Parailurus Explained

Parailurus is a genus of extinct carnivoran mammal in the family Ailuridae. It was about 50% larger than Ailurus (red panda) and lived in the Early to Late Pliocene, and its fossils have been found in Europe, Asia and North America.

History of discovery

The type species, Parailurus anglicus, was first described by William Boyd Dawkins in 1888, who originally called it Ailurus anglicus. The species was found at the Red Crag in East Anglia.[1] Max Schlosser reclassified the species' genus as Parailurus in 1899, following a study of a more complete specimen's dentition from the Baróth-Köpecz locality.[2] [3]

Tivadar Kormos described a new species of Parailurus called Parailurus hungaricus in 1939, known from the site of Hajnáčka in Slovakia, dating back to the early MN 16 stage.[4] This species is now considered a junior synonym of Parailurus anglicus.[5] The other two species, P. baikalicus and P. tedfordi, were described in 2008 and 2022 respectively.[6] Specimens identified from Japan are referred to P. sp.[7]

Description

Because Parailurus anglicus has been only described by fragmentary remains, its appearance hasn't been well-documented. Other Ailurids provide the general idea of what Parailurus anglicus looked like. Dawkins' specimen was a "battered and worn down" part of the right lower jaw, not giving much information of the appearance of Parailurus anglicus.

A reconstruction by the Czech artist Oldƙich Kroupa represented it as extremely similar to the red panda, though with darker and dull fur.[8] Parailurus anglicus was twice the size of a red panda,[9] and probably lived in a similar environment to that of the red panda.

Parailurus anglicus had a much rather distinct dentition when compared to other ailurids. It has a pretty unusual upper fourth premolar, with greater antoposterior length than transverse width.[10] Its teeth suggest it was an omnivorous animal.[11] The fossils of P. baikalicus, known from the Transbaikal region of Russia,[12] carry low-crowned lower molars, along with the main cuspids of the cheek teeth being worn horizontally. This suggests P. baikalicus was folivorous, commonly consuming leaves.[13]

Classification

The placement of Parailurus anglicus and ailurids overall in the evolutionary tree has been debated. They were first placed in the family Procyonidae in the early 20th century for the raccoon's similarity with the red panda. Newer genetic studies in 2005, 2018 and 2021 have placed the ailurid family in the clade Musteloidea, which includes Procyonidae, Mustelidae (weasels, minks and relatives) and Mephitidae (skunks and stink badgers).[14] [15] [16]

Notes and References

  1. Dawkins . William Boyd . William Boyd Dawkins . 1888-02-01 . On Ailurus anglicus, a new Carnivore from the Red Crag . . . 44 . 1–4 . 228–231. 10.1144/GSL.JGS.1888.044.01-04.20 . 1888QJGS...44..228D .
  2. Schlosser . Max . Max Schlosser (zoologist) . Parailurus anglicus Ă©s Ursus Böckhi a baroth-köpeczi lignitbƑl, HĂĄromszĂ©k vĂĄrmegyĂ©ben . Magyar Állami Földtani IntĂ©zet Ă©vkönyve . Franklin-TĂĄrsulat KönyvnyomdĂĄja . 28 . 67.
  3. Book: Kurtén, Björn . Pleistocene mammals of Europe . Transaction Publishers . 1968 . 118. 978-1-351-49948-4 .
  4. Fejfar . Oldƙich . Sabol . Martin . April 2004 . Pliocene Carnivores (Carnivora, Mammalia) from Ivanovce and Hajnáčka (Slovakia) . . 246 . 15–53 . 17 March 2023.
  5. Lawrence . Steven C. . Lyon . Lauren M. . 2022-11-05 . Systematic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America . Red Panda . . 31–52 . 10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00011-9 . 978-0-12-823753-3 . Elsevier Science Direct. subscription .
  6. Book: Wallace. Steven C.. Lyon. Lauren M.. Red Panda. Systematic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): With a new species from North America. 2022. 31–52. 10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00011-9. 9780128237533. 243818007.
  7. Sasagawa . Ichiro . Takahashi . Keiichi . Sakumoto . Tatsuya . Nagamori . Hideaki . Yabe . Hideo . Kobayashi . Iwao . 24 December 2003 . Discovery of the extinct red panda Parailurus (Mammalia, Carnivora) in Japan . . en . 23 . 4 . 895–900 . 10.1671/2441-14 . 2003JVPal..23..895S . 0272-4634 . 8 September 2025 . Taylor and Francis Online. subscription .
  8. Web site: Kroupa . Oldƙich . Parailurus . 2024-11-16 . Biologus.
  9. Web site: Rhys . 2021-03-02 . Red Pandas And The Fossil Record Of Cuteness – The Bristol Dinosaur Project . 2024-11-16 . The Bristol Dinosaur Project . . en-GB.
  10. Sasagawa . Ichiro . Takahashi . Keiichi . Sakumoto . Tatsuya . Nagamori . Hideaki . Hideo . Yabe . Kobayashi . Iwao . 2003-12-01 . Discovery of the Extinct Red Panda Parailurus (Mammalia, Carnivora) in Japan . . . 23 . 4 . 895–900. 10.1671/2441-14 . 2003JVPal..23..895S .
  11. Web site: Arment . Chad . 2003 . The Lesser Pandas . 2024-11-16 . ZooCreation . Darke County, Ohio.
  12. Sotnikova . M. V. . 30 January 2008 . A new species of lesser panda Parailurus (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny . . en . 42 . 1 . 90–99 . 10.1134/S0031030108010152 . 2008PalJ...42...90S . 0031-0301 . 9 September 2025 . Springer Nature Link. subscription .
  13. Ogino. Shintaro. Nakaya. Hideo. Takai. Masanaru. Fukuchi. Akira. Maschenko. Evgeny N.. Kalmykov. Nikolai P.. September 30, 2009. Mandible and Lower Dentition of Parailurus baikalicus (Ailuridae, Carnivora) from Transbaikal area, Russia. Paleontological Research. en-US. 13. 3. 259–264. 10.2517/1342-8144-13.3.259. 2009PalRe..13..259O . 86244485 . 1342-8144. free.
  14. Flynn, J. J. . Finarelli, J. A. . Zehr, S. . Hsu, J. . Nedbal, M. A. . amp . 2005 . Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships . Systematic Biology . 54 . 2 . 317–337 . 10.1080/10635150590923326 . 16012099 . free.
  15. Law, C. J. . Slater, G. J. . Mehta, R. S. . amp . 2018 . Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods . Systematic Biology . 67 . 1 . 127–144 . 10.1093/sysbio/syx047 . 28472434 . free.
  16. Hassanin, A. . Veron, G. . Ropiquet, A. . van Vuuren, B. J. . LĂ©cu, A. . Goodman, S. M. . Haider, J. . Nguyen, T. T. . 2021 . Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes . PLOS ONE . 16 . 2 . e0240770 . 2021PLoSO..1640770H . 10.1371/journal.pone.0240770 . 7886153 . 33591975 . free.

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