February 5 Explained

Events

Pre-1600

• 2 BC  - Caesar Augustus is granted the title pater patriae by the Roman Senate.^[1]
• 62  - An earthquake with an estimated intensity between IX or X on the Mercalli scale occurs in Pompeii, Italy.^[2]
• 756  - An Lushan proclaims himself Emperor of China, founding the short-lived state of Yan.^[3]
• 1265 – Pope Clement IV is elected as the 183rd Bishop of Rome and head of the Catholic Church.^[4]
• 1576  - Henry of Navarre abjures Catholicism at Tours and rejoins the Protestant forces in the French Wars of Religion.^[5]
• 1597  - A group of early Japanese Christians are killed by the new government of Japan for being seen as a threat to Japanese society.^[6]

1601–1900

• 1783  - In Calabria, a sequence of strong earthquakes begins.^[7]
• 1810  - Peninsular War: Siege of Cádiz begins.
• 1818  - Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte ascends to the thrones of Sweden and Norway.
• 1852  - The New Hermitage Museum in Saint Petersburg, Russia, one of the largest and oldest museums in the world, opens to the public.^[8]
• 1859  - Alexandru Ioan Cuza, Prince of Moldavia, is also elected as prince of Wallachia, joining the two principalities as a personal union called the United Principalities, an autonomous region within the Ottoman Empire, which ushered in the birth of the modern Romanian state.^[9]
• 1869  - The largest alluvial gold nugget in history, called the "Welcome Stranger", is found in Moliagul, Victoria, Australia.^[10]
• 1885  - King Leopold II of Belgium establishes the Congo as a personal possession.^[11]

1901–present

• 1901  - J. P. Morgan incorporates U.S. Steel in the state of New Jersey,^[12] although the company would not start doing business until February 25^[13] and the assets of Andrew Carnegie's Carnegie Steel Company, Elbert H. Gary's Federal Steel Company, and William Henry Moore's National Steel Company were not acquired until April 1.^[14]
• 1905  - In Mexico, the General Hospital of Mexico is inaugurated, initially with four basic specialties.
• 1907  - Belgian chemist Leo Baekeland announces the creation of Bakelite, the world's first synthetic plastic.
• 1913  - Greek military aviators Michael Moutoussis and Aristeidis Moraitinis perform the first naval air mission in history, with a Farman MF.7 hydroplane.
• 1913  - Claudio Monteverdi's last opera L'incoronazione di Poppea was performed theatrically for the first time in more than 250 years.^[15]
• 1917  - The current constitution of Mexico is adopted, establishing a federal republic with powers separated into independent executive, legislative, and judicial branches.
• 1917  - The Congress of the United States passes the Immigration Act of 1917 over President Woodrow Wilson's veto.
• 1918  - Stephen W. Thompson shoots down a German airplane; this is the first aerial victory by the U.S. military.
• 1918  - is torpedoed off the coast of Ireland; it is the first ship carrying American troops to Europe to be torpedoed and sunk.
• 1919  - Charlie Chaplin, Mary Pickford, Douglas Fairbanks, and D. W. Griffith launch United Artists.
• 1924  - The Royal Greenwich Observatory begins broadcasting the hourly time signals known as the Greenwich Time Signal.
• 1933  - Mutiny on Royal Netherlands Navy warship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën off the coast of Sumatra, Dutch East Indies.
• 1941  - World War II: Allied forces begin the Battle of Keren to capture Keren, Eritrea.
• 1945  - World War II: General Douglas MacArthur returns to Manila.
• 1958  - Gamal Abdel Nasser is nominated to be the first president of the United Arab Republic.
• 1958  - A hydrogen bomb known as the Tybee Bomb is lost by the US Air Force off the coast of Savannah, Georgia, never to be recovered.
• 1962  - French President Charles de Gaulle calls for Algeria to be granted independence.
• 1963  - The European Court of Justice's ruling in Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen establishes the principle of direct effect, one of the most important, if not the most important, decisions in the development of European Union law.
• 1967  - Cultural Revolution: The Shanghai People's Commune is formally proclaimed, with Yao Wenyuan and Zhang Chunqiao being appointed as its leaders.^[16]
• 1971  - Astronauts land on the Moon in the Apollo 14 mission.
• 1975  - Riots break out in Lima, Peru after the police forces go on strike the day before. The uprising (locally known as the Limazo) is bloodily suppressed by the military dictatorship.
• 1981  - Operation Soap: The Metropolitan Toronto Police Force raids four gay bathhouses in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, arresting just under 300, triggering mass protest and rallies.^[17]
• 1985  - Ugo Vetere, then the mayor of Rome, and Chedli Klibi, then the mayor of Carthage, meet in Tunis to sign a treaty of friendship officially ending the Third Punic War which lasted 2,131 years.
• 1988  - Manuel Noriega is indicted on drug smuggling and money laundering charges.
• 1994  - Byron De La Beckwith is convicted of the 1963 murder of civil rights leader Medgar Evers.
• 1994  - Markale massacres, more than 60 people are killed and some 200 wounded as a mortar shell explodes in a downtown marketplace in Sarajevo.
• 1997  - The so-called Big Three banks in Switzerland announce the creation of a $71 million fund to aid Holocaust survivors and their families.
• 2000  - Russian forces massacre at least 60 civilians in the Novye Aldi suburb of Grozny, Chechnya.
• 2004  - Rebels from the Revolutionary Artibonite Resistance Front capture the city of Gonaïves, starting the 2004 Haiti rebellion.
• 2008  - A major tornado outbreak across the Southern United States kills 57.
• 2016  - New Zealand politician Steven Joyce is hit by a flung rubber dildo in a Waitangi Day protest.^[18]
• 2019  - Pope Francis becomes the first Pope in history to visit and perform papal mass in the Arabian Peninsula during his visit to Abu Dhabi.^[19]
• 2020  - United States President Donald Trump is acquitted by the United States Senate in his first impeachment trial.^[20]
• 2020  - Pegasus Airlines Flight 2193 overshoots the runway at Sabiha Gökçen International Airport and crashes, killing three people and injuring 179.^[21]

