Hindus observe a wide range of festivals and religious celebrations, many of which are rooted in ancient Indian traditions, and often correspond with seasonal transitions.[1] These festivals are scheduled according to either the solar calendar or the lunisolar calendar, and their observance often varies regionally. Many festivals are specific to certain sects or are primarily observed in particular regions of the Indian subcontinent.
Utsava is the Sanskrit word for festivals. It comes from the word ut meaning "starts" and sava, which means "change" or "decline".[2]
Hindu calendar dates are usually in accordance with a lunisolar calendar. In Vedic timekeeping, a māsa is a lunar month, a pakṣa is a lunar fortnight (two weeks), and a tithi is a lunar day.
There are two prevailing definitions of the lunar month: amānta, where the month ends with the new moon, and pūrṇimānta, where it ends with the full moon.[3] Consequently, the same day may be associated with different but adjoining months. When a festival takes place during śukla paksha (the waxing phase of the moon), both traditions attribute it to the same month. However, if the festival occurs during kṛiṣhṇa paksha (the waning phase of the moon), the two traditions assign it to different, but adjacent months.
| Festival | māsa | pakṣa | tithi | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| amānta | pūrṇimānta | |||
| Gudi Padwa/Ugadi | caitra | śukla | prathama | |
| Rama Navami | caitra | śukla | navamī | |
| Akshaya Tritiya | ||||
| Guru Purnima | āṣādha | śukla | pūrima | |
| Naga Panchami | ||||
| Raksha Bandhan | śrāvaṇa | śukla | pūrima | |
| Krishna Janmashtami | śrāvaṇa | bhādra | kṛṣṇa | aṣṭamī |
| Ganesh Chaturthi | bhādra | śukla | caturthī | |
| Ganesh Visarjan | bhādra | śukla | pūrima | |
| Pitru Paksha begins | bhādra | āśvina | kṛṣṇa | prathama |
| Pitru Paksha endsSarvapitru Amavasya | bhādra | āśvina | kṛṣṇa | amāvasyā |
| Navaratri begins | āśvina | prathama | ||
| Durga Ashtami(8th day of Navaratri) | āśvina | aṣṭamī | ||
| Maha Navami(9th day of Navaratri) | āśvina | |||
| Navaratri endsVijaya Dashami | āśvina | daśamī | ||
| Karva Chauth | āśvina | kārtika | kṛṣṇa | caturthī |
| Diwali beginsDhan Teras | āśvina | kārtika | kṛṣṇa | trayodaśī |
| Naraka Chaturdashi(2nd day of Diwali) | āśvina | kārtika | kṛṣṇa | caturdaśī |
| Deepavali / Lakshmi Puja(3rd day of Diwali) | āśvina | kārtika | kṛṣṇa | amāvasyā |
| Annakut or Bali Padyami(4th day of Diwali) | kārtika | śukla | prathama | |
| Diwali endsBhai Dooj | kārtika | śukla | dvitīya | |
| Vasant Panchami | magha | śukla | pañcamī | |
| Maha Shivaratri | magha | phālguna | kṛṣṇa | caturdaśī |
| Holi | phālguna | śukla | caturdaśī | |
The tithi shown in the following list is as per the amānta tradition.
