Colombians Explained

Colombians (es|Colombianos) are people identified with the country of Colombia. This connection may be residential, legal, historical or cultural. For most Colombians, several (or all) of these connections exist and are collectively the source of their being Colombian.

Colombia is considered to be one of the most multiethnic societies in the world, home to people of various ethnic, religious and national origins. Many Colombians have varying degrees of European, Indigenous, African, Arab, Asian and Jew ancestry.^[28]

The majority of the Colombian population is Mestizo and Castizo, being descendants of Indigenous peoples and Europeans, especially Iberians.^[29] Following the initial period of Spanish conquest and immigration, different waves of immigration and settlement of non-indigenous peoples took place over the course of nearly six centuries and continue today. Elements of Native American and more recent immigrant customs, languages and religions have combined to form the culture of Colombia and thus a modern Colombian identity.^[30]

Ethnic groups

See also: Race and ethnicity in Colombia.

European Colombians

See main article: White Colombians.

Most of Colombia's population descends from European immigration in the mid 16th to late 20th centuries. The greatest waves of European immigration to Colombia can generally be divided into three time periods: the 1820s-1850s, which brought hundreds of immigrants mainly from Spain, Italy, Germany (including Ashkenazi Jewish); the 1880s to 1910s, which brought many immigrants from France, Portugal, Belgium, Astro-Hungary, Denmark, Croatia, and Switzerland; and the 1920s-1960s, the last great wave of European immigration to Colombia, which brought many British (including Irish) immigrants, as well as other European groups such as the Dutch, Polish, Russian, Scandinavian, and other Eastern European immigrants who primarily settled in Colombia's great urban centers. These immigrants came to Colombia attracted by the country's growing population and business opportunities. In addition to these waves of immigration, a great number of Jews fled to Colombia during and after the Second World War, seeking to escape violence in Europe. Immigrants went mostly to the Caribbean and Andean regions.^{[31] [32] [33] [34] [35]} There are smaller numbers of Dutch, Swiss, Austrians, Danish, Norwegian, Portuguese, Belgian, Russian, Polish, Hungarian, Bulgarian, Lithuanian, Ukrainian, Czech, Greek and Croatian communities that immigrated during the Second World War and the Cold War.^{[36] [37] [38]}

Mestizo Colombians

See main article: Mestizo Colombians.

Estimates of the Mestizo population, people of mixed European (mostly Spanish) and Indigenous, ancestry in Colombia vary as the national census does not include Mestizo as an ethnic option. According to the 2018 census, the population of people who did not identify with any ethnic group, being mostly White or Mestizo, made up 87% of the Colombian population, while an estimated 40% of Colombians were Mestizo or mixed race.^[39] A study by Rojas et al reported an average ancestry of 47% Indigenous, 42% European, and 11% African for Mestizo Colombians.^[40]

Indigenous Colombians

See main article: Indigenous peoples in Colombia.

Originally, Colombia's territory was inhabited entirely by Indigenous groups. Colombia's indigenous cultures evolved from three main groups—the Quimbaya, who inhabited the western slopes of the Cordillera Central; the Chibcha; and the Kalina. The Muisca culture, a subset of the larger Chibcha ethnic group, were famous for their use of gold and responsible for the legend of El Dorado. Today, Indigenous people comprise roughly around 10% of the population in Colombia.^[41] More than fifty different indigenous ethnic groups inhabit Colombia. Most of them speak languages belonging to the Chibchan and Cariban language families.

Historically, there are 567 reserves (resguardos) established for Indigenous peoples which are inhabited by more than 800,000 people. The 1991 constitution established that their native languages are official in their territories, and most of them have bilingual education systems, teaching both native languages and Spanish. Some of the largest indigenous groups in Colombia are the Wayuu,^[42] Zenú, Pastos, Embera, and Páez. The departments with the biggest indigenous populations are Cauca, La Guajira, Nariño, Córdoba and Sucre.