Births

Pre-1600

• 976  - Sanjō, emperor of Japan (died 1017)
• 1321  - John II, marquess of Montferrat (died 1372)
• 1438  - Philip II, duke of Savoy (died 1497)
• 1505  - Aegidius Tschudi, Swiss statesman and historian (died 1572)
• 1519  - René of Châlon, prince of Orange (died 1544)
• 1525  - Juraj Drašković, Croatian Catholic cardinal (died 1587)
• 1533  - Andreas Dudith, Croatian-Hungarian nobleman and diplomat (died 1589)
• 1534  - Giovanni de' Bardi, Italian soldier, composer, and critic (died 1612)
• 1589  - Esteban Manuel de Villegas, Spanish poet and educator (died 1669)
• 1594  - Biagio Marini, Italian violinist and composer (died 1663)

1601–1900

• 1608  - Gaspar Schott, German mathematician and physicist (died 1666)
• 1626  - Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, marquise de Sévigné, French author (died 1696)^[22]
• 1650  - Anne Jules de Noailles, French general (died 1708)
• 1703  - Gilbert Tennent, Irish-American minister (died 1764)
• 1723  - John Witherspoon, Scottish-American minister and academic (died 1794)
• 1725  - James Otis Jr., American lawyer and politician (died 1783)
• 1744  - John Jeffries, American medical doctor, scientist, military surgeon, and inspiration for National Weatherperson's Day^[23]
• 1748  - Christian Gottlob Neefe, German composer and conductor (died 1798)
• 1788  - Robert Peel, English lieutenant and politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (died 1850)
• 1795  - Wilhelm Karl Ritter von Haidinger, Austrian mineralogist, geologist, and physicist (died 1871)
• 1804  - Johan Ludvig Runeberg, Finnish poet and hymn-writer (died 1877)
• 1808  - Carl Spitzweg, German painter and poet (died 1885)
• 1810  - Ole Bull, Norwegian violinist and composer (died 1880)
• 1827  - Peter Lalor, Irish-Australian activist and politician (died 1889)
• 1837  - Dwight L. Moody, American evangelist and publisher, founded Moody Church, Moody Bible Institute, and Moody Publishers (died 1899)
• 1840  - John Boyd Dunlop, Scottish businessman, co-founded Dunlop Rubber (died 1921)
• 1840  - Hiram Maxim, American engineer, invented the Maxim gun (died 1916)
• 1847  - Eduard Magnus Jakobson, Estonian missionary and engraver (died 1903)
• 1848  - Joris-Karl Huysmans, French author and critic (died 1907)
• 1848  - Ignacio Carrera Pinto, Chilean lieutenant (died 1882)
• 1852  - Terauchi Masatake, Japanese field marshal and politician, 9th Prime Minister of Japan (died 1919)
• 1866  - Domhnall Ua Buachalla, Irish politician, 3rd and last Governor-General of the Irish Free State (died 1963)
• 1870  - Charles Edmund Brock, British painter and book illustrator (died 1938)
• 1876  - Ernie McLea, Canadian ice hockey player (died 1931)
• 1878  - André Citroën, French engineer and businessman, founded Citroën (died 1935)
• 1880  - Gabriel Voisin, French pilot and engineer (died 1973)
• 1889  - Patsy Hendren, English cricketer and footballer (died 1962)
• 1889  - Ernest Tyldesley, English cricketer (died 1962)
• 1889  - Recep Peker, Turkish officer and politician (died 1950)
• 1891  - Renato Petronio, Italian rower (died 1976)
• 1892  - Elizabeth Ryan, American tennis player (died 1979)
• 1897  - Dirk Stikker, Dutch businessman and politician, 3rd Secretary General of NATO (died 1979)
• 1900  - Adlai Stevenson II, American soldier, politician, and diplomat, 5th United States Ambassador to the United Nations (died 1965)^[24]

