R (programming language) explained

R is a programming language for statistical computing and data visualization. It has been widely adopted in the fields of data mining, bioinformatics, data analysis, and data science.^[3]

The core R language is extended by a large number of software packages, which contain reusable code, documentation, and sample data. Some of the most popular R packages are in the tidyverse collection, which enhances functionality for visualizing, transforming, and modelling data, as well as improves the ease of programming (according to the authors and users).^[4]

R is free and open-source software distributed under the GNU General Public License.^{[5] [6]} The language is implemented primarily in C, Fortran, and R itself. Precompiled executables are available for the major operating systems (including Linux, MacOS, and Microsoft Windows).

Its core is an interpreted language with a native command line interface. In addition, multiple third-party applications are available as graphical user interfaces; such applications include RStudio (an integrated development environment), Jupyter (a notebook interface), as well as Termux and Google Colab for mobile devices.

History

R was started by professors Ross Ihaka and Robert Gentleman as a programming language to teach introductory statistics at the University of Auckland.^[7] The language was inspired by the S programming language, with most S programs able to run unaltered in R.^[8] The language was also inspired by Scheme's lexical scoping, allowing for local variables.^[9]

The name of the language, R, comes from being both an S language successor and the shared first letter of the authors, Ross and Robert.^[10] In August 1993, Ihaka and Gentleman posted a binary file of R on StatLib — a data archive website.^[11] At the same time, they announced the posting on the s-news mailing list.^[12] On 5 December 1997, R became a GNU project when version 0.60 was released.^[13] On 29 February 2000, the 1.0 version was released.^[14]

Packages

See main article: R package.

R packages are collections of functions, documentation, and data that expand R.^[15] For example, packages can add reporting features (using packages such as R Markdown, Quarto,^[16] knitr, and Sweave) and support for various statistical techniques (such as linear, generalized linear and nonlinear modeling, classical statistical tests, spatial analysis, time-series analysis, and clustering). Ease of package installation and use have contributed to the language's adoption in data science.^[17]

Immediately available when starting R after installation, base packages provide the fundamental and necessary syntax and commands for programming, computing, graphics production, basic arithmetic, and statistical functionality.^[18] Third-party packages can be installed and loaded on demand.

The Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN) was founded in 1997 by Kurt Hornik and Friedrich Leisch to host R's source code, executable files, documentation, and user-created packages. CRAN's name and scope mimic the Comprehensive TeX Archive Network (CTAN) and the Comprehensive Perl Archive Network (CPAN).^[19] CRAN originally had only three mirror sites and twelve contributed packages.^[20], it has 90 mirrors^[21] and 22,390 contributed packages.^[22] Packages are also available in repositories such as R-Forge, Omegahat, and GitHub.^{[23] [24] [25]}

To provide guidance on the CRAN web site, its Task Views area lists packages that are relevant for specific topics; sample topics include causal inference, finance, genetics, high-performance computing, machine learning, medical imaging, meta-analysis, social sciences, and spatial statistics.

The Bioconductor project provides packages for genomic data analysis, complementary DNA, microarray, and high-throughput sequencing methods.

Community

There are three main groups that help support R software development:

• The R Core Team was founded in 1997 to maintain the R source code.
• The R Foundation for Statistical Computing was founded in April 2003 to provide financial support.
• The R Consortium is a Linux Foundation project to develop R infrastructure.

The R Journal is an open access, academic journal that features short to medium-length articles on the use and development of R. The journal includes articles on packages, programming tips, CRAN news, and foundation news.The R community hosts many conferences and in-person meetups. These groups include:

• UseR!: an annual international R user conference (website)
• Directions in Statistical Computing (DSC) (website)
• R-Ladies: an organization to promote gender diversity in the R community (website)
• SatRdays: R-focused conferences held on Saturdays (website)
• Data Science & AI Conferences (website)
• posit::conf (formerly known as rstudio::conf) (website)

On social media sites such as Twitter, the hashtag #rstats can be used to follow new developments in the R community.^[26]

Examples

Hello, World!

