of Republicans approving of Biden's presidency in February 2021, a party gap of 87%.[673] Around the end of his first hundred days in office, Biden's approval rating was higher than Trump's but was the third worst since the presidency of Harry Truman; only Trump and Gerald Ford scored lower.[674] [675]
After the fall of Kabul and the surge of COVID-19 cases due to the Delta variant in July and August 2021, Biden's approval rating began to steadily decline, from a high of 52.7% approval on July 26, 2021, to 45.9% approval by September 3, 2021, according to FiveThirtyEight.[676] [677] While the White House emphasized COVID-19 as causing his low approval rating,[678] inflation, the highest in nearly 40 years,[679] [680] has also been described as a cause.[681] [682] Biden's lowest approval rating on record comes from a Quinnipiac University poll in July 2022, which showed just 31% of respondents approving of his performance as president.[683]
By the one-year anniversary of Biden's presidency on January 20, 2022, Gallup recorded the average approval rating for Biden's first year as 49%, which was the second-lowest first-year average approval rating for any American president since World War II; only Trump's first-year average of 38.4% was lower.[684] [685] Gallup further noted that there was greater political polarization in Biden's approval ratings than any other first-year president in modern history, with 91% of Democrats supporting Biden while just 8% of Republicans supported him, resulting in a party gap of 83%. The only other year of any presidency that saw greater polarization was Trump's final year in office.[684] [686] The July 2022 Gallup survey saw Biden's sixth quarter approval rating of 40%, the lowest sixth quarter rating of any president in modern history dating back to Dwight Eisenhower.[687] Until April 23, according to figures compiled by FiveThirtyEight, Biden's approval rating stood at 42.3 percent, a slight improvement from the sub-40 percent level reached in the summer of 2022, but still well below the peak of 53 percent when he began his presidency in January 2021.[688]
An October 30, 2023, poll by the Arab American Institute, support for Biden among Arab Americans dropped from 59% in 2020 to 17%.[689] [690] The drop in support has been attributed to the administration's handling of the Gaza war.[691] [692]
According to Gallup, in July 2024, Biden's approval rating dropped to 36%, the lowest of his presidency, prior to his decision to end his re-election campaign; his highest approval rating dated back to 57% in April 2021.[693] [694]
Media appearances
Biden has been interviewed for several news outlets and appeared on several late-night talk shows throughout his presidency.
In December 2021, Biden appeared on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon where they discussed "his Build Back Better Plan, the importance of his bipartisan friendship with the late Sen. Bob Dole, rejecting extremism and getting Americans vaccinated against COVID-19."[695]
In June 2022, Biden appeared on Jimmy Kimmel Live! where he discussed "27 school shootings in America in 2022, why he believes nothing has been done so far about gun violence, an overwhelming amount of Americans supporting background checks, meeting with families after the tragic events in Uvalde, Texas, the idea of passing an Executive Order, the strides made in regard to Climate Change, Joe Manchin & Kyrsten Sinema's voting record, housing, food and gas prices being very high and what he intends to do about inflation, the negative impact that the pandemic has had on families and the need for mental health care, being optimistic about this generation of young people, changes in the press, his process for flushing documents down the toilets, what his intentions are if Roe v Wade does in fact get overturned, and his hopes for America."[696]
In July 2022, comedian and host of The Late Late Show, James Corden, visited the White House and spoke with Biden, Jen Psaki, and White House custodian staff. He also gave a fake press briefing in the James S. Brady Press Briefing Room.[697]
Biden has also been interviewed by Drew Barrymore, Jake Tapper, Jonathan Capehart, Yonit Levi, George Stephanopoulos, David Muir, Scott Pelley, Lester Holt, and Norah O'Donnell, for The Drew Barrymore Show,[698] CNN,[699] MSNBC,[700] Channel 12 in Israel,[701] ABC News,[702] [703] 60 Minutes,[704] NBC,[705] and CBS News,[706] as well as a solo interview by Heather Cox Richardson[707] and Brian Tyler Cohen.[708] Notably, Biden has not sat down with Fox News, despite its popularity in the United States.[709]
News outlets have criticized Biden for only doing a limited amount of interviews during his tenure. Biden participated in 23 interviews in his first 100 days, compared to 95 for Donald Trump, 187 for Barack Obama, 60 for George W. Bush, 64 for Bill Clinton, 70 for George H. W. Bush, and 78 for Ronald Reagan.[710]
See also
Further reading
- Book: Foer, Franklin . 2023 . The Last Politician: Inside Joe Biden's White House and the Struggle for America's Future . New York . Penguin Press . 978-1-101-98114-6 . 1395141546. Excerpt.
- Book: Wayne, Stephen J. . 2022 . The Biden Presidency: Politics, Policy, and Polarization . New York . Routledge . 978-1-032-01007-6 . 1306538369. Excerpt; covers first 18 months.
- Book: Whipple, Chris . 2023 . The Fight of His Life: Inside Joe Biden's White House . New York . Scribner . 978-1-9821-0643-0 . 1333841502. Excerpt; comprehensive history of first two years.
External links
Notes and References
- Web site: Peter. Josh. Joe Biden will become the oldest president in American history, a title previously held by Ronald Reagan. USA Today. November 5, 2020. October 6, 2024. November 7, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201107182039/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2020/11/05/oldest-president-joe-biden/6181672002/. live.
- News: Farley. Robert. Gore. D'Angelo. Jackson. Brooks. January 20, 2021. Fact Check: What President Biden Inherits. NBC Bay Area. July 5, 2021. March 3, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210303104047/https://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/national-international/fact-check-what-president-biden-inherits/2448953/. live.
- Web site: Everett . Burgess . July 27, 2022 . Manchin and Schumer announce deal that includes energy, taxes . July 27, 2022 . . March 15, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230315092914/https://www.politico.com/news/2022/07/27/manchin-schumer-senate-deal-energy-taxes-00048325 . live .
- News: Segers. Grace. March 12, 2021. Biden signs $1.9 trillion American Rescue Plan into law. CBS News. July 5, 2021. March 16, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210316100852/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/biden-signs-covid-relief-bill-american-rescue-plan-into-law/. live.
- News: Shalal. Andrea. Holland. Steve. November 16, 2021. Biden signs $1 trillion infrastructure bill into law. Reuters. November 16, 2021. November 16, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211116111015/https://www.reuters.com/world/us/biden-needing-boost-sign-1-trillion-infrastructure-bill-2021-11-15/. live.
- News: Cochrane . Emily . Kanno-Youngs . Zolan . June 25, 2022 . Biden Signs Gun Bill Into Law, Ending Years of Stalemate . July 16, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 28, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220628085002/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/25/us/politics/gun-control-bill-biden.html . live .
- News: Cahn . Naomi . Morrison . Alan . Suter . Sonia . March 3, 2024 . Biden cannot easily make Roe v. Wade federal law, but he could still make it easier to get an abortion . May 5, 2025.
- News: Shear . Michael D. . June 3, 2023 . Biden Signs Fiscal Responsibility Act in End to Debt Limit Crisis . en-US . . June 3, 2023 . 0362-4331 . June 3, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230603192114/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/03/us/politics/biden-debt-bill.html . live .
- Web site: McCabe . David . Kang . Cecilia . Biden Names Lina Khan, a Big-Tech Critic, as F.T.C. Chair . The New York Times . June 15, 2021 . August 30, 2024 . June 15, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210615210307/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/15/technology/lina-khan-ftc.html . live.
- News: Kavi . Aishvarya . Biden Commutes 37 Death Sentences Ahead of Trump's Plan to Resume Federal Executions . The New York Times . December 23, 2024 . April 27, 2025 . New York Times.
- News: Biden Defends Afghan Pullout and Declares an End to Nation-Building. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/31/us/politics/biden-defends-afghanistan-withdrawal.html . December 28, 2021 . limited. The New York Times. Michael D. Shear and Jim Tankersley. October 7, 2021.
- News: Tyler. Pager. Natasha. Bertran. January 29, 2021. Politico. White House shifts from Middle East quagmires to a showdown with China. November 20, 2021. September 24, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210924223111/https://www.politico.com/news/2021/01/28/biden-china-foreign-policy-463674. live.
- News: At global summits, Biden seeks to leverage China's absence. November 3, 2021. Josh. Lederman. NBC News. November 20, 2021. November 16, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211116114351/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/global-summits-biden-seeks-leverage-china-s-absence-n1283076. live.
- News: December 29, 2022 . Biden Signs $1.7 Trillion Funding Bill That Includes Ukraine Aid . en . . December 31, 2022 . January 12, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230112173659/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-29/biden-signs-1-7-trillion-funding-bill-that-includes-ukraine-aid . live.
- Aid to Ukraine Explained in Six Charts . December 31, 2022 . www.csis.org . November 18, 2022 . en . Cancian . Mark F. . January 1, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230101102226/https://www.csis.org/analysis/aid-ukraine-explained-six-charts . live.
- Web site: Montanaro . Domenico . September 2, 2021 . Biden's Approval Rating Hits A New Low After The Afghanistan Withdrawal . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20211027035207/https://www.npr.org/2021/09/02/1033433959/biden-approval-rating-afghanistan-withdrawal . October 27, 2021 . September 20, 2023 . NPR.
- News: June 6, 2022 . Biden under pressure as US inflation hits 8.6%, highest in 40 years . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220816122420/https://www.france24.com/en/economy/20220610-biden-under-pressure-as-us-inflation-hits-8-6-highest-in-40-years . August 16, 2022 . August 12, 2022 . France24.
- News: July 14, 2022 . What's Behind Biden's Record-Low Approval Rating? . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220824063736/https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/whats-behind-bidens-record-low-approval-rating/ . August 24, 2022 . August 12, 2022 . FiveThirtyEight.
- News: Quay . Grayson . Coleman . Theara . July 14, 2022 . The newly-resurfaced debate on Biden's age and mental fitness . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220824045145/https://theweek.com/feature/briefing/1015081/biden-age-and-mental-state . August 24, 2022 . August 12, 2022 . The Week.
- Web site: Shear. Michael. Rogers. Katie. Entous. Adam. He Still Thought He Could Win: Inside Biden's Decision to Drop Out. The New York Times. August 15, 2024. October 6, 2024. October 5, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20241005013655/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/15/us/politics/biden-2024-election-dropped-out.html. live.
- The Biggest Success Story the Country Doesn't Know About . August 3, 2024 . The New Republic . 0028-6583.
- News: Tankersley . Jim . June 7, 2024 . Biden Has a Historically Strong Job Market. It May Not Be Enough. . August 3, 2024 . . en-US . 0362-4331 . August 3, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240803164345/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/07/business/biden-job-market-economy-inflation.html . live .
- Web site: Distribution of Household Wealth in the U.S. since 1989 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20250429210841/https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/z1/dataviz/dfa/distribute/chart/#range:2021.1,2024.4;quarter:141;series:Net%20worth;demographic:networth;population:1,3,5,7,9;units:shares . April 29, 2025 . May 9, 2025 . The Federal Reserve.
- Web site: Rottinghaus . Brandon . Vaughn . Justin . Presidential Greatness Project . Presidential Greatness Project . April 30, 2025.
- Web site: Shear. Michael. Kanno-Youngs. Zolan. How Harris's Loss Could Haunt Biden's Legacy. The New York Times. November 6, 2024. November 27, 2024. November 28, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20241128161224/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/11/06/us/politics/harris-biden-legacy.html. live.
- News: November 7, 2020. Biden wins White House, vowing new direction for divided US. November 7, 2020. Associated Press News. January 5, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210105221639/https://apnews.com/article/fd58df73aa677acb74fce2a69adb71f9. live.
- News: Jennifer . Epstein . Biden Transition Team Calls on Federal Agency to Declare Winner. November 10, 2020 . . November 18, 2020. Biden was declared the winner by media organizations after securing enough electoral votes.. November 18, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201118021042/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-11-10/biden-transition-team-calls-on-federal-agency-to-declare-winner. live.
- News: Zack. Budryk. Biden campaign pushes GSA chief to approve transition. November 9, 2020. The Hill. November 18, 2020. Major media outlets projected Biden as the president-elect Saturday.. November 19, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201119023751/https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/525083-biden-campaign-pushes-gsa-chief-to-approve-transition. live.
- News: Bess. Levin. THE TRUMP APPOINTEE BLOCKING BIDEN'S TRANSITION IS REPORTEDLY TRYING TO LINE UP A NEW JOB FOR 2021. November 16, 2020. Vanity Fair. November 18, 2020. But 13 days after the 2020 election and more than a week after all major media outlets called the race for Joe Biden, with Trump having absolutely no chance of getting a second term, Murphy has refused to acknowledge that Biden won, making it that much more difficult for the president-elect and his team to get a head start on crucial matters like a pandemic that has killed more than 245,000 people in the U.S. so far and stands to kill a lot more if no one does anything about it until January 2021.. November 17, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201117185415/https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2020/11/emily-murphy-joe-biden-transition. live.
- News: Young. Robin. November 9, 2020. In Unprecedented Move, Key Federal Agency Hesitates On Declaring Biden Winner. WBUR-FM. live. November 18, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201109204014/https://www.wbur.org/hereandnow/2020/11/09/biden-trump-transition-of-power. November 9, 2020. The answer is no, and I think you rightly note that this is different than what occurred in 2000 [in the Al Gore vs. George W. Bush race], there is a consensus certainly on the media side and with the states that are at play..
- Web site: Sherman. Amy. Valverde. Miriam. January 8, 2021. Joe Biden is right that more than 60 of Trump's election lawsuits lacked merit. December 21, 2021. PolitiFact. en-US. February 26, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210226163957/https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2021/jan/08/joe-biden/joe-biden-right-more-60-trumps-election-lawsuits-l/. live.
- News: Voreacos. David. Stohr. Greg. Niquette. Mark. November 9, 2020. Trump's Legal Blitz Isn't Contesting Enough Votes to Win. Bloomberg.com. November 15, 2020. November 27, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201127002308/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-11-09/trump-campaign-s-legal-blitz-isn-t-targeting-enough-votes-to-win. live.
- News: November 13, 2020. US election 2020: What legal challenges is Trump planning?. BBC News. November 15, 2020. December 6, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201206092807/https://www.bbc.com/news/election-us-2020-54724960. live.
- News: Rein . Lisa . O'Connell . Jonathan . Dawsey . Josh . November 8, 2020 . A little-known Trump appointee is in charge of handing transition resources to Biden – and she isn't budging . . November 9, 2020 . 0190-8286 . November 9, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201109100819/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-gsa-letter-biden-transition/2020/11/08/07093acc-21e9-11eb-8672-c281c7a2c96e_story.html . live.
- News: Collinson . Stephen . Alarm grows over Trump administration acting 'more akin to a dictatorship' as he denies election defeat . . November 11, 2020 . November 11, 2020 . November 11, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201111055831/https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/11/politics/donald-trump-joe-biden-transition/index.html . live .
- News: Daly . Matthew . Jalonick . Mary Clare . GSA ascertains Joe Biden is 'apparent winner' of election, clears way for the transition from Trump administration to formally begin . . November 23, 2020 . November 23, 2020 . November 23, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201123232731/https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/nation-world/ct-gsa-joe-biden-transition-20201123-fqs77zryxzac5lysm2wscrmpiy-story.html . live .
- News: Sarah . Mucha . Eric . Bradner . Biden transition team announces coronavirus advisers, including whistleblower Rick Bright . November 12, 2020 . CNN . November 9, 2020 . February 9, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210209133805/https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/09/politics/biden-coronavirus-advisers-experts-rick-bright/index.html . live .
- News: Dennis . Steven T. . House . Billy . Flatley . Daniel . Democrats Win U.S. Senate as Ossoff Tops Perdue in Georgia Sweep . Bloomberg.com . January 6, 2021 . April 6, 2021 . January 28, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210128081134/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-01-06/democrats-win-u-s-senate-as-ossoff-tops-perdue-in-georgia-sweep . live .
- News: Walsh . Deirdre . Snell . Kelsey . Democrats Take Control Of Senate With Twin Georgia Victories . . January 6, 2021 . April 6, 2021 . October 6, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221006135105/http://www.npr.org/2021/01/06/953712195/democrats-move-closer-to-senate-control-as-counting-continues-in-georgia . live .
- News: Wise . Alana . 'The Power Is Literally In Your Hands': Biden Urges Georgians To Vote Tuesday . . January 4, 2021 . April 6, 2021 . March 3, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210303193020/https://www.npr.org/2021/01/04/953359767/the-power-is-literally-in-your-hands-biden-urges-georgians-to-vote-tuesday . live .
- News: Sullivan . Kate . Biden appears in campaign ad for Georgia's Jon Ossoff and Raphael Warnock . . December 17, 2020 . April 6, 2021 . January 22, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210122183210/https://www.cnn.com/2020/12/17/politics/biden-campaign-ad-ossoff-warnock/index.html . live .
- Web site: Lucas . Ryan . January 6, 2022 . Where the Jan. 6 insurrection investigation stands, one year later . June 28, 2023 . . January 6, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220106101200/https://www.npr.org/2022/01/06/1070736018/jan-6-anniversary-investigation-cases-defendants-justice . live .
- News: Tan . Rebecca . Jamison . Peter . Leonnig . Carol D. . Flynn . Meagan . Cox . John Woodrow . Trump supporters storm U.S. Capitol, with one woman killed and tear gas fired . March 10, 2021 . The Washington Post . January 6, 2021 . January 6, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210106232624/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/trump-supporters-storm-capitol-dc/2021/01/06/58afc0b8-504b-11eb-83e3-322644d82356_story.html . live .
- News: Helsel . Phil . Gains . Mosheh . Defense secretary extends National Guard presence in D.C. . March 11, 2021 . . March 9, 2021 . March 11, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210311145712/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/defense-secretary-extends-national-guard-presence-d-c-n1260319 . live .
- News: Biden Inaugurated as the 46th President Amid a Cascade of Crises . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/20/us/politics/biden-president.html . December 28, 2021 . limited . January 20, 2021 . . January 20, 2021 . Baker . Peter .
- News: Biden became president at noon despite taking oath early, constitutional experts say . Paulina . Firozi . Kim . Bellware . January 20, 2020 . January 20, 2021 . . October 14, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221014073803/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/01/20/biden-constitutional-noon-sworn-in/ . live .
- News: Ashraf. Khalil. December 15, 2020. Biden to take oath outside Capitol amid virus restrictions. The Washington Post. December 16, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20210114194342/https://www.washingtonpost.com/. January 14, 2021.
- News: Baker. Peter. Astor. Maggie. Kaplan. Thomas. January 20, 2021. Inauguration Live Updates: President Biden Arrives at the White House. The New York Times. live. January 20, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210120181241/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/01/20/us/biden-inauguration. January 20, 2021. 0362-4331.
- News: Thrush. Glenn. January 20, 2021. President Biden's Full Inauguration Speech, Annotated. The New York Times. live. January 22, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210121025634/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/20/us/politics/biden-inauguration-speech-transcript.html. January 21, 2021. 0362-4331.
- News: January 20, 2021. 'This Is America's Day': Biden's Inaugural Address, Annotated. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20210120201236/https://www.npr.org/2021/01/20/956922884/bidens-inaugural-address-annotated. January 20, 2021. January 20, 2021. NPR.
- Web site: Lemire. Jonathan. Miller. Zeke. Jaffe. Alexandria. January 20, 2021. Biden takes the helm as president: 'Democracy has prevailed'. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20210120212756/https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-inauguration-a01d1ffa7862661914cb92b22e359854. January 20, 2021. January 20, 2021. Associated Press.
- Web site: Korecki. Natasha. January 20, 2021. Biden pledges, once more, to lead America away from dystopia. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20210121084230/https://www.politico.com/news/2021/01/20/biden-inauguration-america-dystopia-460840. January 21, 2021. January 21, 2021. Politico.
