List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe explained

The list below includes all entities falling even partially under any of the various common definitions of Europe, geographical or political. Fifty generally recognised sovereign states, Kosovo with limited, but substantial, international recognition, and four largely unrecognised de facto states with limited to no recognition have territory in Europe and/or membership in international European organisations. There are eight entities that are not integral parts of a European state or have special political arrangements.

Boundary of Europe

Geographical

Under the commonly used geographic definition, the boundary between the continents of Asia and Europe stretches along the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, and the Caspian Sea in the east, the Greater Caucasus range,^[1] and the Black Sea with its outlets, the Bosporus and the Dardanelles, in the south.^{[2] [3]} Based on such a commonly used division of the continents, the transcontinental countries of Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Turkey have territory in both Asia and Europe.

The island of Cyprus in Western Asia is close to Anatolia (or Asia Minor) but is often considered to be a part of Europe and is a member of the European Union. Like Cyprus, Armenia is also entirely in Western Asia but is a member of several European organisations.^[4]

Although the Mediterranean Sea provides a clearer divide between Africa and Europe, some traditionally European islands such as Malta, Pantelleria, the Pelagie Islands, and Sicily are actually located on the African Plate.^[5] The island of Iceland is part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, straddling the Eurasian Plate and the North American Plate.^[6]

Some territories which are geographically outside of Europe have strong connections with European states. Greenland, for example, has socio-political connections with Europe and is part of the Kingdom of Denmark but is located closer to the continent of North America and is usually grouped with that continent.^[7]

Other territories are part of European countries but are geographically located on other continents, such as the French overseas regions,^[8] the Spanish Canary Islands and the autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla on the coast of Africa,^[9] and the Dutch BES islands of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, and Saba in the Caribbean.^[10]

Political

The political boundaries of Europe vary with the definition of Europe that is used by different political organizations. For instance, the Council of Europe and the European Court of Human Rights include 46 countries in their definition of Europe. The European Higher Education Area includes 48 countries, and the European Cultural Convention and the European Olympic Committees include 50 countries in their definitions.

Sovereign states

A sovereign state is a political association with effective sovereignty over a population for whom it makes decisions in the national interest.^[11] According to the Montevideo Convention, a state must have a permanent population, a defined territory, a government, and the capacity to enter into relations with other states.^[12]

UN member states and UNGA non-member observer state

There are 50 sovereign states with territory located within the common definition of Europe and/or membership in international European organisations that are almost universally recognized internationally. All are either member states of the United Nations or non-member observer states at the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA),^[13] and all except Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Vatican City are members of the Council of Europe.^[14] 44 countries have their capital city located within Europe, and (as of 2022) 27 of those countries are member states of the European Union, which means that they are highly integrated with one another and share their sovereignty through EU institutions. There are currently nine states recognized as candidate countries for membership in the European Union. Seven of these nine states are located in Europe (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, and Ukraine), while two have territories in both Asia and Europe (Georgia and Turkey).^[15]

Each entry in the list below has a map of its location in Europe. Territory in Europe is shown in dark-green; territory not geographically in Europe is shown in a lighter shade of green. The lightest shade of green represents other states in the EU and is shown on the maps of all territories within the EU. For candidate members of the EU, see potential enlargement of the European Union.

