Perciformes Explained

Perciformes, also called the Acanthopteri, is an order or superorder of ray-finned fish in the clade Percomorpha. Perciformes means "perch-like". Among the well-known members of this group are perches and darters (Percidae), and also sea basses and groupers (Serranidae).[1] This order contains many familiar freshwater temperate and tropical marine fish groups, but also extremophiles that have successfully colonized both the North and South Poles, as well as the deepest depths of the ocean.[2]

Taxonomy

Formerly, this group was thought to be even more diverse than it is thought to be now, containing about 41% of all bony fish (about 10,000 species) and about 160 families, which is the most of any order within the vertebrates.[3] However, many of these other families have since been reclassified within their own orders within the clade Percomorpha, significantly reducing the size of the group. In contrast to this splitting, other groups formerly considered distinct, such as the Scorpaeniformes, are now classified in the Perciformes.[4]

Evolution

The earliest fossil perciform is the extinct stem group-perciform[5] Paleoserranus (originally considered an early serranid) from the Early Paleocene of Mexico, but potential records of "percoids" are known from the Maastrichtian, including Eoserranus and Prolates, although their exact taxonomic identity remains uncertain.[6] [7] The earliest crown-group perciform fossils are known from the Early Eocene, including the scorpaenoid Eosynanceja and platycephalid otoliths from New Zealand.

Classification

Classification of this group has long been controversial, with various families being placed in and out of Perciformes depending on the study. Only in recent decades, with the advent of molecular phylogenetics, has the classification of the family been largely resolved. Based on these studies, many suborders formerly placed within the Perciformes are better placed elsewhere in the Percomorpha, but former members of the Scorpaeniformes, Gasterosteiformes, and some members of the Trachiniformes (including the type genus) are now considered true perciforms.[8]

Present classification

The following classification is based on Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes:

The following fossil families may also belong to Perciformes sensu stricto, although this is uncertain:[10]

Past classifications

As traditionally defined before the introduction of cladistics, the Perciformes are almost certainly paraphyletic. Other orders that should possibly be included as suborders are the Scorpaeniformes, Tetraodontiformes, and Pleuronectiformes.Of the presently recognized suborders, several may be paraphyletic, as well. These are grouped by suborder/superfamily, generally following the text Fishes of the World.[11]

Characteristics

The dorsal and anal fins are divided into anterior spiny and posterior soft-rayed portions, which may be partially or completely separated. The pelvic fins usually have one spine and up to five soft rays, positioned unusually far forward under the chin or under the belly. Scales are usually ctenoid (rough to the touch), although sometimes they are cycloid (smooth to the touch) or otherwise modified.

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Perciform - Form and function . 2019-02-14 . Encyclopedia Britannica . en.
  2. Thacker . Christine E. . Near . Thomas J. . 2025-03-13 . Phylogeny, biology, and evolution of acanthopterygian fish clades . Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries . 35 . 2 . 805–845 . en . 10.1007/s11160-025-09935-w . 2025RFBF...35..805T . 1573-5184. free .
  3. Book: Nelson, J. S. . . 2006 . John Wiley & Sons . 978-0-471-25031-9 . 4 . Hoboken, NJ.
  4. Book: J. S. Nelson . Fishes of the World . T. C. Grande . M. V. H. Wilson . Wiley . 2016 . 978-1-118-34233-6 . 5th . 497–502 . 2020-12-24 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190408194051/https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/ . 2019-04-08 .
  5. Near . Thomas J. . Thacker . Christine E. . 2024-04-18 . Phylogenetic Classification of Living and Fossil Ray-Finned Fishes (Actinopterygii) . Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History . 65 . 1 . 101 . 10.3374/014.065.0101 . 2024BPMNH..65..101N . 0079-032X. subscription .
  6. Cantalice . Kleyton M. . Alvarado-Ortega . Jesús . Alaniz-Galvan . Abril . 2018-04-01 . Paleoserranus lakamhae gen. et sp. nov., a Paleocene seabass (Perciformes: Serranidae) from Palenque, Chiapas, southeastern Mexico . Journal of South American Earth Sciences . 83 . 137–146 . 10.1016/j.jsames.2018.01.010 . 2018JSAES..83..137C . 0895-9811. subscription .
  7. Kriwet . Jürgen . Arratia . Gloria . López-Arbarello . Adriana . Parmar . Varun . Prasad . Guntupalli . 2004-01-01 . Late Cretaceous-Paleocene percomorphs (Teleostei) from India - early radiation of perciformes . Recent Advances in ….
  8. Web site: Fricke . R. . Eschmeyer . W. N. . Van der Laan . R. . 2025 . ESCHMEYER'S CATALOG OF FISHES: CLASSIFICATION . 2025-08-14 . . en.
  9. Vandenberg. Megan L.. Heiple. Zach. Kolmann. Matthew A.. Buser. Thaddaeus. Summers. Adam P.. Meléndez-Vazquez. Fernando. Arcila. Dahiana. Maslenikov. Katherine P.. Tornabene. Luke. 2026-04-01. Phylogenomics of poachers (Agonidae) and the evolution of armor in cottoid fishes (Perciformes: Cottoidei). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 217. 108552. 10.1016/j.ympev.2026.108552. 1055-7903.
  10. Laan . Richard van der . 2018-10-11 . Family-group names of fossil fishes . European Journal of Taxonomy . en . 466 . 10.5852/ejt.2018.466 . 2118-9773. free .
  11. Web site: ADW: Perciformes. animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu. Animal Diversity Web.
  12. Book: Fishes of the World . 5th . J. S. Nelson . T. C. Grande . M. V. H. Wilson . 2016 . 430–467 . Wiley . 978-1-118-34233-6 . 20 February 2020 . 8 April 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190408194051/https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/ .
  13. Betancur-R . Ricardo . Wiley . Edward O. . Arratia . Gloria . Acero . Arturo . Bailly . Nicolas . Miya . Masaki . Lecointre . Guillaume . Ortí . Guillermo . Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes . BMC Evolutionary Biology . 6 July 2017 . 17 . 1 . 162 . 10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3 . 28683774 . 1471-2148. free . 5501477 . 2017BMCEE..17..162B .

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