Afro-Colombians

See main article: Afro-Colombians.

Also known as "Afro", or "Afro-colombianos" (in Spanish). According to the 2018 census, they are 5.34% of country population,^{[43] [44]} while genetic studies have obtained between 6.6%,^[45] 9.2,^[46] and 11%^[29] of African DNA in the Colombian population. Also the percentage and numbers of Afro Colombians can vary depending on the region, being the majority population in the Pacific Region, frequently found in the Caribbean Region but a minority in the Andean Region, Orinoquia Region and Amazon Region.^{[47] [48]} Colombia has the fourth-largest African diaspora on the planet after the Brazil, the United States, and Haiti.^{[49] [50]}

Asian Colombians

See main article: Asian Colombians.

Arab Colombians

See main article: Arab Colombians.

Jewish Colombians

See main article: articles and History of the Jews in Colombia.

There are about 8,000 Colombians of Jewish origin who practice Judaism, most of them live in Bogotá. Colombia's Jewish community includes Sephardi Jews from countries such as Syria and Turkey also immigrated to the country and run their independent religious organizations. The Confederación de Comunidades Judías de Colombia coordinates Jews and institutions that practice the religion.

Genetic composition

Source:! Department! Indigenous contribution! European contribution! African contribution

Antioquia	26%	63.5%	10.3%
Antioquia (Peque)	62.2%	31.1%	5.8%
Bolívar	32.9%	23.3%	43.8%
Caldas	36.4%	59.6%	4.3%
Casanare	74.7%	24.5%	0.8%
Cauca	56.9%	19.6%	23.5%
Chocó (Afro Colombians)	10.8%	21.1%	68.1%
Chocó (Mestizos)	44.8%	46.6%	8.6%
Cundinamarca	51.6%	45.4%	3%
Huila	60.8%	39.6%	0%
Magdalena	21.8%	50%	28.2%
Nariño	65.2%	32.1%	2.7%
Norte de Santander	53%	42.2%	4.7%
Quindío	38.3%	57.3%	4.4%
Santander	42.4%	56.2%	1.4%
Valle del Cauca	39.3%	39.2%	21.5%
	47%	42%	11%

Immigrant groups

See main article: Immigration to Colombia.

Because of its strategic location, Colombia has received several immigration waves during its history. Most of these immigrants have settled in the Caribbean Coast; Barranquilla (the largest city in the Colombian Caribbean Coast) and other Caribbean cities have the largest population of Lebanese, German, British, French, Italian, Irish and Romani descendants. There are also important communities of American and Chinese descendants in the Andean Region and Caribbean Coast especially in Medellin, Bogota, Cali, Barranquilla and Cartagena. Most immigrants are Venezuelans, they are evenly distributed throughout the country.^[51]

Languages

See main article: Languages of Colombia.

There are 101 languages listed for Colombia in the Ethnologue database, of which 80 are spoken today as living languages. There are currently more than 850,000 speakers of native languages.^{[52] [53]}

Education

See main article: Education in Colombia.

The educational experience of many Colombian children begins with attendance at a preschool academy until age five (Educación preescolar). Basic education (Educación básica) is compulsory by law.^[54] It has two stages: Primary basic education (Educación básica primaria) which goes from first to fifth grade – children from six to ten years old, and Secondary basic education (Educación básica secundaria), which goes from sixth to ninth grade. Basic education is followed by Middle vocational education (Educación media vocacional) that comprises the tenth and eleventh grades. It may have different vocational training modalities or specialties (academic, technical, business, and so on.) according to the curriculum adopted by each school.

After the successful completion of all the basic and middle education years, a high-school diploma is awarded. The high-school graduate is known as a bachiller, because secondary basic school and middle education are traditionally considered together as a unit called bachillerato (sixth to eleventh grade). Students in their final year of middle education take the ICFES test (now renamed Saber 11) in order to gain access to higher education (Educación superior). This higher education includes undergraduate professional studies, technical, technological and intermediate professional education, and post-graduate studies.