Flag	Map	English short, formal names, and ISO [16] [17] [18] [19]	Domestic short and formal name(s)	Capital [20] [21]	Population	Area [22]	Currency	EU Membership
		Albania Republic of Albania ALB	sq|Shqipëri / Shqipëria – Republika e Shqipërisë	Tirana sq|Tiranë			Albanian lek	Candidate negotiating
		Andorra Principality of Andorra AND	ca|Andorra – Principat d'Andorra	Andorra la Vella ca|Andorra la Vella			Euro	No
		Armenia Republic of Armenia ARM	hy|Հայաստան – Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն ()	Yerevan hy|Երևան ()			Armenian dram	No
		Austria Republic of Austria AUT	de|Österreich – Republik Österreich	Vienna de|Wien			Euro	Yes
		Azerbaijan Republic of Azerbaijan AZE	az|Azǝrbaycan – Azǝrbaycan Respublikası	Baku az|Bakı			Azerbaijani manat	No
		Belarus Republic of Belarus BLR	be|Беларусь – Рэспубліка Беларусь () ru|Беларусь – Республика Беларусь ()	Minsk be|Мінск () ru|Минск ()			Belarusian rouble	No
		Belgium Kingdom of Belgium BEL	nl|België – Koninkrijk België fr|Belgique – Royaume de Belgique de|Belgien – Königreich Belgien	Brussels nl|Brussel fr|Bruxelles de|Brüssel			Euro	Yes
		Bosnia and Herzegovina BIH	Bosnian Bosna i Hercegovina Croatian: Bosna i Hercegovina Serbian: Босна и Херцеговина	Sarajevo Bosnian Sarajevo Croatian: Sarajevo Serbian: Сарајево			Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark	Candidate
		Bulgaria Republic of Bulgaria BGR	bg|България – Република България ()	Sofia bg|София ()			Euro	Yes
		Croatia Republic of Croatia HRV	hr|Hrvatska – Republika Hrvatska	Zagreb hr|Zagreb			Euro	Yes
		Cyprus Republic of Cyprus CYP	el|Κύπρος – Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία () tr|Kıbrıs – Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti	Nicosia el|Λευκωσία () tr|Lefkoşa			Euro	Yes
		Czechia Czech Republic CZE	cs|Česko – Česká republika	Prague cs|Praha			Czech koruna	Yes
		Denmark Kingdom of Denmark DNK	da|Danmark – Kongeriget Danmark	Copenhagen da|København			Danish krone	Yes
		Estonia Republic of Estonia EST	et|Eesti – Eesti Vabariik	Tallinn et|Tallinn			Euro	Yes
		Finland Republic of Finland FIN	fi|Suomi – Suomen tasavalta sv|Finland – Republiken Finland	Helsinki fi|Helsinki sv|Helsingfors			Euro	Yes
		France French Republic FRA	fr|France – République française	Paris fr|Paris			Euro	Yes
		Georgia GEO	Georgian: საქართველო ()	Tbilisi / T'bilisi Georgian: თბილისი ()			Georgian lari	Candidate
		Germany Federal Republic of Germany DEU	de|Deutschland – Bundesrepublik Deutschland	Berlin de|Berlin			Euro	Yes
		Greece Hellenic Republic GRC	el|Ελλάδα – Ελληνική Δημοκρατία ()	Athens el|Αθήνα ()			Euro	Yes
		Hungary HUN	hu|Magyarország	Budapest hu|Budapest			Hungarian forint	Yes
		Iceland ISL	is|Ísland – Lýðveldið Ísland	Reykjavík is|Reykjavík			Icelandic króna	No
		Ireland[23] IRL	en|Ireland ga|Éire	Dublin ga|Baile Átha Cliath			Euro	Yes
		Italy Italian Republic ITA	it|Italia – Repubblica Italiana	Rome it|Roma			Euro	Yes
		Kazakhstan Republic of Kazakhstan KAZ	kk|Қазақстан – Қазақстан Республикасы () ru|Казахстан – Республика Казахстан ()	Astana kk|Астана () ru|Астана ()			Kazakhstani tenge	No
		Latvia Republic of Latvia LVA	lv|Latvija – Latvijas Republika	Riga lv|Rīga			Euro	Yes
		Liechtenstein Principality of Liechtenstein LIE	de|Liechtenstein – Fürstentum Liechtenstein	Vaduz de|Vaduz			Liechtenstein franc	No
		Lithuania Republic of Lithuania LTU	lt|Lietuva – Lietuvos Respublika	Vilnius lt|Vilnius			Euro	Yes
		Luxembourg Grand Duchy of Luxembourg LUX	de|Luxemburg – Großherzogtum Luxemburg fr|Luxembourg – Grand-Duché de Luxembourg lb|Lëtzebuerg – Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg	Luxembourg de|Luxemburg fr|Luxembourg lb|Lëtzebuerg			Euro	Yes
		Malta Republic of Malta MLT	en|Malta – Republic of Malta mt|Malta – Repubblika ta' Malta	Valletta mt|Valletta			Euro	Yes
		Moldova Republic of Moldova MDA	ro|Moldova – Republica Moldova	Chișinău ro|Chișinău			Moldovan leu	Candidate negotiating
		Monaco Principality of Monaco MCO	fr|Monaco – Principauté de Monaco	Monaco fr|Monaco			Euro	No
		Montenegro MNE	cnr|Црна Гора ()	Podgorica cnr|Подгорица ()			Euro	Candidate negotiating
		Netherlands Kingdom of the Netherlands NLD	nl|Nederland – Koninkrijk der Nederlanden	Amsterdam (capital) nl|Amsterdam The Hague (seat of government) nl|'s-Gravenhage / Den Haag			Euro	Yes
		North Macedonia Republic of North Macedonia MKD	mk|Северна Македонија – Република Северна Македонија ()	Skopje mk|Скопје ()			Macedonian denar	Candidate negotiating
		Norway Kingdom of Norway NOR	nb|Norge – Kongeriket Norge nn|Noreg – Kongeriket Noreg	Oslo no|Oslo			Norwegian krone	No
		Poland Republic of Poland POL	pl|Polska – Rzeczpospolita Polska	Warsaw pl|Warszawa			Polish złoty	Yes
		Portugal Portuguese Republic PRT	pt|Portugal – República Portuguesa	Lisbon pt|Lisboa			Euro	Yes
		Romania ROU	ro|România	Bucharest ro|București			Romanian leu	Yes
		Russia Russian Federation RUS	ru|Россия – Российская Федерация ()	Moscow ru|Москва ()			Russian rouble	No
		San Marino Republic of San Marino SMR	it|San Marino – Repubblica di San Marino	San Marino it|San Marino			Euro	No
		Serbia Republic of Serbia SRB	sr|Србија – Република Србија ()	Belgrade sr|Београд ()			Serbian dinar	Candidate negotiating
		Slovakia Slovak Republic SVK	sk|Slovensko – Slovenská republika	Bratislava sk|Bratislava			Euro	Yes
		Slovenia Republic of Slovenia SVN	sl|Slovenija – Republika Slovenija	Ljubljana sl|Ljubljana			Euro	Yes
		Spain Kingdom of Spain ESP	es|España – Reino de España	Madrid es|Madrid			Euro	Yes
		Sweden Kingdom of Sweden SWE	sv|Sverige – Konungariket Sverige	Stockholm sv|Stockholm			Swedish krona	Yes
		Switzerland Swiss Confederation CHE	de|Schweiz – Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft fr|Suisse – Confédération suisse it|Svizzera – Confederazione Svizzera rm|Svizra – Confederaziun svizra	Bern / Berne de|Bern fr|Berne Italian and Romansh: Berna			Swiss franc	No
		Turkey Republic of Türkiye TUR	tr|Türkiye – Türkiye Cumhuriyeti	Ankara tr|Ankara			Turkish lira	Candidate with frozen negotiations
		Ukraine UKR	uk|Украïна ()	Kyiv uk|Київ ()			Ukrainian hryvnia	Candidate negotiating
		United Kingdom United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland GBR	en|United Kingdom – United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland	London			Sterling	No
		Vatican City Vatican City State VAT	it|Città del Vaticano – Stato della Città del Vaticano la|Status Civitatis Vaticanae[24]	Vatican City it|Città del Vaticano			Euro	No