- Web site: Yoo. Noah. January 20, 2021. President Biden Quotes From "American Anthem," His "Favorite Song," in Inaugural Address. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20210120213834/https://pitchfork.com/news/president-biden-quotes-from-american-anthem-his-favorite-song-in-inaugural-address/. January 20, 2021. January 22, 2021. Pitchfork.
- News: The First 100 Days: Franklin Roosevelt Pioneered the 100-Day Concept . 2009-02-12 . Walsh . Kenneth T. . U.S. News & World Report . 2025-12-14 . https://web.archive.org/web/20250625131018/https://www.usnews.com/news/history/articles/2009/02/12/the-first-100-days-franklin-roosevelt-pioneered-the-100-day-concept . 2025-06-25.
- News: Breslow. Jason. April 27, 2021. Biden's 1st 100 Days: A Look By The Numbers. en. NPR. January 17, 2022.
- Web site: Pramuk. Jacob. March 11, 2021. Biden signs $1.9 trillion Covid relief bill, clearing way for stimulus checks, vaccine aid. January 17, 2022. CNBC. en . https://web.archive.org/web/20230210204311/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/03/11/biden-1point9-trillion-covid-relief-package-thursday-afternoon.html . 2023-02-10 . live.
- News: Kamala Harris becomes first female, first black and first Asian-American VP . BBC News . January 20, 2021 . March 21, 2021 . March 22, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210322132559/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-55738741 . live .
- News: Shear . Michael D. . Glueck . Katie . Haberman . Maggie . Kaplan . Thomas . November 12, 2020 . Biden Names Ron Klain as White House Chief of Staff . The New York Times . November 12, 2020 . 0362-4331 . November 12, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201112003452/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/11/us/politics/ron-klain-biden.html/ . live .
- News: Chaggaris. Steve. Roberts. William. March 25, 2021. What Joe Biden said in his first presidential press conference. Al Jazeera. July 6, 2021. June 29, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210629072019/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/25/biden-holds-first-formal-press-conference-of-his-presidency. live.
- Web site: Wooley . John . Peters . Gerhard . Days from Taking Office to First News Conference . n.d. . The American Presidency Project . . March 4, 2021 . March 25, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210325142922/https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/content/days-from-taking-office-first-news-conference . live .
- News: Stelter . Brian . White House reporters clamor for press conference as Biden waits longer than predecessors . March 4, 2021 . . March 3, 2021 . March 15, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210315114653/https://www.cnn.com/2021/03/03/media/biden-press-conference-reliable-sources/index.html . live .
- News: Sullivan . Sean . November 17, 2020 . Biden builds White House team and tries to show dangers of Trump's intransigence . The Washington Post . November 21, 2020 . November 20, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201120174244/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/biden-transition-trump/2020/11/17/cfb8a5c2-28ef-11eb-9b14-ad872157ebc9_story.html . live .
- News: Lerer . Lisa . November 17, 2020 . Jennifer O'Malley Dillon, Biden's Campaign Manager, Will Tackle Another Difficult Job . . November 21, 2020 . January 10, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210110084600/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/17/us/politics/jennifer-omalley-dillon-biden.html . live .
- News: Jakes . Lara . Biden Chooses Antony Blinken, Defender of Global Alliances, as Secretary of State . November 22, 2020 . The New York Times . November 22, 2020 . November 23, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201123015015/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/22/us/politics/biden-antony-blinken-secretary-of-state.html . live .
- News: Linskey . Annie . Biden to nominate Antony Blinken as secretary of state, Linda Thomas-Greenfield as U.N. ambassador . November 22, 2020 . . November 22, 2020 . November 23, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201123031147/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/11/22/joe-biden-nominate-antony-blinken-secretary-state/ . live .
- News: Crowley . Michael . Biden Will Nominate First Woman to Lead Intelligence, First Latino to Run Homeland Security . November 23, 2020 . The New York Times . November 23, 2020 . November 23, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201123170639/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/23/us/politics/biden-nominees.html . live .
- News: All of President-elect Joe Biden's Cabinet Nominees. New York. January 19, 2021. July 6, 2021. December 15, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201215201511/https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/joe-bidens-cabinet-begins-to-take-shape.html. live.
- News: Cathey. Libby. Crawford. Shannon K.. Deliso. Meredith. March 22, 2021. President Joe Biden's top-level appointees and Cabinet picks. ABC News. July 6, 2021. July 8, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210708003227/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/president-elect-joe-bidens-top-level-appointees-cabinet/story?id=74362384. live.
- News: Zimmer . Carl . Biden to Elevate Science Adviser to His Cabinet . The New York Times . January 16, 2021 . October 14, 2022 . February 6, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210206124904/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/15/science/biden-science-cabinet.html . live .
- News: Falk . Pamela . November 20, 2020 . Will Biden tap a U.N. ambassador to "reclaim America's leading position"? . CBS News . October 14, 2022 . January 26, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210126094348/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/joe-biden-un-ambassador-pick-can-reclaim-us-leading-position-at-united-nations/ . live .
- News: Johnson . Martin . December 1, 2020 . Biden elevates Economic Advisers chair to Cabinet . . October 14, 2022 . December 15, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201215195946/https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/528185-biden-re-adding-cea-chair-to-cabinet . live .
- News: Lee . Matthew . January 11, 2021 . Biden chooses veteran diplomat Burns as CIA director . . October 14, 2022 . February 26, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210226003325/https://apnews.com/article/william-burns-cia-director-5e1ffa2eb67fe00f661a9ce67c97790c . live .
- News: July 21, 2023 . Biden Elevates C.I.A. Director to Become a Member of the Cabinet . . en . August 9, 2023 . Shear . Michael D. . August 10, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230810123227/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/21/us/politics/cia-director-burns-cabinet.html . live .
- News: Aggarwal . Mayank . Biden tells staff he will 'fire them on the spot' if they show disrespect to colleagues . January 21, 2021 . . January 21, 2021 . February 13, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210213123437/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/biden-fire-staff-spot-disrespect-colleagues-b1790476.html . live .
- Web site: Gramlich . John . Biden has appointed more federal judges than any president since JFK at this point in his tenure . January 14, 2025 . Pew Research Center . en-US . April 4, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230404145743/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2022/08/09/biden-has-appointed-more-federal-judges-than-any-president-since-jfk-at-this-point-in-his-tenure/ . live .
- Web site: Thompson . Jacqueline . Trump Appointees’ Debut Marks Third Circuit’s Rightward Tilt . Bloomberg Law . Bloomberg L.P. . 24 February 2026.
- Web site: Biden's health care plan . JoeBiden.com . Joe Biden's presidential campaign of 2020 . August 7, 2021 . August 17, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210817025636/https://joebiden.com/healthcare/ . dead .
- News: Joe Biden Lifted His Health Care Plan From Insurance Industry Lobbyists . August 17, 2021 . Jacobin . January 19, 2021 . March 5, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210305195947/https://www.jacobinmag.com/2021/01/joe-biden-public-option-health-insurance-plan . live .
- Web site: Spangler. Todd. Biden administration pulls plug on Medicaid work requirements in Michigan. April 10, 2021. Detroit Free Press. April 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210410224954/https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2021/04/07/michigan-medicaid-work-requirement-revoked/7117611002/. live.
- News: Tami Luhby and Jeremy Diamond. Biden administration announces extension of Affordable Care Act special enrollment by three months. April 10, 2021. CNN. March 23, 2021. April 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210410224950/https://www.cnn.com/2021/03/23/politics/affordable-care-act-enrollment-august/index.html. live.
- News: Armour. Stephanie. March 23, 2021. Biden Administration Extends Enrollment Period for Affordable Care Act. The Wall Street Journal. April 10, 2021. 0099-9660. April 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210410213008/https://www.wsj.com/articles/biden-administration-extends-enrollment-period-for-affordable-care-act-11616533263. live.
- News: Harwood. Analysis by John. Analysis: Biden strengthens Obama's legacy while seeking his own. April 11, 2021. CNN. April 11, 2021. April 11, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210411125413/https://www.cnn.com/2021/04/11/politics/joe-biden-obamacare-legacy/index.html. live.
- News: Romm . Tony . August 7, 2022 . Senate approves Inflation Reduction Act, clinching long-delayed health and climate bill . October 25, 2024 . . February 4, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240204023207/https://www.washingtonpost.com/us-policy/2022/08/07/senate-inflation-reduction-act-climate/ . live .
- Web site: Alltucker . Ken . Biden administration says Medicare negotiated price discounts on 10 prescription drugs . August 17, 2024 . . en-US . Under President Joe Biden's 2022 climate and health legislation called the Inflation Reduction Act, Medicare was empowered to negotiate prices with pharmaceutical companies on a limited number of medications. . August 17, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240817080015/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/health/2024/08/15/medicare-prescription-drugs-discounts/74799087007/ . live .
- News: Megerian . Chris . Biden signs 'burn pits' help for vets; a personal win, too . . August 10, 2022 . September 2, 2022 . September 3, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220903020116/https://apnews.com/article/biden-veterans-obituaries-health-care-reform-jon-tester-cc45130782cfbf86ef29723514ce5e39 . live .
- News: Nearly 107,000 drug overdoses, COVID deaths, push US life expectancy to lowest in 25 years . . December 22, 2022 . March 13, 2024 . May 27, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240527101810/https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/health-wellness/2022/12/22/final-cdc-tally-us-overdose-deaths-last-year/10943550002/ . live .
- News: Opioid Deaths Could Hit 165,000 Annually Without Intervention, Biden Official Warns . . June 7, 2023 . March 13, 2024 . March 13, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240313193639/https://www.forbes.com/sites/mollybohannon/2023/06/07/opioid-deaths-could-hit-165000-annually-without-intervention-biden-official-warns/ . live .
- News: Lynch . Sarah N. . Cohen . Luc . Lynch . Sarah N. . Cohen . Luc . June 23, 2023 . US files first-ever charges against Chinese fentanyl manufacturers . en . . March 13, 2024 . June 24, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230624021232/https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-files-first-ever-charges-against-chinese-fentanyl-manufacturers-2023-06-23/ . live .
- News: Goudsward . Andrew . Psaledakis . Daphne . October 3, 2023 . US takes action against Chinese companies, people tied to fentanyl . en . . March 13, 2024 . October 4, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231004062803/https://www.reuters.com/world/us-sanctions-china-based-network-accused-trafficking-fentanyl-2023-10-03/ . live .
- News: U.S. Presses China to Stop Flow of Fentanyl . . November 15, 2023 . March 13, 2024 . March 13, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240313193639/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/15/business/economy/biden-xi-fentanyl.html . live .
- News: Mexican cartel targeted by Biden administration in multiple fentanyl indictments . Colorado Newsline . April 14, 2023 . March 13, 2024 . March 13, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240313193642/https://coloradonewsline.com/briefs/mexican-cartel-biden-fentanyl-indictments/ . live .
- News: Myah . Ward . Lauren . Egan . Biden's top man on the opioid epidemic has created a 'toxic' office environment . . February 16, 2024 . March 13, 2024 . March 13, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240313193640/https://www.politico.com/news/2024/02/16/white-house-drug-control-office-complaints-00142014 . live .
- Web site: Biden . Joseph R. . Executive Order on Protecting the Federal Workforce and Requiring Mask-Wearing . January 21, 2021 . White House . January 21, 2021 . February 10, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230210173328/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2021/01/20/executive-order-protecting-the-federal-workforce-and-requiring-mask-wearing/ . live .
- News: Bradner . Eric . Klein . Betsy . Biden targets Trump's legacy with first-day executive actions . January 20, 2021 . CNN . January 20, 2021 . February 7, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210207052352/https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/20/politics/executive-actions-biden/index.html . live .
- News: Stolberg. Sheryl Gay. January 21, 2021. Live Updates: Biden Set to Unveil Covid Response Plan. The New York Times. January 21, 2021. 0362-4331. January 21, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210121110634/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/01/21/us/joe-biden. live.
- Web site: Biden . Joseph R. . National Strategy for the COVID-19 Response and Pandemic Preparedness . The White House . January 21, 2021 . January 21, 2021 . January 21, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210121114155/https://int.nyt.com/data/documenttools/national-strategy-for-the-covid-19-response/c7bd8ecb9308d669/full.pdf . live .
- News: January 21, 2021 . Biden signs executive orders on COVID-19 response, authorizes broader use of Defense Production Act to speed vaccine . January 21, 2021 . The Philadelphia Inquirer . January 29, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210129035728/https://www.inquirer.com/wires/ap/biden-signs-executive-orders-covid-19-response-authorizes-broader-use-defense-production-act-speed-vaccine-20210121.html .
- News: Vogt . Adrienne . January 21, 2021 . Biden on Covid-19 plan: "This is a wartime undertaking" . CNN . January 21, 2021 . January 21, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210121231510/https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/president-joe-biden-news-01-21-20/h_1122c1996b539ee2bf80006978126494 . live .
- News: Collins. Kaitlan. Sullivan. Kate. July 1, 2021. White House to deploy response teams focused on combating Delta variant of Covid-19. CNN. July 6, 2021. July 8, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210708135407/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/07/01/politics/delta-variant-white-house-response-teams/index.html. live.
- News: Bing . Chris . Schechtman . Joel . June 14, 2024 . Pentagon Ran Secret Anti-Vax Campaign to Undermine China during Pandemic . . June 14, 2024 . June 14, 2024 . https://archive.today/20240614110549/https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/usa-covid-propaganda/ . live .
- Web site: Toropin . Konstantin . June 14, 2024 . Pentagon Stands by Secret Anti-Vaccination Disinformation Campaign in Philippines After Reuters Report . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240614223757/https://www.military.com/daily-news/2024/06/14/pentagon-stands-secret-anti-vaccination-disinformation-campaign-philippines-after-reuters-report.html . June 14, 2024 . June 19, 2024 . . en.
- News: Biden signs 10 executive orders to tackle Covid-19 . January 21, 2021 . BBC News . January 21, 2021 . February 17, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210217203634/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-55750884 . live .
- News: Klein . Betsy . Stracqualursi . Veronica . Sullivan . Kate . January 22, 2021 . Biden unveils Covid-19 plan based on 'science not politics' as he signs new initiatives . January 22, 2021 . CNN . January 21, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210121140457/https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/21/politics/biden-national-coronavirus-plan/index.html . live .
- News: Allegretti . Aubrey . January 21, 2021 . COVID-19: US president Joe Biden signs 10 executive orders to curb spread of coronavirus . January 21, 2021 . Sky News . January 28, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210128042257/https://news.sky.com/story/covid-19-us-president-joe-biden-signs-10-executive-orders-to-curb-spread-of-coronavirus-12194856 . live .
- News: Stolberg . Sheryl Gay . Biden Unveils a National Pandemic Response That Trump Resisted . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/21/us/politics/biden-coronavirus-response.html . December 28, 2021 . limited . January 21, 2021 . . January 21, 2021.
- News: O'Donnell . Kelly . Biden to reinstate Covid travel restrictions Trump rescinded, impose new ban on South Africa . January 25, 2021 . NBC News . January 24, 2021 . January 24, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210124232120/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/biden-sign-sweeping-coronavirus-related-travel-restrictions-n1255484 . live .
- News: Diaz . Jaclyn . January 25, 2021 . Biden To Implement Travel Restrictions To Combat New Coronavirus Variants . NPR . January 25, 2021 . January 25, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210125161813/https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2021/01/25/960229515/biden-to-implement-travel-restrictions-to-combat-new-coronavirus-variants . live .
- News: Saenz . Arlette . LeBlanc . Paul . January 24, 2021 . Biden to reinstate Covid-19-related travel restrictions lifted by Trump . CNN . January 25, 2021 . January 24, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210124235153/https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/24/politics/biden-coronavirus-travel-trump/index.html . live .
- News: Shepardson . David . January 24, 2021 . Biden to impose South Africa travel ban to combat new COVID-19 variant . Reuters . January 25, 2021 . January 25, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210125090734/https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-health-coronavirus-usa-travel-exclusi/exclusive-biden-to-impose-south-africa-travel-ban-to-combat-new-covid-19-variant-cdc-idUSKBN29T0P0 . live .
- News: Belkin. Douglas. January 30, 2021. CDC to Require Masks on All Forms of Public Transportation. The Wall Street Journal. January 30, 2021. 0099-9660. January 30, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210130173325/https://www.wsj.com/articles/cdc-to-require-masks-on-all-forms-of-public-transportation-11612027813. live.
- News: Biden Rebuffs EU, AstraZeneca and Says U.S. Will Keep Its Doses. March 13, 2021. April 9, 2021. March 23, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210323022143/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-03-12/astrazeneca-asks-biden-to-consider-shipping-u-s-doses-to-eu. live.
- News: EU exported 77 million COVID-19 vaccines since December Commission. Reuters. March 25, 2021. March 27, 2021. March 26, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210326051209/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eu-summit-vaccines-exports-idUSKBN2BH2AG. live.
- News: Blocked by the EU's export ban, Japan got its first AstraZeneca vaccines from the US instead. Yahoo! Sports. April 1, 2021. April 4, 2021. January 10, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230110104315/https://sports.yahoo.com/blocked-eus-export-ban-japan-134245824.html. live.
- Web site: Biden administration supports waiving patent protections for Covid vaccines to raise global production. July 5, 2021. NBC News. May 5, 2021. July 16, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210716000855/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/biden-administration-supports-waiving-patent-protections-covid-vaccines-bid-raise-n1266444. live.
- Web site: Covid: Macron calls on US to drop vaccine export bans. July 5, 2021. May 8, 2021. BBC. June 11, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210611085137/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-57039362. live.
- Web site: Biden orders review of US intelligence on origins of coronavirus. July 5, 2021. Al Jazeera. June 1, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210601021759/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/5/26/biden-orders-review-of-us-intel-on-origins-of-coronavirus. live.
- News: Jaffe. Alexandra. Madhani. Aamer. July 22, 2021. Biden says getting COVID-19 vaccine 'gigantically important'. Associated Press. July 23, 2021. July 30, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210730080908/https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-business-health-government-and-politics-coronavirus-pandemic-06b4c8c4e0a1d595d94883b24c4ed020. live.
- News: July 17, 2021. Covid misinformation on Facebook is killing people - Biden. BBC News. July 23, 2021. July 22, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210722091047/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-57870778. live.
- Web site: Sweeping new vaccine mandates for 100 million Americans. September 9, 2021. AP NEWS. September 10, 2021. September 21, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210921100629/https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-business-health-coronavirus-pandemic-executive-branch-18fb12993f05be13bf760946a6fb89be. live.
- Web site: Biden tells legal challengers to 'have at it' after announcing vaccine mandate. The Week. September 10, 2021. September 11, 2021. September 21, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210921100514/https://theweek.com/joe-biden/1004733/biden-tells-legal-challengers-to-have-at-it-after-announcing-vaccine-mandate. live.
- News: Franck . Thomas . Biden says Covid surge needs to be solved at state level, vows full federal support . December 30, 2021 . CNBC . December 27, 2021 . December 30, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211230232821/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/12/27/biden-says-covid-surge-needs-to-be-solved-at-state-level-vows-full-federal-support.html . live .
- News: Psaki on Covid tests: 'Should we just send one to every American?' . December 30, 2021 . Politico . December 21, 2021 . December 30, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211230214904/https://www.politico.com/video/2021/12/21/psaki-on-covid-tests-should-we-just-send-one-to-every-american-440759 . live .
- News: Seddiq . Oma . Psaki responds to criticism over her dismissal of sending Americans COVID-19 tests . December 30, 2021 . Business Insider . December 21, 2021 . December 30, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211230214903/https://www.businessinsider.com/psaki-responds-to-criticism-over-dismissal-of-at-home-covid-19-tests-2021-12 . live .
- News: Liptak . Kevin . Biden concedes not enough has been done to expand Covid-19 testing capacity: 'We have more work to do' . December 30, 2021 . CNN . December 27, 2021 . December 30, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211230223805/https://www.cnn.com/2021/12/27/politics/biden-covid-governors/index.html . live .