| Major Hindu Festivals | Photo | Hindu tithi of observance | Descriptions | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bhogi (also known as Lohri in Punjab and Laal Loi in parts of North India) | Bhogi marks the first day of the 4-day Sankrathi festivities and occurs one day before Makara Sankranthi, marking the transition of the Sun into Makara rasi. | Bhogi is a festival celebrated in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Telangana.Bhogi is a festival that symbolises renewal and transformation, during which people discard old, unused, or derelict items to make way for new beginnings.[4] | ||
| Makar Sankranti or Pongal or Uttarayana or Maghe Sankranti or Maghi or Magh Bihu | Makara Sankranti or Pongal marks the transition of the Sun into Makara rasi. It marks the gradual increase of the duration of the day. Pongal is the first day of Uttarayana and coincides with the beginning of the Tamil month of Thai. | Pongal is a harvest festival in Tamil Nadu. Pongal occurs annually on January 14 (on the Gregorian calendar) and marks the beginning of Uttarayana (the sun's journey northward). The Pongal festival lasts for four days. Celebrations include the drawing of Kolam, swinging, Jallikattu, and the cooking of Pongal.[5] | ||
| Vasant Panchami | Fifth day of the waxing moon of Magh (Hindu calendar) | Vasant Panchami (also called Saraswati Puja by Bengalis and Odias) is celebrated for the blessing of Goddess Saraswati, Hindu goddess of wisdom and the arts.[6] | ||
| Thaipusam or Kavadi | The full moon day of the Tamil month of Thai. | Thaipusam is a Hindu festival predominantly celebrated by the Tamils. The name Thaipusam is derived from the Tamil month Thai and Pushya, the name of a group of stars within the Cancer constellation. The festival marks the occasion when Parvati presented Murugan, the Tamil God of War, with a spear to defeat the demon Soorapadman. Kavadi Attam (Tamil:காவடி ஆட்டம்), a dance performed by the devotees during the ceremonial worship of Murugan, emphasises debt bondage.[7] The Kavadi itself is a physical burden through which the devotees implore for help Murugan.[8] | ||
| Maha Shivaratri | Thirteenth night of the waning moon of Magh (amanta) / Phalguna (purnimanta) | Maha Shivaratri ("The Night of Shiva") is a Hindu festival dedicated to Shiva. It falls on the fourteenth night of the new moon in Phalgun (February – March).Shivaratri falls on the fourteenth night of the new moon in Phalgun (February – March). During the festival of Shivaratri, devotees observe a day-and-night fast and perform ritual worship of the Shiva Lingam, including ceremonial bathing with offerings such as milk, yogurt, honey, ghee, sugar, and water. Some devotees also perform ritual baths in sacred rivers such as the Ganges. Temples often hold night vigils (jagran), during which hymns and devotional songs are recited, and the fast is broken the following morning with prasad offered to the deity.[9] | ||
| Holi | Full moon of the Phalgun month (Hindu calendar) | Holi or Phagwah is a spring festival. Holi commemorates the slaying of the demoness Holika by Lord Vishnu's devotee Prahlad. Thus, the festival's name is derived from the Sanskrit words Holika Dahanam, which literally means "Holika's slaying". The festival is called Shigmo and Shimga in Goa and rural Maharashtra, respectively. In Odisha and West Bengal, it is also celebrated as Dol Purnima. | ||
| Shigmo | 5 days before full moon of Phalgun until the full moon of Phalgun | Shigmo is celebrated in Goa as one of the major festivals of the Konkani Hindu community. The main festival coincides with Holi. | ||
| Rang Panchami | In Maharashtra and parts of Madhya Pradesh, the festival of colours is celebrated five days after Holi on Rang Panchami. | |||
| Gangaur | Gangaur is a festival important to Rajasthanis, celebrated throughout the state by women who worship Gauri, the consort of Shiva, during the Hindu month of Chaitra (March–April).It is the celebration of spring, harvest, marital fidelity, conjugal blessedness, and childbearing. Unmarried women worship the goddess in hopes of being blessed with a good husband, while married women do so for the welfare, health, and long life of their husbands.[10] | |||
| Vasant Navratri | First nine days of the Chaitra month (Hindu calendar) | Navratri is the Hindu festival of worship and dance. In Sanskrit, the term literally means "nine nights". During these nine days of the festival, devotees honor the forms of Shakti, or divine feminine energy, and observe fasting as an expression of devotion. Over the nine days, nine incarnations of Shakti (Maa Durga) are worshipped.[11] | ||
