February 28 Explained

Events

Pre-1600

• 202 BC  - Liu Bang is enthroned as the Emperor of China, beginning four centuries of rule by the Han dynasty.^[1]
• 870  - The Fourth Council of Constantinople closes.^[2]
• 1525  - Aztec king Cuauhtémoc is executed on the order of conquistador Hernán Cortés.^[3]

1601–1900

• 1638  - The Scottish National Covenant is signed in Edinburgh.^[4]
• 1835  - Elias Lönnrot signs and dates the foreword to the first version of the Kalevala, the so-called Old Kalevala.^[5]
• 1844  - A gun explodes on board the steam warship USS Princeton during a pleasure cruise down the Potomac River, killing six, including Secretary of State Abel Upshur. President John Tyler, who is also on board, is not injured from the blast.^[6]

1901–present

• 1922  - The United Kingdom ends its protectorate over Egypt through a Unilateral Declaration of Independence.^[7]
• 1925  - The Charlevoix-Kamouraska earthquake strikes northeastern North America.^[8]
• 1947  - February 28 incident: In Taiwan, civil disorder is put down with the death of an estimated 18,000 - 28,000 civilians.^[9]
• 1948  - The 1948 Accra riots erupt following a march by ex-servicemen of the Gold Coast Regiment towards the seat of the colonial government at Christiansborg Castle, where they were fired upon by Superintendant Colin Imray, leading to the killing of Sergeant Adjetey, Corporal Attipoe and Private Odartey Lamptey and the arrest of the Big Six in the Gold Coast.^{[10] [11] [12]}
• 1958  - A school bus in Floyd County, Kentucky hits a wrecker truck and plunges down an embankment into the rain-swollen Levisa Fork river. The driver and 26 children die in one of the worst school bus accidents in U.S. history.^[13]
• 1959  - Discoverer 1, an American spy satellite that is the first object intended to achieve a polar orbit, is launched but fails to achieve orbit.^[14]
• 1966  - A NASA T-38 Talon crashes into the McDonnell Aircraft factory while attempting a poor-visibility landing at Lambert Field, St. Louis, killing astronauts Elliot See and Charles Bassett.
• 1969  - The 1969 Portugal earthquake hits Portugal, Spain and Morocco.^[15]
• 1973  - Aeroflot Flight X-167 crashes during takeoff from Semey Airport, killing 32 people.^[16]
• 1974  - The British election ends in a hung parliament after the Jeremy Thorpe-led Liberal Party achieved their biggest vote share since 1929.^[17]
• 1975  - In London, an underground train fails to stop at Moorgate terminus station and crashes into the end of the tunnel, killing 43 people.^[18]
• 1983  - The final episode of M*A*S*H airs, with almost 110 million viewers.^[19]
• 1985  - The Provisional Irish Republican Army carries out a mortar attack on the Royal Ulster Constabulary police station at Newry, killing nine officers.^[20]
• 1986  - Olof Palme, 26th Prime Minister of Sweden, is assassinated in Stockholm.^[21]
• 1990  - Space Shuttle Atlantis is launched on STS-36.^[22]
• 1993  - Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF) agents raid the Branch Davidian church in Waco, Texas with a warrant to arrest the group's leader David Koresh, starting a 51-day standoff.^[23]
• 1997  - An earthquake in northern Iran is responsible for about 1,100 deaths.^[24]
• 1997  - A Turkish military memorandum results in the collapse of the coalition government in Turkey.^{[25] [26] [27]}
• 2001  - The 2001 Nisqually earthquake, having a moment magnitude of 6.8, with epicenter in southern Puget Sound, damages the Seattle metropolitan area.^[28]
• 2002  - During the religious violence in Gujarat, 97 people are killed in the Naroda Patiya massacre and 69 in the Gulbarg Society massacre.
• 2013  - Pope Benedict XVI resigns as the pope of the Catholic Church, becoming the first pope to do so voluntarily since Pope Gregory XII in 1415.^[29]
• 2023  - Two trains collide south of the Vale of Tempe in Greece, leading to the deaths of at least 57 people and leaving 58 missing and 85 injured.^[30]
• 2024  - Prime Minister Modi of India inaugurates the 2nd Space Port of India - Kulasekarapattinam Spaceport.^[31]
• 2026  - The United States and Israel launch attacks across Iran, assassinating Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei.^[32] Retaliatory strikes are launched by Iran against US military bases in the Gulf, with explosions reported in Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar and the UAE. ^{[33] [34]}