1901–present

• 1903  - Koto Matsudaira, Japanese diplomat, ambassador to the United Nations (died 1994)^[25]
• 1903  - Joan Whitney Payson, American businesswoman and philanthropist (died 1975)
• 1906  - John Carradine, American actor (died 1988)^[26]
• 1907  - Birgit Dalland, Norwegian politician (died 2007)
• 1907  - Pierre Pflimlin, French politician, Prime Minister of France (died 2000)
• 1908  - Marie Baron, Dutch swimmer and diver (died 1948)
• 1908  - Peg Entwistle, Welsh-American actress (died 1932)^[27]
• 1908  - Eugen Weidmann, German criminal (died 1939)
• 1909  - Grażyna Bacewicz, Polish violinist and composer (died 1969)
• 1910  - Charles Philippe Leblond, French-Canadian biologist and academic (died 2007)
• 1910  - Francisco Varallo, Argentinian footballer (died 2010)
• 1911  - Jussi Björling, Swedish tenor (died 1960)
• 1914  - William S. Burroughs, American novelist, short story writer, and essayist (died 1997)^[28]
• 1914  - Alan Lloyd Hodgkin, English physiologist, biophysicist, and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1998)
• 1915  - Robert Hofstadter, American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1990)
• 1917  - Edward J. Mortola, American academic and president of Pace University (died 2002)^[29]
• 1917  - Isuzu Yamada, Japanese actress (died 2012)
• 1919  - Red Buttons, American actor (died 2006)^[30]
• 1919  - Tim Holt, American actor (died 1973)^[31]
• 1919  - Andreas Papandreou, Greek economist and politician, Prime Minister of Greece (died 1996)
• 1921  - Ken Adam, German-born English production designer and art director (died 2016)^[32]
• 1923  - Claude King, American country music singer-songwriter and guitarist (died 2013)
• 1923  - James E. Bowman, American physician and academic (died 2011)
• 1924  - Duraisamy Simon Lourdusamy, Indian cardinal (died 2014)
• 1927  - Robert Allen, American pianist and composer (died 2000)
• 1927  - Jacob Veldhuyzen van Zanten, Dutch captain and pilot (died 1977)
• 1928  - Hristu Cândroveanu, Romanian editor, literary critic and writer (died 2013)^[33]
• 1928  - Tage Danielsson, Swedish author, actor, and director (died 1985)
• 1928  - Andrew Greeley, American priest, sociologist, and author (died 2013)^[34]
• 1928  - P. J. Vatikiotis, Israeli-American historian and political scientist (died 1997)
• 1929  - Hal Blaine, American session drummer (died 2019)
• 1929  - Luc Ferrari, French pianist and composer (died 2005)
• 1929  - Fred Sinowatz, Austrian politician, 19th Chancellor of Austria (died 2008)
• 1932  - Cesare Maldini, Italian footballer and manager (died 2016)
• 1933  - Jörn Donner, Finnish director and screenwriter (died 2020)
• 1933  - B. S. Johnson, English author, poet, and critic (died 1973)
• 1934  - Hank Aaron, American baseball player (died 2021)^[35]
• 1934  - Don Cherry, Canadian ice hockey player, coach, and sportscaster^[36]
• 1935  - Alex Harvey, Scottish singer-songwriter and guitarist (died 1982)
• 1935  - Johannes Geldenhuys, South African military commander (died 2018)
• 1936  - K. S. Nissar Ahmed, Indian poet and academic (died 2020)
• 1937  - Stuart Damon, American actor and singer (died 2021)
• 1937  - Larry Hillman, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (died 2022)
• 1937  - Gaston Roelants, Belgian runner
• 1937  - Alar Toomre, Estonian-American astronomer and mathematician
• 1937  - Wang Xuan, Chinese computer scientist and academic (died 2006)
• 1938  - Rafael Nieto Navia, Colombian lawyer, jurist, and diplomat (died 2024)
• 1939  - Brian Luckhurst, English cricketer (died 2005)
• 1939  - Jane Bryant Quinn, American financial journalist
• 1940  - H. R. Giger, Swiss painter, sculptor, and set designer (died 2014)^[37]
• 1940  - Luke Graham, American wrestler (died 2006)
• 1941  - Stephen J. Cannell, American actor, producer, and screenwriter (died 2010)^[38]
• 1941  - Henson Cargill, American country music singer (died 2007)
• 1941  - David Selby, American actor and playwright^[39]
• 1941  - Barrett Strong, American soul singer-songwriter and pianist (died 2023)
• 1941  - Kaspar Villiger, Swiss engineer and politician, 85th President of the Swiss Confederation
• 1942  - Roger Staubach, American football player, sportscaster, and businessman^[40]
• 1943  - Nolan Bushnell, American engineer and businessman, founded Atari, Inc.^[41]
• 1943  - Michael Mann, American director, producer, and screenwriter
• 1943  - Craig Morton, American football player and sportscaster
• 1943  - Dušan Uhrin, Czech and Slovak footballer and manager
• 1944  - J. R. Cobb, American guitarist and songwriter (died 2019)
• 1944  - Henfil, Brazilian journalist, author, and illustrator (died 1988)
• 1944  - Al Kooper, American singer-songwriter and producer
• 1944  - Tamanoumi Masahiro, Japanese sumo wrestler, the 51st Yokozuna (died 1971)
• 1945  - Douglas Hogg, English lawyer and politician, Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food
• 1946  - Amnon Dankner, Israeli journalist and author (died 2013)
• 1946  - Charlotte Rampling, English actress
• 1947  - Mary L. Cleave, American engineer and astronaut (died 2023)
• 1947  - Clemente Mastella, Italian politician, Italian Minister of Justice
• 1947  - Darrell Waltrip, American race car driver and sportscaster
• 1948  - Sven-Göran Eriksson, Swedish footballer and manager (died 2024)^[42]
• 1948  - Christopher Guest, British-American actor and director^[43]
• 1948  - Barbara Hershey, American actress^[44]
• 1948  - Errol Morris, American director and producer^[45]
• 1948  - Tom Wilkinson, English actor (died 2023)^[46]
• 1949  - Kurt Beck, German politician
• 1949  - Maidarjavyn Ganzorig, Mongolian cosmonaut and academic (died 2021)^[47]
• 1949  - Yvon Vallières, Canadian educator and politician
• 1950  - Jonathan Freeman, American actor and singer^[48]
• 1950  - Rafael Puente, Mexican footballer
• 1951  - Nikolay Merkushkin, Mordovian engineer and politician, 1st Head of the Republic of Mordovia
• 1952  - Daniel Balavoine, French singer-songwriter and producer (died 1986)
• 1952  - Vladimir Moskovkin, Ukrainian-Russian geographer, economist, and academic
• 1953  - Freddie Aguilar, Filipino singer-songwriter and guitarist (died 2025)
• 1953  - John Beilein, American basketball player and coach
• 1953  - Gustavo Benítez, Paraguayan footballer and manager
• 1954  - Cliff Martinez, American drummer and songwriter
• 1954  - Frank Walker, Australian journalist and author
• 1955  - Mike Heath, American baseball player and manager
• 1956  - Vinnie Colaiuta, American drummer
• 1956  - Héctor Rebaque, Mexican race car driver
• 1956  - David Wiesner, American author and illustrator
• 1956  - Mao Daichi, Japanese actress
• 1957  - Jüri Tamm, Estonian hammer thrower and politician (died 2021)
• 1959  - Jennifer Granholm, Canadian-American lawyer and politician, 47th Governor of Michigan^[49]
• 1960  - Aris Christofellis, Greek soprano and musicologist
• 1960  - Bonnie Crombie, Canadian businesswoman and politician, 6th Mayor of Mississauga
• 1960  - Micky Hazard, English footballer^[50]
• 1961  - Savvas Kofidis, Greek footballer and manager
• 1961  - Tim Meadows, American actor and screenwriter^[51]
• 1962  - Jennifer Jason Leigh, American actress, screenwriter, producer and director
• 1963  - Steven Shainberg, American film director and producer
• 1964  - Laura Linney, American actress
• 1964  - Ha Seung-moo, Korean poet, pastor, historical theologian
• 1964  - Duff McKagan, American singer-songwriter, bass player, and producer^[52]
• 1965  - Tarik Benhabiles, Algerian-French tennis player and coach
• 1965  - Gheorghe Hagi, Romanian footballer and manager
• 1965  - Keith Moseley, American bass player and songwriter
• 1965  - Quique Sánchez Flores, Spanish footballer and manager
• 1965  - Jon Spencer, American singer, guitarist, and bandleader
• 1966  - José María Olazábal, Spanish golfer
• 1966  - Rok Petrovič, Slovenian skier (died 1993)
• 1967  - Chris Parnell, American actor and comedian^[53]
• 1968  - Roberto Alomar, Puerto Rican-American baseball player and coach
• 1968  - Chris Barron, American rock singer^[54]
• 1968  - Marcus Grönholm, Finnish race car driver
• 1969  - Bobby Brown, American singer-songwriter, dancer, and actor
• 1969  - Michael Sheen, Welsh actor and director
• 1969  - Derek Stephen Prince, American voice actor
• 1970  - Jean-Marc Jaumin, Belgian basketball player and coach
• 1970  - Darren Lehmann, Australian cricketer and coach
• 1970  - Jeremy Rockliff, Australian politician, 47th Premier of Tasmania^[55]
• 1971  - Michel Breistroff, French ice hockey player (died 1996)
• 1971  - Sara Evans, American country singer
• 1972  - Queen Mary of Denmark^[56]
• 1972  - Brad Fittler, Australian rugby league player, coach, and sportscaster
• 1973  - Richard Matvichuk, Canadian ice hockey player and coach
• 1973  - Trijntje Oosterhuis, Dutch singer-songwriter
• 1973  - Luke Ricketson, Australian rugby league player and sportscaster
• 1974  - Michael Maguire, Australian rugby league player and coach
• 1975  - Giovanni van Bronckhorst, Dutch footballer and manager
• 1976  - John Aloisi, Australian footballer and manager
• 1976  - Abhishek Bachchan, Indian actor
• 1977  - Ben Ainslie, English sailor
• 1977  - Adam Dykes, Australian rugby league player
• 1977  - Adam Everett, American baseball player and coach
• 1978  - Brian Russell, American football player
• 1978  - Samuel Sánchez, Spanish cyclist
• 1979  - Nate Holzapfel, American entrepreneur and television personality
• 1980  - Brad Fitzpatrick, American programmer, created LiveJournal
• 1980  - Jo Swinson, Scottish politician
• 1981  - Mia Hansen-Løve, French director and screenwriter
• 1981  - Loukas Vyntra, Czech-Greek footballer
• 1982  - Laura del Río, Spanish footballer
• 1982  - Kevin Everett, American football player
• 1982  - Tomáš Kopecký, Slovak ice hockey player
• 1982  - Rodrigo Palacio, Argentinian footballer
• 1983  - Anja Hammerseng-Edin, Norwegian handball player
• 1984  - Carlos Tevez, Argentinian footballer
• 1985  - Lloyd Johansson, Australian rugby player
• 1985  - Laurence Maroney, American football player
• 1985  - Cristiano Ronaldo, Portuguese footballer
• 1986  - Vedran Ćorluka, Croatian footballer^[57]
• 1986  - Kevin Gates, American rapper, singer, and entrepreneur^{[58] [59] [60]}
• 1987  - Alex Brightman, American actor, singer, and voice actor^[61]
• 1989  - Jeremy Sumpter, American actor^[62]
• 1990  - Dmitry Andreikin, Russian chess player
• 1990  - Bhuvneshwar Kumar, Indian cricketer
• 1990  - Jordan Rhodes, Scottish footballer
• 1991  - Nabil Bahoui, Swedish footballer
• 1991  - Gerald Tusha, Albanian footballer
• 1992  - Stefan de Vrij, Dutch footballer
• 1992  - Neymar, Brazilian footballer
• 1993  - Leilani Latu, Australian rugby league player
• 1993  - Ty Rattie, Canadian ice hockey player
• 1995  - Adnan Januzaj, Belgian-Albanian footballer
• 1996  - Stina Blackstenius, Swedish footballer
• 1997  - Patrick Roberts, English footballer
• 2001  - Kim Min-ju, South Korean actress^[63]
• 2002  - Jisung, South Korean rapper^[64]
• 2002  - Taehyun, South Korean singer-songwriter^[65]
• 2016  - Jigme Namgyel Wangchuck, Bhutanese prince