| Rama Navamior | Ninth of the Chaitra month (Hindu calendar) | Rama Navami or Shri Rama Navami is the celebration of the birth of Rama. Ram Navami falls on the ninth day of the bright fortnight in the month of Chaitra (March/April). In some regions, the festival is observed over nine days.This day is also celebrated as the wedding anniversary of Lord Rama and Sita, known as Kalyanotsavam. | ||
| Gudi Padwa, Cheti Chand,Yugadi, Navreh (Chandramana Nava Varsha), Ugadi | First Day of waxing moon of Chaitra (Hindu calendar) | Gudhi Padwa / Cheti Chand is celebrated on the first day of the Hindu Lunar month of Chaitra, and is celebrated as New Year's Day by Marathis, Konkanis and Sindhis. According to the Brahma Purana, this is the day on which Brahma created the world.Ugadi (meaning "the start of an era" in Telugu and Kannada) is New Year's Day for the Telugus and Kannadigas. | ||
| Mesha Sankranti or Baisakhi | First day of solar month of Vaisakha. | Mesha Sankranti (also called Vaisakha Sankranti) represents the transition of the sun into the Mesha (Aries) Zodiac and marks the start of the solar new year in lunisolar calendars. Regional new year festivals are also observed on this day such as Vishu, Pohela Boishakh, Maha Vishubha Sankranti and Vaisakhi. | ||
| Vishu | Vishu is a Hindu festival celebrated in Kerala. It falls around 14 April of the Gregorian calendar. “Vishu” means equal in Sanskrit. Vishu is a symbol of the beginning of spring season. Vishu is a festival for the family.[12] | |||
| Puthandu (Tamil New Year) | The Tamil New Year follows the Nirayana vernal equinox. It falls around 14 April of the Gregorian calendar. | |||
| Rongali Bihu | Vaisakha/Bohag (Assamese Calendar) – The first month of Hindu calendar | Rongali Bihu (mid-April, also called Bohag Bihu), is a traditional ethnic festival that celebrates the onset of the Assamese New Year (around 14 April) and the coming of Spring. | ||
| Hanuman Jayanti | Hanuman Jayanti is the celebration of the birth of Hanuman, Rama's loyal devotee. Hanuman is known for his great strength, power and his immortal devotion towards Lord Rama. He is considered to be one of the most powerful Hindu gods in India. On the auspicious day of Hanuman Jayanti, people apply red sindoor from Lord's feet on their foreheads. This is considered a ritual for good health and good luck.[13] | |||
| Sitalsasthi | Sixth day of the bright fortnight of the month of Jyestha (Hindu calendar) | In Odisha, the marriage of Shiva and Parvati is celebrated as Sitalsasthi. It is celebrated as a carnival, and begins with the ceremonial marriage of the two deities. | ||
| Vat Savitrior Vat Amavasya | Full moon of Jyeshta (Hindu calendar) | Vat Pournima is observed in Maharashtra. Pournima means "full moon." Women pray for the prosperity of their husbands by tying threads around a banyan tree. | ||
| Bonalu | Bonalu is an annual festival centered on the Goddess Mahakali from Telangana. It is celebrated in both Hyderabad and Secunderabad between the months of July and August. This festival is dated back to 1813 in Hyderabad and Secunderabad.[14] | |||
| Bathukamma | Bathukamma is a festival celebrated during the months of September and October in the ten districts of Telangana. Celebrated for nine days, it is characterised by exotic flowers from the region.[15] | |||
| Rath Yatra | Second to tenth day of waxing moon phase of month Ashadha (Hindu Calendar) | Ratha Yatra is a procession where the wooden idol of Jagannath, Subhadra and Balbhadra is taken through the streets in a chariot. | ||
| Raja Parba | The second day (Raja Shankranti) signifies the beginning of the solar month of Mithuna. | Raja Parba is a four-day-long festival. It inaugurates and welcomes the agricultural year all over Odisha. | ||
| Guru Purnima | Full moon of Ashadh (Hindu calendar) | Guru Purnima is the day devotees offer puja (worship) to their Guru. This was also the day when Vyasa, author of the Mahabharata, was born. | ||