Births

Pre-1600

• 1261  - Margaret of Scotland, Queen of Norway (died 1283)^{[35] [36]}
• 1518  - Francis III, Duke of Brittany, Duke of Brittany (died 1536)^[37]
• 1533  - Michel de Montaigne, French philosopher and author (died 1592)^[38]
• 1535  - Cornelius Gemma, Dutch astronomer and astrologer (died 1578)^[39]
• 1552  - Jost Bürgi, Swiss mathematician and clockmaker (died 1632)^[40]

1601–1900

• 1675  - Guillaume Delisle, French cartographer (died 1726)^[41]
• 1683  - René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur, French entomologist and academic (died 1757)^[42]
• 1690 – Alexei Petrovich, Tsarevich of Russia, eldest son of Peter the Great (died 1718)^[43]
• 1704  - Louis Godin, French astronomer and academic (died 1760)^[44]
• 1833  - Alfred von Schlieffen, German military strategist (died 1913)^[45]
• 1848  - Arthur Giry, French historian and academic (died 1899)
• 1858  - Tore Svennberg, Swedish actor and director (died 1941)^[46]
• 1866  - Vyacheslav Ivanov, Russian poet and playwright (died 1949)^[47]
• 1878  - Pierre Fatou, French mathematician and astronomer (died 1929)^[48]
• 1884  - Ants Piip, Estonian lawyer and politician, 7th Prime Minister of Estonia (died 1942)^[49]
• 1887  - William Zorach, Lithuanian-American sculptor and painter (died 1966)^[50]
• 1894  - Ben Hecht, American director, producer, and screenwriter (died 1964)
• 1896  - Philip Showalter Hench, American physician and endocrinologist, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1965)^[51]
• 1898  - Zeki Rıza Sporel, Turkish footballer (died 1969)^[52]