The following is a "Hello, World!" program:> print("Hello, World!")[1] "Hello, World!"Here is an alternative version, which uses the cat function:> cat("Hello, World!")Hello, World!

Basic syntax

The following examples illustrate the basic syntax of the language and use of the command-line interface.

In R, the generally preferred assignment operator is an arrow made from two characters <-, although = can be used in some cases.^[27]

> x <- 1:6 # Create a numeric vector in the current environment> y <- x^2 # Similarly, create a vector based on the values in x.> y # Print the vector’s contents.[1] 1 4 9 16 25 36

> z <- x + y # Create a new vector that is the sum of x and y> z # Return the contents of z to the current environment.[1] 2 6 12 20 30 42

> z_matrix <- matrix(z, nrow = 3) # Create a new matrix that transforms the # vector z into a 3x2 matrix object> z_matrix [,1] [,2][1,] 2 20[2,] 6 30[3,] 12 42

> 2 * t(z_matrix) - 2 # Transpose the matrix; multiply every element by 2; # subtract 2 from each element in the matrix; and # then return the results to the terminal. [,1] [,2] [,3][1,] 2 10 22[2,] 38 58 82

1. Create a new dataframe object that contains the data from a transposed
2. z_matrix, with row names 'A' and 'B'

> new_df <- data.frame(t(z_matrix), row.names = c("A", "B")) > names(new_df) <- c("X", "Y", "Z") # Set the column names of the new_df dataframe as X, Y, and Z.> new_df # Print the current results. X Y ZA 2 6 12B 20 30 42

> new_df$Z # Output the Z column[1] 12 42

> new_df$Z

new_df['Z'] && new_df[3]

new_df$Z # The dataframe column Z can be accessed using the syntax $Z, ['Z'], or [3], and the values are the same. [1] TRUE

> attributes(new_df) # Print information about attributes of the new_df dataframe$names[1] "X" "Y" "Z"

$row.names[1] "A" "B"

$class[1] "data.frame"

> attributes(new_df)$row.names <- c("one", "two") # Access and then change the row.names attribute; this can also be done using the rownames function> new_df X Y Zone 2 6 12two 20 30 42

Structure of a function

R is able to create functions that add new functionality for code reuse.^[28] Objects created within the body of the function (which are enclosed by curly brackets) remain accessible only from within the function, and any data type may be returned. In R, almost all functions and all user-defined functions are closures.^[29]

The following is an example of creating a function to perform an arithmetic calculation:# The function's input parameters are x and y.

1. The function, named f, returns a linear combination of x and y.

f <- function(x, y)

1. As an alternative, the last statement executed in a function is returned implicitly.

f <- function(x, y) 3 * x + 4 * y

The following is some output from using the function defined above:> f(1, 2) # 3 * 1 + 4 * 2 = 3 + 8[1] 11

> f(c(1, 2, 3), c(5, 3, 4)) # Element-wise calculation[1] 23 18 25

> f(1:3, 4) # Equivalent to f(c(1, 2, 3), c(4, 4, 4))[1] 19 22 25

It is possible to define functions to be used as infix operators by using the special syntax `%name%`, where "name" is the function variable name:> `%sumx2y2%` <- function(e1, e2) > 1:3 %sumx2y2% -(1:3)[1] 2 8 18

Since R version 4.1.0, functions can be written in a short notation (inspired by the lambda calculus), which is useful for passing anonymous functions to higher-order functions:^[30] > sapply(1:5, \(i) i^2) # here \(i) is the same as function(i) [1] 1 4 9 16 25

Native pipe operator

In R version 4.1.0, a native pipe operator, |>, was introduced.^[31] This operator allows users to chain functions together, rather than using nested function calls.