Deaths

Pre-1600

• 523  - Avitus of Vienne, Gallo-Roman bishop
• 994  - William IV, duke of Aquitaine (born 937)
• 1015  - Adelaide, German abbess and saint
• 1036  - Alfred Aetheling, Anglo-Saxon prince
• 1146  - Zafadola, Arab emir of Zaragoza
• 1578  - Giovanni Battista Moroni, Italian painter (born 1520)

1601–1900

• 1661  - Shunzhi, Chinese emperor of the Qing Dynasty (born 1638)
• 1705  - Philipp Spener, German theologian and author (born 1635)
• 1751  - Henri François d'Aguesseau, French jurist and politician, Chancellor of France (born 1668)
• 1754  - Nicolaas Kruik, Dutch astronomer and cartographer (born 1678)
• 1766  - Count Leopold Joseph von Daun, Austrian field marshal (born 1705)
• 1775  - Eusebius Amort, German theologian and academic (born 1692)
• 1790  - William Cullen, Scottish physician and chemist (born 1710)^[66]
• 1807  - Pasquale Paoli, Corsican commander and politician (born 1725)
• 1818  - Charles XIII, king of Sweden (born 1748)
• 1881  - Thomas Carlyle, Scottish philosopher, historian, and academic (born 1795)
• 1882  - Adolfo Rivadeneyra, Spanish orientalist and diplomat (born 1841)
• 1892  - Emilie Flygare-Carlén, Swedish author (born 1807)

