Jakarta EE explained

Jakarta EE, formerly Java Platform, Enterprise Edition (Java EE) and Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EE), is a set of specifications, extending Java SE^[1] with specifications for enterprise features such as distributed computing and web services.^[2] Jakarta EE applications are run on reference runtimes, which can be microservices or application servers, which handle transactions, security, scalability, concurrency and management of the components they are deploying.

Jakarta EE is defined by its specification. The specification defines APIs (application programming interface) and their interactions. As with other Java Community Process specifications, providers must meet certain conformance requirements in order to declare their products as Jakarta EE compliant.

Examples of contexts in which Jakarta EE referencing runtimes are used are: e-commerce, accounting, banking information systems.

History

The platform created by Sun Microsystems was known as Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition or J2EE from version 1.2, until the name was changed to Java Platform, Enterprise Edition or Java EE in version 1.5.

After Sun was acquired in 2009, Java EE was maintained by Oracle under the Java Community Process. On September 12, 2017, Oracle Corporation announced that it would submit Java EE to the Eclipse Foundation.^[3] The Eclipse top-level project has been named Eclipse Enterprise for Java (EE4J).^[4] The Eclipse Foundation could not agree with Oracle over the use of and Java trademarks.^[5] Oracle owns the trademark for the name "Java" and the platform was renamed from Java EE to Jakarta EE.^{[6] [7]} The name refers to the largest city on the island of Java and also the capital of Indonesia, Jakarta.^[8] The name should not be confused with the former Jakarta Project which fostered a number of current and former Java projects at the Apache Software Foundation.

Java enterprise platform history! Platform version !! Release^[9] !! Specification !! Support !! Important Changes

Jakarta EE 11	[10]	11		Data
Jakarta EE 10	[11]	10		Removal of deprecated items in Servlet, Faces, CDI and EJB (Entity Beans and Embeddable Container). CDI-Build Time.
	[12]	9.1		JDK 11 support
Jakarta EE 9	[13]	9	Java SE 8	API namespace move from to
Jakarta EE 8	[14]	8	Java SE 8	Full compatibility with Java EE 8
Java EE 8	2017-08-31	JSR 366	Java SE 8	HTTP/2 and CDI based Security
Java EE 7	2013-05-28	JSR 342	Java SE 7	WebSocket, JSON and HTML5 support
Java EE 6	2009-12-10	JSR 316	Java SE 6	CDI managed Beans and REST
Java EE 5	2006-05-11	JSR 244	Java SE 5	Java annotations and Generics in Java
J2EE 1.4	2003-11-11	JSR 151	J2SE 1.4	WS-I interoperable web services[15]
J2EE 1.3	2001-09-24	JSR 58	J2SE 1.3	Java connector architecture[16]
J2EE 1.2	1999-12-17	1.2	J2SE 1.2	Initial specification release

Specifications

Jakarta EE includes several specifications that serve different purposes, like generating web pages, reading and writing from a database in a transactional way, and managing distributed queues.

The Jakarta EE APIs include several technologies that extend the functionality of the base Java SE APIs, such as Jakarta Enterprise Beans, connectors, servlets, Jakarta Server Pages and several web service technologies.

Web specifications

• Jakarta Servlet: defines how to manage HTTP requests, in a synchronous or asynchronous way. It is low level and other Jakarta EE specifications rely on it;
• Jakarta WebSocket: API specification that defines a set of APIs to service WebSocket connections;
• Jakarta Faces: a technology for constructing user interfaces out of components;
• Jakarta Expression Language (EL) is a simple language originally designed to satisfy the specific needs of web application developers. It is used specifically in Jakarta Faces to bind components to (backing) beans and in Contexts and Dependency Injection to named beans, but can be used throughout the entire platform.