- News: Coronavirus in the U.S.: Latest Map and Case Count . The New York Times . December 30, 2021 . The New York Times . December 30, 2021 . June 9, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220609144543/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/us/covid-cases.html . live .
- CDC Updates and Shortens Recommended Isolation and Quarantine Period for General Population . December 27, 2021 . December 30, 2021 . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . December 31, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211231043241/https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2021/s1227-isolation-quarantine-guidance.html . live .
- News: Foody . Katie . Miller . Zeke . CDC move to shorten COVID isolation causes confusion and doubt . December 30, 2021 . Los Angeles Times . December 28, 2021 . December 30, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211230214834/https://www.latimes.com/science/story/2021-12-28/cdc-move-to-shorten-covid-isolation-causes-confusion-and-doubt . live .
- News: Channeling JFK in Boston visit, Biden breathes new life into cancer 'moonshot' . Jessica Bartlett . . September 12, 2022 . September 14, 2022 . September 14, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220914162636/https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/09/12/metro/channeling-jfk-boston-visit-biden-breathes-new-life-into-cancer-moonshot/ . live .
- Web site: April 16, 2025 . Employed full time: Median usual weekly real earnings: Wage and salary workers: 16 years and over . May 9, 2025 . fred.stlouisfed.org . en.
- Web site: Kochhar . Juliana Menasce Horowitz, Ruth Igielnik and Rakesh . January 9, 2020 . 1. Trends in income and wealth inequality . May 23, 2025 . Pew Research Center . en-US.
- Baker . Dean . July 29, 2024 . The Biggest Success Story the Country Doesn't Know About . August 2, 2024 . The New Republic . 0028-6583 . August 4, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240804022057/https://newrepublic.com/article/184223/biden-administration-success-story-country-doesnt-know . live .
- News: Fox. Michelle. March 1, 2024. The U.S. national debt is rising by $1 trillion about every 100 days. CNBC.
- Web site: Narea . Nicole . August 13, 2024 . Biden wants to free you from all those subscriptions you meant to cancel but didn't . August 14, 2024 . Vox . en-US . August 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240814022948/https://www.vox.com/policy/366838/biden-subscription-membership-junk-fees . live .
- News: Alonso-Zaldivar . Ricardo . Barrow . Bill . Biden unveils $1.9T plan to stem COVID-19 and steady economy . January 21, 2021 . Associated Press . January 14, 2021 . January 20, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210120191741/https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-coronavirus-action-plan-3d8d5841bb9098a81ad9452fb2619024 . live .
- Web site: January 14, 2021. President-elect Biden Announces American Rescue Plan. The White House. January 21, 2021. January 23, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210123050648/https://buildbackbetter.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/COVID_Relief-Package-Fact-Sheet.pdf.
- News: Dodge . Garen E. . Sholinsky . Susan Gross . January 19, 2021 . What's in President-Elect Biden's COVID-19 American Rescue Plan? . January 21, 2021 . The National Law Review . January 20, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210120134021/https://www.natlawreview.com/article/what-s-president-elect-biden-s-covid-19-american-rescue-plan . live .
- Web site: The White House . January 21, 2021 . 01/20/21: Press Briefing by Press Secretary Jen Psaki . YouTube . January 21, 2021 . February 6, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210206001853/https://www.youtube.com/watch?t=842&v=N4WMxMJ-J3Y . live .
- News: Montanaro . Domenico . March 13, 2021 . The COVID-19 Relief Bill Passed. What's Biden's Next Big Move? . March 15, 2021 . . March 16, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210316143955/https://www.npr.org/2021/03/13/976595300/the-covid-19-relief-bill-passed-whats-bidens-next-big-move . live .
- News: Pramuk . Jacob . March 11, 2021 . Biden signs $1.9 trillion Covid relief bill, clearing way for stimulus checks, vaccine aid . . March 17, 2021 . February 10, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230210204311/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/03/11/biden-1point9-trillion-covid-relief-package-thursday-afternoon.html . live .
- News: Biden's COVID-19 plan: Masks, testing, more vaccine supplies . January 21, 2021 . January 21, 2021 . Associated Press . January 21, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210121111756/https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-politics-pandemics-coronavirus-pandemic-2cceeb30ccf92784a84cbfa16ed6c3ca . live .
- News: Stein. Jeff. April 24, 2021. White House's new $1.8 trillion 'families plan' reflects ambitions — and limits — of Biden presidency. The Washington Post. April 25, 2021. April 26, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210426132610/https://www.washingtonpost.com/us-policy/2021/04/24/biden-families-plan-tax/. live.
- News: Stein. Jeff. Pager. Tyler. April 19, 2021. White House closes in on 'families plan' spending proposal centered on child care, pre-K, paid leave. The Washington Post. April 25, 2021. April 20, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210420111028/https://www.washingtonpost.com/us-policy/2021/04/19/white-house-families-plan/. live.
- News: Tankersley. Jim. April 22, 2021. Biden Will Seek Tax Increase on Rich to Fund Child Care and Education. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/22/business/economy/biden-taxes.html . December 28, 2021 . limited. The New York Times.
- Web site: Biden sets $1.9 - $2.2 trillion price range for social safety net bill in call with House progressives. CBS News. October 5, 2021. April 11, 2022. October 23, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211023023747/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/biden-reconciliation-bill-house-democrats-progressives/. live.
- Web site: Joe Manchin says he won't support President Biden's Build Back Better plan. NPR. December 19, 2021. Seipel. Arnie. April 11, 2022. April 11, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220411025452/https://www.npr.org/2021/12/19/1065636709/joe-manchin-says-he-cannot-support-bidens-build-back-better-plan. live.
- News: Wagner . Erich . January 22, 2021 . Biden to Sign Executive Order Killing Schedule F, Restoring Collective Bargaining Rights . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210122171636/https://www.govexec.com/management/2021/01/biden-sign-executive-order-killing-schedule-f-restoring-collective-bargaining-rights/171569/ . January 22, 2021 . January 22, 2021 . Government Executive.
- News: Ogrysko . Nicole . January 22, 2021 . Biden to repeal Schedule F, overturn Trump workforce policies with new executive order . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210122145328/https://federalnewsnetwork.com/workforce/2021/01/biden-to-repeal-schedule-f-overturn-trump-workforce-policies-with-new-executive-order/ . January 22, 2021 . January 22, 2021 . Federal News Network.
- News: Boak . Josh . January 22, 2021 . Biden's executive actions for economic relief at a glance . https://web.archive.org/web/20210130233354/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/bidens-executive-actions-for-economic-relief-at-a-glance/2021/01/22/fc4f89dc-5cf4-11eb-a849-6f9423a75ffd_story.html . January 30, 2021 . January 22, 2021 . The Washington Post.
- News: Lienhard . Kelly . January 22, 2021 . Biden Axes Trump's EO That Made It Easier To Fire Career Scientists . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210122213824/https://insidehealthpolicy.com/daily-news/biden-axes-trump%E2%80%99s-eo-made-it-easier-fire-career-scientists . January 22, 2021 . January 22, 2021 . Inside Health Policy.
- Web site: Williams . Alex Gangitano and Jordan . January 21, 2021 . Biden fires Trump-era NLRB counsel . August 30, 2023 . The Hill . en-US . August 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230830213606/https://thehill.com/regulation/labor/535181-biden-fires-trump-era-nlrb-counsel/ . live .
- Web site: The NLRB Welcomes Jennifer Abruzzo as General Counsel . August 30, 2023 . National Labor Relations Board . en . August 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230830213607/https://www.nlrb.gov/news-outreach/news-story/the-nlrb-welcomes-jennifer-abruzzo-as-general-counsel . live .
- Web site: Niedzwiadek . Nick . May 9, 2022 . NLRB stretches its wings under Biden's appointees . August 30, 2023 . POLITICO . en . August 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230830213607/https://www.politico.com/newsletters/weekly-shift/2022/05/09/nlrb-stretches-its-wings-under-bidens-appointees-00030967 . live .
- News: Wiessner . Daniel . August 24, 2023 . NLRB restores Obama-era rule speeding up union election process . en . Reuters . August 30, 2023 . August 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230830213606/https://www.reuters.com/legal/government/nlrb-restores-obama-era-rule-speeding-up-union-election-process-2023-08-24/ . live .
- December 2, 2022 . Why 'Union Joe' Made it Illegal for Rail Workers to Strike . August 30, 2023 . Time . en . August 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230830162955/https://time.com/6238361/joe-biden-rail-strike-illegal/ . live .
- Web site: Hsu . Andrea . Some rail workers say Biden "turned his back on us" in deal to avert rail strike . . December 2, 2022 . August 30, 2023 . August 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230830162948/https://www.npr.org/2022/12/02/1140265413/rail-workers-biden-unions-freight-railroads-averted-strike . live .
- Web site: White . Ben . November 29, 2022 . Inside Biden's decision to halt a rail strike . August 30, 2023 . POLITICO . en . August 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230830162948/https://www.politico.com/news/2022/11/29/bidens-congress-halt-rail-strike-00071251 . live .
- News: Bose . Nandita . February 9, 2023 . White House renews pressure on railroads over paid sick leave . en . Reuters . September 20, 2023 . November 24, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231124124509/https://www.reuters.com/business/white-house-renews-pressure-railroads-over-paid-sick-leave-2023-02-09/ . live .
- News: Shepardson . David . June 6, 2023 . Most unionized US rail workers now have new sick leave . en . Reuters . September 20, 2023 . September 24, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230924122106/https://www.reuters.com/world/us/most-unionized-us-rail-workers-now-have-new-sick-leave-2023-06-05/ . live .
- News: September 15, 2023 . UAW strike: Biden says striking car workers deserve 'fair share' . en-GB . BBC News . September 20, 2023 . September 15, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230915171936/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-66822558 . live .
- Web site: MSN . September 20, 2023 . www.msn.com . January 31, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190131090906/https://www.msn.com/ . live .
- News: September 26, 2023. Biden visits the picket line in Michigan to show solidarity with striking UAW. en-US. CNN. September 26, 2023. September 26, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230926185932/https://amp.cnn.com/cnn/2023/09/26/politics/biden-picket-line-michigan-uaw/index.html. live.
- Web site: Weissert . Will . Miller • . Zeke . March 23, 2023 . Pro-Labor? Biden Aims to Prove It With Unionized 2024 Staff . August 30, 2023 . NBC Los Angeles . en-US . August 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230830162949/https://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/politics/pro-labor-biden-aims-to-prove-it-with-unionized-2024-staff/3120988/ . live .
- News: Stein . Jeff . Duncan . Ian . Gurley . Lauren Kaori . October 4, 2024 . How Biden helped end a port strike that threatened Democrats in November . November 5, 2024 . . November 25, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241125035115/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2024/10/04/biden-white-house-harris-port-strike/ . live .
- Web site: Cathey. Libby. Amid crisis, Biden tells Americans 'banking system is safe'. ABC News. March 13, 2023. March 14, 2023. March 14, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230314045608/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/biden-speaks-banking-crisis/story?id=97820883. live.
- Web site: Hunnicutt. Trevor. Biden vows new bank rules after SVB collapse, cites Trump rollback. Reuters. March 13, 2023. March 14, 2023. March 14, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230314045605/https://www.reuters.com/markets/us/biden-defend-us-banking-system-after-svb-signature-collapse-2023-03-13/. live.
- Web site: Executive Order on Ensuring the Future Is Made in All of America by All of America's Workers . Biden . Joseph R. Jr. . . January 25, 2021 . January 29, 2021 . January 25, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210125224514/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2021/01/25/executive-order-on-ensuring-the-future-is-made-in-all-of-america-by-all-of-americas-workers/ . live .
- News: Biden signs executive order aimed at strengthening American manufacturing . Lobosco . Katie . CNN . January 25, 2021 . January 29, 2021 . January 28, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210128170821/https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/25/politics/biden-executive-orders-manufacturing-buy-american/index.html . live .
- Web site: Johnson . Lamar . August 9, 2022 . Biden ends slog on semiconductor bill with signature . August 9, 2022 . . en . June 21, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230621192521/https://www.politico.com/news/2022/08/09/biden-ends-slog-on-semiconductor-bill-with-signature-00050530 . live .
- News: Shivaram . Deepa . Democrats passed a major climate, health and tax bill. Here's what's in it . NPR . August 12, 2022 . September 2, 2022 . September 2, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220902101738/https://www.npr.org/2022/08/07/1116190180/democrats-are-set-to-pass-a-major-climate-health-and-tax-bill-heres-whats-in-it . live .
- News: Lohr . Steve . October 4, 2022 . Micron Pledges Up to $100 Billion for Semiconductor Factory in New York . en-US . The New York Times . November 8, 2022 . 0362-4331 . October 6, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221006000024/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/04/technology/micron-chip-clay-syracuse.html . live .
- Web site: Biden Team Promises New Look in Trade Policy . Davis . Bob . . January 24, 2021 . January 26, 2021 . January 25, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210125211154/https://www.wsj.com/articles/biden-team-promises-new-look-in-trade-policy-11611484201 . live .
- Web site: Biden set his sights on China . Allen-Ebrahimian . Bethany . . January 26, 2021 . January 26, 2021 . January 26, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210126120503/https://www.axios.com/biden-administration-china-policy-trump-136a1da4-f49d-42df-9fb6-29090a589087.html . live .
- News: Swanson . Ana . January 26, 2021 . Biden's Commerce Pick Vows to Combat China and Climate Change . . January 26, 2021 . January 26, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210126113413/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/26/business/economy/gina-raimondo-commerce.html . live .
- Web site: New Trade Representative Says U.S. Isn't Ready to Lift China Tariffs . Davis . Bob . Hayashi . Yuka . . March 28, 2021 . March 29, 2021 . March 28, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210328160259/https://www.wsj.com/articles/new-trade-representative-says-u-s-isnt-ready-to-lift-china-tariffs-11616929200 . live .
- News: Klein. Betsy. US suspends all diplomatic trade engagement with Myanmar after weekend of violence against pro-democracy protesters. March 30, 2021. CNN. March 29, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210329205610/https://www.cnn.com/2021/03/29/politics/us-trade-suspension-myanmar/index.html. live.
- Web site: Su . Annie . May 15, 2024 . US to impose 25% import tariffs on Chinese rare earth magnets in 2026 . June 20, 2024 . Fastmarkets . en-US . June 18, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240618213528/https://www.fastmarkets.com/insights/us-to-impose-25-import-tariffs-on-chinese-rare-earth-magnets/ . live .
- Web site: Treadgold . Tim . Rinehart's New Attack On China's Rare Earth Dominance . June 20, 2024 . Forbes . en . June 11, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240611222538/https://www.forbes.com/sites/timtreadgold/2024/04/16/rineharts-new-attack-on-chinas-rare-earth-dominance/ . live .
- Web site: Boak . Josh . Hussein . Fatima . Wiseman . Paul . Tang . Didi . May 14, 2024 . Biden hikes tariffs on Chinese EVs, solar cells, steel, aluminum — and snipes at Trump . May 16, 2024 . . en . May 16, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240516122028/https://apnews.com/article/biden-china-tariffs-electric-vehicles-evs-solar-2024ba735c47e04a50898a88425c5e2c . live .
- News: Schwartz. Brian. January 21, 2021. Joe Biden's business allies discuss ways to pay for infrastructure plan, including a carbon tax. CNBC. July 5, 2021. February 15, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210215025408/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/21/biden-infrastructure-plan-carbon-tax.html. live.
- Web site: Biden signs infrastructure bill, marking victory in hard-fought legislative battle. November 18, 2021. NBC News. November 15, 2021. en. November 15, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211115200818/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/biden-sign-infrastructure-bill-marking-victory-hard-fought-legislative-battle-n1283910. live.
- News: Sprunt . Barbara . Kim . Caitlyn . Shivaram . Deepa . November 6, 2021 . Biden says final passage of $1 trillion infrastructure plan is a big step forward . en . NPR . November 14, 2021 . January 21, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220121111856/https://www.npr.org/2021/11/05/1050012853/the-house-has-passed-the-1-trillion-infrastructure-plan-sending-it-to-bidens-des . live .
- News: Osaka . Shannon . March 28, 2024 . Biden's $7.5 Billion Investment in EV Charging has Only Produced 7 Stations in Two Years . May 5, 2024 . . May 12, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240512030617/https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-solutions/2024/03/28/ev-charging-stations-slow-rollout/ . live .
- News: Derby . Michael S. . September 27, 2022 . Fed's Harker says housing shortage a key inflation driver . Reuters . March 20, 2024 . August 2, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240320232640/https://www.reuters.com/markets/us/feds-harker-says-housing-shortage-key-inflation-driver-2022-09-27/ . live .
- News: O'Donnell . Katy . Guida . Victoria . November 10, 2021 . Biden's next inflation threat: The rent is too damn high . Politico . Housing costs just posted one of their largest monthly gains in decades, and many economists expect them to loom large in inflation figures over the next year heading into the 2022 midterm elections. It’s not just economists — the Federal Reserve Bank of New York said in research released Monday that Americans on average expect rents to rise 10.1 percent over the next year, the highest reading in the survey’s history. . July 24, 2024 . August 2, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240724220633/https://www.politico.com/news/2021/11/10/rent-inflation-biden-520642 . live .
- Web site: Mena . Bryan . Bahney . Anna . March 8, 2024 . Biden says he can fix America's housing affordability crisis. Will it work? . July 24, 2024 . CNN Business . CNN . en . Fed Chair Jerome Powell in testimony this week said a growing housing shortage is likely to result in continued housing inflation. . July 24, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240724220633/https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/08/economy/fed-biden-housing-affordability-crisis/index.html . live .
- Web site: Becker . William S. . July 22, 2024 . Opinion: Climate inflation is eating your paycheck — and it's only going to get worse . July 24, 2024 . The Hill . en-US . July 26, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240726090432/https://thehill.com/opinion/energy-environment/4782252-climate-inflation-economic-impact/ . live .
- Web site: July 11, 2024 . How is climate change affecting food prices and inflation? . July 24, 2024 . Al Jazeera . en . July 30, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240730172223/https://www.aljazeera.com/program/inside-story/2024/7/11/how-is-climate-change-affecting-food-prices-and-inflation . live .
- Web site: Borenstein . Seth . March 21, 2024 . Higher temperatures mean higher food and other prices. A new study links climate shocks to inflation . July 24, 2024 . AP News . en.
- News: Ip . Greg . November 2, 2022 . To Solve Inflation, First Solve Deficits, This Theory Advises . WSJ . July 27, 2024 . August 2, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240727075738/https://www.wsj.com/articles/to-solve-inflation-first-solve-deficits-this-theory-advises-11667391310 . live .
- News: Schneider . Howard . Slobin . Sarah . June 25, 2024 . The Trump Biden Rematch . July 26, 2024 . Reuters . en . August 3, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240803013113/https://www.reuters.com/graphics/USA-ELECTION/TRUMP-BIDEN-ECON/lgvdoowmkpo/ . live .
- News: Chancellor . Edward . April 14, 2023 . A flawed but useful economic model for a bleak age . Reuters . May 20, 2023 . August 2, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230520063421/https://www.reuters.com/breakingviews/flawed-useful-economic-model-bleak-age-2023-04-14/ . live .
- News: Ivanova . Irina . U.S. inflation in January surged at fastest rate in 40 years . CBS News . February 10, 2022 . February 12, 2023 . March 9, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220309081138/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/inflation-consumer-price-index-january-2022/ . live .
- News: Arnold . Martin . German inflation hits 40-year high as ECB president warns of 'supply shock' . Financial Times . March 10, 2022 . July 13, 2022 . July 13, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220713163929/https://www.ft.com/content/2f2fb7cc-3039-416b-ad22-f42315d0b1d0 . live .
- News: Smith . Elliot . UK inflation hits new 40-year high of 9.1% as food and energy price surge persists . CNBC . June 22, 2022 . July 13, 2022 . July 25, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220725194025/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/22/uk-inflation-hits-new-40-year-high-of-9point1percent-as-food-and-energy-price-surge-persists.html . live .