1901–present

• 1901  - Linus Pauling, American chemist and activist, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1994)^[53]
• 1903  - Vincente Minnelli, American theatre and film director (died 1986)^[54]
• 1906  - Bugsy Siegel, American gangster (died 1947)^[55]
• 1907  - Milton Caniff, American cartoonist (died 1988)^[56]
• 1908  - Billie Bird, American actress (died 2002)^[57]
• 1909  - Stephen Spender, English author and poet (died 1995)^[58]
• 1915  - Ketti Frings, American author, playwright, and screenwriter (died 1981)^[59]
• 1915  - Peter Medawar, Brazilian-English biologist and immunologist, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1987)^[60]
• 1919  - Alfred Marshall, American businessman, founded Marshalls (died 2013)^[61]
• 1920  - Jadwiga Piłsudska, Polish soldier, pilot, and architect (died 2014)^[62]
• 1921  - Marah Halim Harahap, Indonesian military officer, Governor of North Sumatra (died 2015)^[63]
• 1922  - Radu Câmpeanu, Romanian politician (died 2016)^[64]
• 1923  - Charles Durning, American actor (died 2012)^[54]
• 1924  - Robert A. Roe, American soldier and politician (died 2014)^[65]
• 1925  - Harry H. Corbett, Burmese-English actor (died 1982)
• 1926  - Svetlana Alliluyeva, Russian-American writer, daughter of Joseph Stalin (died 2011)^[54]
• 1928  - Tom Aldredge, American actor (died 2011)^[66]
• 1928  - Stanley Baker, Welsh actor and producer (died 1976)^[67]
• 1929  - Hayden Fry, American football player and coach (died 2019)^[68]
• 1929  - Frank Gehry, Canadian-American architect and designer (died 2025)^[69]
• 1929  - John Montague, American-Irish poet and academic (died 2016)^[70]
• 1930  - Leon Cooper, American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (died 2024)^[71]
• 1931  - Peter Alliss, English golfer and sportscaster (died 2020)^{[72] [73]}
• 1931  - Gavin MacLeod, American actor, Christian activist, and author (died 2021)^{[74] [75]}
• 1931  - Len Newcombe, Welsh footballer and scout (died 1996)
• 1932  - Don Francks, Canadian actor, singer, and jazz musician (died 2016)^[76]
• 1932  - Ernst Hinterseer, Austria retired alpine skier^[77]
• 1933  - Rein Taagepera, Estonian political scientist and politician^[78]
• 1937  - Jeff Farrell, American swimmer^[79]
• 1939  - Daniel C. Tsui, Chinese-American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate^[80]
• 1939  - Tommy Tune, American actor, dancer, singer, theatre director, producer, and choreographer^[81]
• 1940  - Mario Andretti, Italian-American racing driver^[82]
• 1941  - Alice Brock, American artist, author and restaurateur (died 2024)^[83]
• 1941  - Arthur Ngirakelsong, 2nd Chief Justice of Palau (died 2022)^{[84] [85]}
• 1942  - Frank Bonner, American actor and television director (died 2021)^[86]
• 1942  - Brian Jones, English guitarist, songwriter, and producer (died 1969)^[87]
• 1942  - Oliviero Toscani, Italian photographer (died 2025)^[88]
• 1942  - Dino Zoff, Italian footballer^[89]
• 1943  - Barbara Acklin, American singer-songwriter (died 1998)^[90]
• 1944  - Kelly Bishop, American actress^[91]
• 1944  - Edward Greenspan, Canadian lawyer and author (died 2014)^[92]
• 1944  - Sepp Maier, German footballer and manager^[93]
• 1944  - Storm Thorgerson, English graphic designer (died 2013)^[94]
• 1945  - Bubba Smith, American football player and actor (died 2011)^[95]
• 1946  - Robin Cook, Scottish educator and politician, Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs (died 2005)^[96]
• 1946  - Syreeta Wright, American singer-songwriter (died 2004)^[97]
• 1947  - Stephanie Beacham, English actress
• 1947  - Salvador Flamenco, Salvadoran footballer^[98]
• 1948  - Steven Chu, American physicist and politician, 12th United States Secretary of Energy, Nobel Prize laureate^[99]
• 1948  - Mike Figgis, English film director, screenwriter, and composer
• 1948  - Bernadette Peters, American actress, singer, and author^[100]
• 1948  - Mercedes Ruehl, American actress^[101]
• 1949  - Zoia Ceaușescu, Romanian mathematician, daughter of Communist leader Nicolae Ceaușescu and his wife Elena Ceaușescu (died 2006)^[102]
• 1949  - Ilene Graff, American actress and singer
• 1952  - William Finn, American composer and lyricist (died 2025)^[103]
• 1953  - Luther Burden, American basketball player (died 2015)^[104]
• 1953  - Paul Krugman, American economist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate^[105]
• 1953  - Ricky Steamboat, American professional wrestler^[106]
• 1954  - Brian Billick, American football player, coach, and sportscaster^[107]
• 1955  - Adrian Dantley, American basketball player and coach^[108]
• 1955  - Gilbert Gottfried, American comedian, actor, and singer (died 2022)^[109]