Web service specifications

• Jakarta RESTful Web Services provides support in creating web services according to the Representational State Transfer (REST) architectural pattern;
• Jakarta JSON Processing is a set of specifications to manage information encoded in JSON format;
• Jakarta JSON Binding provides specifications to convert JSON information into or from Java classes;
• Jakarta XML Binding allows mapping XML into Java objects;
• Jakarta XML Web Services can be used to create SOAP web services.

Enterprise specifications

• Jakarta Activation (JAF) specifies an architecture to extend component Beans by providing data typing and bindings of such types.
• Jakarta Contexts and Dependency Injection (CDI) is a specification to provide a dependency injection container;
• Jakarta Enterprise Beans (EJB) specification defines a set of lightweight APIs that an object container (the EJB container) will support in order to provide transactions (using JTA), remote procedure calls (using RMI or RMI-IIOP), concurrency control, dependency injection and access control for business objects. This package contains the Jakarta Enterprise Beans classes and interfaces that define the contracts between the enterprise bean and its clients and between the enterprise bean and the ejb container.
• Jakarta Persistence (JPA) are specifications about object-relational mapping between relation database tables and Java classes.
• Jakarta Transactions (JTA) contains the interfaces and annotations to interact with the transaction support offered by Jakarta EE. Even though this API abstracts from the really low-level details, the interfaces are also considered somewhat low-level and the average application developer in Jakarta EE is either assumed to be relying on transparent handling of transactions by the higher level EJB abstractions, or using the annotations provided by this API in combination with CDI managed beans.
• Jakarta Messaging (JMS) provides a common way for Java programs to create, send, receive and read an enterprise messaging system's messages.

Other specifications

• Jakarta Validation: This package contains the annotations and interfaces for the declarative validation support offered by the Jakarta Validation API. Jakarta Validation provides a unified way to provide constraints on beans (e.g. Jakarta Persistence model classes) that can be enforced cross-layer. In Jakarta EE, Jakarta Persistence honors bean validation constraints in the persistence layer, while JSF does so in the view layer.
• Jakarta Batch provides the means for batch processing in applications to run long running background tasks that possibly involve a large volume of data and which may need to be periodically executed.
• Jakarta Connectors is a Java-based tool for connecting application servers and enterprise information systems (EIS) as part of enterprise application integration (EAI). This is a low-level API aimed at vendors that the average application developer typically does not come in contact with.

Web profile

In an attempt to limit the footprint of web containers, both in physical and in conceptual terms, the web profile was created, a subset of the Jakarta EE specifications. The Jakarta EE web profile comprises the following:

Specification	Java EE 6[17]	Java EE 7[18]	Java EE 8[19] Jakarta EE 8[20]	Jakarta EE 9[21] Jakarta EE 9.1[22]	Jakarta EE 10[23]	Jakarta EE 11[24]
	3.0	3.1	4.0	5.0	6.0	6.1
Jakarta Server Pages (JSP)	2.2	2.3	2.3	3.0	3.1	4.0
Jakarta Expression Language (EL)	2.2	3.0	3.0	4.0	5.0	6.0
Jakarta Debugging Support for Other Languages (JSR-45)	1.0	1.0	1.0	2.0	2.0	2.0
Jakarta Standard Tag Library (JSTL)	1.2	1.2	1.2	2.0	3.0	3.0
	2.0	2.2	2.3	3.0	4.0	4.1
Jakarta RESTful Web Services (JAX-RS)	1.1	2.0	2.1	3.0	3.1	4.0
Jakarta WebSocket (WebSocket)		1.0	1.1	2.0	2.1	2.2
Jakarta JSON Processing (JSON-P)		1.0	1.1	2.0	2.1	2.1
Jakarta JSON Binding (JSON-B)			1.1	2.0	3.0	3.0
Jakarta Annotations (CA)	1.1	1.2	1.3	2.0	2.1	3.0
Jakarta Enterprise Beans (EJB)	3.1 Lite	3.2 Lite	3.2 Lite	4.0 Lite	4.0 Lite	4.0 Lite
Jakarta Transactions (JTA)	1.1	1.2	1.2	2.0	2.0	2.0
Jakarta Persistence (JPA)	2.0	2.1	2.2	3.0	3.1	3.2
	1.0	1.1	2.0	3.0	3.0	3.1
	1.0	1.0	1.0	2.0		N/a
	1.1	1.2	1.2	2.0	2.1	2.2
Jakarta Contexts and Dependency Injection (CDI)	1.0	1.1	2.0	3.0	4.0	4.1
	1.0	1.0	1.0	2.0	2.0	2.0
			1.0	2.0	3.0	4.0
		1.0	1.1	2.0	3.0	3.1
					3.0	3.1