| Mahalakshmi Vrataor | 'Vara MahaLakshmi Vrata' is celebrated on the Second Friday or the Friday before the day of the full moon – Poornima – in the month of Shravana, which corresponds to the Gregorian months of July–August. | Varalakshmi Vratham or Mahalakshmi Vrata is a puja performed by married Hindu women to seek the blessings of Mahalakshmi, goddess of wealth and prosperity.It is celebrated as Varalakshmi Vratham in South Indian states. It is performed by married women (sumangalis) for the well-being of all their family members, especially the husband and to seek progeny among other things. It is believed that worshipping the Goddess Varalakshmi on this day is equivalent to worshipping Ashtalakshmi – the eight goddesses of Wealth, Earth, Wisdom, Love, Fame, Peace, Contentment, and Strength. | ||
| Onam | Onam is the harvest festival of Kerala. Though it is traditionally observed in Kerala, contemporarily it is celebrated by the Kerala diaspora across the globe. Onam honours Bhagwan Vamana, the fifth avatar of Bhagwan Vishnu, and marks the birthday of Bhagwan Vamana and annual visit of his benevolent devotee Bali (the grandson of Bhakta Prahlada).[16] [17] It falls during the month of Chingam (August–September) and lasts ten days. The festival is marked by various festivities, including intricate flower carpets, Onam Sadya (elaborate banquet lunches), snake boat races, Onappottan, Kaazhchakkula in Guruvayoor, Puli Kali, Kaikottikkali etc. | |||
| Raksha Bandhanor | Full moon of Shravana (Hindu calendar) | Rakhi Purnima or Raksha Bandhan is a festival celebrated mainly in northern Indian states. Rakhi is a special occasion to celebrate the chaste bond of love between a brother and a sister. | ||
| Teejdi orKajri Teej | Third day after Raksha Bandhan | Teejdi is a festival celebrated by Sindhis. On this day, Sindhi women observe a day-long fast for the long life of their husbands. They break their fast after "Chandra Darshan" i.e. seeing the Moon. | ||
| Shitla Satam | Seventh Day after Raksha Bandhan | Shitla Satam is celebrated on the day after Raksha Bandhan. On this day, mothers fast for their children and eat food that is not warm. Women observing this fast keep the stove/gas turned off for the entire day. This day is generally observed by Gujarati families. | ||
| Krishna Janmaashtamior | Eighth day of waning moon of Shravana (amanta) / Bhadrapad (purnimanta) | Krishnashtami, Krishna Janmaashtami, or Krishna Jayanthi, is the Hindu festival celebrating the birth of Krishna. It is observed in India in July or August, on the Ashtami (eighth day) of the Krishna Paksh (waning moon) in the month of Bhadrapad coinciding with Rohini Nakshatra. It is celebrated at midnight when Krishna is believed to be born on a dark, stormy and windy night to end the rule and violence of his uncle, Kamsa. All over India, this day is celebrated with devotional songs and dances, pujas, arti, blowing of the Conch and rocking the cradle of baby Krishna. In Mathura and Vrindavan, the places where Krishna had spent his life, temples and homes are decorated and illuminated. Night long prayers are offered and religious mantras are sung in the temples.[18] | ||
| Radhashtami | Eighth day of waxing moon of Bhadrapada (Hindu calendar) | Radhashtami is celebrated all across India, especially in Northern India, on the eighth day of Bhadrapad, as the birth anniversary of Goddess Radha, consort of Lord Krishna. | ||
| Gowri Habba or Hartalika Teej | Gowri Habba is celebrated in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu. Gowri is worshipped for her ability to bestow courage to her devotees. Newly wed couples are invited to the house of the groom's parents and served with varieties of food. | |||
| Ganesh Chaturthior | Fourth day of the waxing moon of Bhadrapada (Hindu calendar) | Vinayaka Chavithi or Ganesh Chaturthi is celebrated as the arrival of Ganesh on Earth, celebrated in Maharashtra, especially in Pune. | ||
| Nuakhai | Fifth day of the waxing moon of Bhadrapada (Hindu calendar) | Nuakhai is celebrated to welcome the new rice of the season. This is an agricultural festival mainly observed by people of western Odisha (Kosal). | ||
| Navaratri | Navaratri is centered around the worship of the Divine Feminine. In Sanskrit, the term literally means "nine nights". During this festival, the forms of Shakti are worshipped. This nine-day period from the new moon day to the ninth day of Ashvin is considered the most auspicious time of the Hindu calendar and is hence the most celebrated time of the year. Although it has different names in different parts of India, Hindus from all regions celebrate it as the conquest of good over evil. Every region has its own myths and reasons to explain this.[19] | |||