• 1956  - Francis Hughes, Irish Republican, hunger striker (died 1981)^[110]
• 1956  - Terry Leahy, English businessman^[111]
• 1957  - Ainsley Harriott, English chef and television presenter^[54]
• 1957  - Ian Smith, New Zealand cricketer and sportscaster^[112]
• 1957  - John Turturro, American actor and director^[113]
• 1957  - Cindy Wilson, American singer-songwriter^[114]
• 1958  - Manuel Torres Félix, Mexican criminal and narcotics trafficker (died 2012)^[115]
• 1958  - Mark Pavelich, American ice hockey player (died 2021)^[116]
• 1958  - David R. Ross, Scottish historian and author (died 2010)^[117]
• 1961  - Rae Dawn Chong, Canadian-American actress
• 1961  - Barry McGuigan, Irish-British boxer^[118]
• 1963  - Claudio Chiappucci, Italian cyclist^[119]
• 1965  - Mikko Mäkelä, Finnish ice hockey player and coach^[120]
• 1966  - Paulo Futre, Portuguese footballer^[121]
• 1966  - Archbishop Jovan VI of Ohrid^[122]
• 1967  - Colin Cooper, English footballer and manager^[123]
• 1967  - Seth Rudetsky, American musician, actor, writer, and radio host^[124]
• 1969  - Sean Farrel, English footballer^[125]
• 1969  - Butch Leitzinger, American race car driver^[126]
• 1969  - Robert Sean Leonard, American actor^[127]
• 1969  - Pat Monahan, American singer-songwriter and actor
• 1970  - Daniel Brochu, Canadian actor^[128]
• 1970  - Daniel Handler, American author, musician, screenwriter, and producer
• 1970  - Noureddine Morceli, Algerian runner^[129]
• 1971  - Junya Nakano, Japanese pianist and composer^[130]
• 1971  - Tasha Smith, American actress, director, and producer
• 1972  - Rory Cochrane, American actor
• 1972  - Ville Haapasalo, Finnish actor and screenwriter^[131]
• 1973  - Eric Lindros, Canadian ice hockey player^[132]
• 1973  - Nicolas Minassian, French race car driver
• 1973  - Masato Tanaka, Japanese wrestler^[133]
• 1974  - Lee Carsley, English-Irish footballer and manager^[134]
• 1974  - Alexander Zickler, German footballer and manager^[135]
• 1975  - Mike Rucker, American football player^[136]
• 1976  - Francisco Elson, Dutch basketball player^[137]
• 1976  - Ali Larter, American actress and model^[138]
• 1977  - Jason Aldean, American singer-songwriter^[139]
• 1977  - Lance Hoyt, American football player and wrestler^[140]
• 1978  - Geoffrey Arend, American actor
• 1978  - Benjamin Raich, Austrian skier^[141]
• 1978  - Jamaal Tinsley, American basketball player^[142]
• 1978  - Mariano Zabaleta, Argentinian tennis player^[143]
• 1979  - Sébastien Bourdais, French race car driver^[144]
• 1979  - Ivo Karlović, Croatian tennis player^[145]
• 1980  - Pascal Bosschaart, Dutch footballer^[146]
• 1980  - Christian Poulsen, Danish footballer^[147]
• 1980  - Tayshaun Prince, American basketball player^[148]
• 1981  - Brian Bannister, American baseball player and scout^[149]
• 1982  - Isabel Mendes Lopes, Portuguese politician^[150]
• 1982  - Natalia Vodianova, Russian-French model and actress^[151]
• 1984  - Karolína Kurková, Czech model and actress
• 1984  - Ali Marhyar, French actor, film director and screenwriter^[152]
• 1985  - Tim Bresnan, English cricketer^[153]
• 1985  - Diego, Brazilian footballer^[154]
• 1985  - Jelena Janković, Serbian tennis player^[155]
• 1987  - Akito, Japanese professional wrestler^[156]
• 1987  - Antonio Candreva, Italian footballer^[157]
• 1987  - Michelle Horn, American actress
• 1987  - Josh McRoberts, American basketball player^[158]
• 1988  - Aroldis Chapman, Cuban baseball player^[159]
• 1989  - Carlos Dunlap, American football player^[160]
• 1989  - Charles Jenkins, American basketball player^[161]
• 1990  - Takayasu Akira, Japanese sumo wrestler^[162]
• 1990  - Ryan Allen, American football player^[163]
• 1990  - Sebastian Rudy, German footballer^[164]
• 1991  - Sarah Bolger, Irish actress^[54]
• 1991  - Ronalds Ķēniņš, Latvian ice hockey player^[165]
• 1993  - Marquis Teague, American basketball player^[166]
• 1993  - Éder Álvarez Balanta, Colombian footballer^[167]
• 1994  - Alex Caruso, American basketball player^[168]
• 1994  - Arkadiusz Milik, Polish footballer^[169]
• 1995  - Randy Arozarena, Cuban-Mexican baseball player^[170]
• 1995  - Madisen Beaty, American actress
• 1995  - Quinn Shephard, American actress^[171]
• 1996  - Bobb'e J. Thompson, American actor^[171]
• 1996  - Jakub Vrána, Czech ice hockey player^[172]
• 1996  - Lucas Boyé, Argentinian footballer^[173]
• 1996  - Axel Werner, Argentinian footballer^[174]
• 1997  - Chris Lindstrom, American football player^[175]
• 1998  - Teun Koopmeiners, Dutch footballer^[176]
• 1999  - Luka Dončić, Slovenian basketball player^[177]
• 2000  - Moise Kean, Italian footballer^[178]
• 2000  - Josip Šutalo, Croatian footballer^[179]
• 2005  - Vitor Roque, Brazilian footballer^[180]