Certified referencing runtimes

Although by definition all Jakarta EE implementations provide the same base level of technologies (namely, the Jakarta EE spec and the associated APIs), they can differ considerably with respect to extra features (like connectors, clustering, fault tolerance, high availability, security, etc.), installed size, memory footprint, startup time, etc.

Jakarta EE

Referencing runtime[25] [26] [27]	Developer	Jakarta EE 10 Platform	Jakarta EE 9/9.1 Platform Compatible Products	Jakarta EE 9/9.1 Web Profile Compatible Products	Jakarta EE 8 Platform Compatible Products	Jakarta EE 8 Web Profile Compatible Products	Licensing
GlassFish	Eclipse	7.0.0	6.0.0/ 6.1.0	6.0.0/ 6.1.0	5.1.0	5.1.0
Open Liberty	IBM	22.0.0.13-beta,[28] 23.0.0.3[29]	21.0.0.12	21.0.0.12	19.0.0.6, 20.0.0.3	19.0.0.6, 20.0.0.3
WebSphere Liberty	IBM	23.0.0.3	21.0.0.12	21.0.0.12	20.0.0.3	20.0.0.3
WildFly	Red Hat	27.0.0.Alpha5	23.0.1-Preview/25.0.0-Preview	23.0.1-Preview/25.0.0-Preview	18.0.0	18.0.0
JBoss EAP	Red Hat	8.0.0			7.3.0	7.3.0
TomEE	Apache	10.x	9.x	9.x	8.x	8.x
Payara Server	Payara Services Limited	6.2022.1 Alpha 4	6.2021.1 Alpha 1		5.22.0, 5.23.0	5.23.0
Thunisoft Application Server	Beijing Thunisoft Information Technology		3.0		2.8
JEUS	TmaxSoft				8.5
InforSuite Application Server	Shandong Cvicse Middleware		11		10
WebOTX	NEC	12			11

Java EE

Referencing runtime	Developer	Java EE 8 certified – Full	Java EE 8 certified – Web	Java EE 7 certified – Full	Java EE 7 certified – Web	Java EE 6 certified – Full Official Oracle page for Java EE Compatibility.	Java EE 6 certified – Web	Java EE 5 certified	J2EE 1.4 certified	Licensing
GlassFish server Open Source Edition	Oracle	v5.0[30]	v5.0	v4.x	v4.x	v3.x and upward[31]	v3.x Web Profile	v2.1.x
Oracle GlassFish Server	Oracle					v3[32] based on the open source GlassFish application server		Sun Java System Application Server v9.0	Sun Java System Application Server v8.2
Oracle WebLogic Server	Oracle	14.1.1[33]		12.2.1[34]		v12c[35]		v10.3.5.0	v9
WildFly	Red Hat	v14.x	v14.x	v8.1 [36]	v8.0.0.Final	v7.1[37]	v6.0[38] and v7.0[39]	v5.1[40] [41]	v4.x
JBoss Enterprise Application Platform	Red Hat	v7.2 [42]		v7.0[43]	v7.0	v6.0[44]		v5
IBM WebSphere Application Server	IBM			v9.x	v9.x	v8[45]		v7
IBM WebSphere Application Server Liberty	IBM	v18.0.0.2[46]	v18.0.0.2	v8.5.5.6[47] [48]	v8.5.5.6		v8.5.5[49]
Open Liberty	IBM	v18.0.0.2	v18.0.0.2
IBM WebSphere Application Server Community Edition	IBM					v3.0		v2.1
Apache Geronimo	Apache					v3.0-beta-1[50] [51]		v2.0	v1.0
JEUS	TmaxSoft			v8		v7[52] [53]		v6	v5
Cosminexus Application Server	Hitachi			v10.0		v9[54]
Fujitsu Interstage Application Server[55]	Fujitsu			v12.0		v1 Azure/v10.1[56] [57]
WebOTX	NEC					[58]
BES Application Server	Baolande				v9.5
Apache TomEE[59] [60]	Apache				7 (Java EE 7 like, but not certified[61])
Resin Server	Caucho						v4.0[62]
Siwpas	OW2						v6.0[63]
JOnAS	OW2						v5.3 rc1[64]
SAP NetWeaver	SAP						v2.x[65]
Oracle Containers for Java EE	Oracle
Oracle iPlanet Web Server	Oracle								Sun Java System Web Server
Oracle Application Server 10g	Oracle
Pramati Server	Pramati Technologies								v5.0
Trifork T4	Trifork
Sybase Enterprise Application Server[66]	Sybase