1901–present

• 1915  - Ross Barnes, American baseball player and manager (born 1850)
• 1917  - Jaber II Al-Sabah, Kuwaiti ruler (born 1860)
• 1922  - Slavoljub Eduard Penkala, Croatian engineer, invented the mechanical pencil (born 1871)
• 1927  - Inayat Khan, Indian mystic and educator (born 1882)
• 1931  - Athanasios Eftaxias, Greek politician, 118th Prime Minister of Greece (born 1849)
• 1933  - Josiah Thomas, English-Australian miner and politician (born 1863)
• 1937  - Lou Andreas-Salomé, Russian-German psychoanalyst and author (born 1861)^[67]
• 1938  - Hans Litten, German lawyer and jurist (born 1903)
• 1941  - Banjo Paterson, Australian journalist, author, and poet (born 1864)
• 1941  - Otto Strandman, Estonian lawyer and politician, 1st Prime Minister of Estonia (born 1875)
• 1946  - George Arliss, English actor and playwright (born 1868)^[68]
• 1948  - Johannes Blaskowitz, German general (born 1883)
• 1952  - Adela Verne, English pianist and composer (born 1877)
• 1954  - Hossein Sami'i, Iranian politician, diplomat, writer and poet (born 1876)
• 1955  - Victor Houteff, Bulgarian religious reformer and author (born 1885)^[69]
• 1957  - Sami Ibrahim Haddad, Lebanese surgeon and author (born 1890)^[70]
• 1962  - Jacques Ibert, French-Swiss composer (born 1890)^[71]
• 1967  - Leon Leonwood Bean, American businessman, founded L.L.Bean (born 1872)^[72]
• 1969  - Thelma Ritter, American actress (born 1902)^[73]
• 1970  - Rudy York, American baseball player, coach, and manager (born 1913)^[74]
• 1972  - Marianne Moore, American poet, author, critic, and translator (born 1887)^[75]
• 1976  - Rudy Pompilli, American saxophonist (Bill Haley & His Comets) (born 1926)^[76]
• 1977  - Oskar Klein, Swedish physicist and academic (born 1894)^[77]
• 1981  - Ella Grasso, American politician, 83rd Governor of Connecticut (born 1919)^[78]
• 1982  - Neil Aggett, Kenyan-South African physician and union leader (born 1953)^[79]
• 1983  - Margaret Oakley Dayhoff, American chemist and academic (born 1925)^[80]
• 1984  - El Santo, Mexican professional wrestler (born 1917)^[81]
• 1987  - William Collier Jr., American actor and producer (born 1902)^[82]
• 1989  - Joe Raposo, American pianist and composer (born 1937)^[83]
• 1991  - Dean Jagger, American actor (born 1903)^[84]
• 1992  - Miguel Rolando Covian, Argentinian-Brazilian physiologist and academic (born 1913)^[85]
• 1993  - Seán Flanagan, Irish footballer and politician, 7th Irish Minister for Health (born 1922)
• 1993  - Joseph L. Mankiewicz, American director, producer, and screenwriter (born 1909)^[86]
• 1993  - William Pène du Bois, American author and illustrator (born 1916)^[87]
• 1995  - Doug McClure, American actor (born 1935)^[88]
• 1997  - Pamela Harriman, English-American diplomat, 58th United States Ambassador to France (born 1920)^[89]
• 1997  - René Huyghe, French historian and author (born 1906)^[90]
• 1998  - Tim Kelly, American guitarist (born 1963)^[91]
• 1999  - Wassily Leontief, Russian-American economist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (born 1906)^[92]
• 2000  - Claude Autant-Lara, French director and screenwriter (born 1901)^[93]
• 2004  - John Hench, American animator (born 1908)^[94]
• 2005  - Gnassingbé Eyadéma, Togolese general and politician, President of Togo (born 1937)^[95]
• 2005  - Michalina Wisłocka, Polish gynecologist and sexologist (born 1921)^[96]
• 2006  - Norma Candal, Puerto Rican-American actress (born 1927)^[97]
• 2007  - Leo T. McCarthy, New Zealand-American soldier, lawyer, and politician, 43rd Lieutenant Governor of California (born 1930)^[98]
• 2008  - Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, Indian guru, founded Transcendental Meditation (born 1918)^[99]
• 2010  - Brendan Burke, Canadian ice hockey player and activist (born 1988)^[100]
• 2010  - Harry Schwarz, South African lawyer, anti-apartheid leader, and diplomat, 13th South Africa Ambassador to United States (born 1924)
• 2011  - Brian Jacques, English author and radio host (born 1939)^[101]
• 2011  - Peggy Rea, American actress and casting director (born 1921)^[102]
• 2012  - Sam Coppola, American actor (born 1932)
• 2012  - Al De Lory, American keyboard player, conductor, and producer (born 1930)
• 2012  - John Turner Sargent Sr., American publisher (born 1924)^[103]
• 2012  - Jo Zwaan, Dutch sprinter (born 1922)^[104]
• 2013  - Reinaldo Gargano, Uruguayan journalist and politician, Minister of Foreign Affairs for Uruguay (born 1934)
• 2013  - Egil Hovland, Norwegian composer and conductor (born 1924)^[105]
• 2013  - Tom McGuigan, New Zealand soldier and politician, 23rd New Zealand Minister of Health (born 1921)^[106]
• 2014  - Robert Dahl, American political scientist and academic (born 1915)^[107]
• 2015  - K. N. Choksy, Sri Lankan lawyer and politician, Minister of Finance of Sri Lanka (born 1933)^[108]
• 2015  - Marisa Del Frate, Italian actress and singer (born 1931)^[109]
• 2015  - Val Logsdon Fitch, American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (born 1923)^[110]
• 2015  - Herman Rosenblat, Polish-American author (born 1929)^[111]
• 2016  - Ciriaco Cañete, Filipino martial artist (born 1919)
• 2020  - Kirk Douglas, American actor (born 1916)^[112]
• 2021 – Örs Siklósi, Hungarian singer (born 1991)^[113]
• 2021  - Christopher Plummer, Canadian actor (born 1929)^[114]
• 2023  - Pervez Musharraf, Pakistani military officer and politician, 10th President of Pakistan (born 1943)^[115]
• 2024  - Toby Keith, American country singer (born 1961)^[116]
• 2025  - Irv Gotti, American record producer, co-founded Murder Inc Records (born 1970)^[117]

Holidays and observances

• Christian feast day:
  • Adelaide of Vilich
  • Agatha of Sicily^[118]
  • Avitus of Vienne
  • Bertulf (Bertoul) of Renty
  • Ingenuinus (Jenewein)
  • Roger Williams, Anne Hutchinson (Episcopal Church (United States))
  • 26 Martyrs of Japan (in Evangelical Lutheran Church in America and Anglican Church in Japan)
  • February 5 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
• Kashmir Solidarity Day (Pakistan)
• Runeberg Day (Finland)^[119]

Sources

• • Book: Fentress. Elizabeth. Limane. Hassan. Volubilis après Rome. Fouilles 2000-2004. Brill. 2018.
• Book: Fremont-Barnes, Gregory . The Napoleonic wars : the Peninsular War 1807-1814 . Osprey . Oxford . 2002 . 978-1-84176-370-5 . 48627486.

