Magyar tribes explained

The Magyar or Hungarian tribes (hu|magyar törzsek) or Hungarian clans were the fundamental political units within whose framework the Hungarians (Magyars) lived, before the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin and the subsequent establishment of the Principality of Hungary.[1] [2]

Etymology

See also: Name of Hungary. The origin of the term "Hungary", the ethnonym of the Hungarian tribal alliance, is uncertain. According to one view, following the description in the 13th-century chronicle, Gesta Hungarorum, the federation was called "Hetumoger" (modern Hungarian: hét magyar,), as in the Latin phrase, "VII principales persone qui Hetumoger dicuntur" ("seven princely persons who are called Seven Magyars").[3] The word "Magyar" possibly comes from the name of the most prominent Hungarian tribe, called Megyer, which became used to refer to the Hungarian people as a whole.[4] [5] [6] Written sources called Magyars "Hungarians" before the conquest of the Carpathian Basin when they still lived on the Pontic-Caspian Steppe. For example, Georgius Monachus used "Ungri" to refer to them in 837, the Annales Bertiniani used "Ungri" in 862, and the Annales ex Annalibus Iuvavensibus used "Ungari" in 881. The English term "Hungarian" is a derivative of these Latin forms.

History

See main article: Hungarian prehistory. According to Hungarian historian and linguist AndrĂĄs RĂłna-Tas, the locality in which the Hungarians, the Manicha-Er group, emerged was between the Volga River and the Ural Mountains.[7] It is proposed that most of the early Hungarian tribes originated from the Volga-Kama and Southern Urals,[8] or the Southern Urals and Western Siberia, where they were composed of a mixed population.[9] [10] [11] [12] FĂłthi et al. 2022 suggests that they originated from three distinct regions on the Eurasian steppe: the Lake Baikal-Altai Mountains region, spanning present-day northwestern Mongolia and southern Siberia, the Southern Urals-Western Siberia and the Black Sea-Northern Caucasus.[13] Meanwhile, NeparĂĄczki et al. 2018 proposes that over a third of the Hungarian conquerors' maternal lineages derive from Inner Asia, concentrated in present-day eastern Mongolia and southeastern Siberia, while the remainder is derived from the Pontic-Caspian Steppe.[14]

According to genetic study, the proto-Ugric groups were part of the Scytho-Siberian societies in the late Bronze Age to early Iron Age steppe-forest zone in the northern Kazakhstan region, near of the Mezhovskaya culture territory. The ancestors of the Hungarian conquerors lived in the steppe zone during the Bronze Age together with the Mansis. During the Iron Age, the Mansis migrated northward, while the ancestor of Hungarian conquerors remained at the steppe-forest zone and admixed with the Sarmatians. Later the ancestors of the Hungarian conquerors admixed with the Huns, this admixture happened before the arrival of the Huns to the Volga region in 370. The Huns integrated local tribes east of the Urals, among them Sarmatians and the ancestors of the Hungarian conquerors.[15] [16]

Around 830 CE, when Álmos, the future Grand Prince of the Hungarians, was about 10 years old, the seven related tribes (JenƑ, KĂ©r, Keszi, KĂŒrt-Gyarmat, , NyĂ©k, and TarjĂĄn) formed a confederation in Etelköz, called "HĂ©tmagyar" .[17] [18] [19] Their leaders, the Seven chieftains of the Magyars, besides Álmos, included ElƑd, Ond, Kond, Tas, Huba and Töhötöm, who all took a blood oath swearing eternal loyalty to Álmos.[20] Presumably, the Magyar tribes consisted of 108 clans.[21]

Before 881 CE, three Turkic tribes rebelled against the rule of the Khagan of the Khazars, but they were suppressed. After their defeat they left the Khazar Empire and voluntarily joined the HĂ©tmagyar confederation. The three tribes were organised into one tribe, called Kabar, and later they played the roles of vanguard and rear guard during the joint military actions of the confederation. The joining of the three tribes to the previous seven created the On-ogur (Ten Arrows).