| Durga Puja | Durga Puja is a celebration of the goddess Durga’s triumph over Mahishasura.[20] These are the most popular forms under which she is worshipped: Durga, goddess beyond reach; Kali, the auspicious power of time; Amba or Jagdamba, mother of the world; Annapurna, giver of food and plenty; Sarvamangala, auspicious goddess; Bhairavi, terrible, fearful, power of death; Chandika or Chandi, violent, wrathful, furious; Lalita, playful; Bhavani, giver of existence; Tara, giver of success in work. It is the most important festival of Bengalis, Nepalis and Odias.[21] | |||
| Vijayadashami | Tenth day of waxing moon of Ashvin (Hindu calendar) | Vijayadashami is the Hindu celebration of good over evil. | ||
| Govatsa Dwadashi orDhanteras | Twelfth day of the waning moon fortnight (Krishna Paksha) in the month of Kartik (Hindu calendar) | Govatsa Dwadashi is the worship of cows as chief source of livelihood and religious sanctity; being the first day of Diwali celebrations. Sripada Vallabha Aradhana Utsav of Sripada Sri Vallabha, at Pithapuram Datta Mahasamsthan in the state of Andhra Pradesh. Dhanteras - Dhanteras (Hindi: धनतेरस), also known as Dhanatrayodashi (Sanskrit: धनत्रयोदशी), is the first day that marks the festival of Diwali in India. It is celebrated on the thirteenth lunar day of Krishna Paksha (dark fortnight) in the Hindi calendar month of Ashvin. Dhanvantari, who is also worshipped on the occasion of Dhanteras, is considered the God of Ayurveda who imparted the wisdom of Ayurveda for the betterment of mankind, and to help rid it of the suffering of disease. | ||
| Diwali or Deepavali | New moon of Ashvin (amanta) / Kartika (purnimanta) | Deepavali which means "row of lights/lamps" in Kannada and Telugu and Marathi and Sanskrit is called "Diwali" in North India, Deepa means lamp and in Hindi a lamp is mostly called a Diya or Di. The festival is celebrated on the occasion of Lord Krishna and his wife Satyabhama killing a demon Narakasura. Another story says the festival is celebrated for the return of Rama and Sita to the kingdom Ayodhya after fourteen years of exile.Rama is exiled to the forest for 14 years, his devoted wife Sita and humble brother Laxman decide to join him, after 14 years the whole village know he is returning so light lamps or 'divas' to guide him, his wife and brother home. So every year lamps are lit to represent Rama finding his way back home after the harsh punishment of being sent to exile in the forest. | ||
| Bhai dooj(Bhratri Dvitiya) | Second day of the waxing moon of Kartik (Hindu calendar) | Bhai dooj, also referred to as Bhaubeej in Marathi or Bhaiphonta in Bengali, is the ceremony performed by Hindus, generally, on the second day of Deepavali. It is celebrated among brothers and sisters and is similar to Raksha Bandhan, except there is no tying of rakhi involved. | ||
| Karva Chauth (Kark Chaturthi) or Atla Tadde | Karva Chauth is a one-day festival celebrated by Hindu women from some regions of India, especially northern India. On Karva Chauth, the married women, especially in Northern India, fast from sunrise to moonrise for the safety and longevity of their husbands.[22] The Karva Chauth fast is traditionally celebrated in the states of Delhi, Haryana, Rajasthan, Punjab, Jammu, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.[23] It is known as Atla Tadde in Andhra Pradesh. | |||
| Kartika Purnima | 15th of the Full moon day of Kartik (November–December) | A unique festival is celebrated in Varanasi this day which is called Dev Deepavali. The Kartik Purnima festival also coincides with the Jain light festival and Guru Nanak Jayanti | ||
| Chhath | Chhath is mainly observed in Bihar and Terai, but is also celebrated elsewhere. It is a festival dedicated to the Sun God for bestowing the bounties of life and fulfilling wishes. During Chath, devotees worship God Surya early in the morning. | |||
| Skanda Sashti | Skanda Sashti is decided on lunar month during the sixth day of Karthika Masam (October–November). It is one of the most important festival dedicated to Lord Murugan the second son of Shiva. On this festival is celebrated the victory of Murugan against the Asuras. | |||
| Champa Sashti | Champa Sashti festival is a six-day festival observed from the first to the sixth of the Hindu month of Margashirsha (November – early December). It is one of the most important festivals dedicated to Lord Khandoba. This festival celebrates the victory of Khandoba against the demons Mani-Malla. | |||