External links

• BBC: On This Day
  • Historical Events on February 5

Notes and References

1. Book: Swan, Peter M.. 2004. The Augustan Succession. Oxford University Press. 103–104. 978-0-19-534714-2 .
2. Book: De Carolis . E. . Patricelli . G. . Vesuvius, A.D. 79: The Destruction of Pompeii and Herculaneum . 29 April 2011 . 2003 . L'Erma di Bretschneider . 978-88-8265-199-2 . 71–76.
3. Book: Xiong, Victor C.. 2016. Capital Cities and Urban Form in Pre-modern China. Routledge. 151. 978-1-317-23556-9 .
4. Web site: February 5, 1265: The Election of Pope Clement IV & Commentary by Father Richard Kunst – Papal Artifacts . 2026-02-05 . en-US.
5. [Trevor N. Dupuy]
6. Web site: Martyrs List. Twenty-Six Martyrs Museum. 2010-01-10. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20100214135648/http://www1.bbiq.jp/martyrs/ListEngl.html. 2010-02-14.
7. A revision of the 1783–1784 Calabrian (southern Italy) tsunamis. https://web.archive.org/web/20110718174657/http://www.earth-prints.org/bitstream/2122/2668/1/1496.pdf . 2011-07-18 . live. Maramai. A.. Graziani. L.. Tinti. S.. 2006. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.. 6. 6. 1053–1060. 10.5194/nhess-6-1053-2006. 2006NHESS...6.1053G. free.
8. News: February 17, 2020 . On This Day in 1852 the Hermitage Opened . en . The Moscow Times . October 21, 2021.
9. Book: Stoica, Vasile . The Roumanian Question: The Roumanians and their Lands . Pittsburgh Printing Company . 1919 . 69 . World Digital Library.
10. News: Welcome Stranger: World's largest gold nugget remembered . . O'Shea . Johnny . 5 February 2019 . 6 November 2021.
11. News: Belgium begins to face brutal colonial legacy of Leopold II . . Boffey . Daniel . 23 November 2019 . 6 November 2021.
12. Book: . Poor's Manual of Industrials. New York. Poor's Manual Company. 1916. 1776201. 1247.
13. News: Giant Steel Trust Launched at Last. The New York Times. February 26, 1901. 3. subscription.
14. News: Steel Trust's Capital to Be $1,100,000,000. The New York Times. April 2, 1901. 2. . Book: Warren, Kenneth. Big Steel: The First Century of the United States Steel Corporation, 1901-2001. Pittsburgh. University of Pittsburgh Press. 2001. 9780822970590. 21.
15. Book: Ringer, Mark. Mark Ringer. Opera's First Master: The Musical Dramas of Claudio Monteverdi . Amadeus Press. Newark N.J.. 2006. 1-57467-110-3 . 132.
16. Book: Meisner, Maurice. Maurice Meisner. Mao's China and After: A History of the People's Republic. 1986. New York. Free Press. 9780029208700. 13270932. 3rd. 329–330.
17. Web site: Toronto bathhouse raids: How the arrests galvanized the gay community .
18. News: NZ minister hit by sex toy in protest. 5 February 2016. BBC News. 6 February 2020. en-GB.
19. Web site: Pope Francis holds first Papal Mass in Abu Dhabi. 2020-08-25. www.aljazeera.com.
20. Web site: Trump impeachment vote live updates: Sharply divided Senate acquits Trump on both articles. Turner, Trish. Libby Cathey. ABCNews.go.com. February 5, 2020. February 5, 2020.
21. News: 5 February 2020 . Airliner skids, breaks open in Istanbul; 3 dead, 179 injured . 5 February 2020 . Associated Press.
22. Book: Tilley, Arthur Augustus. Madame de Sévigné: Some Aspects of Her Life and Character. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. 2016. 153. 978-1-31662-004-5.
23. Web site: n.d. . Celebrating National Weatherperson's Day . weather.gov . USA . NOAA . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20250205220244/https://www.weather.gov/cae/NationalWeatherpersonsDay. 2025-02-05 . 2026-02-05.
24. News: Adlai Ewing Stevenson: An Urbane, Witty, Articulate Politician and Diplomat. The New York Times. July 15, 1965. 10.
25. Web site: Koto Matsudaira. Munzinger. de. 2019-12-26.
26. News: Krebs. Albin. John Carradine, Actor, 82, Dies. The New York Times. November 29, 1988. B11.
27. Book: Zeruk, James. Peg Entwistle and the Hollywood Sign Suicide: A Biography. Jefferson, N.C.. McFarland & Company. 2013. 9780786473137. 12.
28. News: William S. Burroughs Dies at 83; Member of the Beat Generation Wrote 'Naked Lunch' . Richard . Severo . August 3, 1997 . The New York Times . October 22, 2007 .
29. News: Saxon. Wolfgang . Edward Mortola, 85; Oversaw Expansion at Pace . The New York Times . October 29, 2002 . February 5, 2017 . en.
30. News: Comedian Red Buttons dies at 87. BBC. July 14, 2006. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20060720134851/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/5178496.stm. July 20, 2006.
31. Book: Ryan, Jim. The Rodeo and Hollywood: Rodeo Cowboys on Screen and Western actors in the Arena. Jefferson, N.C.. McFarland & Co.. 2006. 9780786424702. 167.
32. Web site: Obituary: Ken Adam, production designer . www.scotsman.com . 11 March 2016 . 1 July 2020 . en.
33. News: Hristu Cândroveanu - un creator neobosit, dedicat cauzei etniei sale. Cristina. Titz. Ziua de Constanța. 5 February 2021. ro.
34. News: Steinfels. Peter. Andrew M. Greeley, Priest, Scholar and Scold, Is Dead at 85. The New York Times. May 30, 2013. February 6, 2025.
35. https://www.al.com/sports/2021/01/baseball-icon-hank-aaron-dead-at-age-86.html Baseball icon Hank Aaron dead at age 86
36. News: The Greatest Canadian . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . 2008 . March 11, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080512150759/http://www.cbc.ca/greatest/top_ten/nominee/cherry-don-know.html . May 12, 2008.
37. News: 'Alien' Artist H.R. Giger Dies at 74. The Hollywood Reporter. May 13, 2014. February 6, 2025.