- News: Cole . Wayne . Australian inflation hits 20-yr high, May rate rise seen in play . Reuters . April 27, 2022 . July 13, 2022 . July 13, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220713163935/https://www.reuters.com/business/australian-inflation-hits-20-year-high-brings-rate-rises-near-2022-04-27/ . live .
- News: Ayres . Marcella . Brazil's inflation hits highest for April in 26 years, +12.1% in 12 months . Reuters . May 11, 2022 . July 13, 2022 . July 13, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220713163935/https://www.reuters.com/business/brazils-inflation-hits-highest-april-26-years-121-12-months-2022-05-11/ . live .
- News: Smialek . Jeanna . Biden Says Fighting Inflation Is 'Top Priority' as Prices Bite Consumers . The New York Times . March 2022 . March 8, 2022 . March 9, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220309000411/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/01/us/politics/inflation-biden-state-of-the-union.html . live .
- https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2022/3/8/bidens-posturing-on-russian-oil-risks-wider-conflict-analysts "Biden's 'posturing' on Russian oil risks wider conflict: Analysts"
- News: Suleymanova . Radmilla . March 8, 2022 . Biden's 'posturing' on Russian oil risks wider conflict: Analysts . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220309091647/https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2022/3/8/bidens-posturing-on-russian-oil-risks-wider-conflict-analysts . March 9, 2022 . March 8, 2022 . Al Jazeera.
- Web site: Boak . Josh . March 15, 2024 . Why are so many voters frustrated by the US economy? It's home prices . July 24, 2024 . AP News . en . July 28, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240728002822/https://apnews.com/article/biden-inflation-housing-trump-home-price-rent-248ef02e197c3a7ffb801e370c529d33 . live .
- News: O'Donnell . Katy . March 18, 2022 . The main driver of inflation isn't what you think it is . Politico . But when it comes to the single biggest driver of runaway prices, Washington’s hands are mostly tied. Skyrocketing housing costs may create even bigger problems for the administration going forward than oil and food price spikes, which are the result of sudden and unforeseen — but probably temporary — events. That’s because there’s no clear end in sight for shelter inflation. . July 26, 2024 . August 2, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240726231912/https://www.politico.com/news/2022/03/18/housing-costs-inflation-00015808 . live .
- Web site: Narea . Nicole . August 14, 2024 . The inflation crisis appears to be over. What happens next? . August 14, 2024 . Vox . en-US . August 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240814212619/https://www.vox.com/business-and-finance/367103/inflation-report-cpi-ppi-us-economy-fed-rate-cut . live .
- News: Kiernan . Paul . DeBarros . Anthony . July 11, 2024 . Economists Say Inflation Would Be Worse Under Trump Than Biden . The Wall Street Journal . Conducted July 5–9...of the 50 who answered questions about Trump and Biden 56% said inflation would be higher under another Trump term than a Biden term, versus 16% who said the opposite...Fifty-one percent of economists anticipate larger federal budget deficits under a Trump presidency, compared to 22% under Biden. . August 2, 2024 . August 2, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240802080650/https://www.wsj.com/economy/economists-say-inflation-would-be-worse-under-trump-than-biden-263bc900 . live .
- Web site: Hager . Eli . November 2, 2024 . Trump Says He'll Fight for Working-Class Americans. His First Presidency Suggests He Won't. . November 4, 2024 . ProPublica . en . November 6, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241106195233/https://www.propublica.org/article/donald-trump-agenda-working-class . live .
- News: Davidson . Kate . Hannon . Paul . July 1, 2021 . U.S. Wins International Backing for Global Minimum Tax . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210704175101/https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-wins-international-backing-for-global-minimum-tax-11625153698 . July 4, 2021 . July 5, 2021 . The Wall Street Journal.
- Web site: Executive Order on Tackling the Climate Crisis at Home and Abroad . The White House . January 27, 2021 . February 5, 2021 . March 18, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230318102001/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2021/01/27/executive-order-on-tackling-the-climate-crisis-at-home-and-abroad/ . live .
- News: Sommer. Lauren. January 20, 2021. Biden Moves Quickly On Climate Change, Reversing Trump Rollbacks. NPR. January 20, 2021. February 12, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210212190103/https://www.npr.org/sections/inauguration-day-live-updates/2021/01/20/958854421/biden-to-move-quickly-on-climate-change-reversing-trump-rollbacks. live.
- News: Volcovici. Valerie. Hunnicutt. Trevor. January 20, 2021. Biden set to rejoin Paris climate accord, impose curbs on U.S. oil industry Author of the article. Financial Times. January 20, 2021. February 5, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210205090441/https://financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/biden-set-to-rejoin-paris-climate-accord-impose-curbs-on-u-s-oil-industry-5. live.
- Web site: Secretary-General welcomes US return to Paris Agreement on Climate Change. January 22, 2021. UN News. January 20, 2021. United Nations. February 2, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210202232113/https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/01/1082602. live.
- Web site: Rice. Doyle. Biden is taking bold action on climate change and the environment: Here's what we know about the Paris Agreement and the Keystone XL. January 22, 2021. USA Today. January 22, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210122000705/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2021/01/21/biden-environment-orders-target-paris-agreement-keystone-pipeline/6657211002/. live.
- Web site: Ferguson. Danielle. South Dakota tribes applaud cancellation of Keystone XL Pipeline, Thune decries 'bad decision'. January 22, 2021. Argus Leader. February 17, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210217204627/https://www.argusleader.com/story/news/2021/01/21/south-dakota-tribes-applaud-cancellation-biden-keystone-xl-pipeline/4243581001/. live.
- Web site: March 27, 2021. Biden invites Russia, China to first global climate talks. March 30, 2021. AP News. March 27, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210327075324/https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-donald-trump-barack-obama-climate-climate-change-d7ccfff957ff6cdf500d3bb7692ab5ff. live.
- Web site: Biden-Harris Administration Outlines Historic Progress on Environmental Justice in Report Submitted to Congress . The White House . May 23, 2022 . May 30, 2022 . May 31, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220531021057/https://www.whitehouse.gov/ceq/news-updates/2022/05/23/biden-harris-administration-outlines-historic-progress-on-environmental-justice-in-report-submitted-to-congress-2/ . live .
- News: Joselow . Maxine . America's new high-risk, high-reward $20 billion climate push . April 7, 2024 . Washington Post . April 4, 2024 . April 8, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240408061658/https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-solutions/2024/04/04/epa-greenhouse-gas-reduction-fund/ . live .
- News: EPA head Regan defends $20B green bank: 'I feel really good about this program' . April 7, 2024 . ABC News . April 5, 2024 . April 7, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240407083124/https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/epa-head-regan-defends-20b-green-bank-feel-108896740 . live .
- Web site: HULLINGER . JESSICA . Want to get a job as one of Biden's 20,000 climate workers? Here's what you need to know . Fast Company . April 2, 2024 . April 7, 2024 . April 7, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240407091439/https://www.fastcompany.com/91073271/want-to-get-a-job-as-one-of-bidens-20000-climate-workers-heres-what-you-need-to-know . live .
- Web site: Magazine . Undark . July 17, 2024 . Will Burying Biomass Underground Curb Climate Change? . July 24, 2024 . Undark Magazine . en-US.
- Web site: Lacy . Akela . November 29, 2024 . Biden Makes His Own Attack on Nonprofit Over Palestine . November 30, 2024 . The Intercept . en-US . November 30, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241130233143/https://theintercept.com/2024/11/29/biden-climate-funding-palestine/ . live .
- Web site: Brown . Matthew . January 22, 2021 . Biden halts oil and gas leases, permits on US land and water . Associated Press . January 24, 2021 . January 23, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210123011937/https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-billings-a3a37acf2fce55449b704b01badc1f67 . live .
- News: Quinn . Melissa . January 28, 2021 . 'It's time to act': Biden rolls out new actions on climate change . January 29, 2021 . CBS News . February 11, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210211052704/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/biden-signs-executive-actions-climate-change/ . live .
- Web site: Ebbs. Stephanie. Kolinovsky. Sarah. January 27, 2021. Biden says tackling climate change will create jobs, bring economic recovery. January 28, 2021. ABC News. January 27, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210127225854/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/biden-sign-executive-order-climate-change/story?id=75510742. live.
- News: Waldman . Scott . Five Things in Biden's Climate Day Orders That Flew Under the Radar . January 29, 2021 . Scientific American . January 29, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210129012012/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/five-things-in-bidens-climate-day-orders-that-flew-under-the-radar/ . live .
- News: Hillbrand . Alex . Doniger . David . January 27, 2021 . Biden Announces Move to Ratify Kigali Amendment on HFCs . January 29, 2021 . NRDC . January 29, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210129033620/https://www.nrdc.org/experts/alex-hillbrand/biden-announces-move-ratify-kigali-amendment-hfcs . live .
- Web site: Quinn. Melissa. March 18, 2021. 21 states sue Biden for revoking Keystone XL pipeline permit. March 19, 2021. CBS News. March 18, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210318174935/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/keystone-pipeline-21-states-sue-biden/. live.
- Web site: 21 Republican-led states sue Biden over Keystone XL rejection. NBC News. Josh Lederman. March 17, 2021. May 27, 2024. July 20, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210720031328/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/joe-biden/21-republican-led-states-sue-biden-over-keystone-xl-rejection-n1261356. live.
- Web site: EPA ends secret science studies rule . UPI . Zarrin Ahmed . May 26, 2021 . May 29, 2021 . May 31, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210531001628/https://www.upi.com/amp/Top_News/US/2021/05/26/epa-ends-secret-science-rule-studies/1651622047180/ . live .
- Web site: Frazin. Rachel. May 26, 2021. EPA officially nixes Trump 'secret science' rule. July 5, 2021. The Hill. May 31, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210531213843/https://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/555512-epa-officially-nixes-trump-rule-limiting-consideration-of-certain. live.
- News: Trump's new rule restricting EPA's use of certain science could have short life . . Warren Cornwall . January 6, 2021 . June 30, 2022 . February 1, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220201192415/https://www.science.org/content/article/trump-s-new-rule-restricting-epa-s-use-certain-science-could-have-short-life . live .
- News: Court tosses Trump EPAs Secret Science Rule . . Rachel Frazen . February 1, 2021 . May 29, 2021 . May 27, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210527093732/https://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/536787-court-tosses-trump-epas-secret-science-rule . live .
- Web site: Federman. Adam. Biden freezes oil leases in Alaska refuge pending new environmental review. July 5, 2021. Politico. June 2021. June 6, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210606200350/https://www.politico.com/news/2021/06/01/biden-anwr-alaska-oil-491498. live.
- Web site: Dutton . Jack . Biden Admin Set to Auction Off Over 80 Million Acres to Oil and Gas Drilling Companies . Newsweek . November 15, 2021 . November 24, 2021 . November 23, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211123082525/https://www.newsweek.com/biden-admin-set-auction-off-over-80-million-acres-offshore-drilling-1649242 . live .
- Web site: Companies bid $192 million in 1st Gulf oil sale under Biden . The Columbian . June 25, 2021 . November 25, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211125175622/https://www.columbian.com/news/2021/nov/17/us-holds-huge-crude-sale-in-gulf-coming-off-climate-pledges/ . live .
- News: Biden sets out oil, gas leasing reform, stops short of ban. Associated Press. Matthew Daly. November 26, 2021. May 27, 2024. November 28, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211128011615/https://apnews.com/article/business-environment-and-nature-ee63e75fb0b4005aa3341b4dfa2a8aba. live.
- News: Biden Administration Backs Oil Sands Pipeline Project . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/24/climate/line-3-pipeline-biden.html . December 28, 2021 . limited . The New York Times . July 24, 2021.
- Joshua Partlow & Darryl Fears, Biden proposes 20-year drilling ban around Chaco Culture National Historical Park, a sacred tribal site, Washington Post (November 15, 2021).
- Dartunorro Clark, Biden administration approves second major offshore wind project, to provide power to N.Y., NBC News (November 24, 2021).
- Dino Grandoni, Biden administration approves first offshore wind farm to supply power to New York, Washington Post (November 24, 2021).
- News: Jones . Benji . The Biden administration has a game-changing approach to nature conservation . March 26, 2024 . Vox . May 7, 2021 . March 26, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240326151100/https://www.vox.com/2021/5/7/22423139/biden-30-by-30-conservation-initiative-historic . live .
- News: Hoyer introduces $9B bill bolstering Biden's deforestation vow at COP26 . The Hill . November 3, 2021 . November 13, 2021 . November 6, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211106182454/https://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/579810-hoyer-to-introduce-9b-bill-bolstering-bidens-deforestation-vow-at . live .
- News: COP26: World leaders promise to end deforestation by 2030 . BBC News . November 2, 2021 . November 13, 2021 . November 12, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211112151002/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-59088498 . live .
- News: Over 100 global leaders pledge to end deforestation by 2030 . Reuters . November 3, 2021 . November 13, 2021 . November 12, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211112161836/https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/over-100-global-leaders-pledge-end-deforestation-by-2030-2021-11-01/ . live .
- Web site: Zeno . Sam . The Biden Administration Has Reached Conservation Records in 2023 . Center for American Progress . December 20, 2023 . January 2, 2024 . January 4, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240104012334/https://www.americanprogress.org/article/the-biden-administration-has-reached-conservation-records-in-2023/ . live .
- Web site: Biden reached conservation records in 2023 . Center for Western Priorities . December 21, 2023 . January 2, 2024 . January 2, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240102180523/https://westernpriorities.org/2023/12/biden-reached-conservation-records-in-2023/ . live .
- News: Aratani . Lauren . Joe Biden plans to ban logging in US old-growth forests in 2025 . January 2, 2024 . The Guardian . December 19, 2023 . May 27, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240527101810/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/dec/19/biden-forest-logging-ban-old-trees . live .
- Web site: Plan for a Government that Works For the People. January 23, 2021. Joe Biden for President: Official Campaign Website. January 22, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210122135916/https://joebiden.com/governmentreform/. dead.
- Web site: Statement by President Biden on the John R. Lewis Voting Rights Advancement Act. The White House . November 3, 2021. April 11, 2022. December 27, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211227160953/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/11/03/statement-by-president-biden-on-the-john-r-lewis-voting-rights-advancement-act/. live.
- Web site: Statement by President Joe Biden on the for the People Act. The White House . June 22, 2021. April 11, 2022. November 6, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211106081317/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/06/22/statement-by-president-joe-biden-on-the-for-the-people-act/. live.
- Web site: 'Let the majority prevail': Biden backs filibuster change to pass voting rights in Atlanta speech. USA Today. April 11, 2022. January 14, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220114062405/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2022/01/11/biden-endorses-filibuster-change-voting-rights/9165060002/. live.
- News: Clare Foran, Ali Zaslav and Ted Barrett. Senate Democrats suffer defeat on voting rights after vote to change rules fails. February 3, 2022. CNN. January 19, 2022. April 9, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220409161903/https://www.cnn.com/2022/01/19/politics/senate-voting-legislation-filibuster/index.html. live.
- Web site: September 1, 2022 . Biden sounds newly strong alarm: Trumpism menaces democracy . September 5, 2022 . AP NEWS . en . November 3, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221103020138/https://apnews.com/article/2022-midterm-elections-biden-donald-trump-presidential-philadelphia-5d0f7c02df093f0d3a3340474a53be4b . live .
- News: Keith . Tamara . September 1, 2022 . Why Biden is reviving his 'soul of the nation' argument for the midterm elections . en . NPR . November 2, 2022 . November 2, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221102014000/https://www.npr.org/2022/09/01/1120479578/why-biden-is-reviving-his-soul-of-the-nation-argument-for-the-midterm-elections . live .
- Web site: Biden questions if US midterm elections will be 'legit' . . January 20, 2022 . January 20, 2022 . January 20, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220120205745/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-60063594 . live .
- Web site: Gangitano . Alex . Biden says elections might not be legitimate if reform bills aren't passed . The Hill . January 20, 2022 . en . January 19, 2022 . January 21, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220121084216/https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/590511-biden-says-elections-might-not-be-legitimate-if-the-election-reform . live .
- News: Cillizza . Chris . Analysis: The 7 most important lines from Joe Biden's news conference . CNN . January 20, 2022 . January 19, 2022 . January 21, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220121035546/https://www.cnn.com/2022/01/19/politics/biden-news-conference-important-takeaways/index.html . live .
- Web site: Riccardi. Nicholas. Congress approves new election rules in Jan. 6 response. AP News. December 24, 2022. December 24, 2022. July 12, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230712012605/https://apnews.com/article/biden-donald-trump-e4366ca9e350ef87ebbb7638517cbde3. live.
- Web site: House . The White . May 16, 2022 . President Biden Announces New Actions to Ease the Burden of Housing Costs . August 17, 2024 . The White House . en-US . August 17, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240817154420/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/05/16/president-biden-announces-new-actions-to-ease-the-burden-of-housing-costs/ . live .
- Web site: House . The White . March 7, 2024 . FACT SHEET: President Biden Announces Plan to Lower Housing Costs for Working Families . August 17, 2024 . The White House . en-US . August 17, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240817174002/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2024/03/07/fact-sheet-president-biden-announces-plan-to-lower-housing-costs-for-working-families/ . live .
- Web site: New Funds for Housing in the Inflation Reduction Act . August 17, 2024 . guidehouse.com . en . August 17, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240817203056/https://guidehouse.com/insights/energy/2023/new-funds-for-housing-in-the-inflation-reduction-act . live .
- Web site: August 16, 2024 . Two Years After Signage of President Biden's Inflation Reduction Act, HUD is Creating More Affordable, Energy Efficient and Climate Resilient Homes for Renters . August 17, 2024 . HUD.gov / U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) . en . August 17, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240817203056/https://www.hud.gov/press/press_releases_media_advisories/HUD_No_24_210 . dead .
- News: Narea . Nicole . Biden is already rolling back Trump's immigration legacy . January 20, 2021 . Vox . January 20, 2021 . January 20, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210120220043/https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2021/1/20/22240549/biden-executive-actions-immigration . live .
- Web site: Reinstating Deferred Enforced Departure for Liberians . The White House . January 20, 2021 . January 21, 2021 . January 21, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210121034628/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2021/01/20/reinstating-deferred-enforced-departure-for-liberians/ . live .
- News: Axelrod . Tal . These are the executive orders Biden has signed so far . January 21, 2021 . The Hill . January 21, 2021 . January 21, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210121180247/https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/535245-these-are-the-executive-orders-biden-has-signed-so-far . live .
- Web site: Biden Immigration Bill Announced Day One of Administration . October 25, 2024 . natlawreview.com . en.
- Web site: Narea . Nicole . January 20, 2021 . Biden's sweeping immigration bill, explained . October 25, 2024 . Vox . en-US . October 31, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211031001939/https://www.vox.com/22233711/biden-day-one-immigration-congress-path-citizenship . live .
- News: Hackman . Michelle . Siobhan . Hughes . January 23, 2021 . Biden's Immigration Package Faces Steep Odds on Capitol Hill . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210123194515/https://www.wsj.com/articles/bidens-immigration-package-faces-steep-odds-on-capitol-hill-11611430901 . January 23, 2021 . January 23, 2021 . The Wall Street Journal.
- News: Fram . Alan . January 23, 2021 . Democrats start reining in expectations for immigration bill . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210124002331/https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-immigration-jen-psaki-12e9346eef0af68dbd604feda32ec1e5 . January 24, 2021 . January 24, 2021 . Associated Press.
- News: Spagat . Elliot . January 23, 2021 . Biden bets big on immigration changes in opening move . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210123205722/https://apnews.com/article/biden-inauguration-joe-biden-mexico-immigration-us-news-8d565946dfdec1f365befdada879023e . January 23, 2021 . January 24, 2021 . Associated Press.