Bachilleres (high-school graduates) may enter into a professional undergraduate career program offered by a university; these programs last up to five years (or less for technical, technological and intermediate professional education, and post-graduate studies), even as much to six to seven years for some careers, such as medicine. In Colombia, there is not an institution such as college; students go directly into a career program at a university or any other educational institution to obtain a professional, technical or technological title. Once graduated from the university, people are granted a (professional, technical or technological) diploma and licensed (if required) to practice the career they have chosen. For some professional career programs, students are required to take the Saber-Pro test, in their final year of undergraduate academic education.^[55]

Public spending on education as a proportion of gross domestic product in 2012 was 4.4%. This represented 15.8% of total government expenditure. In 2012, the primary and secondary gross enrolment ratios stood at 106.9% and 92.8% respectively. School-life expectancy was 13.2 years. A total of 93.6% of the population aged 15 and older were recorded as literate, including 98.2% of those aged 15–24.^[56]

Religion

See main article: Religion in Colombia and Freedom of religion in Colombia.

The National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE) does not collect religious statistics, and accurate reports are difficult to obtain. However, based on various studies and a survey, about 90% of the population adheres to Christianity, the majority of which (70.9%) are Roman Catholic, while a significant minority (16.7%) adhere to Protestantism (primarily Evangelicalism). Some 4.7% of the population is atheist or agnostic, while 3.5% claim to believe in God but do not follow a specific religion. 1.8% of Colombians adhere to Jehovah's Witnesses and Adventism and less than 1% adhere to other religions, such as Islam, Judaism, Buddhism, Mormonism, Hinduism, Hare Krishna movement, Rastafari movement, Eastern Orthodox Church, and spiritual studies. The remaining people either did not respond or replied that they did not know. In addition to the above statistics, 35.9% of Colombians reported that they did not practice their faith actively.^{[57] [58] [59]} 1,519,562 people in Colombia, or around 3% of the population reported following an Indigenous religion.

While Colombia remains a mostly Roman Catholic country by baptism numbers, the 1991 Colombian constitution guarantees freedom and equality of religion.^[60]

Diaspora Politics

2022

First round

Department	Petro		Hernández		Gutiérrez		Fajardo		Rodríguez		Gómez		Betancourt		Pérez		Blank votes
	Votes	%	Votes	%	Votes	%	Votes	%	Votes	%	Votes	%	Votes	%	Votes	%	Votes	%
Consulates/Abroad	95,850	31.60%	42,118	13.88%	136,511	45.01%	23,323	7.69%	1,689	0.55%	754	0.24%	273	0.09%	118	0.03%	2,628	0.86%
Source: Registraduria

Second round

Department	Petro		Hernández		Blank votes
	Votes	%	Votes	%	Votes	%
Consulates	114,610	37.52%	185,557	60.75%	5,209	1.72%
Source: Registraduria