Deaths

Pre-1600

• 628  - Khosrow II, Shah of Iran, Sasanian Empire (born)^[181]

1601–1900

• 1621  - Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (born 1590)^[182]
• 1648  - Christian IV, King of Denmark (born 1577)^{[183] [184]}
• 1729  - Lovro Šitović, Croatian Franciscan and grammarian (born)^[185]
• 1740  - Pietro Ottoboni, Italian cardinal and patron of the arts (born 1667)^[186]
• 1857  - André Dumont, Belgian geologist and academic (born 1809)^[187]
• 1882  - Adolf Zytogorski, Polish-British chess master and translator (born)^[188]

1901–present

• 1929  - Clemens von Pirquet, Austrian physician and immunologist (born 1874)^[189]
• 1932  - Guillaume Bigourdan, French astronomer and academic (born 1851)^[190]
• 1936  - Charles Nicolle, French biologist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (born 1866)^[191]
• 1955  - Isak Penttala, Finnish politician (born 1883)^[192]
• 1966  - Charles Bassett, American captain, engineer, and astronaut (born 1931)^[193]
• 1966  - Elliot See, American commander, engineer, and astronaut (born 1927)^[193]
• 1975  - Neville Cardus, English cricket and music writer (born 1888)^[194]
• 1977  - Eddie "Rochester" Anderson, American actor and comedian (born 1905)^{[195] [196]}
• 1978  - Zara Cully, American actress (born 1892)^[197]
• 1993  - Ruby Keeler, Canadian-American actress and dancer (born 1909)^[198]
• 1998  - Arkady Shevchenko, Ukrainian diplomat (born 1930)^[199]
• 2002  - Mary Stuart, American actress and singer (born 1926)^[200]
• 2002  - Helmut Zacharias, German violinist and composer (born 1920)^[201]
• 2003  - Chris Brasher, Guyanese-English runner and journalist, co-founded the London Marathon (born 1928)^[202]
• 2004  - Daniel J. Boorstin, American historian and librarian (born 1914)^[203]
• 2005  - Chris Curtis, English singer and drummer (born 1941)^[204]
• 2006  - Owen Chamberlain, American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (born 1920)^[205]
• 2007  - Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. American historian and critic (born 1917)^[206]
• 2009  - Paul Harvey, American radio host (born 1918)^[207]
• 2011  - Annie Girardot, French actress (born 1931)^[208]
• 2013  - Donald A. Glaser, American physicist and biologist, Nobel Prize laureate (born 1926)^[209]
• 2014  - Hugo Brandt Corstius, Dutch linguist and author (born 1935)^{[210] [211]}
• 2015  - Yaşar Kemal, Turkish journalist and author (born 1923)^{[212] [213]}
• 2016  - George Kennedy, American actor (born 1925)^[214]
• 2019  - André Previn, German-American pianist, conductor, and composer. (born 1929)^[215]
• 2020  - Joe Coulombe, founder of Trader Joe's (born 1930)^[216]
• 2020  - Freeman Dyson, British-born American physicist and mathematician (born 1923)^[217]
• 2020  - Sir Lenox Hewitt, Australian public servant (born 1917)^[218]
• 2024  - Ahmed Salim, Bangladeshi convicted murderer (born 1989)^[219]
• 2024  - Héctor Ortiz, Puerto Rican baseball player and coach (born 1969)^[220]
• 2024  - Cat Janice, American singer-songwriter (born 1993)^[221]
• 2025  - David Johansen, American singer-songwriter and actor (born 1950)^[222]
• 2025  - Miguel Piñera, Chilean celebrity, night club owner and amateur musician (born 1954)^[223]
• 2025  - Joseph Wambaugh, American writer (born 1937)^[224]
• 2026  - Ali Khamenei, Supreme Leader of Iran (born 1939)^[225]