Social organization

The Hungarian social structure was of Turkic origin.[22]

Genetics

Magyars comprised seven clans, and later three more clans made of Kabar people. Recent genetic research has shown that the first-generation Magyar core gene pool originated in Central Asia/South Siberia and, as Magyars migrated westward, admixed with various European peoples and peoples of the Caucasus. Burial samples of the Karos-Eperjesszög Magyars place them genetically closest to Turkic peoples, modern south Caucasian peoples, and modern Western Europeans to a limited degree, while no specific Finno-Ugric markers were found.[23] However, a 2008 study done on 10th-century Magyar skeletons did find a few Uralic samples.[24]

See also

Sources

References

  1. George H. Hodos, The East-Central European region: an historical outline, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999, p. 19
  2. S. Wise Bauer, The history of the medieval world: from the conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade, W. W. Norton & Company, 2010, p. 586
  3. Gyula Decsy, A. J. Bodrogligeti, Ural-Altaische JahrbĂŒcher, Volume 63, Otto Harrassowitz, 1991, p. 99
  4. György Balåzs, Kåroly Szelényi, The Magyars: the birth of a European nation, Corvina, 1989, p. 8
  5. Alan W. Ertl, Toward an Understanding of Europe: A Political Economic Précis of Continental Integration, Universal-Publishers, 2008, p. 358
  6. Z. J. Kosztolnyik, Hungary under the early Árpåds: 890s to 1063, Eastern European Monographs, 2002, p. 3
  7. AndrĂĄs RĂłna-Tas, Hungarians and Europe in the early Middle Ages: an introduction to early Hungarian history, Central European University Press, 1999, p. 319
  8. Szeifert . Bea . Gerber . DĂĄniel . CsĂĄky . Veronika . LangĂł . PĂ©ter . Stashenkov . Dmitrii A . Khokhlov . Aleksandr A . Sitdikov . Ayrat G . Gazimzyanov . Ilgizar R . Volkova . Elizaveta V . Matveeva . Natalia P . Zelenkov . Alexander S . Poshekhonova . Olga E . Sleptsova . Anastasiia V . Karacharov . Konstantin G . Ilyushina . Viktoria V . 27 July 2022 . Tracing genetic connections of ancient Hungarians to the 6th–14th century populations of the Volga-Ural region . Human Molecular Genetics . en . 31 . 19 . 3266–3280 . 10.1093/hmg/ddac106 . 0964-6906 . 9523560 . 35531973 . Konikov . Boris A . Sungatov . Flarit A . Kolonskikh . Alexander G . Botalov . Sergei G . Grudochko . Ivan V . Komar . Oleksii . Egyed . BalĂĄzs . Mende . BalĂĄzs G . TĂŒrk . Attila . SzĂ©csĂ©nyi-Nagy . Anna.
  9. Post . Helen . NĂ©meth . Endre . Klima . LĂĄszlĂł . Flores . Rodrigo . FehĂ©r . Tibor . TĂŒrk . Attila . SzĂ©kely . GĂĄbor . Sahakyan . Hovhannes . Mondal . Mayukh . Montinaro . Francesco . Karmin . Monika . Saag . Lauri . Yunusbayev . Bayazit . Khusnutdinova . Elza K. . Metspalu . Ene . 2019-05-24 . Y-chromosomal connection between Hungarians and geographically distant populations of the Ural Mountain region and West Siberia . Scientific Reports . en . 9 . 1 . 7786 . 2019NatSR...9.7786P . 10.1038/s41598-019-44272-6 . 2045-2322 . 6534673 . 31127140 . Agreeing with the linguistic results most of the archaeologists propose that the putative homeland of the ancestors of the Hungarian speaking population must have been in West Siberia..
  10. Web site: 2024-10-23 . Hungarian people . 2024-12-14 . Britannica . en . The proto-Hungarians were apparently an ethnic blend of Ugric and Turkish peoples living in western Siberia..
  11. Web site: A magyarsåg nyugat-szibériai gyökerei nyomåban . 2024-02-10 . www.btk.elte.hu . hu.