Abroad vote

First round

Country	width=60px	Petro %	width=60px	Hernández %	width=60px	Gutiérrez %	width=60px	Fajardo %	width=60px	Rodríguez %	width=60px	Gómez %	width=60px	Betancourt %	width=60px	Pérez %
	–	–	50.00	50.00	–	–	–	–
	63.62	12.16	15.88	6.26	0.63	0.17	0.07	0.03
	54.50	16.82	15.99	10.51	0.43	0.16	0.05	–
	58.58	8.28	17.90	13.52	0.12	0.12	0.24	0.12
	38.09	9.52	38.09	14.28	–	–	–	–
	55.42	9.19	21.51	11.79	0.26	0.13	0.26	0.06
	30.81	21.22	41.02	4.48	1.02	0.81	–	–
	52.71	11.16	25.16	9.32	0.25	0.21	0.08	0.04
	36.93	14.60	36.39	10.03	0.52	0.26	0.08	0.01
	49.36	16.67	25.24	6.09	0.79	0.43	0.07	0.07
	45.16	11.98	28.11	11.52	–	–	0.46	–
	21.27	15.45	54.82	7.21	0.33	0.30	0.05	0.02
	74.58	11.66	10.62	1.66	0.20	0.20	–	–
	56.98	4.46	17.31	20.39	0.27	–	–	–
	19.64	13.79	54.62	9.39	0.84	0.46	0.15	0.07
	30.64	17.96	42.44	5.45	0.94	0.54	0.41	0.15
	48.48	6.00	30.30	15.15	–	–	–	–
	22.22	12.45	53.53	9.76	1.01	–	–	–
	62.12	8.53	16.26	10.56	0.40	–	–	–
	57.67	10.47	16.99	13.04	0.36	0.18	0.06	0.01
	59.40	7.26	14.21	17.07	0.36	0.24	0.10	–
	32.43	13.51	32.43	16.21	–	–	–	–
	15.82	16.57	56.62	8.61	0.64	0.43	–	0.21
	21.80	13.82	55.85	7.97	–	–	–	–
	62.24	9.18	16.83	9.69	1.02	–	0.51	0.51
	34.78	4.34	47.82	8.69	–	–	–	–
	36.00	8.00	34.00	20.00	–	–	–	–
	41.60	11.31	29.19	16.78	–	0.36	0.36	–
	25.94	19.24	46.23	5.23	1.67	0.41	–	–
	43.21	16.97	27.00	10.21	0.48	0.27	0.17	0.10
	15.47	20.23	46.42	11.90	2.38	–	–	–
	39.56	9.03	37.07	10.28	1.55	0.62	0.62	–
	41.66	5.55	33.33	19.44	–	–	–	–
	6.04	12.08	71.81	6.71	0.67	1.34	–	–
	35.59	11.86	22.03	26.27	0.84	0.84	–	–
	24.65	20.54	39.72	12.32	–	–	–	–
	35.67	10.13	40.65	11.93	0.41	0.25	0.05	0.04
	47.82	4.34	17.39	30.43	–	–	–	–
	31.32	18.35	39.55	8.93	0.61	0.14	0.10	0.12
	50.18	17.09	16.72	12.30	0.36	0.24	0.12	–
	23.91	20.65	57.17	3.26	–	–	–	–
	60.46	7.97	15.94	13.28	0.33	0.33	0.33	–
	21.52	16.27	52.73	7.47	0.74	0.35	0.11	0.02
	19.81	17.11	51.35	8.10	1.80	–	–	0.45
	26.78	17.12	43.29	10.44	0.94	0.37	0.12	0.04
	31.81	18.18	30.30	15.15	–	–	1.51	–
	62.67	8.61	17.70	8.13	–	1.91	–	–
	49.12	11.72	24.72	11.25	0.95	0.47	–	–
	78.18	9.69	9.09	1.81	–	–	–	–
	21.85	11.92	40.39	23.17	–	–	0.66	–
	32.18	4.59	48.27	12.64	–	–	–	–
	47.16	13.20	22.64	13.83	–	0.62	–	–
	47.59	16.28	27.22	6.39	0.77	0.21	0.16	0.05
	60.77	8.14	17.87	11.12	0.79	0.29	0.09	–
	49.36	8.59	28.42	11.93	0.51	0.33	0.11	0.03
	34.78	15.94	24.63	24.63	–	–	–	–
	30.00	20.00	35.00	11.66	–	–	1.66	–
	61.83	3.05	28.24	5.34	1.52	–	–	–
	14.52	40.50	39.62	4.52	–	0.12	–	–
	40.01	16.03	31.21	10.71	0.56	0.13	0.09	0.06
	16.12	11.97	64.28	6.31	0.44	0.22	0.04	0.02
	50.47	15.37	22.58	9.10	0.37	0.75	–	–
	14.43	34.36	44.87	3.46	1.40	0.53	0.09	0.03
	50.00	7.69	15.38	19.23	–	3.84	–	–
Source: Registraduria