Holidays and observances

• Christian feast day:
  • February 28 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
• Kalevala Day, also known as the Finnish Culture Day (Finland)^{[226] [227]}
• National Science Day (India)^[228]
• Peace Memorial Day (Taiwan)^[229]
• Andalusia Day (Spain)^[230]

External links

• BBC: On This Day
  • Historical Events on February 28

Notes and References

1. Book: Xiong, Victor Cunrui. From Peasant to Emperor: The Life of Liu Bang. Airiti Press. 2018. 978-986-6286-71-1. i, 159. en. 2021-08-30. 2021-08-30. https://web.archive.org/web/20210830192546/https://books.google.com/books?id=LgPmDwAAQBAJ. live.
2. Book: Kelly, Joseph Francis. The Ecumenical Councils of the Catholic Church: A History. Liturgical Press. 2009. 978-0-8146-5376-0. 67–68. en. 2021-08-30. 2021-08-30. https://web.archive.org/web/20210830192545/https://books.google.com/books?id=jLrn2Nx-g2YC. live.
3. Book: Allsop, Scott. 366 Days: Compelling Stories From World History. L & E Books. 2016. 978-0-9956809-1-3. 64. en. 2021-08-30. 2021-08-30. https://web.archive.org/web/20210830192547/https://books.google.com/books?id=XCJeDwAAQBAJ. live.
4. Web site: National Covenant Scottish history . Encyclopedia Britannica . 15 March 2021 . en . 17 April 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210417051443/https://www.britannica.com/event/National-Covenant . live .
5. Web site: Kalevala . 2026-02-06 . Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura . 2025-12-11 . https://web.archive.org/web/20251211095513/http://nebu.finlit.fi/kalevala/ . live .
6. News: How a warship explosion led to the first marriage of a sitting U.S. president . en-US . Washington Post . 2023-02-28 . 0190-8286 . 2023-03-31 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230331045135/https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2022/02/14/uss-princeton-john-tyler/ . live .
7. Book: Albert P. . Blaustein . Albert Blaustein . Jay A. . Sigler . Benjamin R. . Beede . Independence Documents of the World . Google Books . 1 . 1977 . . . 978-0-379-00794-7 . 204–205 . 2021-10-24 . 2016-05-03 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160503030245/https://books.google.com/books?id=feyI5kisdBcC&pg=PA204 . live.
8. Web site: The 1925 Charlevoix-Kamouraska earthquake. Natural Resources Canada. 2012-03-04. 2017-06-12. https://web.archive.org/web/20170612211854/http://www.earthquakescanada.nrcan.gc.ca/historic-historique/events/19250301-en.php. live.
9. News: Forsythe. Michael. Taiwan Turns Light on 1947 Slaughter by Chiang Kai-shek's Troops. July 14, 2015. The New York Times. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20181027063630/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/15/world/asia/taiwan-turns-light-on-1947-slaughter-by-chiang-kai-sheks-troops.html?_r=0. October 27, 2018. To somber cello music that evokes 'Schindler's List,' displays memorialize the lives lost, including much of the island's elite: painters, lawyers, professors, and doctors. In 1992, an official commission estimated that 18,000 to 28,000 people had been killed..
10. Web site: Today in History: The Riots of February 28, 1948 . ghanaweb.com . 11 November 2024 . 28 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241111203824/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Today-in-History-The-Riots-of-February-28-1948-1722647 . 11 November 2024 . live .
11. GOLD COAST (RIOTING, ACCRA) . Hansard . 1 March 1948 . 448 . 11 November 2024.
12. Web site: The Riots of 28th February 1948 . www.praad.gov.gh . Public Records and Archives Administration Department . 11 November 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190430061143/http://praad.gov.gh/index.php/the-riots-of-28th-february-1948/ . 30 April 2019 . Accra . 28 February 2019 . live.
13. Book: Bulletin . Tennessee Folklore Society . 1999 . 122 . 2021-08-01 . Google Books . https://web.archive.org/web/20210801133901/https://books.google.com/books?id=m0hLAAAAYAAJ . 2021-08-01 . live.
