A road runway or road base or highway airstrip (US), is a section of an automotive public road, highway, motorway, or similar, that is specially built (or adapted) to act as a runway for (primarily) military aircraft, and to serve as an emergency or auxiliary military airbase. These road runways allow military aircraft to continue operating even if the runway at their respective airbases (some of the most high-priority targets in any war) are degraded, damaged, or destroyed.
The first road runways were constructed towards the end of World War II in Nazi Germany, where the well-developed Reichsautobahn system allowed their military aircraft to use their motorways. During the Cold War, road runways were systematically built on both sides of the Iron Curtain, in many cases in response to the Six Day War and Operation Focus in 1967, where the Israeli Air Force in a surprise air strike disabled many of their opponents' air bases in just a few hours.[1] Countries which have built road runways include both West and East Germany, Singapore, North Korea, Taiwan, Sweden, Finland, Bulgaria, Switzerland (military significance),[2] Poland, India, Pakistan, and Czechoslovakia.
The road runways are typically 2kmto3.5kmkm (01milesto02.2mileskm) straight sections of the road or highway, where any central reservation is made of crash barriers that can be removed quickly (in order to allow aeroplanes to use the whole width of the road). Other features of an airbase (taxiways, aircraft parking aprons) may also be built. The road will need a thicker-than-normal surface and a solid concrete base. The specialised equipment of a typical airfield are stored somewhere nearby, and only moved to the road runway when airfield operations start. The road runways can be converted from motorways to airbases typically within 24-to-48 hours. The road would need to be swept to remove any FOD debris before use by aircraft. Road runways can however also be quite small; the short runways built in the Swedish Bas 90 system are commonly only 800m (2,600feet) in length. The STOL-capability of the Viggen and Gripen allowed for such short runways. In the case of Finnish road airbases, the space needed for landing aircraft is reduced by means of a wire, similar to the CATOBAR system used on some aircraft carriers.[3]
A number of countries around the world utilise the strategy of highways constructed to double as auxiliary runways for nearby airbases in the event of war.
While not designed for military use, in outback Australia, some sections of highway are maintained as emergency runways for use by the Royal Flying Doctor Service (RFDS).[4] [5]
In Glamoč, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the M15 road was used as a military airstrip. There is a clear example of how the road was widened for the needs of aeroplane landing.[6]
In 1989, China conducted its first road runway drills. They have since been conducted at later dates, and in different areas of the country. In 2014, Chinese forces landed military aircraft on a road runway in Henan province for the first time.[7]
After the Turkish invasion of Cyprus, three road runways were built in the non-occupied areas of Cyprus, easily recognisable by a runway centre line and markings for the touchdown zone. They also have aircraft turning areas at either end. One is located on the A1 Limassol–Nicosia highway (5200m (17,100feet)) and one near the western end of the A5 Limassol–Larnaca highway (5000m (16,000feet)).[8] The third is a much smaller strip located on the A6 Limassol-Paphos highway near to Paphos International Airport.[9]
In the Czech Republic, road runways are called 'the airport section of the highway' ((LÚD)). There are two existing road runways. One on highway D1 (km 136.8 to 139.2) near Měřín, 2100m (6,900feet) long by 25.5m (83.7feet) wide. It was finished in 1976, and was used for exercise landings and take-offs in 1980, 1982, and 1985. The second road runway is on highway D46 (km 1.4 to 4.2), and it is designed as backup take-off and landing runway for Vyškov Airport. Many more were planned, but not built.[10]
During the Operation Saber Strike exercises in Estonia in 2016 and 2018, A-10 Thunderbolt II aircraft from the United States Air National Guard operated from former Warsaw Pact road runways in Estonia.[11] [12]
In the Winter War of 1939-1940, the Finnish Air Force re-deployed its aircraft to makeshift airfields, including frozen lakes, to preserve them against Soviet air attack. The tactic was successful, with Soviet air raids on bases causing little damage, and the vastly outnumbered Finnish aircraft scoring a high number of aerial victories.[13]
Throughout the Cold War, the Finnish Air Force maintained a network of secondary airfields, including civilian airports and road bases, to improve survivability and effectiveness in the event of war.[14]
As of 2017, all aircraft in the Finnish Air Force are capable of operating from road bases.[15]
Currently Finland conducts drills on its road bases (fi|maantietukikohta), around once a year. In the Baana 16 exercise in 2016, the Finnish Air Force flew F/A-18C and BAE Hawk, Pilatus PC-12, and C295M aircraft from a highway in Lusi. The Finnish Air Force uses arresting cables to quickly stop F/A-18s, which were originally designed to operate from aircraft carriers. The Swedish Air Force also took part in the 2015 and 2016 exercises, flying Gripen fighters.[15] [16] The Royal Norwegian Air Force took part in the 2023 exercise, flying F-35 fighter.[17]
During the Cold War, the Bundeswehr established 25 emergency landing sites (Notlandeplätze, or NLP) across Germany, based on concepts developed in Switzerland and Sweden. [18] These sites were constructed on straight motorway sections approximately 2,000 (some 2,500) meters in length, featuring concreted medians, removable guardrails, designated parking areas for mobile control towers and aircraft, and underground fuel storage. One such site was located on the A29 motorway near Ahlhorn,[19] where in 1984 the German Air Force and the United States Air Force conducted exercises involving aircraft such as the F-4 Phantom, F-16 Falcon, A-10 Thunderbolt II, C-160 Transall, and C-130 Hercules.[20] The use of emergency landing sites declined after the 1980s due to the availability of military and civilian airfields, and they are no longer maintained for operational use. [21]
In India, road runways are called 'emergency landing facilities' (ELF). ELFs are activated in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh,Assam and union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. A total thirteen locations have been chosen for development of such road runways.[22]
India has successfully tested its road runway on a stretch of the Yamuna Expressway in Uttar Pradesh on 21 May 2015.[23] It was built at a cost of ₹130 billion for its combat jets of the Indian Air Force (IAF), a first for military aviation in the country. In June 2016, the Minister of Road Transport and Highways, Nitin Gadkari announced that the government was considering developing 'road runways' for commercial operations as well.[24]
Indian Air Force fighter jets and transport aircraft conducted landing and take-off drills on 2 May 2025 from its 3.5km (02.2miles)-long airstrip on the Expressway near Shahjahanpur. This is the first such airstrip in India with night landing capacity. To assess the capability the drill was conducted in two phases in both day and night (9 pm to 10 pm IST). The aircraft included Su-30MKI, Mirage 2000, MiG-29, Jaguar, C-130J Super Hercules, An-32, and the Mi-17 V5 helicopter.[32] [33] [34]
In Hokkaido, the Japan Self-Defense Forces (JSDF) have Kenebetsu Air Base and Yakumo Sub Base as alternative airbases.