Second round

Country	width=60px	Petro %	width=60px	Hernández %
	33.33	50.00
	72.45	25.75
	65.72	31.59
	72.68	24.06
	42.10	52.63
	67.22	30.14
	35.28	63.70
	62.47	35.96
	44.94	52.70
	56.95	41.17
	50.00	44.26
	25.47	72.88
	81.48	17.23
	73.82	22.05
	26.56	70.96
	37.65	60.47
	57.50	42.50
	29.96	66.44
	73.14	24.07
	70.12	27.30
	51.61	38.70
	74.38	23.08
	23.18	74.58
	25.26	73.15
	76.41	20.51
	35.00	35.00
	50.00	47.82
	55.47	41.50
	31.77	64.83
	54.09	43.47
	26.13	72.72
	49.40	47.92
	62.50	37.50
	17.47	81.55
	56.25	37.50
	36.50	61.90
	43.47	30.43
	43.19	54.07
	25.96	71.15
	68.91	28.04
	64.41	31.88
	39.08	58.96
	27.66	70.92
	24.65	73.51
	34.15	63.98
	68.50	29.50
	62.09	36.37
	49.12	45.61
	84.75	13.41
	34.04	61.70
	33.33	64.19
	64.18	33.10
	55.93	41.95
	68.67	28.76
	59.22	38.74
	50.98	43.13
	36.50	60.31
	67.21	31.96
	17.83	80.79
	47.60	50.01
	19.20	79.73
	59.13	38.11
	18.77	80.19
	53.84	38.46
Source: Registraduria

2018

First round

Department	Duque		Petro		Fajardo		Vargas		De la Calle		Trujillo		Morales		Blank votes
	Votes	%	Votes	%	Votes	%	Votes	%	Votes	%	Votes	%	Votes	%	Votes	%
Consulates/Abroad	152,432	54.68%	34,395	12.33%	73,833	26.48%	10,440	3.74%	4,223	1.51%	398	0.14%	400	0.14%	2,614	0.93%
Sources: El Tiempo, Registraduría, Adam Carr

Second round

Department	Duque		Petro		Blank votes
	Votes	%	Votes	%	Votes	%
Consulates/Abroad	180,995	69.91%	69,558	26.86%	8,340	3.22%
Sources: El Tiempo, Adam Carr

2014

First round

Department	Zuluaga		Santos		Ramírez		Obregón		Peñalosa		Blank votes
	Votes	%	Votes	%	Votes	%	Votes	%	Votes	%	Votes	%
Consulates/Abroad	41,370	41.24%	25,121	25.04%	5,350	5.33%	10,010	9.97%	14,015	13.97%	4,444	4.43%
align=left colspan="13"	Source: Registraduría Nacional del Estado Civil

Second round

Department	Santos		Zuluaga		Blank votes
	Votes	%	Votes	%	Votes	%
Consulates/Abroad	43,870	39.66%	63,887	57.75%	2,851	2.57%
align=left colspan="13"	Source: Registraduría Nacional del Estado Civil

2006

Department	Uribe		Gaviria		Serpa		Mockus		Pajero		Leyva		Rincón		Blank votes
	Votes	%	Votes	%	Votes	%	Votes	%	Votes	%	Votes	%	Votes	%	Votes	%
Consulates/Abroad	101,459	84.17%	12,204	10.12%	2,866	2.38%	2,887	2.40%	150	0.12%	51	0.04%	76	0.06%	847	0.70
Source: RNEC

See also

• List of Colombians
• Emigration from Colombia
• Culture of Colombia
• Colombia in popular culture