38. News: Dennis . McLellan . Los Angeles Times . Stephen J. Cannell dies at 69; TV writer, producer . October 2, 2010 . February 6, 2025.
39. News: This week in West Virginia History - Feb. 2-8 . The Register-Herald . February 1, 2020 . February 6, 2025.
40. Book: Rand, Jonathan. Riddell Presents: The Gridiron's Greatest Quarterbacks. Champaign, Ill.. Sports Publishing. 2004. 9781582613222. 66.
41. Book: Morrison, Heather S.. Inventors of Everyday Technology. New York. Cavendish Square. 2016. 9781502606600. 12.
42. Web site: 2024-08-26 . Sven-Goran Eriksson, Swedish soccer coach who was first foreigner to lead England team, dies at 76 . 2024-08-27 . AP News . en.
43. Book: Rubinstein. William D.. Jolles. Michael. Rubinstein. Hilary L.. The Palgrave Dictionary of Anglo-Jewish History. Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK. Palgrave Macmillan. 2011. 9780230304666. 386.
44. Book: Aaker, Everett. Television Western Players, 1960-1975: A Biographical Dictionary. Jefferson, N.C.. McFarland & Company. 2017. 9781476662503. 209.
45. Book: Aitken. Ian. The Concise Routledge Encyclopedia of the Documentary Film. New York. Routledge. 2013. 9780415596428. 660.
46. News: Gilbey. Ryan. Tom Wilkinson obituary. The Guardian. 31 December 2023. 6 February 2025.
47. Book: Burgess . Colin . Interkosmos: The Eastern Bloc's Early Space Program . 2016 . Springer Praxis Books . Cham . 9783319241630 . 145.
48. Book: Willis, John. Theatre World 1993-1994. New York. Applause Theatre Book Publishers. 1996. 9781557832351. 215.
49. Book: Ford. Lynne E.. Sonneborn. Liz. Encyclopedia of Women and American Politics. New York. Facts On File. 2021. 9798887253442. 260.
50. Web site: Micky Hazard. soccerbase.com. 2 February 2020.
51. Web site: 2022-01-24 . Celebrity birthdays for the week of Jan. 30-Feb. 5 . 2023-11-10 . AP News . en.
52. Book: Stenning, Paul. Slash: Surviving Guns N' Roses, Velvet Revolver and Rock's Snake Pit. London. Music Press. 2017. 9781786064196. 20.
53. News: Rose. Mike. Famous birthdays list for today, February 5, 2025 includes celebrities Chris Parnell, Jennifer Jason Leigh. The Plain Dealer. February 5, 2025. February 6, 2025.
54. News: UPI Almanac for Wednesday, Feb. 5, 2025. UPI. February 5, 2025. February 6, 2025.
55. News: Jeremy Page Rockliff. Parliament of Tasmania. 18 August 2022. 19 October 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221019203624/https://www.parliament.tas.gov.au/history/members/rockliffj733.html. dead.
56. The regal meaning behind Queen Mary's coronation dress . Harper's Bazaar . 15 January 2024 . 15 January 2024.
57. Web site: 14. Vedran Corluka. soccerbase.com. 2 February 2020.
58. Web site: The Source |Best Hip Hop Moments in #BHM: Kevin Gates is Born. Damon. Campbell. February 5, 2016.
59. Web site: Kevin Gates Performs '2 Phones,' Details Drug Charge & Family on 'Wendy Williams' [VIDEO]]. Wanda J.. Coppage. March 14, 2016. Music Times.
60. Web site: Kevin Gates | Biography & History. AllMusic.
61. Web site: Alex Brightman (Performer). Playbill. February 6, 2026.
62. Web site: Jeremy Sumpter .
63. Web site: 아이즈원 김민주, 생일 맞아 '세젤예' 사진공개…나코도 "축하축하". 마이데일리. 6 February 2022. 18 March 2025. ko.
64. Web site: 'V앱' NCT드림, 소년들의 상큼한 매력..'마지막 첫사랑'(종합). 헤럴드경제. 8 February 2017. 23 February 2025. ko.
65. Web site: Olivia. Munson. Meet Tomorrow X Together: A guide to the group's members, tour, awards and more. USA Today. 13 September 2023. 27 October 2025. en.
66. Web site: William Cullen Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh . www.rcpe.ac.uk . 8 February 2017 . 3 December 2020 . 24 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201024052802/https://www.rcpe.ac.uk/heritage/college-history/william-cullen . dead .
67. Book: Turner, Laura Jo. Lou Andreas-Salomé. Katharina M.. Wilson. An Encyclopedia of Continental Women Writers Volume 1. New York. Garland. 1991. 36. 978-0-82408-547-6.
68. News: . Mr. George Arliss . . London, England . 6 February 1946 . 7.
69. Web site: The Shepherd's Rod: A Brief History . 16 January 2022 . 23 June 2006 . https://web.archive.org/web/20060623060444/http://www.shepherds-rod-message.org/about_us.html . dead .
70. Web site: Sami Ibrahim Haddad . Haddad . Farid . Haddad . Saad . 16 January 2022.
71. Web site: Jacques Ibert Songs, Albums, Reviews, Bio & More AllMusic . allmusic.com . 20 December 2021.
72. 1000113 . Bean, L. L. . Peter C. . Holloran . y.
73. News: Thelma Ritter, Versatile Actress With the Raspy Voice, Dies at 63 . 20 December 2021 . . 5 February 1969 . 45.
74. News: Tiger Slugger Rudy York Is Dead . Detroit Free Press . 6 February 1970 . 1D . . 18 December 2021.
75. Web site: About Marianne Moore Academy of American Poets . poets.org . 18 December 2021.
76. Book: Tobler, John . 1992 . NME Rock 'N' Roll Years . 1st . Reed International Books Ltd . London . 285 . CN 5585.
77. Deser, Stanley . Stanley Deser . Oskar Klein . Physics Today . June 1977 . 30 . 6 . 67–68 . 10.1063/1.3037609 . 1977PhT....30f..67D . free.
78. News: Ella Grasso dies at age 61 . 6 February 1981 . 8 December 2021 . El Paso Times . https://web.archive.org/web/20191211032928/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/40401598/el_paso_times/ . 11 December 2019 . live . 3 . Newspapers.com.
79. News: The death of anti-apartheid campaigner Neil Aggett and South Africa's dark past . . McRae . Donald . 22 November 2013 . 8 December 2021.
80. Book: Windsor, Laura Lynn . Women in Medicine: An Encyclopedia . 1 January 2002 . 8 December 2021 . ABC-CLIO . 978-1-57607-392-6.