  12. Web site: Zemplényi . Lili . 2023-07-08 . The Khanty and the Mansi, the Closest Linguistic Relatives of the Hungarians . 2024-12-14 . Hungarian Conservative . en-US.
  13. Web site: Genetic analysis of male Hungarian Conquerors: European and Asian paternal lineages of the conquering Hungarian tribes . https://web.archive.org/web/20210317023118/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338574213_Genetic_analysis_of_male_Hungarian_Conquerors_European_and_Asian_paternal_lineages_of_the_conquering_Hungarian_tribes . 2021-03-17 . 2024-12-31 . ResearchGate . en . live .
  14. Neparåczki . Endre . Maróti . Zoltån . Kalmår . Tibor . Kocsy . Klaudia . Maår . Kitti . Bihari . Péter . Nagy . Istvån . Fóthi . Erzsébet . Pap . Ildikó . Kustår . Ágnes . Pålfi . György . Raskó . Istvån . Zink . Albert . Török . Tibor . 2018-10-18 . Caramelli . David . Mitogenomic data indicate admixture components of Central-Inner Asian and Srubnaya origin in the conquering Hungarians . PLOS ONE . en . 13 . 10 . e0205920 . 10.1371/journal.pone.0205920 . free . 1932-6203 . 6193700 . 30335830. 2018PLoSO..1305920N .
  15. MarĂłti . ZoltĂĄn . NeparĂĄczki . Endre . SchĂŒtz . OszkĂĄr . MaĂĄr . Kitti . Varga . Gergely I.B. . KovĂĄcs . Bence . KalmĂĄr . Tibor . Nyerki . Emil . Nagy . IstvĂĄn . Latinovics . DĂłra . Tihanyi . BalĂĄzs . Marcsik . AntĂłnia . PĂĄlfi . György . Bernert . Zsolt . Gallina . Zsolt . 25 May 2022 . The genetic origin of Huns, Avars, and conquering Hungarians . Current Biology . 32 . 13 . 2858–2870.e7 . 2022CBio...32E2858M . 10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.093 . 35617951 . 246191357 . HorvĂĄth . CipriĂĄn . Varga . SĂĄndor . KöltƑ . LĂĄszlĂł . RaskĂł . IstvĂĄn . Nagy . PĂ©ter L. . Balogh . Csilla . Zink . Albert . Maixner . Frank . Götherström . Anders . George . Robert . Szalontai . Csaba . Szenthe . Gergely . GĂĄll . Erwin . Kiss . Attila P. . GulyĂĄs . Bence . KovacsĂłczy . Bernadett Ny. . GĂĄl . SĂĄndor SzilĂĄrd . Tomka . PĂ©ter . Török . Tibor.
  16. Török . Tibor . 26 June 2023 . Integrating Linguistic, Archaeological and Genetic Perspectives Unfold the Origin of Ugrians . Genes . 14 . 7 . 1345 . 10.3390/genes14071345 . 10379071 . 37510249 . free.
  17. Kevin Alan Brook, The Jews of Khazaria, Rowman & Littlefield, 2009, pp. 163-164.
  18. Paul Lendvai, The Hungarians: a thousand years of victory in defeat, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2003, p. 15-29, p. 533
  19. Carl Waldman, Catherine Mason, Encyclopedia of European peoples, Volume 1, Infobase Publishing, 2006, p. 508
  20. http://www.kislexikon.hu/hetmagyar.html (Hungarian)
  21. John P. C. Matthews, Explosion: the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, Hippocrene Books, 2007, p. 69
  22. Makkai 2001, pp. 415-416.
  23. JuhĂĄsz, Pamjav, FehĂ©r, CsĂĄnyi, Zink, Maixner, PĂĄlfi, MolnĂĄr, Pap, KustĂĄr, RĂ©vĂ©sz, RaskĂł, Török (July 15, 2016). "Genetic structure of the early Hungarian conquerors inferredfrom mtDNA haplotypes and Y‑chromosome haplogroupsin a small cemetery
  24. CsĂĄnyi. B.. BogĂĄcsi-SzabĂł. E.. Tömöry. Gy.. Czibula. Á.. Priskin. K.. CsĂ”sz. A.. Mende. B.. LangĂł. P.. Csete. K.. Zsolnai. A.. Conant. E. K.. Downes. C. S.. RaskĂł. I.. Y-Chromosome Analysis of Ancient Hungarian and Two Modern Hungarian-Speaking Populations from the Carpathian Basin. Annals of Human Genetics. 1 July 2008. 72. 4. 519–534. 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2008.00440.x. en. 1469-1809. 18373723.

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