| Prathamastami | After 8 days of Kartik Purnima | Prathamastami is a festival that originated in Odia. It is held on the eighth day of the month of Agrahayana, when older female relatives pray for the prosperity of their eldest child. The festival is followed by rituals and recitations of the Glory of Mahalakshmi and Shashti Devi. | ||
| Yatra | Yatra (also Zatra and jatra) refers to the pilgrimage festivals celebrated at Hindu temples. Idols and murtis are taken out on special procession in a palkhi (a palanquin) or a chariot called the rath. Every temple observes this festival once a year on the traditional day. Palkhi is main tradition of Maharashtra. Sant Dhnyaneshwar had started the palkhi from Alandi (Pune) to Pandharpur. Every year Marathi people celebrates Palkhi from Alandi and Dehu to Pandharpur. | |||
| Karthikai Deepamor | Kartika Deepam or Karthikai Deepam is an ancient festival of lights celebrated by Tamil Hindus and Telugu Hindus on the full moon day of the Karthikai/Kartika month (November/December). This occurs on the day when the moon is in conjunction with the constellation Karthigai (Pleiades) and purnima. It is the same as Kartik Poornima; however, since Tamils follow the Hindu Solar calendar with correction for precession of the equinoxes, the Tamil date matches the actual constellation. | |||
| Vaikasi Visakam | Birth star of Kartikeya | Vaikasi Vishaka is an ancient Hindu festival celebrated on Vishākhā star on Vaisakha month by South Indians and Sri Lankans especially followers of Kaumaram and Shaiva Siddhanta. | ||
| Pancha Ganapati | A winter solstice celebration that lasts five days. | Pancha Ganapati is a modern Hindu festival celebrating Lord Ganesha, the Five-Faced Maha Ganapati—Lord of Categories. | ||
| Kumbh Mela | A pilgrimage made to the Ganges, Yamuna and Saraswati river | The Purna (complete) Kumbh takes place every twelve years, and is an ordinary large Kumbh Mela. The Ardh (half) Kumbh Mella, a smaller Kumbh Mela, is celebrated every six years. The normal Kumbh Mela is celebrated every 3 years. The Maha (great) Kumbh Mela, a special large Kumbh Mela, occurs every 12 'Purna Kumbh Melas', or 144 years. | ||
| Shravani Mela | A month-long Hindu festival observed in the month of Shravan (July–August) at the Baba Baidyanath Dham temple in Deoghar, Jharkhand, India. | Shravani Mela is one of the largest religious gatherings in India, attracting millions of devotees, primarily the Kanwariyas, who undertake a pilgrimage to offer holy water from the Ganges to Lord Shiva. | ||
| Godavari Pushkaram or Purna Kumbha Mela | Godavari Pushkaram or Godavari Pushkaralu is most commonly stated as it is the festival of the river Godavari. The main significance of this Godavari Pushkaralu is that it occurs once in every 12 years in other words called as Pushakaram. The river Godavari took it birth at triambakeswar in Nasik which is located in Maharashtra state. It flow along the various regions of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Maharashtra and Karnataka and finally flows into the Bay of Bengal. Maha Pushkaralu which comes once in 144 years.Main centre's that celebrate Pushkaram are Rajahmundry, Bhadrachalam, Trimbakeshwar & Nashik. Most of the Godavari River is connected with Rajahmundry, where it has wide spread across the city. | |||
| Sama Chakeva | Sama Chakeva (Nepali or Hindi: सामाचकेवा) is an important festival observed by the Mithila region that extends from Terai of Nepal to Bihar and Jharkhand states of India. With great enthusiasm, young brothers and sisters celebrate this festival in Kartik as per the Bikram Sambat Calendar, typically in November. This period traditionally marks the migration of beautiful and colourful birds from the Himalayas to plains of Nepal (Terai) and India. This festival demonstrates love and affection between brothers and sisters.This festival begins immediately after the conclusion of Chhath festival in Nepal and northern parts of India, and it ends on the full moon day of Kartik, which coincides in the month of November. | |||
| Tulsi Pujan Diwas | 25 December every year | Tulsi Pujan Diwas is celebrated on 25 December by Hindus in India. Tulsi in Hinduism is used for medicinal and spiritual use. It is considered sacred in Hinduism and it is believed that Tulsi brings prosperity. | ||
| Naga Panchami | Fifth day of Shravan month of the Lunar calendar | Naga Panchami is a traditional worship of snakes or serpents observed by Hindus throughout India, Nepal and other countries where Hindu adherents live. |
Others