- News: Bokat-Lindell . Spencer . January 21, 2021 . Can Biden Finally Fix America's Broken Immigration System? . October 25, 2024 . . December 18, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241218220748/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/21/opinion/biden-immigration-plan.html . live .
- Web site: Alvarez . Priscilla . Fox . Lauren . February 18, 2021 . White House announces sweeping immigration bill CNN Politics . October 25, 2024 . CNN . en . December 11, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241211175415/https://www.cnn.com/2021/02/18/politics/biden-immigration-legislation/index.html . live .
- News: Shoichet . Catherine E. . Biden wants to remove this controversial word from US laws . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210121181712/https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/21/politics/alien-biden-immigration-law/index.html . January 21, 2021 . January 21, 2021 . CNN.
- act. 8 USC 1101. June 30, 1965. Immigration and Nationality. Aliens and Nationality.
- News: Priscilla . Alvarez . DHS pauses some deportations for 100 days . January 25, 2021 . CNN . January 20, 2021 . January 24, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210124191255/https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/20/politics/homeland-security-pause-some-deportations/index.html . live .
- News: Priscilla . Alvarez . Texas attorney general sues Biden administration over deportation pause . January 25, 2021 . CNN . January 22, 2021 . January 24, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210124170547/https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/22/politics/texas-biden-lawsuit-deportation/index.html . live .
- News: Merchant . Nomaan . January 26, 2021 . Judge bars Biden from enforcing 100-day deportation ban . Associated Press . January 29, 2021 . January 29, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210129003126/https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-immigration-texas-barack-obama-51688033e490d50867e52ef9c8ec574f . live .
- Web site: Readout of President Joe Biden Call with President Andrés Manuel López Obrador of Mexico . The White House . January 23, 2021 . January 23, 2021 . September 4, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210904190441/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/01/23/readout-of-president-joe-biden-call-with-president-andres-manuel-lopez-obrador-of-mexico/ . live .
- News: Mark. Stevenson. Gillies. Rob. Madhani. Aamer. January 23, 2021. Mexican leader says Biden offers $4B for Central America. ABC News. July 5, 2021. February 3, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210203024021/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory/biden-calls-canadas-trudeau-mexicos-lpez-obrador-75444816. live.
- Web site: Kumar . Anita . April 23, 2021 . The border turned out to be a better attack on Biden than even Republicans thought . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210706110836/https://www.politico.com/news/2021/04/23/gop-biden-immigration-border-problems-484383 . July 6, 2021 . July 5, 2021 . Politico.
- News: Romo . Vanessa . March 11, 2021 . Number Of Unaccompanied Minors Entering U.S. Soared In February . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210328162309/https://www.npr.org/2021/03/11/975916980/number-of-unaccompanied-minors-entering-u-s-soared-in-february . March 28, 2021 . July 5, 2021 . NPR.
- News: Spagat . Elliot . March 17, 2021 . Explainer: Is the US border with Mexico in crisis? . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210429015930/https://apnews.com/article/is-us-mexico-border-in-crisis-explained-aea57dde734f5cccb920e0d5d6111e65 . April 29, 2021 . July 5, 2021 . Associated Press.
- News: Morin . Rebecca . March 15, 2021 . As Biden faces ongoing surge of migrant children, Republicans criticize White House for border crisis . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210416102151/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2021/03/15/kevin-mccarthy-republicans-slam-biden-migrants-us-mexico-border/4701550001/ . April 16, 2021 . March 30, 2021 . USA Today.
- News: Kanno-Youngs. Zolan. Shear. Michael D.. February 3, 2021. Trump Loyalists Across Homeland Security Could Vex Biden's Immigration Policies. The New York Times. February 3, 2021. 0362-4331. February 13, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210213023116/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/03/us/politics/biden-trump-immigration.html. live.
- News: Miroff. Nick. Sacchetti. Maria. February 7, 2021. New Biden rules for ICE point to fewer arrests and deportations, and a more restrained agency. The Washington Post. July 5, 2021. February 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210214143016/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/new-biden-rules-for-ice-point-to-fewer-arrests-and-deportations-and-a-more-restrained-agency/2021/02/07/faccb854-68c6-11eb-bf81-c618c88ed605_story.html. live.
- News: March 9, 2021. US grants Venezuelan migrants temporary protected status. BBC News. March 9, 2021. March 11, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210311210005/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-56333605. live.
- Web site: Lahut . Jake . March 25, 2021 . Biden is giving Kamala Harris the thorniest issue to oversee as VP: immigration . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210327141338/https://www.businessinsider.in/politics/world/news/biden-is-giving-kamala-harris-the-thorniest-issue-to-oversee-as-vp-immigration/articleshow/81676987.cms . March 27, 2021 . March 27, 2021 . Business Insider.
- Austin Landis, Border crossings decline again in October, with drop in families, children, Spectrum News (November 16, 2021).
- Web site: Gregorian . Dareh . June 1, 2021 . Biden administration officially ends Trump's 'remain in Mexico' asylum policy . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210607012950/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/immigration/biden-administration-officially-ends-trump-s-remain-mexico-asylum-policy-n1269262 . June 7, 2021 . July 2, 2021 . NBC News.
- Web site: June 1, 2021 . US formally ends Trump's 'Remain in Mexico' asylum policy . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210607013450/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/6/1/us-formally-ends-trumps-remain-in-mexico-asylum-policy . June 7, 2021 . July 5, 2021 . Al Jazeera.
- Web site: Montoya-Galvez . Camilo . August 14, 2021 . Judge orders U.S. to reinstate Trump-era "Remain in Mexico" asylum policy . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210823041221/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/judge-orders-u-s-to-reinstate-trump-era-remain-in-mexico-asylum-policy/ . August 23, 2021 . August 23, 2021 . CBS News.
- Web site: August 20, 2021 . Supreme Court halts reinstating 'Remain in Mexico' policy . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210823041321/https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-mexico-courts-health-immigration-fa8250193e4177ba50ad9f3deb11dbe1 . August 23, 2021 . August 23, 2021 . AP News.
- Web site: Diaz . Jaclyn . August 25, 2021 . Supreme Court Orders the 'Remain in Mexico' Policy Reinstated for Asylum-Seekers . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210829170924/https://www.npr.org/2021/08/24/1030829693/supreme-court-remain-in-mexico . August 29, 2021 . April 11, 2022 . NPR.
- Web site: August 25, 2021 . U.S. Supreme Court says Biden administration must comply with ruling to restart "remain in Mexico" program for asylum-seekers . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220322122154/https://www.texastribune.org/2021/08/24/remain-in-mexico-immigration-supreme-court/ . March 22, 2022 . April 11, 2022.
- News: Who Are America's Immigrants? . . May 22, 2024 . July 8, 2024 . July 3, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240708183434/https://www.prb.org/articles/who-are-americas-immigrants/ . live .
- News: After a Slump, Legal Immigration to the United States Is Returning to Pre-Pandemic Levels . . November 30, 2022 . July 8, 2024 . July 3, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240708183938/https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/legal-immigration-us-returns-prepandemic-levels . live .
- Web site: Krogstad . Jeffrey S. Passel and Jens Manuel . July 22, 2024 . What we know about unauthorized immigrants living in the U.S. . July 31, 2024 . Pew Research Center . en-US . July 31, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240731015232/https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2024/07/22/what-we-know-about-unauthorized-immigrants-living-in-the-us/ . live .
- Web site: October 6, 2023 . Biden to build more US border wall using Trump-era funds . Reuters . October 7, 2023 . October 5, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231005160422/https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-build-new-barriers-roads-texas-border-area-2023-10-05/ . live .
- Web site: October 5, 2023 . Biden approves new section of border wall as Mexico crossings rise . BBB News . October 7, 2023 . October 5, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231005094938/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-67015137.amp . live .
- News: WATCH LIVE: FBI Director Wray, DHS head Mayorkas testify in Senate hearing on threats to U.S. . PBS NewsHour . October 31, 2023 . December 11, 2023 . December 11, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231211102151/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZKn948LUX8I&ab_channel=PBSNewsHour . live .
- News: Mayorkas confirms over 600,000 illegal immigrants evaded law enforcement at southern border last fiscal year . Fox News . October 31, 2023 . December 11, 2023 . December 11, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231211102151/https://www.foxnews.com/politics/mayorkas-confirms-over-600k-illegal-immigrants-evaded-law-enforcement-southern-border . live .
- News: Biden administration plans to keep refugee cap at 125,000 . CNN . September 26, 2023 . July 10, 2024 . July 3, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240710183314/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/09/26/politics/refugee-cap/index.html . live .
- News: Biden considers allowing some Palestinians from Gaza to come to the U.S. as refugees . . May 8, 2024.
- Web site: March 29, 2024 . Judge questions Border Patrol stand that it's not required to care for children at migrant camps . April 22, 2024 . AP News . en . April 22, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240422225818/https://apnews.com/article/border-patrol-migrant-children-camps-a96d574bd4d9cd27bb28c001b1239a38 . live .
- News: Baumgaertner . Emily . April 4, 2024 . Judge Orders Timely Housing for Migrant Children Waiting at Border . April 22, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . April 22, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240422225822/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/04/health/migrant-children-border-housing.html . live .
- Web site: Montoya-Galvez . Camilo . June 4, 2024 . Biden's new immigration order restricts asylum claims along the border. Here's how it works. - CBS News . June 11, 2024 . www.cbsnews.com . en-US . June 11, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240611230220/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/biden-executive-order-immigration-border-asylum/ . live .
- Web site: Matthews . Alex Leeds . June 8, 2024 . Illegal border crossings would have triggered the new Biden policy years ago CNN Politics . June 11, 2024 . CNN . en . June 11, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240611230534/https://www.cnn.com/2024/06/08/politics/us-border-crossings-biden-dg/index.html . live .
- News: Hackman . Michelle . Exclusive Biden to Close 'Dilley' Detention Center, Shift Resources Amid Border Crackdown . June 11, 2024 . WSJ . en-US . June 11, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240611231754/https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/biden-to-close-dilley-detention-center-shift-resources-amid-border-crack-down-2b2cfcb5 . live .
- News: O'Loughlin . Michael J. . Joe Biden will be the second Catholic president. Here's what you need to know about his faith. . November 8, 2020 . America Magazine . November 7, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201108005946/https://www.americamagazine.org/faith/2020/11/07/joe-biden-second-catholic-president-faith . November 8, 2020 . en.
- Brian Bennett, "Joe Biden's Presidency Highlights Rifts." TIME magazine. March 31, 2021.
- Ruth Graham. "Catholic Bishops Avoid Confrontation With Biden". The NY Times. November 17, 2021.
- News: Tankersley . Jim . Shear . Michael D. . Biden Seeks to Define His Presidency by an Early Emphasis on Equity . January 23, 2021 . The New York Times . January 23, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210123170006/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/23/business/biden-equity-racial-gender.html . January 23, 2021 . live . In his first days in office, President Biden has devoted more attention to issues of racial equity than any new president since Lyndon B. Johnson, a focus that has cheered civil rights activists and drawn early criticism from conservatives. In his inauguration speech, the president pledged to defeat 'white supremacy', using a burst of executive orders on Day 1 to declare that 'advancing equity, civil rights, racial justice and equal opportunity is the responsibility of the whole of our government.'.
- News: Miller . Zeke . Baldor . Lolita C. . Biden to drop Trump's military transgender ban . January 25, 2021 . Associated Press . January 25, 2021 . January 25, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210125040130/https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-donald-trump-biden-cabinet-lloyd-austin-confirmation-hearings-82138242acd4b6dad80ff4d82f5b7686 . live .
- News: Bennet . Geoff . Edelman . Adam . January 25, 2021 . Biden reverses Trump's transgender military ban . NBC News . January 25, 2021 . January 25, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210125155115/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/biden-reverse-trump-s-transgender-military-ban-n1255522 . live .
- News: Samuels . Brett . January 25, 2021 . Biden administration will look to expedite getting Tubman on $20 bill . The Hill . January 25, 2021 . January 25, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210125193435/https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/535716-biden-administration-will-look-to-expedite-getting-tubman-on-20-bill . live .
- News: Rappeport . Alan . January 25, 2021 . Biden's Treasury will seek to put Harriet Tubman on the $20 bill, an effort the Trump administration halted. . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/25/us/politics/tubman-20-dollar-bill.html . December 28, 2021 . limited . The New York Times . January 25, 2021.
- News: Watkins . Eli . May 22, 2019 . Mnuchin punts again on putting Harriet Tubman on the $20 bill . CNN . January 25, 2021 . February 5, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210205092250/https://www.cnn.com/2019/05/22/politics/mnuchin-pressley-harriet-tubman-20-dollar-bill/index.html . live .
- News: Judd . Donald . January 25, 2021 . White House recommits to getting Harriet Tubman on $20 bill after Trump delay . CNN . January 25, 2021 . January 25, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210125205814/https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/25/politics/harriet-tubman-20-biden-trump-obama/index.html . live .
- Web site: Executive Order On Advancing Racial Equity and Support for Underserved Communities Through the Federal Government . . January 21, 2021 . April 18, 2021 . February 11, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210211082913/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2021/01/20/executive-order-advancing-racial-equity-and-support-for-underserved-communities-through-the-federal-government/ . live .
- News: Connelly . Amanda M. . Department of Labor Steps Up Enforcement of Anti-Bias for Government Contractors . April 21, 2021 . The National Law Review . XI . 96 . Roetzel & Andress . April 6, 2021 . April 21, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210421023736/https://www.natlawreview.com/article/department-labor-steps-enforcement-anti-bias-government-contractors . live .
- Web site: Beitsch . Rebecca . January 26, 2021 . Biden directs DOJ to phase out use of private prisons . . January 29, 2021 . January 28, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210128182626/https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/535973-biden-directs-doj-to-phase-out-use-of-private-prisons . live .
- Web site: Madhani. Aamer. January 26, 2021. Biden orders Justice Dept. to end use of private prisons. Associated Press. January 27, 2021. January 27, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210127002341/https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-race-and-ethnicity-prisons-coronavirus-pandemic-c8c246f00695f37ef2afb1dd3a5f115e. live.
- News: Tankersley. Jim. Karni. Annie. January 26, 2021. Biden Moves to End Justice Contracts with Private Prisons. The New York Times. January 27, 2021. 0362-4331. January 26, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210126233858/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/26/business/biden-private-prisons-justice-department.html. live.
- Web site: Morin. Nicholas Wu and Rebecca. 'Our silence is complicity. We can not be complicit': Biden, Harris meet with Asian American advocates after Atlanta killings. March 23, 2021. USA Today. March 22, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210322132609/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2021/03/19/biden-harris-travel-atlanta-meet-asian-american-leaders/4754107001/. live.
- News: Biden Signs Law Making Juneteenth a Federal Holiday. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/17/us/politics/juneteenth-holiday-biden.html . December 28, 2021 . limited. Karni. Annie. Broadwater. Luke. June 17, 2021. The New York Times. June 19, 2021.
- News: March 29, 2022 . Joe Biden signs anti-lynching bill in historic first . en-GB . BBC News . January 7, 2023 . January 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230107190535/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-60679930 . live .
- News: Louis Casiano . October 6, 2022 . Biden pardoning all prior federal offenses of simple marijuana possession . Fox News . November 3, 2022 . October 7, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221007084943/https://www.foxnews.com/politics/biden-pardoning-all-prior-federal-offenses-simple-marijuana-possession . live .
- Web site: Fertig . Natalie . Congress sends first weed bill to Biden . January 7, 2023 . POLITICO . November 16, 2022 . en . January 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230107185512/https://www.politico.com/news/2022/11/16/congress-sends-first-weed-bill-to-biden-00068082 . live .
- News: Stokols . Eli . Cancryn . Adam . Biden declares the ERA the law of the land — but it likely will not matter . January 17, 2025 . Politico.
- News: Biden says Equal Rights Amendment is ratified, kicking off expected legal battle as he pushes through final executive actions . Klein . Betsy . Saenz . Arlette Saenz . January 17, 2025 . CNN . January 17, 2025.
- Statement on the Equal Rights Amendment Ratification Process. December 17, 2024. January 17, 2025. The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration.
- Web site: July 27, 2022 . Republican attorneys general sue federal government over LGBTQ school meal guidance . October 31, 2023 . NBC News . en . October 31, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231031170110/https://www.nbcnews.com/nbc-out/out-politics-and-policy/republican-attorneys-general-sue-federal-government-lgbtq-school-meal-rcna40250 . live .
- Web site: Montanaro . Domenico . Biden signs Respect for Marriage Act, reflecting his and the country's evolution . . December 13, 2022 . August 31, 2023 . October 4, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231004104120/https://www.npr.org/2022/12/13/1142331501/biden-to-sign-respect-for-marriage-act-reflecting-his-and-the-countrys-evolution . live .
- Web site: Breuninger . Kevin . July 19, 2022 . House passes same-sex marriage protections in response to Roe ruling, with murky Senate path ahead . August 31, 2023 . CNBC . en . July 19, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220719234455/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/07/19/house-votes-on-same-sex-marriage-bill-after-supreme-court-roe-ruling.html . live .
- Web site: January 24, 2023 . FACT SHEET: Biden-Harris Administration Releases First-Ever Federal Evidence Agenda on LGBTQI+ Equity OSTP . The White House . October 31, 2023 . October 31, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231031163718/https://www.whitehouse.gov/ostp/news-updates/2023/01/24/fact-sheet-biden-harris-administration-releases-first-ever-federal-evidence-agenda-on-lgbtqi-equity/ . live .
- Web site: FEDERAL EVIDENCE AGENDA ON LGBTQI+ EQUITY . ((Subcommittee on Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, and Variations in Sex Characteristics (SOGI) Data)) . January 2023 . October 31, 2023 . November 23, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231123032132/https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Federal-Evidence-Agenda-on-LGBTQI-Equity.pdf . live .
- News: FDA eliminates key restriction on abortion pill as Supreme Court weighs case that challenges Roe v. Wade. en-US. Washington Post. December 16, 2021. 0190-8286. December 16, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211216222754/https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2021/12/16/abortion-pill-fda/. live.
- Web site: June 24, 2022 . Remarks by President Biden on the Supreme Court Decision to Overturn Roe v. Wade . July 3, 2022 . The White House . en-US . July 10, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220710040456/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2022/06/24/remarks-by-president-biden-on-the-supreme-court-decision-to-overturn-roe-v-wade/ . live .
- Web site: President Biden Reacts to Supreme Court Decision Overturning Roe v. Wade C-SPAN.org . July 3, 2022 . www.c-span.org . July 3, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220703112151/https://www.c-span.org/video/?521322-1/president-biden-calls-supreme-court-abortion-ruling-sad-day-court-country . live .
- News: Morgan . David . Lawder . David . June 27, 2022 . Democratic women call on Biden, Congress to protect abortion rights . en . Reuters . August 30, 2023 . August 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230830155754/https://www.reuters.com/world/us/democratic-women-call-biden-congress-protect-federal-abortion-rights-2022-06-26/ . live .
- Web site: Sullivan . Kate . June 28, 2022 . White House press secretary says using federal lands for abortion services would have 'dangerous ramifications' CNN Politics . August 30, 2023 . CNN . en . August 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230830155752/https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/28/politics/white-house-federal-lands-abortion/index.html . live .
- News: Sprunt . Barbara . June 30, 2022 . Biden says he supports change in Senate filibuster rules for abortion rights . en . NPR . July 4, 2022 . July 9, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220709101913/https://www.npr.org/2022/06/30/1108880746/biden-filibuster-abortion-rights . live .
- News: Balsamo. Micahel. April 17, 2021. Garland rescinds Trump-era memo curtailing consent decrees. ABC News . July 5, 2021. Associated Press. May 30, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210530233018/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory/garland-rescinds-trump-era-memo-curtailing-consent-decrees-77118681. live.
- News: June 29, 2021. The continuing GOP fiction that President Biden supports defunding police. Washington Post. July 5, 2021. 0190-8286. July 1, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210701201428/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/06/29/continuing-gop-fiction-that-president-biden-supports-defunding-police/. live.