De facto states

The following five entities in Europe have partial diplomatic recognition by one or more UN member states (and therefore are defined as states by the constitutive theory of statehood) or have no diplomatic recognition by any UN member state but are defined as states by the declarative theory of statehood. None are members of the UN, Council of Europe or EU.

Flag	Map	English common and formal names	Status	Domestic common and formal names	Capital	Population	Area
		Abkhazia Republic of Abkhazia	Claimed as an autonomous republic of Georgia. Recognised by five UN member states.[25]	ab|Аҧсны – Аԥсны Аҳәынҭқарра () ru|Абхазия – Республика Абхазия ()	Sukhumi ab|Аҟəа () ru|Суху́м(и) ()	250,000[26]	86600NaN0[27]
		Kosovo Republic of Kosovo	Claimed by Serbia. Has been recognized as sovereign by 109 UN member states.[28]	sq|Kosova / Kosovë – Republika e Kosovës sr|Косово – Република Косово ()	Pristina sq|Prishtina, Prishtinë sr|Приштина ()	1,836,529[29]	108870NaN0
		Northern Cyprus Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus	Claimed as part of the Republic of Cyprus. Recognised by Turkey.[30]	tr|Kuzey Kıbrıs – Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti	North Nicosia tr|Lefkoşa	294,906[31]	33550NaN0
		South Ossetia Republic of South Ossetia	Claimed as part of Georgia. Recognised by five UN member states.	os|Хуссар Ирыстон – Республикӕ Хуссар Ирыстон () ru|Южная Осетия – Республика Южная Осетия ()	Tskhinvali os|Цхинвал or Чъреба () ru|Цхинва́л(и) ()	56,000[32]	39000NaN0[33]
		Transnistria / Trans-Dniester Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic	Claimed as a territorial unit of Moldova. De facto independent state,[34] recognised by two non-UN states.	ro|Transnistria – Republica Moldovenească Nistreană ru|Приднестровье – Приднестровская Молдавская Республика () uk|Придністров'я – Придністровська Молдавська Республіка ()	Tiraspol ro|Tiraspol ru|Тираcполь () uk|Тирасполь ()	347,251[35]	35000NaN0[36]