14. Book: Drummer, G.W.A. Electronic Inventions and Discoveries: Electronics from its earliest beginnings to the present day. Fourth. Google Books. 1 January 1997. CRC Press. 978-0-7503-0493-1. 185. 1 August 2021. 1 August 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210801133900/https://books.google.com/books?id=e35kJYAlyCgC&pg=PA185. live.
15. Web site: 1969 earthquake the sea bubbled and the country took to the streets in pyjamas | Safe Communities Portugal . 2023-10-30 . 2023-10-30 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231030115538/https://www.safecommunitiesportugal.com/1969-earthquake-the-sea-bubbled-and-the-country-took-to-the-streets-in-pyjamas/ . live .
16. Web site: 31 December 2014 . Plane crash Yak-40 near Semipalatinsk Airport . AVIA.PRO . 27 February 2025 . 25 February 2025 . https://web.archive.org/web/20250225145117/https://avia-pro.net/blog/aviakatastrofa-yak-40-bliz-aeroporta-semipalatinska-1973 . live .
17. Book: Cook, Chris. A Short History of the Liberal Party. Macmillan Press. Basingstoke. 1998. 978-0-333-73516-9. 155 - 156, 246.
18. Web site: A brief history of the Underground. Transport for London. 28 January 2018. . 12 June 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180612192039/https://tfl.gov.uk/corporate/about-tfl/culture-and-heritage/londons-transport-a-history/london-underground/a-brief-history-of-the-underground. live.
19. News: Finale Of M*A*S*H Draws Record Number Of Viewers . The New York Times . March 3, 1983 . August 1, 2023 . November 23, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230801140934/https://www.nytimes.com/1983/03/03/arts/finale-of-m-a-s-h-draws-record-number-of-viewers.html . live .
20. News: I.R.A. MORTARS KILL 9 AT ULSTER BASE . The New York Times . 1 March 1985 . 28 February 2015 . 3 April 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150403070742/http://www.nytimes.com/1985/03/01/world/ira-mortars-kill-9-at-ulster-base.html . live .
21. Web site: The investigation committee report (1999:88) . https://web.archive.org/web/20071202132145/http://www.regeringen.se/content/1/c4/12/44/6a2655da.pdf . 2 December 2007 . 159 . sv.
22. Mechelay. Joseph E.. Germany. D. M.. Nicholson. Leonard S.. STS-36 Space Shuttle mission report. April 1, 1990. NASA. August 31, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240831172450/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19920007756/downloads/19920007756.pdf. August 31, 2024. free. 2060/19920007756. live.
23. News: Remembering the Waco Siege . ABC News . Justin Sturken and Mary Dore . February 28, 2007 . 2008-06-23 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080803060928/http://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=2908955&page=1 . August 3, 2008 . live . mdy-all .
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170. Web site: Randy Arozarena . . 27 February 2024 . 27 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240227062614/https://www.mlb.com/player/randy-arozarena-668227 . live .
171. Web site: Rose . Mike . Today's famous birthdays list for February 28, 2023 includes celebrities John Turturro, Bernadette Peters . . . 27 February 2024 . 28 February 2023 . 25 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240225211345/https://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/2023/02/todays-famous-birthdays-list-for-february-28-2023-includes-celebrities-john-turturro-bernadette-peters.html . live .
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183. One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Bain, Robert Nisbet (1911). "Christian IV.". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 276–277.
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189. Book: Daniel, Thomas M.. Pioneers of Medicine and Their Impact on Tuberculosis. September 18, 2000. University Rochester Press. 978-1-58046-067-5. Google Books. September 18, 2021. March 1, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220301144302/https://books.google.com/books?id=ipIrT1Hf-dYC&q=%22Clemens+von+Pirquet%22+suicide&pg=PA155. live.