Code sample

The code sample shown below demonstrates how various technologies in Java EE 7 are used together to build a web form for editing a user.

In Jakarta EE a (web) UI can be built using Jakarta Servlet, Jakarta Server Pages (JSP), or Jakarta Faces (JSF) with Facelets. The example below uses Faces and Facelets. Not explicitly shown is that the input components use the Jakarta EE Bean Validation API under the covers to validate constraints.

Example Backing Bean class

To assist the view, Jakarta EE uses a concept called a "Backing Bean". The example below uses Contexts and Dependency Injection (CDI) and Jakarta Enterprise Beans (EJB).

import java.io.Serializable;

import jakarta.inject.Named;import jakarta.faces.view.ViewScoped;import jakarta.inject.Inject;

@Named@ViewScopedpublic class UserEdit implements Serializable

Example Data Access Object class

To implement business logic, Jakarta Enterprise Beans (EJB) is the dedicated technology in Jakarta EE. For the actual persistence, JDBC or Jakarta Persistence (JPA) can be used. The example below uses EJB and JPA. Not explicitly shown is that JTA is used under the covers by EJB to control transactional behavior.

import java.util.List;

import jakarta.ejb.Stateless;import jakarta.persistence.EntityManager;import jakarta.persistence.PersistenceContext;import jakarta.persistence.TypedQuery;

@Statelesspublic class UserDAO

Example Entity class

For defining entity/model classes Jakarta EE provides the Jakarta Persistence (JPA), and for expressing constraints on those entities it provides the Bean Validation API. The example below uses both these technologies.

import jakarta.persistence.Entity;import jakarta.persistence.Id;import jakarta.persistence.GeneratedValue;import jakarta.persistence.GenerationType;

@Entitypublic class User

See also

• Canigó (framework)
• Deployment descriptor
• Java BluePrints
• Java Research License
• Sun Community Source License
• Sun Java System Portal Server
• Web container
• J2ME
• Boost (C++ libraries)
• POCO C++ Libraries

External links

• • • Jakarta EE Compatible Products: Enterprise Java Application and Web Servers - Eclipse Foundation
• The Official Jakarta EE Tutorial
• First Cup of Jakarta EE Tutorial: An Introduction to Jakarta EE
• Jakarta EE Specification Guide - Jakarta EE Platform
• Jakarta EE Official Starter: Generate a Jakarta EE Project
• Java Platform, Enterprise Edition (Java EE), Oracle Technology Network
• Jakarta EE official YouTube channel

Notes and References

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7. News: Vaughan-Nichols . Steven J. . 2018-03-05 . mdy . Good-bye JEE, hello Jakarta EE . Linux and Open Source . . 2020-07-10.
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