- News: Jacobsen . Louis . No, crime has not 'skyrocketed' under Joe Biden, as Rep. Nancy Mace claimed . PolitiFact . April 3, 2024.
- News: Jacobsen . Louis . Joe Biden is correct that violent crime is near a 50-year low . PolitiFact . May 28, 2024.
- News: Gabbatt . Adam . FBI data shows US crime plummeted in 2023 but experts warn report is incomplete . The Guardian . March 19, 2024.
- News: Fox News' attempt to manufacture a Biden crime crisis runs into a problem: Violent crime is down . Media Matters . February 29, 2024.
- Web site: Narea . Nicole . August 12, 2024 . Violent crime is plummeting. Why? . August 27, 2024 . Vox . en-US.
- Pfaff . John . August 26, 2024 . Crime Is Down. Kamala Is Up. . August 27, 2024 . The New Republic . 0028-6583.
- Daniels . Eugene . Fertig . Natalie . October 6, 2022 . Biden pardons marijuana offenses, calls for review of federal law . October 8, 2022 . Politico.
- News: Kavi . Aishvarya . Biden Commutes 37 Death Sentences Ahead of Trump's Plan to Resume Federal Execution . December 24, 2024 . New York Times . December 24, 2024.
- Web site: Biden commutes sentences of 37 of 40 federal death row inmates to life in prison without possibility of parole . CBS News . December 24, 2024 .
- Soave . Robby . December 5, 2024 . Hunter Biden's pardon is unprecedented . December 9, 2024 . Reason.
- News: Carol E. . Lee . Sarah . Fitzpatrick . President Biden pardons his son Hunter Biden . NBC News . December 1, 2024 . December 2, 2024.
- News: Liptak. Kevin. Zeleny. Jeff. March 23, 2021. Biden pushes House-passed gun reforms in the wake of Colorado mass shooting. March 23, 2021. CNN. March 24, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210324143909/https://www.cnn.com/2021/03/23/politics/biden-gun-control-colorado-atlanta/index.html. live.
- News: Karni. Annie. Edmondson. Catie. March 23, 2021. Biden Seeks Assault Weapons Ban and Background Checks. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/23/us/politics/biden-gun-control.html . December 28, 2021 . limited. March 23, 2021. The New York Times.
- News: Miller . Zeke . Megerian . Chris . May 25, 2022 . Biden says 'we have to act' after Texas school shooting . Associated Press . June 1, 2022 . May 31, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220531223726/https://apnews.com/article/biden-to-address-nation-over-uvalde-school-shooting-c2c414829a7397cb6e3de82636de2ba9 . live .
- Web site: Nazaryan . Alexander . June 3, 2022 . 'Enough!': Biden calls for assault weapons ban . June 5, 2022 . . June 6, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220606023153/https://news.yahoo.com/enough-biden-calls-for-assault-weapons-ban-002644979.html . live .
- News: Miller . Zeke . Weissert . Will . June 3, 2022 . Biden appeals for tougher gun laws: 'How much more carnage?' . . . June 5, 2022 . June 6, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220606020051/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory/biden-speak-mass-shootings-urge-congress-act-85140116 . live .
- News: June 24, 2022 . Congress passes first gun control bill in decades . en-GB . BBC News . January 7, 2023 . January 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230107184709/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-61919752 . live .
- Web site: November 25, 2022. Emboldened Biden, Dems push ban on so-called assault weapons. November 28, 2022. AP NEWS. en. November 28, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221128053623/https://apnews.com/article/biden-gun-violence-colorado-shootings-f85b4b9a59e3852868950d797f79a351. live.
- News: Erwin . Sandra . White House to realign responsibilities for space policy oversight . February 26, 2021 . SpaceNews . February 5, 2021.
- News: Kristin Fisher. Harris to announce Biden administration's first meeting of the National Space Council. CNN. November 5, 2021. November 17, 2021. November 15, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211115170145/https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/05/politics/harris-first-meeting-national-space-council/index.html. live.
- News: Bryan Bender. SCOOP: Biden to renew National Space Council. March 29, 2021. Politico. November 17, 2021. November 17, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211117012943/https://www.politico.com/newsletters/morning-defense/2021/03/29/scoop-biden-to-renew-national-space-council-794316. live.
- News: Foust . Jeff . February 4, 2021 . White House endorses Artemis program . SpaceNews . February 26, 2021 . February 8, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240208021759/https://spacenews.com/white-house-endorses-artemis-program/ . live .
- News: Bryan Bender. Jonathan Custodio. 'It is a game changer': Waging war on climate change from space. October 31, 2021. Politico. November 17, 2021. November 17, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211117012945/https://www.politico.com/news/2021/10/31/climate-change-space-satellites-517773. live.
- News: Senate confirms former Florida Sen. Bill Nelson to lead NASA. April 29, 2021. Associated Press. November 17, 2021. November 17, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211117012934/https://apnews.com/article/politics-bill-nelson-florida-business-bills-8ff8e26d4cb76f81d9cc5da3e96cb149. live.
- News: Biden proposes $24.7 billion NASA budget in 2022 to support moon exploration and more. Space.com. April 9, 2021. April 10, 2021. April 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210410002136/https://www.space.com/biden-nasa-2022-budget-request. live.
- Web site: December 1, 2021 . UNITED STATES SPACE PRIORITIES FRAMEWORK . September 16, 2023 . The White House . September 26, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230926082900/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/12/01/united-states-space-priorities-framework/ . live .
- News: July 29, 2024 . Opinion Joe Biden: My plan to reform the Supreme Court and ensure no president is above the law . July 29, 2024 . Washington Post . en-US . 0190-8286.
- News: Amiri . Farnoush . Jalonick . Mary Clare . Biden signs bill extending a key US surveillance program after divisions nearly forced it to lapse . . April 20, 2024 . en.
- Web site: Bill Signing: H.R. 335 . The White House . January 22, 2021 . January 22, 2021.
- News: Foran . Clare . January 22, 2021 . Senate confirms Lloyd Austin to be first Black defense secretary . January 22, 2021 . CNN.
- News: Hoffman . Jason . January 22, 2021 . Biden signs first bill into law as President, granting a waiver to his Defense pick . January 22, 2021 . CNN .
- News: Watch: Gen. Lloyd Austin's full opening statement in Senate confirmation hearing . WPBS . January 19, 2021.
- News: Holland. Steve. Stewart. Phil. In Pentagon debut, Biden promises break from Trump-era politicization of military . Reuters . February 10, 2021 . July 5, 2021.
- Web site: Biden Announces DOD China Task Force . U.S. Department of Defense.
- News: Gordon. Michael R.. Lubold. Gordon. Youssef. Nancy A.. June 18, 2021. U.S. Military to Withdraw Hundreds of Troops, Aircraft, Antimissile Batteries From Middle East. The Wall Street Journal. July 5, 2021. 0099-9660.
- News: Biden Secretly Limits Counterterrorism Drone Strikes Away From War Zones. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/03/us/politics/biden-drones.html . December 28, 2021 . limited. December 8, 2021. March 3, 2021. The New York Times.
- Web site: Biden administration curtails drone strikes amid major policy review. December 8, 2021. March 4, 2021. Business Insider. Charles Davis.
- Web site: Why U.S. Drone Strikes Are at an All-Time Low. December 8, 2021. July 1, 2021. Michael Hirsh. Foreign Policy.
- Web site: Biden nearly ended the drone war, and nobody noticed. December 8, 2021. December 1, 2021. Ryan Cooper. The Week.
- News: Biden asks Congress for $106 billion for Ukraine, Israel, U.S. border . Axios . October 20, 2023.
- News: Biden signs record $886 billion defense bill into law . Axios . December 23, 2023.
- News: Biden signs defense policy bill, extending controversial spying program . Politico . December 22, 2023.
- Web site: Biden Meets World Leaders in Quest for More Covid-19 Vaccine . Lubold . Gordon . Leary . Alex . . March 12, 2021 . March 21, 2021 .
- Web site: U.S., India Vow to Deepen Defense Ties . Roy . Rajesh . . March 20, 2021 . March 21, 2021 .
- News: Blinken, Austin Work To Revive Asian Alliance To Counter China, North Korea . King . Noel . . March 17, 2021 . March 21, 2021 .
- Web site: . Highlights: Quad will establish peace and prosperity in the world, says PM. September 25, 2021. www.business-standard.com. September 24, 2021 . en.
- Web site: May 23, 2022 . FACT SHEET: In Asia, President Biden and a Dozen Indo-Pacific Partners Launch the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity . May 29, 2022 . whitehouse.gov. en-US.
- News: Liptak . Kevin . May 23, 2022 . Biden unveils his economic plan for countering China in Asia . May 29, 2022 . . en.
- News: Biden unveils Indo-Pacific framework countering China during Japan visit . May 29, 2022 . . May 23, 2022.
- News: Rogers . Alex . Sevastopulo . Demetri . November 15, 2023 . Joe Biden halts plan for Indo-Pacific trade deal after opposition from Democrats . Financial Times . November 15, 2023.
- News: Bade . Gavin . November 14, 2023 . How Sherrod Brown rattled Biden's summit agenda . July 7, 2024 . Politico.
- News: Hunnicutt . Trevor . Shin . Hyonhee . August 18, 2023 . Major takeaways from US, Japan, South Korea summit . en . . August 18, 2023.
- Why America Must Lead Again . Biden . Joseph R. . . January 23, 2020 . January 29, 2021 .
- Web site: Remarks by President Biden on America's Place in the World . . February 4, 2021 . February 6, 2021 .
- News: Hansler . Jennifer . January 26, 2021 . Antony Blinken sworn in as Biden's secretary of state . January 28, 2021 . CNN.
- News: Bernstein. Brittany. January 20, 2021. Incoming Secretary of State Backs Pompeo's Uyghur Genocide Designation. National Review.
- Web site: Mauldin . William . Gordon . Michael R. . January 20, 2021 . Blinken Backs Tough Approach to China, Says Will Work With GOP . . January 28, 2021 .
- Web site: Bitter Alaska Meeting Complicates Already Shaky U.S.-China Ties . Mauldin . William . . March 19, 2021 . March 20, 2021 .
- News: March 19, 2021. US and China trade angry words at high-level Alaska talks. BBC News. March 20, 2021.
- News: Biden airs hypersonic missile fears as probable ambassador labels China 'untrustworthy' . Deutsche Welle . October 20, 2021.
- News: Ingram . David . December 30, 2022 . Biden signs TikTok ban for government devices, setting up a chaotic 2023 for the app . NBC News . live . January 1, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230101212713/https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/tiktok-ban-biden-government-college-state-federal-security-privacy-rcna63724 . January 1, 2023.
- Web site: April 24, 2024 . Biden signs Ukraine aid, TikTok ban package after Republican battle . April 24, 2024 . Reuters . en.
- Web site: Trump extends TikTok ban deadline by another 90 days . . June 19, 2025 .
- Web site: David Brunnstrom . Trevor Hunnicutt . Biden says U.S. forces would defend Taiwan in the event of a Chinese invasion . Reuters . September 19, 2022 . September 20, 2025.
- News: Hansler. Jennifer. February 3, 2021. Biden administration designates Myanmar military takeover as a coup. . July 5, 2021.
- News: Pamuk. Humeyra. Alper. Alexandra. March 5, 2021. U.S. blocks Myanmar ministries, military businesses from certain trade. Reuters. March 5, 2021.
- News: Gaoutte. Nicole. US and allies sanction Myanmar's military for violent repression of protesters. March 23, 2021. CNN. March 22, 2021 .
- News: Sanger . David . For Biden, Images of Defeat He Wanted to Avoid . August 16, 2021 . . August 16, 2021 . https://archive.today/20210816031133/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/15/us/politics/afghanistan-biden.html . August 15, 2021 . live .
- Web site: Macias. Amanda. April 14, 2021. 'It is time to end America's longest war' — Biden announces U.S. troops to leave Afghanistan by Sept. 11. July 5, 2021. CNBC.
- News: Nazaryan. Alexander. April 14, 2021. Biden breaks with Obama, as well as Trump, on everything from Afghanistan to spending. Yahoo. July 5, 2021.
- News: Robertson . Nic . Afghanistan is disintegrating fast as Biden's troop withdrawal continues . CNN. June 24, 2021.
- News: Afghanistan stunned by scale and speed of security forces' collapse . The Guardian . July 13, 2021.
- News: Khan . Wajahat . Biden defends Afghanistan pullout as Taliban gain ground . . July 9, 2021 . August 12, 2021 . August 4, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210812155333/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/Biden-defends-Afghanistan-pullout-as-Taliban-gain-ground . dead .
- News: Biden defends 'messy' US pullout from Afghanistan . August 17, 2021 . . August 17, 2021.
- News: Prakash . Nidhi . Joe Biden Blamed Afghan Leaders For Giving Up As The Taliban Took Control . August 17, 2021 . . August 16, 2021.
- News: Watson . Kathryn . Biden says "buck stops with me" and defends Afghanistan withdrawal . August 17, 2021 . . August 16, 2021.
- News: Blake . Aaron . Biden says the 'buck stops with me' — while pinning blame on Trump and many Afghans . August 17, 2021 . . August 16, 2021.
- News: August 25, 2021. Explosion outside Kabul airport. BBC. live. August 26, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210826145526/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-58279900. August 26, 2021.
- News: August 27, 2021. British victims of Kabul terror attack: Foreign Secretary's statement. Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office. live. August 27, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210827155143/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/british-victims-of-kabul-terror-attack-foreign-secretarys-statement. August 27, 2021.
- News: Transcript of Biden's Speech After Kabul Airport Attack. The New York Times. August 26, 2021.
- News: Israeli PM and Biden postpone meeting because of Afghanistan. en-US. Washington Post. August 28, 2021. 0190-8286. August 28, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210828005715/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/israeli-pm-to-make-case-to-biden-against-iran-nuclear-pact/2021/08/26/821b336c-0624-11ec-b3c4-c462b1edcfc8_story.html.
- Web site: August 27, 2021. Pentagon warns of further attacks as Biden condemned over Afghan pullout. August 28, 2021. The Guardian. en.
- News: Allen. Nick. August 27, 2021. Democrats distance themselves from Joe Biden as anger mounts in wake of Kabul bombings. en-GB. The Daily Telegraph. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2021/08/27/democrats-distance-joe-biden-anger-mounts-wake-kabul-bombings/ . January 11, 2022 . subscription . live. August 28, 2021. 0307-1235.
- News: Allen. Nick. August 26, 2021. 'Impeach Joe Biden': Republican fury grows over Afghanistan debacle. en-GB. The Daily Telegraph. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2021/08/26/impeach-joe-biden-republican-fury-grows-afghanistan-debacle/ . January 11, 2022 . subscription . live. August 28, 2021. 0307-1235.
- News: Taliban blames U.S. as 1 million Afghan kids face death by starvation . CBS News . October 20, 2021.
- News: Jeff Stein. Biden administration freezes billions of dollars in Afghan reserves, depriving Taliban of cash. Washington Post. August 17, 2021.
- News: Naylor. Brian. February 11, 2022. Biden signs executive order to try to free up frozen Afghan assets for aid. en. NPR. February 11, 2022.
- News: U.S. Drone Strike Kills Ayman al-Zawahri, Top Qaeda Leader . August 1, 2022 . Baker . Peter . Cooper . Helene . Barnes . Julian . Schmitt . Eric . The New York Times . August 1, 2022 . August 1, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220801215209/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/01/us/politics/al-qaeda-strike-afghanistan.html . live .
- News: Biden's First Foreign Policy Blunder Could Be on Iran . . January 22, 2021.
- Web site: 1953 – 2023 U.S. Relations With Iran . . https://web.archive.org/web/20241230003605/https://www.cfr.org/timeline/us-relations-iran-1953-2023 . December 30, 2024.
- Web site: The stalling of Vienna talks on Iran nuclear deal . April 23, 2025.
- News: Iran imposes sanctions on 15 U.S. officials as nuclear talks stall . April 9, 2022 . Reuters. Reuters . Reuters . April 9, 2022.
- News: Blinken: Nuclear deal the best way to cap Iran nuclear activity . March 27, 2022 . . Al Jazeera and News Agencies . . March 27, 2022.
- News: U.S. says it imposes sanctions on Moscow-backed Iranian oil smuggling network . May 30, 2022 . Reuters. Reuters. Reuters.
- News: U.S. pressures Iran by targeting Chinese, UAE companies. June 19, 2022 . Reuters. Reuters . Reuters . June 16, 2022.
- News: U.S. airstrikes target Iran-backed militias in Syria in Biden's 1st military action . . January 26, 2021.
- News: January 29, 2024 . Why pro-Iran militias are attacking U.S. troops in Iraq, Jordan, Syria . April 6, 2024 . Washington Post . en.
- Web site: Mehvar . Ameneh . US strikes and counter-strikes in the Middle East (Updated 2/9/23) . ACLED . February 3, 2024 . April 30, 2025.
- Web site: Motamedi. Maziar. Iran sanctions more US officials over Soleimani assassination. January 21, 2022. www.aljazeera.com. en.
- News: Iran Guards commander says death of all US leaders would not avenge Soleimani killing . April 17, 2022 . Reuters. Reuters . Reuters . April 13, 2022.
- News: Iran refuses to abandon avenging Soleimani despite U.S. offers . April 24, 2022 . Reuters. Reuters . Reuters.
- News: Iran attacks Iraq's Erbil with missiles in warning to U.S., allies . March 13, 2022 . Reuters. Reuters. Reuters. March 13, 2022.
- News: Iran Seizes Commercial Tanker in Persian Gulf. Voa News.
- Web site: Thousands of US troops arrive in Red Sea amid ratcheting Iran tensions . aljazeera.
- News: McCaul pans $6B deal to free US citizens in Iran . Nazzaro . Miranda . The Hill . Washington DC . August 13, 2023 . September 19, 2023.
- https://apnews.com/article/us-iran-prisoners-blinken-3e834df0a845ef2cc5c52af14598c66f# „The US moves to advance a prisoner swap deal with Iran and release $6 billion in frozen funds"
- News: Hudson . John . U.S. and Iran trade prisoners, signaling partial thaw in relations . The Washington Post . September 18, 2023 . April 24, 2025.
- News: U.S., Iran indirect nuclear talks in Doha end without progress . July 3, 2022 . Reuters. Reuters . Reuters . June 29, 2022.
- Web site: Trump election campaign accuses Iran of hacking attack . aljazeera.
- News: US says Iran emailed stolen Trump campaign material to Biden camp. September 19, 2024 . Reuters. September 19, 2024.
- News: Iran rejects allegation of interference in US election through AI3 lines. October 4, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20241007074311/https://ifpnews.com/iran-interference-us-election-ai/. October 7, 2024. October 7, 2024. live.
- Web site: Rabinowitz . Hannah . November 8, 2024 . DOJ announces charges in Iranian plot to kill Donald Trump . January 5, 2025 . CNN . en.
- Web site: January 28, 2021. Biden administration halts arms sales to UAE and Saudi Arabia. January 30, 2021. Deutsche Welle.
- Web site: Kirchgaessner. Stephanie. January 19, 2021. Biden administration 'to declassify report' into Khashoggi murder. January 19, 2021. The Guardian. Washington, D.C..
- Web site: Knickmeyer . Ellen . February 5, 2021 . Biden ending US support for Saudi-led offensive in Yemen . Associated Press . February 5, 2021.
- Web site: Emmons. Alex. Months After Biden Promised to End Support for Yemen War, Congress Still Has No Details. April 8, 2021. Intercept. April 7, 2021.
- News: Top White House aide discussed oil prices with Saudi Arabia . Reuters . October 1, 2021.
- News: Energy crunch: How high will oil prices climb? . Al-Jazeera . September 27, 2021.