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195. News: Eddie Anderson, 71, Benny's Rochester. Gravel-Voiced Comedian Noted for 'What's That, Boss?' Line Played Valet for More Than 30 Years. . Eddie (Rochester) Anderson, the gravel voiced comedian who played Jack Benny's valet for more than 30 years, died yesterday at the Motion Picture Country House and Hospital in Los Angeles. He was 71 years old and had been under treatment for a heart ailment since December. . . March 1, 1977 . May 24, 2008 . September 25, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170925040502/http://www.nytimes.com/1977/03/01/archives/eddie-anderson-71-bennys-rochester-gravelvoiced-comedian-noted-for.html . live . (subscription required)
196. Died. Eddie Anderson, 71, who played the late Jack Benny's hoarse, heckling valet Rochester on radio, TV, and film for more than 30 years; of heart disease; in Los Angeles. In 1937, Anderson made what was supposed to be a one-shot appearance on the Benny broadcast; the audience loved his drollery and he became a member of the cast. Anderson constantly deflated Benny's pomposity with a high-pitched, incredulous, "What's that, boss?". Time. March 14, 1977. May 24, 2008. June 4, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080604183719/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,947282,00.html. (subscription required)
197. Cancer Claims 'Mother Jefferson' At Age 86. March 16, 1978. 54. Jet. 52. 25. August 29, 2018. May 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210510223159/https://books.google.com/books?id=Pb8DAAAAMBAJ&q=Zara+Cully+Brown&pg=PA54. live.
198. News: Ruby Keeler, tap dancing actress, is dead at 82 (sic). The New York Times. March 3, 1993. December 25, 2015. Stephen. Holden. December 27, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151227015732/http://www.nytimes.com/1993/03/01/arts/ruby-keeler-tap-dancing-actress-is-dead-at-82.html. live.
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200. News: Soap opera star Mary Stuart dead at age 76 . January 29, 2019 . Longview News-Journal . New York Times News Service . March 4, 2002 . Texas, Longview . 19 . . January 29, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190129181345/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/27766983/mary_stuart/ . live .
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202. News: Marathon founder Brasher dies. BBC Sport. 28 February 2003. 22 April 2007. BBC News. 19 March 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070319144719/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/athletics/2807839.stm. live.
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205. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1959. NobelPrize.org. 2021-05-10. 2019-10-04. https://web.archive.org/web/20191004024027/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1959/chamberlain/facts/. live.
206. News: Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., a Partisan Historian of Power, Is Dead at 89 . Douglas Martin . . https://web.archive.org/web/20081210203508/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/02/obituaries/02schlesinger.html . December 10, 2008 . March 2, 2007 . live . mdy .
207. News: Holley . Joe . Beloved Radio Broadcaster Paul Harvey Dies at 90 . 25 July 2021 . . March 1, 2009 . 27 September 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210927175817/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/02/28/AR2009022802096.html . live .
208. News: Annie Girardot, Versatile French Actress, Dies at 79 . The New York Times . William . Grimes . 1 March 2011 . 25 July 2021 . 25 July 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210725195434/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/02/movies/02girardot.html?_r=1&src=twrhp . live .
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212. Web site: Reuters . 2015-02-28. Yasar Kemal, celebrated Turkish novelist, dead at 91. 2021-08-30. The Guardian. en. 2021-08-30. https://web.archive.org/web/20210830183504/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/28/yasar-kemal-celebrated-turkish-novelist-dies-at-91. live.
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