81. Web site: 'El Santo': el héroe de la lucha libre mexicana, a 101 años de su nacimiento. 6 July 2021. 23 September 2018. El Financiero. es.
82. Web site: William Collier Jr BFI . https://web.archive.org/web/20170312073847/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba2768ac7 . dead . March 12, 2017 . . 8 December 2021.
83. News: Joseph G. Raposo Is Dead at 51; Helped to Create 'Sesame Street' . 6 February 1989 . Flint . Peter B. . . 7 December 2021.
84. News: Dean Jagger, Actor, 87, Is Dead; Versatile Figure in Films and TV . 6 February 1991 . Flint . Peter B. . . 7 December 2021.
85. Web site: O PROFESSOR MIQUEL ROLANDO COVIAN . https://web.archive.org/web/20030518221840/http://www.pcarp.usp.br/acsi/anterior/748/mat3.htm . 18 May 2003 . 7 December 2021.
86. News: Joseph L. Mankiewicz, Literate Skeptic of the Cinema, Dies at 83 . Joseph L. Mankiewicz, a writer, director and producer who was one of Hollywood's most literate and intelligent film makers, died yesterday at Northern Westchester Hospital in Mount Kisco, N.Y. He was 83 and lived in Bedford, N.Y. . Flint . Peter . . 6 February 1993 . 6 December 2021.
87. News: William P. du Bois Is Dead at 76; Author and Illustrator for Children . Lambert . Bruce . . 7 February 1993 . 6 December 2021.
88. News: OBITUARY: Doug McClure . Shipman . David . . 7 February 1995 . 5 December 2021.
89. News: OBITUARY : Pamela Harriman . Beevor . Antony . . 6 February 1997 . 5 December 2021.
90. Web site: René HUYGHE Académie française . fr . . 5 December 2021.
91. Web site: SLAUGHTER'S TIM KELLY DIES IN CAR CRASH . https://web.archive.org/web/20141122073828/http://www.mtv.com/news/1434110/slaughters-tim-kelly-dies-in-car-crash/ . dead . November 22, 2014 . MTV News staff . mtv.com . 6 February 1998 . 5 December 2021.
92. News: NOBEL-WINNING ECONOMIST WASSILY LEONTIEF DIES . Pearson . Richard . . 8 February 1999. 5 December 2021.
93. Web site: AUTANT-LARA Claude . fr . 2 September 2011 . 5 December 2021.
94. Web site: Disney Legend John Hench Dies . DeMott . Rick . . 5 February 2004 . 5 December 2021.
95. News: Gnassingbé Eyadéma, 69, Togo Ruler, Dies . . 7 February 2005 . 5 December 2021.
96. Web site: GROBONET - wyszukiwarka osób pochowanych - Cmentarz Ewangelicko-Augsburski w Warszawie . GROBONET – search engine for buried persons - Evangelical-Augsburg Cemetery in Warsaw . pl . 4 December 2021.
97. Web site: Norma Candal . Santiago . Javier . es . 4 December 2021.
98. News: LEO T. MCCARTHY: 1930-2007 / S.F. liberal committed to justice / He served 6 years as speaker of the Assembly and a record 12 years as lieutenant governor . sfgate.com . 6 February 2007 . 4 December 2021.
99. News: Indian guru Maharishi Yogi dies . 6 February 2008 . 4 December 2021 . BBC News.
100. News: Brendan Burke, 21; raised awareness by coming out as young, gay athlete . Stickgold . Emma . 8 February 2010. . 3 December 2021.
101. News: Redwall author Brian Jacques dies aged 71 . . 7 February 2011 . 3 December 2021.
102. News: PASSINGS: Peggy Rea, Tom Carnegie, Marie Lillo, Shearlean Duke . 12 February 2011 . 3 December 2021 . Los Angeles Times.
103. News: John Sargent, Former Doubleday President, Dies at 87 . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220102/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/09/business/john-sargent-former-doubleday-president-dies-at-87.html . 2022-01-02 . limited . live . 8 February 2012 . Weber . Bruce . . 3 December 2021.
104. Web site: Olympisch sprinter Jo Zwaan (89) overleden Atletiekunie.nl . 9 February 2012 . 3 December 2021 . Dutch . www.atletiekunie.nl . 3 December 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211203075153/https://www.atletiekunie.nl/nieuws/olympisch-sprinter-jo-zwaan-89-overleden . dead .
105. News: Egil Hovland er død . Norwegian . 6 February 2013 . 2 December 2021 . www.nrk.no.
106. News: The Hon Thomas Malcolm McGuigan . 6 February 2013 . . 2 December 2021.
107. Web site: Robert Dahl Passing . Arts & Sciences Web Team . 14 May 2014 . 1 December 2021 . University of Washington.
108. Web site: Appreciations . 1 March 2015 . 1 December 2021 . www.sundaytimes.lk.
109. News: Morta soubrette Marisa Del Frate . 1 December 2021 . . 6 February 2015.
110. Web site: Nobel laureate and Princeton physicist Val Fitch dies at age 91 . Zandonella . Catherine . 6 February 2015 . 1 December 2021 . Princeton University.
111. Web site: Herman Rosenblat, memoirist behind false Holocaust romance, dies at 85 . 19 February 2015 . 1 December 2021 . The Guardian.
112. Web site: Kirk Douglas, legendary Hollywood tough guy, dead at 103. NBC News. 5 February 2020 . en. 2020-02-06.
113. Web site: Hungary: AWS Frontman Örs Siklósi Has Died At The Age Of 29 .
114. Web site: Christopher Plummer Dead at 91. TMZ. 5 February 2021 .
115. News: Shaikh . Farzana . General Pervez Musharraf obituary . 6 February 2023 . The Guardian . 5 February 2023.
116. https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/singer-toby-keith-dead-62/story?id=106980019 Singer Toby Keith dead at 62
117. Web site: Halperin . Shirley . February 5, 2025 . Irv Gotti, Murder Inc. Records Founder Who Worked With Ashanti and Ja Rule, Dies at 54 . February 8, 2025 . . en-US.
118. Book: Cooper, J. C. . Dictionary of Christianity . Taylor and Francis . Hoboken . 2013 . 978-1-884964-49-7 .
119. Web site: Runeberg, much more than a cake. Eric. Lipchis. The Nomad Today. 4 February 2020. 4 February 2025.