Notes and References

1. Web site: Proyecciones de Población DANE. 10 November 2022. National Administrative Department of Statistics (Colombia). 28 October 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221028061329/https://www.dane.gov.co/files/censo2018/proyecciones-de-poblacion/Nacional/anexo-proyecciones-poblacion-NacionalArea2018_2070.xlsx.
2. U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce. "Hispanic or Latino Origin by Specific Origin." American Community Survey, ACS 1-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, Table B03001, 2024, https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT1Y2024.B03001?q=B03001: HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY SPECIFIC ORIGIN. Accessed on September 19, 2025.
3. Web site: Explore Census Data . 22 September 2025 . 15 April 2024 . https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT1Y2024.B03001?q=B03001 . live .
4. Web site: Población nacida en el exterior, por año llegada a Venezuela, según país de nacimiento, Censo 2011 . INE . Ine.gob.ve . es . 2011 . 9 September 2014 . 5 August 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190805193838/http://www.ine.gob.ve/documentos/Demografia/CensodePoblacionyVivienda/pdf/nacional.pdf . live .
5. Web site: INE cifra en casi dos millones los extranjeros que viven en Chile: 17% está en situación irregular. El Mostrador. 31 December 2024. 31 December 2024.
6. Web site: Número de inmigrantes con residencia legal en Ecuador en 2020, por nacionalidad. 16 October 2023. 8 September 2024. Migration Policy.
7. Book: Caracterización de la migración internacional en Argentina a partir de los registros administrativos del RENAPER. es. Dirección Nacional de Población. Buenos Aires. 2022. 19 September 2024.
8. https://www.nepo.unicamp.br/observatorio/bancointerativo/numeros-imigracao-internacional/sincre-sismigra/ Immigrants in Brazil (2024, in Portuguese)
9. Web site: 2011 National Household Survey: Data tables . 12.statcan.gc.ca . 2011 . Statistics Canada . 30 April 2014 . 24 December 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181224190955/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?TABID=2&LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=1118296&GK=0&GRP=0&PID=105396&PRID=0&PTYPE=105277&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=95&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&D1=0&D2=0&D3=0&D4=0&D5=0&D6=0%20 . live .
10. Web site: Población nacida en el extranjero en la República, por grupos de edad, según sexo y país de nacimiento: Censos 2023. Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censo de Panamá . es . 17 September 2024 . 13 June 2023 . https://www.inec.gob.pa/archivos/P0705547520240219121201Cuadro%205.xlsx . live .
11. Web site: Table 1.1 Estimated resident population by country of birth, Australia - as at 30 June, 1996 to 2023(a)(b). Australian Bureau of Statistics. 18 Jan 2025.
12. Web site: MIGRACIONES: más de 17 mil colombianos que residen en el Perú cuentan con una profesión u oficio. Dirección de Política Migratoria del Perú . es . 17 September 2024.
13. Web site: Relations bilatérales de la Colombie et France. France Diplomatie : : Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères. 4 January 2023. 13 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231213034623/https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/colombie/relations-bilaterales/ . live.
14. Web site: NAT1 - Population par sexe, âge et nationalité en 2018 − France métropolitaine −Étrangers - Immigrés en 2018 | Insee . 15 October 2021 . 13 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230213093321/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/5397763?sommaire=5397790&geo=METRO-1 . live .
15. Web site: Conociendo...nos Todos . spanish . INEGI . 2010 . 1 April 2021 . 15 November 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20111115002025/http://www.inegi.org.mx/inegi/contenidos/espanol/prensa/contenidos/Articulos/sociodemograficas/nacidosenotropais.pdf . live .
16. http://www.nacion.com/archivo/extranjeros-viven-Costa-Rica_0_1273072910.html 385.899 extranjeros viven en Costa Rica
17. Web site: Anzahl der Ausländer in Deutschland nach Herkunftsland. De.statista.com. 16 September 2021. de. 12 May 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200512070232/https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/1221/umfrage/anzahl-der-auslaender-in-deutschland-nach-herkunftsland/. live.
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