Non-sovereign territories

Dependent territories

The following six European entities are dependent territories.^[37]

Flag	Map	English common and formal names	Legal status	Domestic common and formal names	Capital	Population	Area
		Akrotiri and Dhekelia Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia	British Overseas Territory	en|Akrotiri and Dhekelia – Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia el|Ακρωτήρι και Δεκέλεια – Περιοχές Κυρίαρχων Βάσεων Ακρωτηρίου και Δεκέλειας ()	Episkopi Cantonment el|Φρουρά Επισκοπής ()	15,700	2540NaN0
		Faroe Islands / Faeroe Islands	Autonomous territory in the Kingdom of Denmark	fo|Føroyar da|Færøerne	Tórshavn fo|Tórshavn da|Thorshavn	54,000	13930NaN0
		Gibraltar[38]	British Overseas Territory	en|Gibraltar	Gibraltar	29,185	6.51NaN1
--Not EU http://www.gov.gg/ccm/general/press-releases/2002/may/guernseys-position-on-eu-tax-package-to-be-reported-by-hm-government-to-econfin-meeting-of-4-june-2002.en;jsessionid=EE07D4CE023D2AF478E5E8E561234CF6-->			Guernsey Bailiwick of Guernsey	Crown Dependency in right of Guernsey[39] [40] [41]	en|Guernsey – Bailiwick of Guernsey fr|Guernesey – Bailliage de Guernesey Guernésiais Guernési – Bailliage de Guernési	Saint Peter Port fr|Saint Pierre Port Guernésiais Saint Pierre Port	65,849	780NaN0
--Not EU http://www.gov.im/cso/externalrelations/eu.xml-->			Isle of Man	Crown Dependency in right of Man[42] [43]	en|Isle of Man gv|Mannin – Ellan Vannin	Douglas gv|Doolish	86,866	5720NaN0
--Not EU http://www.cab.org.je/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=212&Itemid=53-->			Jersey Bailiwick of Jersey	Crown Dependency in right of Jersey	en|Jersey – Bailiwick of Jersey fr|Jersey – Bailliage de Jersey Jèrriais Jèrri – Bailliage de Jèrri	Saint Helier fr|Saint-Hélier Jèrriais Saint Hélyi	96,513	1180NaN0

Areas of special sovereignty

The following places are considered integral parts of their sovereign state, but have a political arrangement that was decided through an international agreement.

= A part of the EU, although there may be some special arrangements.

Flag	Map	English common and formal names	Legal status	Domestic common and formal names	Capital	Population	Area
		Åland [44] Åland Islands	Self-governing area of Finland, significant autonomy as the result of the Åland crisis[45]	sv|Åland – Landskapet Åland	Mariehamn sv|Mariehamn	27,500[46]	67870NaN0
		Northern Ireland	Part of the United Kingdom, devolved government determined by the Good Friday Agreement[47]	en|Northern Ireland ga|Tuaisceart Éireann sco|Norlin Airlann	Belfast[48]	1,810,863[49]	141300NaN0
		Svalbard	Special territory of Norway, determined by the Svalbard Treaty[50]	no|Svalbard	Longyearbyen no|Longyearbyen	2,019	620450NaN0

See also

• International organisations in Europe
• Lists of European countries:
  • by area
  • by GDP
    • by GDP per capita
    • by GDP PPP
  • by population
• List of former sovereign states in Europe
• Predecessors of sovereign states in Europe
• Regions of Europe