- News: OPEC-Plus in Driver's Seat As Global Energy Crisis Intensifies . Natural Gas Intelligence . October 6, 2021.
- News: Knickmeyer . Ellen . Bussewitz . Cathy . Pariahs no more? US reaches out to oil states as prices rise . Associated Press . March 10, 2022 .
- News: Mohammed bin Salman Has Leverage on Biden—and Is Using It . Foreign Policy . March 24, 2022.
- News: Lonas . Lexi . Saudi, UAE leaders declined calls with Biden amid Ukraine conflict: report . . March 8, 2022.
- News: White House stops asking Saudi Arabia to pump more oil to offset Biden's Russian-energy ban, report says, as US-Gulf relations hit new low . Business Insider . April 20, 2022.
- News: Candidate Biden Called Saudi Arabia a 'Pariah.' He Now Has to Deal With It.. February 24, 2021. The New York Times.
- Web site: Biden to visit Saudi Arabia on July trip to Middle East, White House confirms. June 15, 2022. France 24. June 15, 2022 .
- Web site: White House says Biden's meeting with Saudi officials next month will 'include' crown prince. June 19, 2022. CNN. June 19, 2022 .
- Web site: US inflation at new 40-year high as price increases spread. June 10, 2022. Associated Press. June 10, 2022 .
- News: Saudi dissidents call Biden's planned visit to kingdom a betrayal . June 3, 2022. The Washington Post.
- News: Biden Has 'Only Bad Options' for Bringing Down Oil Prices. June 5, 2022. The New York Times. June 5, 2022 . Krauss . Clifford .
- Web site: Biden Saudi visit is 'presidential pardon for murder', says ex-spy chief's son. June 16, 2022. The Guardian. June 16, 2022 .
- News: Biden should not visit Saudi, meet crown prince, Democratic Rep. Schiff says. June 5, 2022. Reuters. June 5, 2022 . Mohammed . Arshad .
- Web site: Biden defends decision to visit Saudi, says rights are on agenda . July 15, 2022 . NBC News . July 10, 2022 . en.
- News: Opinion Joe Biden: Why I'm going to Saudi Arabia . en-US . Washington Post . July 15, 2022 . 0190-8286.
- News: Exclusive: U.S. weighs resumption of offensive arms sales to Saudis, sources say. July 12, 2022. Reuters. July 11, 2022 . Spetalnick . Matt . Yaakoubi . Aziz El . Stone . Mike .
- News: Biden Says Saudi Arabia Commits to Extending Yemen Truce. July 15, 2022. Bloomberg.com. July 15, 2022 .
- News: U.S. to resupply Saudi and UAE missile defense systems. August 2, 2022. Reuters. August 2, 2022 . Stone . Mike .
- Web site: UAE And Saudi Arabia Seek More U.S. Interceptor Missiles Amid Talk Of Middle East Air Defense Alliance. August 4, 2022. Forbes.
- Web site: Biden Should Not Renew Arms Sales to Saudi Arabia. July 14, 2022. Human Rights Watch. July 14, 2022 .
- News: Thomas Barrack, Trump Fund-Raiser, Is Indicted on Lobbying Charge. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/20/us/thomas-barrack-trump-indicted.html . December 28, 2021 . limited. July 20, 2021. The New York Times. July 20, 2021. Lafraniere. Sharon. Rashbaum. William K..
- Web site: Schecter . Anna . Blankstein . Andrew . November 5, 2022 . Trump friend sought millions in UAE investments while lobbying for UAE . NBC News . en.
- News: Vandevelde . Mark . November 4, 2022 . Trump ally Tom Barrack acquitted on charges of acting as a foreign agent . Financial Times .
- Web site: California CEO and Seven Others Charged in Multi-Million Dollar Conduit Campaign Contribution Case. December 3, 2019. The US Department of Justice. December 3, 2019.
- Web site: 'Who Are They Paying Secretly Now?': Signs Of UAE Meddling In U.S. Politics Go Ignored. August 10, 2021. HuffPost. August 10, 2021.
- Web site: Joe Biden Is Proceeding With Donald Trump's Biggest Arms Deal. April 14, 2021. HuffPost. April 13, 2021.
- News: UAE Royals Said to Direct Tom Barrack's Influence Campaign. September 28, 2021. Bloomberg.com. September 28, 2021.
- News: September 22, 2024 . U.S. lawmakers urge Biden to press UAE on Sudan conflict . en . Sudan Tribunal . September 29, 2024.
- News: Congress of the United States. September 17, 2024 . October 3, 2024 .
- News: Kanno-Youngs . Zolan . Naar . Ismaeel . Biden and Harris Meet With Emirati President in Washington . The New York Times . September 23, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241001134916/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/23/us/politics/biden-harris-united-arab-emirates.html. October 1, 2024 . October 3, 2024.
- Web site: White House confirms Biden will keep embassy in Jerusalem. February 9, 2021. Roll Call.
- Web site: Israel pushes White House ceremony to seal Sudan normalization deal. Barak. Ravid. Axios. March 10, 2021.
- Web site: Biden administration laying groundwork for push to expand Abraham Accords. Ellen. Knickmeyer. Aya. Batrawy. Laurie. Kellman. The Times of Israel . June 9, 2021 .
- Gosh Bobby (May 13, 2021). "Biden's Response to the Israeli Crisis Is Late and Lame". Bloomberg (Opinion). Retrieved May 13, 2021.
- https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/05/17/power-up-biden-administration-approves-735-million-weapons-sale-israel-raising-red-flags-some-house-democrats/ "Israel-Hamas Cease-Fire Holds Despite Jerusalem Clashes"
- Alemany, Jacqueline (May 17, 2021). "Power Up: Biden administration approves $735 million weapons sale to Israel, raising red flags for some House Democrats". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
- Web site: October 10, 2023 . 'We stand with Israel': Biden vows U.S. support in face of 'pure, unadulterated evil' . October 18, 2023 . Yahoo News . en-US.
- Web site: Gray . Shardaa . October 17, 2023 . Plainfield landlord charged with hate crime in killing of 6-year-old Palestinian boy, stabbing of mom . .
- Web site: O'Kane . Caitlin . Biden condemns murder of 6-year-old Muslim boy . .
- President Biden and the First Lady Deliver Remarks at the 2023 Human Rights Campaign National Dinner . October 14, 2023 . October 18, 2023 . en . .
- News: Sainato . Michael . October 15, 2023 . Biden interrupted by pro-Palestine activist at human rights dinner . en-GB . The Guardian . October 18, 2023 . 0261-3077.
- Web site: Watson . Kathryn . Biden's trip to Jordan to meet with Arab leaders canceled . CBS News.
- Web site: October 17, 2023 . Summit with Arab leaders in Jordan called off as President Biden heads to Israel . October 18, 2023 . PBS NewsHour . en-us.
- News: October 18, 2023 . Jeremy Bowen: Joe Biden's search for a Middle East solution just got harder . en-GB . BBC News . October 18, 2023.
- Web site: MSN . October 18, 2023 . www.msn.com.
- Web site: Macias . Amanda . October 18, 2023 . Biden to seek 'unprecedented' Israel aid package; pledges $100 million for humanitarian relief . CNBC.
- Web site: October 18, 2023 . U.S. Intelligence Shows Gaza Militants Behind Hospital Blast . .
- Web site: October 18, 2023 . Biden promises to request 'unprecedented support package for Israel's defense' from Congress . .
- News: Shear . Michael D. . Demirjian . Karoun . October 20, 2023 . Biden Requests $105 Billion Aid Package for Israel, Ukraine and Other Crises . .
- News: US House passes $14.5bn military aid package for Israel . Al Jazeera . November 3, 2023.
- Web site: Garrity . Kelly . October 18, 2023 . Biden announces $100 million in humanitarian aid to Gaza and West Bank . Politico.
- Web site: November 2, 2023 . Heckler pushes Israel-Hamas ceasefire, Biden says: 'we need a pause' . Reuters.
- Web site: Phillips . Aleks . November 2, 2023 . Who Is Jessica Rosenberg? Rabbi Who Heckled Joe Biden . .
- Web site: November 9, 2023 . Biden gets four-hour battle pauses from Israel after pushing for three-day stoppages . Reuters.
- News: Inside Joe Biden's 'excruciating' effort to secure Israeli hostage release . November 22, 2023 . Financial Times. November 22, 2023 . Politi . James .
- News: November 22, 2023 . Israel–Hamas war: The hostage deal and ceasefire explained . en . Reuters . November 22, 2023.
- Web site: Goldenberg . Tia . November 22, 2023 . Israel and Hamas have reached a deal on a cease-fire and hostages. What does it look like? . AP.
- Web site: Turak . Natasha . Biden's support of Israel leaves him as isolated as Russia on the world stage, analyst says . CNBC . December 7, 2023 . December 11, 2023.
- Web site: February 12, 2024 . Biden disparages Netanyahu in private but hasn't significantly changed U.S. policy toward Israel and Gaza . February 12, 2024 . NBC News . en.
- Web site: Berman . Lazer . February 14, 2024 . Biden reportedly fed up with Netanyahu, calling him 'asshole' over management of war . The Times of Israel.
- Web site: Biden administration sidesteps Congress again for emergency arms sale to Israel . December 30, 2023 . February 11, 2024 . www.nbcnews.com.
- Web site: Democrats Demand Blinken Explain Unapproved Arms Transfers to Israel . January 30, 2024 . February 11, 2024 . www.commondreams.org.
- Web site: Biden warns Israel not to attack Rafah without plan to protect civilians . February 16, 2024 . February 17, 2024 . abcnews.go.com.
- Web site: U.S. Plans to Send Weapons to Israel Amid Biden Push for Cease-Fire Deal . February 16, 2024 . February 17, 2024 . https://archive.today/20240217041511/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/u-s-plans-to-send-weapons-to-israel-amid-biden-push-for-cease-fire-deal-184e75bc . February 17, 2024 . www.wsj.com.
- Web site: WATCH: U.S. casts lone veto against UN resolution calling for immediate cease-fire in Gaza . February 20, 2024 . February 22, 2022 . www.pbs.org.
- Web site: Ewing . Giselle Ruhiyyih . March 2, 2024 . Gaza airdrop has begun, Biden says, but more needed . March 7, 2024 . Politico.
- Web site: March 2, 2024 . US military aircraft airdrop thousands of meals into Gaza in emergency humanitarian aid operation . March 7, 2024 . AP News . en.
- News: Airdropping aid is inefficient — so why is the U.S. doing it in Gaza anyway? . . March 6, 2024.
- Web site: Harb . Ali . Biden's legacy is Gaza genocide, Palestinian rights advocates say . Al Jazeera . August 3, 2024.
- Web site: US approves bombs, jets for Israel amid threat of offensive in Gaza's Rafah . Al Jazeera . April 6, 2024.
- News: Biden signs aid package with $17B for Israel, $1B extra humanitarian aid for Gazans . The Times of Israel . April 24, 2024.
- Web site: Fabian . Emanuel . Israel inks deal to buy 25 more F-35 fighter jets for $3 billion . The Times of Israel . June 4, 2024.
- News: US resumes sending shipments of 500-pound bombs to Israel . Al Jazeera . July 11, 2024.
- News: US to provide $3.5bn more in military aid to Israel amid war on Gaza . Al Jazeera . August 10, 2024.
- News: Biden administration approves $20 billion in weapons, aircraft sales to Israel . CBS News . August 14, 2024.
- Web site: September 17, 2024 . Exploding pagers belonging to Hezbollah kill 8 and injure more than 2,700 in Lebanon . September 17, 2024 . NBC News . en.
- News: Ravid . Barak . September 17, 2024 . Israel didn't tell U.S. in advance about Hezbollah pager attack, officials said . September 18, 2024 . Axios.
- Web site: United States vetoes Gaza ceasefire resolution at Security Council . November 20, 2024 . news.un.org. November 20, 2024 .
- Web site: Statement From President Biden: January 15, 2025. January 15, 2025. The White House. January 15, 2025.
- Web site: Israel and Hamas agree to Gaza ceasefire, hostage deal . January 15, 2025 . NBC News . January 15, 2025.
- Web site: Eglash . Ruth . July 21, 2022 . 'People love Joe Biden here,' Nides says of the president's reception in Israel . July 25, 2022 . Jewish Insider . en-US.
- Web site: Amr . Hady . September 7, 2018 . In one move, Trump eliminated US funding for UNRWA and the US role as Mideast peacemaker . July 25, 2022 . Brookings . en-US.
- News: Rogers. Katie. Gall. Carlotta. April 24, 2021. Breaking With Predecessors, Biden Declares Mass Killings of Armenians a Genocide. The New York Times. April 24, 2021. 0362-4331.
- Web site: January 20, 2021. Russia Urges Biden to Be 'More Constructive' Over Arms Treaty . The Moscow Times.
- Web site: January 27, 2021. Renewed US-Russia nuke pact won't fix emerging arms threats . January 28, 2021. Associated Press.
- Web site: Larger. Thibault. Leonard. Ben. January 23, 2021. U.S. condemns Russia's arrests of Navalny protesters. Politico. July 5, 2021.
- News: Chalfant. Morgan. February 4, 2021. Biden condemns jailing of Navalny in Russia. The Hill. July 5, 2021.
- News: Russian opposition leader Navalny back in court as Biden ups pressure on Moscow. Reuters. February 5, 2021. July 5, 2021. NBC News.
- News: CNN. Jennifer Hansler. Biden administration unveils raft of sanctions on Russia over Navalny poisoning and imprisonment. March 2, 2021 . March 4, 2021.
- News: Nakashim. Ellen. February 23, 2021. Biden administration preparing to sanction Russia for SolarWinds hacks and the poisoning of an opposition leader. The Washington Post. July 5, 2021.
- News: De Luce. Dan. Lee. Carol E.. Mitchell. Andrea. Williams. Abigail. March 2, 2021. U.S., E.U. impose sanctions on Russia over Navalny's poisoning. NBC News. July 5, 2021.
- Web site: Seligman. Lara. March 1, 2021. Duckworth urges Biden admin to release intel on Russian bounties. Politico. July 5, 2021.
- News: Remember those Russian bounties for dead U.S. troops? Biden admin says the CIA intel is not conclusive . NBC News . April 15, 2021.
- News: Intel officials have "low to moderate" confidence in reports of Russian bounties on U.S. troops . . April 15, 2021.
- News: Joe Biden brands Putin a 'killer', says he will pay for poll meddling. March 18, 2021. The Times of India. March 18, 2021 .
- News: May 20, 2021. Nord Stream 2: Biden waives US sanctions on Russian pipeline. BBC News. July 5, 2021.
- News: June 16, 2021. Biden and Putin conclude high-stakes diplomacy at Geneva summit. July 5, 2021. CNBC.
- News: Isachenkov . Vladimir . Putin praises summit result, calls Biden a tough negotiator . Associated Press . June 17, 2021.
- News: Putin praises Biden, calling him a 'professional' following Geneva summit. Nicole Gaouette and Zahra Ullah. CNN. June 17, 2021.
- News: Russia will act if Nato countries cross Ukraine 'red lines', Putin says . The Guardian . November 30, 2021.
- News: NATO Pushes Back Against Russian President Putin's 'Red Lines' Over Ukraine . The Drive . December 1, 2021.
- News: Putin Demands NATO Guarantees Not to Expand Eastward . . December 1, 2021.
- News: US will help to end Ukraine conflict with Russia, Biden tells Kyiv . Euronews . December 10, 2021.
- News: Is Russia preparing to invade Ukraine? And other questions . BBC News . December 10, 2021.
- News: Gambino . Lauren . February 24, 2022 . 'Putin chose this war,' Biden says as he announces new sanctions – US politics as it happened . . March 1, 2022.
- Web site: Cathey . Libby . February 25, 2022 . Biden to order personal sanctions on Putin as Russian forces close in on Kyiv . March 1, 2022 . ABC News.
- Web site: Macias . Amanda . February 28, 2022 . Biden administration expands sanctions against Russia, cutting off U.S. transactions with central bank . March 1, 2022 . CNBC.
- "'I make no apologies': Biden stands by 'Putin cannot remain in power' remark." The Guardian. Lauren Gambino. March 28, 2022. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/mar/28/biden-vladimir-putin-power-russia-ukraine
- News: Pager . Tyler . April 12, 2022 . Biden calls Russia's war in Ukraine a 'genocide' . . April 17, 2022.
- News: Russia's nuclear threats 'show desperation': Biden . . Agence France-Presse . April 29, 2022.
- News: War in Ukraine: U.S. dramatically upgrades its aid package to Kyiv . . April 29, 2022.
- News: House approves $40B in Ukraine aid, beefing up Biden request . Associated Press . May 11, 2022.
- News: Biden is furious about the leaks saying US intelligence helped Ukraine kill Russian generals and sink its warship, report says . Business Insider . May 10, 2022 . September 30, 2022 . May 20, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220930194809/https://www.businessinsider.in/politics/world/news/biden-is-furious-about-the-leaks-saying-us-intelligence-helped-ukraine-kill-russian-generals-and-sink-its-warship-report-says/articleshow/91468802.cms . dead .
- News: Did US intelligence-sharing with Ukraine cross a line? . Deutsche Welle . May 14, 2022.
- News: U.S. looks to assist war crimes prosecutions targeting Russian leaders . The Washington Post . April 25, 2022.
- News: Orentlicher . Diane . The case for a Putin war crimes trial . NBC News . May 10, 2022.
- News: The White House told Russians to flee here instead of fighting Ukraine. Then the U.S. tried to deport them . Los Angeles Times . August 17, 2023.
- News: Biden administration quietly resumes deportations to Russia . The Guardian . March 18, 2023.
- News: Exclusive: Putin's suggestion of Ukraine ceasefire rejected by United States, sources say . Reuters . February 13, 2024.
- News: US rejects Putin's proposal to cease fire after meeting of mediators – Reuters . . February 13, 2024.
- News: Biden secretly gave Ukraine permission to strike inside Russia with US weapons . Politico . May 30, 2024.
- News: Muir . David . Exclusive: Pres. Joe Biden tells David Muir US weapons will not be used to strike Moscow, Kremlin . YouTube . ABC News . June 6, 2024.
- News: Russia reinforces Kursk region as video shows evidence of Ukrainian attack. Mark. Trevelyan. Reuters. August 9, 2024.
- News: Russia sends reinforcements to retake Kursk . The Telegraph . August 9, 2024.
- News: Crowley . Michael . February 11, 2022 . Puzzle in Ukraine Crisis: Where's the U.S. Ambassador? . en-US . The New York Times . February 13, 2022 . 0362-4331.
- Web site: Corey . Dickstein . Stars and Stripes . US sends more military aid to Ukraine that includes ammunition, mines and satellite antennas. October 28, 2022 .
- News: Mick . Krever . Kevin . Liptak . Maegan . Vazquez . Sam . Fossum . Kyiv and Washington . . New advanced air defenses systems have arrived in Ukraine . November 7, 2022 . The White House in October said it would expedite the delivery of two [National Advanced Surface to Air Missile] Systems..
- Web site: February 20, 2023 . 'This is a part of history': Kyiv citizens delighted by Joe Biden's surprise visit . February 20, 2023 . The Guardian.
- Web site: Child . David . Putin's war plans 'plain wrong', Biden says in Ukraine . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230220123823/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/2/20/russia-ukraine-live-russia-suffering-extraordinary-losses . February 20, 2023 . February 20, 2023 . www.aljazeera.com . en.
- Web site: February 20, 2023 . U.S. alerted Russia to Biden's Ukraine visit for "deconfliction purposes," White House says . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230220163219/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/biden-ukraine-kyiv-visit-russia-deconfliction-white-house/ . February 20, 2023 . February 20, 2023 . CBS News.
- News: The White House is asking for almost $106 billion for Israel, Ukraine and the border . NPR . October 26, 2023.
- Web site: Macias. Amanda. February 19, 2021. 'An attack on one is an attack on all' – Biden backs NATO military alliance in sharp contrast to Trump. March 3, 2021. CNBC.