See main article: List of highway strips in North Korea. North Korea has established a large number of road runways to use in case of war.
In Pakistan, the M-1 Motorway (Peshawar-Islamabad) and the M-2 Motorway (Islamabad-Lahore) each include two emergency runway sections of 2700m (8,900feet) length each. The four emergency runway sections become operational by removing removable concrete medians using forklifts. The Pakistan Air Force (PAF) has used the M2 motorway as a road runway on two occasions: for the first time in 2000 when it landed an F-7P fighter, a Super Mushak trainer, and a C-130 transport, and again, in 2010. On the last occasion, the PAF used a road runway section on the M2 motorway on 2 April 2010, to land, refuel, and take-off two jet fighters; a Mirage III and an F-7P, during its Highmark 2010 exercise. In March 2019, Pakistan also used a section of M2 motorway to land its fighter jets to demonstrate its capability.[38]
A large number of road runways (DOL -, lit 'road airfield section') were built during the Cold War in Poland. As of 2003, only one highway strip is used annually for an exercise.[39]
The Republic of Singapore Air Force (RSAF) periodically conducts an 'alternate runway exercise'. It was first conducted on 17 April 1986 with F-5 and A-4 aircraft.[40] The seventh exercise, 'Torrent 2016-, was conducted near Tengah Air Base in November 2016. Signs, street lights and other fixtures were removed, and landing equipment installed temporarily, which included mobile arresting gear for the first time. F-15SG and F-16C/D fighters participated in the 2016 exercise.[41] [42] [43] [44]
As with North Korea, South Korea has also established a number of road runways.
A large number of road runways were built in the former USSR ('airfield part of road').
Tamil separatist group Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) operated in northern Sri Lanka prior to their elimination in 2009, used highways as road runways.[45] [46]
See main article: Bas 60 and Bas 90.
Sweden started establishing road runways as alternative bases with the introduction of the Bas 60 system in the late 1950s. The Six-Day War in 1967 (where the Egyptian Air Force was grounded by a quick surprise attack on airbases) and the introduction of long range attack aircraft (primarily the Su-24) inspired further development, resulting in the Bas 90 system. Improvements in the Bas 90 system included construction of short backup runways in the direct vicinity of the airbases and further dispersion of ground operations. The Viggen and the Gripen were both designed with STOL capability in order to utilise shorter runways.[47] [48] [49] [50]
The Swedish Air Force did not practice using their road bases for around a decade in the early 21st century, but in 2015 and 2016, its Saab JAS 39 Gripen fighters participated in Finnish Air Force road base drills.[15] In September 2017, the air force conducted exercises on a number of road bases for the first time in over a decade.[51] [52]
In preparation for NATO integration, United States aircraft have completed some landings on these road strips in the 2020s, even if they are considered too narrow according to NATO standard, and too short for most military aircraft.
A number of road runways called NOLA or NOSTA were created from 1969 to 2004.[53] [54] [55]
Taiwan built a number of road runways (lit. 'war spare runway').
Following several proposals made by the Joint Thai-US Military Research and Development Center, three road runways were constructed in 1963, and were put out of service in 1975-76.[60]
These road runways were most likely operated by the nearby former Lampang Airbase.[61]
During the Cold War, the Royal Air Force (RAF) launched Jaguar aircraft from a newly-completed section of the M55 motorway between Preston and Blackpool.[62] Areas such as Teesside, Southend, and Liverpool have been considered for road runway areas, as large civilian airports such as Glasgow and Heathrow would be unavailable. Another advantage to this is that the more the jet fighters are spread, the harder it is for the enemy to target.
A persistent myth claims that it is a legal requirement that "one mile in every five must be straight for use as an airstrip in times of war or other emergencies". However, no legislation containing this provision was ever passed. The Defense Highway Act of 1941 provided for the operation of 'flight strips' alongside highways, but did not mandate the use of the road itself.[63] [64] [65]
For Exercise Northern Strike 2021, A-10 Thunderbolt IIs from the 354th Fighter Squadron and the 127th Wing of the Michigan Air National Guard along with two C-146A Wolfhounds from the Air Force Special Operations Command participated in the exercise.[66] The aircraft landed on state highway M-32 as part of Northern Strike 21, a large-scale training exercise, in Alpena, Michigan.[67] This was the first time that United States military aircraft had used highways as airstrips on American soil. The United States Air Force repeated this training with the Rally in Rockies exercise from the 12 to 17 September.[68]