Notes and References

1. Book: Lewis . Martin W. . Wigen . Kären . The Myth of Continents . 11 August 1997 . University of California Press . 9780520207431 . 28 .
2. Web site: Charles T. Evans . Black Sea . Novaonline.nvcc.edu . 1 July 2009 . 17 February 2011.
3. Encyclopedia: Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopaedia 2007 . Europe . 27 December 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20091028013857/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570768/Europe.html . 28 October 2009 . dead .
4. Web site: Council of Europe in Brief . Coe.int . 17 February 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110722013253/http://www.coe.int/aboutCoe/index.asp?page=47pays1europe& . 22 July 2011 .
5. Web site: Geological Development of the Sicilian-Tunisian Platform held in Italy (University of Urbino) on November 4, 5, 6, 1992 . Oai.dtic.mil . 6 November 1992 . 17 February 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110722185347/http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA269141 . 22 July 2011 . dead .
6. Web site: Understanding plate motions [This Dynamic Earth, USGS] ]. Pubs.usgs.gov . 9 June 1994 . 3 March 2011.
7. Web site: CIA – The World Factbook . https://web.archive.org/web/20210109162939/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/greenland . dead . 9 January 2021 . Central Intelligence Agency . 17 February 2011.
8. Web site: Richard Connor . French overseas territories vote to remain close to Paris . Dw-world.de . 11 January 2010 . 17 February 2011.
9. News: Regions and territories: Ceuta, Melilla . BBC News . 6 October 2010 . 17 February 2011.
10. Web site: Netherlands . https://web.archive.org/web/20210109084007/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/netherlands . dead . 9 January 2021 . Central Intelligence Agency . 17 February 2011.
11. Web site: Untying the Sovereign State: A Double Reading of the Anarchy Problematique . Mil.sagepub.com . 1 June 1988 . 24 February 2011 . 11 December 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191211233854/http://mil.sagepub.com/content/17/2/227.short . dead .
12. Web site: Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States . Council on Foreign Relations . 24 February 2011 . 28 June 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110628235337/http://www.cfr.org/sovereignty/montevideo-convention-rights-duties-states/p15897 . dead .
13. Web site: Member States of the United Nations . United Nations . 24 February 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110228105233/https://www.un.org/en/members/ . 2011-02-28.
14. Web site: 47 countries, 1 Europe . Council of Europe . 17 February 2011 . dead . 19 March 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110319025613/http://www.coe.int/aboutCoe/index.asp?page=47pays1europe.
15. Web site: EU enlargement . European Union . 27 July 2025.
16. Web site: Field Listing :: Names . https://web.archive.org/web/20070613002925/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2142.html . dead . 13 June 2007 . Central Intelligence Agency . 30 September 2016.
17. Web site: UNGEGN List of Country Names . United Nations Statistics Division . 2007 . 24 February 2011.
18. Web site: UNGEGN List of Country Names . United Nations Statistics Division . 2019 . 6 April 2021.
19. Web site: List of countries, territories and currencies . Europa . 9 August 2011 . 10 August 2011.
20. Web site: Field Listing :: Capital . https://web.archive.org/web/20070613003402/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2057.html . dead . 13 June 2007 . Central Intelligence Agency . 17 February 2011.
21. Web site: UNGEGN World Geographical Names . United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names . 13 September 2010 . 24 February 2011.
22. Web site: Field Listing :: Area . https://web.archive.org/web/20070613003039/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html . dead . 13 June 2007 . Central Intelligence Agency . 3 March 2011.
23. Web site: 1948 . Republic of Ireland Act, 1948 . 16 December 2008 . No. 22/1948.
24. Web site: Holy See (Vatican City) . https://web.archive.org/web/20210113053634/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/holy-see-vatican-city . dead . 13 January 2021 . Central Intelligence Agency . 24 February 2011.
25. Web site: Tuvalu Retracts Recognition of Abkhazia, South Ossetia. 31 March 2014. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty.
26. News: Regions and territories: Abkhazia . BBC News . 8 February 2011 . 17 February 2011.
27. Web site: Abkhazia (autonomous republic, Georgia) . Britannica.com . 3 March 2011.
28. Web site: Najčešća pitanja – Kancelarija za Kosovo i Metohiju, Vlada Republike Srbije. 2022-02-22. www.kim.gov.rs.