- Web site: Conradis. Brandon. February 19, 2021. Biden warns European allies that 'democratic progress is under assault'. The Hill. March 3, 2021.
- Web site: France recalls ambassadors to US, Australia over submarine deal. www.msn.com.
- Web site: Explainer: Why is a submarine deal sparking a diplomatic crisis?. www.aljazeera.com.
- News: September 16, 2021. Aukus: UK, US and Australia launch pact to counter China. en-GB. BBC News.
- Web site: Macron, Biden agree to soothe tensions after submarine row. September 22, 2021. France 24.
- Web site: Vazquez. Maegan. October 29, 2021. Biden tells French President the US was 'clumsy' in handling nuclear submarine deal. November 5, 2021. CNN.
- News: A new arms race in Europe? US long-range weapons in Germany . Deutsche Welle . July 13, 2024.
- News: Russia says US missiles in Germany signal return of Cold War . Al Jazeera . July 11, 2024.
- News: Putin warns US against deploying long-range missiles in Germany . The Guardian . July 28, 2024.
- News: Germany split on US stationing long-range cruise missiles . Deutsche Welle . July 11, 2024.
- News: Thanks to Putin, the U.S. will again place long-range missiles in Germany . The Hill . July 12, 2024.
- News: Lynch . Suzanne . McClements . Freya . Clark . Vivienne . March 4, 2021 . Biden 'unequivocal' about Belfast Agreement support as Dublin and London row over NI protocol . The Irish Times . March 7, 2021.
- News: O'Grady. Mary Anastasia. September 6, 2021. Opinion A Sanction Worth Lifting in Cuba. en-US. Wall Street Journal. September 13, 2021 . 0099-9660.
- Web site: Over 100 Democrats urge Biden to engage with Cuba, lift restrictions. January 19, 2022. NBC News. December 17, 2021. en.
- Web site: Nichols. Michelle. June 23, 2021. U.S. again votes against U.N. call to end Cuba embargo. live. July 27, 2021. Reuters. July 17, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210717142627/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/us-continues-vote-against-un-call-end-cuba-embargo-2021-06-23/.
- Web site: June 23, 2021. UN General Assembly calls for US to end Cuba embargo for 29th consecutive year. July 27, 2021 . UN News. en. July 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210714185126/https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/06/1094612. live.
- Web site: Rouh. Alex J.. July 26, 2021. Protesters clash in front of White House over Cuba crisis, demand Biden increase pressure. July 27, 2021. Newsweek. en. July 27, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210727044008/https://www.newsweek.com/protesters-clash-front-white-house-over-cuba-crisis-demand-biden-increase-pressure-1613257. live.
- Web site: Kylie Atwood. Patrick Oppmann. Jennifer Hansler. July 22, 2021. Biden administration sanctions Cuban regime in wake of protests . July 27, 2021 . CNN. July 27, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210727052135/https://www.cnn.com/2021/07/22/politics/biden-cuba-sanctions/index.html. live.
- Web site: U.S. announces Cuba sanctions as Biden meets with Cuban American leaders . September 13, 2021 . NBC News. July 31, 2021 . en.
- Web site: July 22, 2021. Statement by President Joseph R. Biden, Jr. on Continuing Crackdown in Cuba. July 27, 2021 . The White House. en-US. July 26, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210726233652/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/07/22/statement-by-president-joseph-r-biden-jr-on-continuing-crackdown-in-cuba/. live.
- News: Londoño . Ernesto . Robles . Frances . August 9, 2021 . Biden Ramps Up Pressure on Cuba, Abandoning Obama's Approach . August 30, 2021 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . August 30, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210830113640/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/09/world/americas/cuba-government-biden-pressure.html . live .
- Web site: U.S. sanctions more Cuban officials; Mayorkas meets with Cuban Americans. September 13, 2021. NBC News. August 20, 2021 . en.
- Web site: Biden administration slaps US travel bans on 8 Cuban officials. January 19, 2022 . www.aljazeera.com. en.
- Web site: Smolinski . Paulina . January 14, 2025 . Biden to lift Cuba's designation as terror sponsor in exchange for release of prisoners - CBS News . January 15, 2025 . www.cbsnews.com . en-US.
- https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-63982818 US-Africa summit: Joe Biden says US is 'all in' on Africa's future
- Declan Walsh, Biden Courts African Leaders, but Some Are Skeptical of Big Promises, New York Times (December 15, 2022).
- Jeff Mason, Daphne Psaledakis and Andrea Shalal, Biden announces U.S. support for African Union joining G20, Reuters (December 15, 2022).
- Peter Baker and Declan Walsh, Biden Aims to Inject New Energy Into U.S. Relations With African Nations, New York Times (December 14, 2022).
- https://www.state.gov/secretary-antony-j-blinken-with-beninese-president-patrice-talon-and-nigerien-president-mohamed-bazoum-at-the-regional-compact-signing/ Secretary Antony J. Blinken with Beninese President Patrice Talon and Nigerien President Mohamed Bazoum at the Regional Compact Signing
- Akayla Gardner, Biden Meets With African Leaders to Encourage Fair Elections, Bloomberg (December 14, 2022).
- News: Team Biden Balks on Africa Sanctions . Foreign Policy . October 20, 2022.
- Web site: July 19, 2022. Crawford. Shannon K.. Gittleson. Ben. Winsor. Morgan . Biden signs executive order on Americans held hostage or wrongfully detained abroad . July 29, 2022 . ABC News . en.
- Web site: July 28, 2022. Guarino. Mark . Americans detained abroad as families plead for Biden to help . July 29, 2022 . ABC News . en.
- News: Breslow . Jason . July 29, 2022 . The families of Americans who are wrongfully detained are very much done being quiet . en . NPR . July 29, 2022.
- News: Wintour . Patrick . Janjua . Haroon . September 18, 2023 . Five Americans head home in $6bn US-Iran prisoner swap deal . August 1, 2024 . The Guardian . en-GB . 0261-3077.
- Web site: September 18, 2023 . Five Americans detained in Iran walk free, released in deal for frozen Iranian assets . August 1, 2024 . AP News . en.
- News: August 1, 2024 . Inside the deal that led to a blockbuster prisoner swap between U.S., Russia . August 2, 2024 . Washington Post . en . The months of complex negotiations, near misses and high-stakes diplomacy that resulted in the largest prisoner exchange since the Cold War and freedom for a Wall Street Journal reporter..
- Web site: Hammond . Elise . Powell . Tori B. . August 2, 2024 . Americans Gershkovich and Whelan back in US after historic prisoner swap with Russia . August 2, 2024 . CNN . en.
- Web site: Herb . Jeremy . August 1, 2024 . Biden celebrates prisoner deal and importance of allies in key moment for his legacy CNN Politics . August 2, 2024 . CNN . en.
- News: Alper. Alexandra. Shalal. Andrea. February 5, 2021. Biden calls for expanded efforts to protect LGBTQ rights globally. Reuters. February 21, 2021.
- Web site: On Intersex Awareness Day . October 31, 2023 . United States Department of State . en.
- Web site: October 31, 2023 . US to remove Uganda and three other African countries from Agoa trade deal . October 31, 2023 . Yahoo News . en-US.
- News: March 21, 2023 . Uganda Anti-Homosexuality bill: Life in prison for saying you're gay . en-GB . BBC News . October 31, 2023.
- News: March 22, 2023 . Uganda passes a law making it a crime to identify as LGBTQ . en . Reuters . October 31, 2023.
- News: Liptak . Kevin . January 16, 2023 . What we know about the Biden classified documents: A timeline of events . CNN .
- News: Shpigel . Ben . January 12, 2023 . Timeline of the Biden Documents Case: What We Know So Far . The New York Times . live . limited . January 14, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230114124700/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/12/us/politics/biden-documents-timeline.html . January 14, 2023.
- Web site: Chowdhury . Maureen . Hammond . Elise . Meyer . Matt . Sangal . Aditi . January 12, 2023 . Garland lays out timeline of investigation into Biden classified documents so far . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230113030157/https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/garland-attorney-general-statement-01-12-23/h_d0728a48029a6407e468b05806963497 . January 13, 2023 . January 12, 2023 . CNN.
- News: Lynch . Sarah N. . Renshaw . Jarrett . January 12, 2023 . Special counsel named to probe Biden's handling of documents . en . Reuters . live . registration . January 12, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230112182715/https://www.reuters.com/world/us/special-counsel-named-probe-bidens-handling-documents-2023-01-12/ . January 12, 2023.
- Web site: Live updates: Garland makes statement on Biden classified documents . January 12, 2023 . CNN . January 12, 2023 . en . January 12, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230112190717/https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/garland-attorney-general-statement-01-12-23/index.html . live .
- News: Garland Appoints Special Counsel to Handle Biden Documents Inquiry . The New York Times . January 12, 2023 . January 12, 2023 . January 12, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230112190009/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/01/12/us/biden-classified-documents . live .
- Web site: February 9, 2024 . Biden won't be charged in classified docs case; special counsel cites instances of 'poor memory' . February 29, 2024 . NBC News . en.
- Web site: Pierre . Thomas . Alexander . Mallin . Lucien . Bruggeman . Katherine . Faulders . Special counsel won't charge Biden in classified docs probe, despite evidence he 'willfully retained' materials . February 29, 2024 . ABC News . en.
- Web site: Zanona . Melania . Tablot . Haley . Fox . Lauren . Grayer . Annie . McCarthy calls for formal impeachment inquiry into Biden amid pressure from conservatives . CNN . September 12, 2023 . September 12, 2023.
- Cortellessa . Eric . McCarthy Lacks the Votes For an Impeachment Inquiry. Trump's Allies Have a Plan to Get Them. . . September 8, 2023.
- News: Griffing . Alex . 'He Doesn't Have Enough Votes': CNN's Manu Raju Explains Why McCarthy Backtracked on Impeachment Vote . . September 12, 2023.
- Web site: Mascaro . Lisa . Farnoush . Amiri . Speaker McCarthy directs the House to open an impeachment inquiry into President Biden . Associated Press News . September 12, 2023 . September 12, 2023.
- Web site: Grayer . Annie . Zanona . Melanie . April 24, 2024 . How the House GOP's Biden impeachment effort fell apart . August 2, 2024 . CNN Politics . CNN . en.
- Web site: Paz . Christian . November 26, 2022 . The key swing group that stopped a Democratic disaster . November 28, 2022 . Vox . en.
- News: What we know (and don't know) about how abortion affected the midterms . en . NPR . November 28, 2022.
- Web site: Enten . Harry . November 13, 2022 . How Joe Biden and the Democratic Party defied midterm history CNN Politics . November 28, 2022 . CNN . en.
- Web site: Narea . Nicole . November 27, 2022 . The guy who got the midterms right explains what the media got wrong . November 28, 2022 . Vox . en.
- Web site: Hart . Benjamin . November 17, 2022 . The Pollster Who Predicted a Red Wave Explains Himself . November 28, 2022 . Intelligencer . en-us.
- Web site: Rakich. Nathaniel. The Polls Were Historically Accurate In 2022. FiveThirtyEight. March 10, 2023. March 13, 2023.
- Web site: November 20, 2022 . 'You did it!': Biden basks in midterms afterglow after beating expectations . November 28, 2022 . The Guardian . en.
- News: Baker . Peter . November 9, 2022 . Biden Celebrates Beating the Odds, but He Faces a New Challenge . en-US . The New York Times . November 28, 2022 . 0362-4331.
- Web site: Brownstein. Ronald. The Democrats' 2022 Error Message. The Atlantic. November 14, 2024. December 7, 2024.
- Web site: Todd. Chuck. Chuck Todd: This Democratic defeat — and the rise of Trump 2.0 — was a decade in the making. NBC News. November 8, 2024. December 7, 2024.
- News: Baker. Peter. November 13, 2022. An Emboldened Biden Now Faces a Tough Choice About His Own Future. en-US. The New York Times. December 9, 2022.
- News: Miller. Zeke. April 25, 2023. Biden announces 2024 reelection bid: 'Let's finish this job'. en-US. AP News. April 25, 2023.
- Web site: John . Arit . McKend . Eva . Pellish . Aaron . House Democrat Dean Phillips launches primary challenge against President Biden . CNN . December 23, 2024 . October 27, 2023.
- Web site: March 6, 2024 . Dean Phillips ends presidential campaign and endorses Biden. December 23, 2024 . NBC News . Shabad, Rebecca . Egwuonwu, Nnamdi.
- Web site: Skelley . Geoffrey . October 31, 2023 . The curious case of Dean Phillips's last-minute primary challenge . January 1, 2025 . ABC News .
- Web site: Wong . Scott . Vitali . Ali . Traylor . Jake . October 27, 2023 . 'A head scratcher': Dems baffled by Dean Phillips' quixotic bid against Biden . January 1, 2025 . NBC News .
- Web site: Fowler . Stephen . March 12, 2024 . Trump and Biden clinch 2024 presidential nominations . July 23, 2024 . NPR.
- News: Baker. Peter. July 21, 2024. Biden Drops Out of Race, Scrambling the Campaign for the White House. en-US. New York Times. July 21, 2024.
- Web site: July 15, 2024 . 'We must stand together': Biden calls on Americans to stop viewing their political opponents as enemies . July 15, 2024 . NBC News . en . President Joe Biden called on Americans to "lower the temperature" of political rhetoric in an address from the Oval Office on Sunday night, asking for more respectful discourse and civility in the wake of the assassination attempt on former President Donald Trump..
- Web site: Lemire. Jonathan. Stokols. Eli. Biden got the lovefest he wanted. He just had to drop out first.. August 20, 2024. August 20, 2024. Politico.
- Web site: Shear. Michael. Biden Defends His Record and Endorses Harris: 'America, I Gave My Best to You'. August 19, 2024. August 20, 2024. New York Times.
- Web site: Bose. Nandita. Renshaw. Jarrett. Borter. Gabriella. After Harris' loss, angry Democrats blame her boss, Biden. Reuters. November 6, 2024. November 6, 2024.
- Web site: Heuer . Mike . Coote . Darryl . January 15, 2025 . Biden warns of growing threat of unchecked power in farewell address . January 16, 2025 . United Press International . en.
- News: Enten. Harry . February 21, 2021. Analysis: Biden's polling is steadier than Trump's . February 25, 2021. CNN.
- Web site: February 4, 2021. Biden Begins Term With 57% Job Approval . February 25, 2021 . Gallup.com.
- Web site: Politi . Daniel. April 25, 2021. Biden's 100-Day Approval Rating Is Better Than Trump's, but Third-Worst Since Truman. April 25, 2021 . Slate Magazine.
- Web site: Bowden. John . April 25, 2021 . Biden approval rating stands at 52 percent after almost 100 days in office . April 25, 2021. The Hill.
- Web site: Skelley. Geoffrey. August 27, 2021. Biden's Declining Approval Rating Is Not Just About Afghanistan . August 28, 2021 . FiveThirtyEight.
- Web site: Silver. Nate. Nate Silver. January 28, 2021 . How Popular Is Joe Biden? . https://web.archive.org/web/20210128032510/https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/biden-approval-rating/. dead. January 28, 2021. September 6, 2021. FiveThirtyEight.
- Web site: Miller. Zeke. November 27, 2021. Biden's White House blames COVID-19 as approval drops, inflation rises. November 28, 2021. Global News.
- News: Cox. Jeff. December 10, 2021 . Inflation surged 6.8% in November, even more than expected, to fastest rate since 1982 . December 26, 2021 . CNBC.
- News: November 11, 2021. What is driving US inflation to a 31-year high? The reasons and solutions are complicated. . November 28, 2021.
- Web site: Montanaro . Domenico . November 24, 2021. Biden hits a new low in the NPR/Marist poll as inflation concerns rise. November 28, 2021. NPR.
- Web site: Collinson. Stephen. November 11, 2021. Why inflation is a political nightmare for Biden . November 28, 2021. CNN.
- News: President Biden's job approval rating hits new low in public poll . . Mangan . Dan . July 20, 2022 . July 21, 2022.
- News: Hubbard. Kaia. January 19, 2022 . Biden's First-Year Approval Better Than Trump's, But More Polarized . January 24, 2022. U.S. News & World Report.
- Web site: Schnell. Mychael. January 18, 2022. Gallup: Biden's first-year approval rating at 49 percent . January 24, 2022. The Hill.
- Web site: Presidential Approval Ratings -- Joe Biden. February 5, 2021 . January 24, 2022. Gallup.
- Web site: Palmer . Ewan . August 1, 2022 . Joe Biden's latest approval rating lowest for any president . August 31, 2022 . . en.
- Carbonaro . Giulia . Joe Biden Could Become the Most Unpopular President To Be Re-Elected . . April 24, 2023.
- News: Salam . Erum . October 31, 2023 . Arab American backing for Biden sinks over 'rock-solid' Israel support . en-GB . . October 31, 2023 . 0261-3077.
- Web site: October 31, 2023 . Arab Americans Special Poll: Domestic Implications of the Most Recent Outbreak of Violence in Palestine/Israel . October 31, 2023 . . en-US.
- Serhan . Yasmeen . October 31, 2023 . Biden's Gaza Stance Spurs Stunning Drop in Arab American Support . . Yahoo! News.
- News: Perkins . Tom . Salam . Erum . October 27, 2023 . 'How can I vote for Biden?' Arab Americans in Michigan 'betrayed' by Israel support . en-GB . . October 31, 2023 . 0261-3077.
- Web site: July 23, 2024 . Biden's Approval Rating Hit New Low Before Exit From Race. July 31, 2024 . . en.
- Web site: April 23, 2021 . Biden Job Approval a Respectable 57% at 100 Days. July 31, 2024 . . en.
- President Biden on the Importance of Bipartisanship & Vaccines, Rejecting Extremism in Trump's GOP . December 10, 2021 . en . January 7, 2023 . .
- President Joe Biden Visits Jimmy Kimmel Live . June 8, 2022 . en . January 7, 2023 . .
- James Corden Pays The White House a Visit - #LateLateLondon . July 2022 . en . January 7, 2023 . .
- Drew Barrymore Visits President Joe Biden & First Lady Dr. Jill Biden for Christmas . Drew Barrymore . December 19, 2022 . en . January 7, 2023 . .
- Watch the full exclusive interview with President Joe Biden . CNN Politics . October 12, 2022 . CNN . en . January 7, 2023.
- Interview: Jonathan Capehart Interviews Joe Biden on MSNBC – October 21, 2022 . October 24, 2022 . en . January 7, 2023 . .
- Interview: Yonit Levi of Channel 12 in Israel Interviews Joe Biden in Washington – July 12, 2022 . July 18, 2022 . en . January 7, 2023 . .
- Interview: George Stephanopoulos of ABC News Interviews Joe Biden – August 18, 2021 . August 20, 2021 . en . January 7, 2023 . .
- Web site: Biden tells ABC's David Muir 'yes' he'll run again, Trump rematch would 'increase the prospect' . January 7, 2023 . ABC News . en.
- President Joe Biden: The 2022 60 Minutes Interview . September 18, 2022 . en . January 7, 2023 . .
- NBC News Exclusive: One-On-One with President Biden . February 10, 2022 . en . January 7, 2023 . .
- Interview: Norah O'Donnell Interviews Joe Biden at The White House – February 5, 2021 . February 8, 2021 . en . January 7, 2023 . .
- Historian Heather Cox Richardson interviews President Joe Biden February 25, 2022 . March 4, 2022 . en . January 7, 2023 . .
- BRIAN TYLER COHEN INTERVIEWS PRESIDENT BIDEN . February 26, 2022 . en . January 7, 2023 . .
- Web site: Stokols . Eli . Egan . Lauren . Will Biden sit down with Fox? . February 15, 2023 . POLITICO . February 6, 2023 . en.
- Web site: June 5, 2022 . Biden gives far fewer interviews than his predecessors – could his caution backfire? . January 7, 2023 . The Guardian . en.