29. Web site: Country Comparison :: Population . Central Intelligence Agency . July 2014 . 17 October 2014 . 27 September 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110927165947/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html . dead .
30. Web site: Cyprus . Encyclopædia Britannica.
31. Web site: Turkish Cyprus announces population as 294,906 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131002045504/http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=82777 . usurped . 2 October 2013 . World Bulletin . 9 December 2011 . 9 January 2014.
32. News: Regions and territories: South Ossetia . BBC News . 8 February 2011 . 17 February 2011.
33. Web site: South Ossetia . Hartford-hwp.com . 9 March 2011.
34. Book: Ker-Lindsay, James. The Foreign Policy of Counter Secession: Preventing the Recognition of Contested States. Oxford University Press. 2012. ...there are three other territories that have unilaterally declared independence and are generally regarded as having met the Montevideo criteria for statehood but have not been recognised by any states: Transnistria, Nagorny Karabakh, and Somaliland.. 53. 9780199698394. .
35. Web site: http://newspmr.com/novosti-pmr/obshhestvo/15927. ru:Перепись населения ПМР. Population census of PMR. ru. newspmr.com. 9 March 2017. 1 February 2021.
36. Web site: Transdniestria (separatist enclave, Moldova) . Britannica.com . 3 March 2011.
37. Web site: CIA – The World Factbook – Field Listing :: Dependency status . https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004502/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2006.html . dead . 13 June 2007 . Central Intelligence Agency . 9 February 1920 . 17 February 2011.
38. Web site: Mark Oliver . Sally Bolton . Jon Dennis . Matthew Tempest . Gibraltar; Politics . The Guardian. 4 August 2004 . 17 February 2011.
39. Web site: Supreme Court decision . 16 March 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161008031758/https://www.supremecourt.uk/decided-cases/docs/UKSC_2013_0155_Judgment.pdf . 8 October 2016 . dead .
40. http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/QueenandCrowndependencies/ChannelIslands.aspx Queen and Crown dependencies page of the official website of the British Monarchy
41. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/361537/crown-dependencies.pdf Ministry of Justice's fact sheet on the UK's relationship with the Crown Dependencies
42. Web site: Supreme Court decision "The Channel Islands, like the Isle of Man (although it has a rather different history), are not part of the United Kingdom. Nor have they ever been British colonies, or British Overseas Territories as the few remaining colonies are now termed. They are Crown Dependencies, enjoying a unique relationship with the United Kingdom and the rest of the British Commonwealth through the Crown, in the person of the Sovereign." . 16 March 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161008031758/https://www.supremecourt.uk/decided-cases/docs/UKSC_2013_0155_Judgment.pdf . 8 October 2016 . dead .
43. http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/QueenandCrowndependencies/QueenandCrowndependencies.aspx Queen and Crown dependencies page of the official website of the British Monarchy
44. Book: European Commission for Democracy through Law . Venice Commission . Local self-government, territorial integrity, and protection of minorities: proceedings of the UniDem Seminar organised in Lausanne on 25–27 April 1996, in co-operation with the Swiss Institute of Comparative Law . Council of Europe . 1996 . Strasbourg . 32–35 . 92-871-3173-2.
45. Web site: Independence . Visitaland.com . 3 March 2011 . 7 January 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190107082447/http://www.visitaland.com/en/good-to-know/history/ . dead .
46. Web site: Åland Official Tourist Gateway – Facts . Visitaland.com . 17 February 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110210150745/http://www.visitaland.com/en/facts . 10 February 2011 .
47. Web site: Good Friday Agreement. Encyclopædia Britannica. 7 July 2015.
48. Web site: The Countries of the UK. Office for National Statistics (United Kingdom). 7 July 2015. ONS Countries.
49. Web site: Census 2011 Key Statistics for Northern Ireland . 14 January 2013 . Northern Ireland Statistics & Research Agency . December 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20121224033625/http://www.nisra.gov.uk/Census/key_report_2011.pdf . 24 December 2012 .
50. Web site: The Svalbard Treaty . Governor of Svalbard . 9 April 2008 . 3 March 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120506084337/http://www.sysselmannen.no/hovedEnkel.aspx?m=45301 . 6 May 2012 .