> nrow(subset(mtcars, cyl

4)) # Nested without the pipe character[1] 11

> mtcars |> subset(cyl

4) |> nrow # Using the pipe character[1] 11

An alternative to nested functions is the use of intermediate objects, rather than the pipe operator:

> mtcars_subset_rows <- subset(mtcars, cyl

4)> num_mtcars_subset <- nrow(mtcars_subset_rows)> print(num_mtcars_subset)[1] 11While the pipe operator can produce code that is easier to read, influential R programmers like Hadley Wickham suggest to chain together at most 10-15 lines of code using this operator and saving them into objects having meaningful names to avoid code obfuscation.^[32]

Object-oriented programming

The R language has native support for object-oriented programming. There are two native frameworks, the so-called S3 and S4 systems. The former, being more informal, supports single dispatch on the first argument, and objects are assigned to a class simply by setting a "class" attribute in each object. The latter is a system like the Common Lisp Object System (CLOS), with formal classes (also derived from S) and generic methods, which supports multiple dispatch and multiple inheritance^[33]

In the example below, summary is a generic function that dispatches to different methods depending on whether its argument is a numeric vector or a factor:> data <- c("a", "b", "c", "a", NA)> summary(data) Length Class Mode 5 character character > summary(as.factor(data)) a b c NA's 2 1 1 1

Modeling and plotting

The R language has built-in support for data modeling and graphics. The following example shows how R can generate and plot a linear model with residuals.

1. Create x and y values

x <- 1:6y <- x^2

1. Linear regression model: y = A + B * x

model <- lm(y ~ x)

1. Display an in-depth summary of the model

summary(model)

1. Create a 2-by-2 layout for figures

par(mfrow = c(2, 2))

1. Output diagnostic plots of the model

plot(model)

The output from the summary function in the preceding code block is as follows:Residuals: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 3.3333 -0.6667 -2.6667 -2.6667 -0.6667 3.3333

Coefficients: Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) (Intercept) -9.3333 2.8441 -3.282 0.030453 * x 7.0000 0.7303 9.585 0.000662 ***---Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1

Residual standard error: 3.055 on 4 degrees of freedomMultiple R-squared: 0.9583, Adjusted R-squared: 0.9478F-statistic: 91.88 on 1 and 4 DF, p-value: 0.000662

Mandelbrot set

This example of a Mandelbrot set highlights the use of complex numbers. It models the first 20 iterations of the equation z = z<sup>2</sup> + c, where c represents different complex constants.

To run this sample code, it is necessary to first install the package that provides the write.gif function:install.packages("caTools")

The sample code is as follows:library(caTools)

jet.colors <- colorRampPalette(c("green", "pink", "#007FFF", "cyan", "#7FFF7F", "white", "#FF7F00", "red", "#7F0000"))

dx <- 1500 # define widthdy <- 1400 # define height

C <- complex(real = rep(seq(-2.2, 1.0, length.out = dx), each = dy), imag = rep(seq(-1.2, 1.2, length.out = dy), times = dx))

1. reshape as matrix of complex numbers

C <- matrix(C, dy, dx)

1. initialize output 3D array

X <- array(0, c(dy, dx, 20))

Z <- 0

1. loop with 20 iterations

for (k in 1:20)

write.gif(X, "Mandelbrot.gif", col = jet.colors, delay = 100)

Version names

All R version releases from 2.14.0 onward have codenames that make reference to Peanuts comics and films.^{[34] [35]}

In 2018, core R developer Peter Dalgaard presented a history of R releases since 1997.^[36] Some notable early releases before the named releases include the following:

• Version 1.0.0, released on 29 February 2000, a leap day
• Version 2.0.0, released on 4 October 2004, "which at least had a nice ring to it"

The idea of naming R version releases was inspired by the naming system for Debian and Ubuntu versions. Dalgaard noted an additional reason for the use of Peanuts references in R codenames—the humorous observation that "everyone in statistics is a P-nut."

R release codenames!Version!Release date!Name!Peanuts reference!

4.5.2	2025-10-31	[Not] Part in a Rumble	[37]	[38]
4.5.1	2025-06-13	Great Square Root	[39]	[40]
4.5.0	2025-04-11	How About a Twenty-Six	[41]	[42]
4.4.3	2025-02-28	Trophy Case	[43]	[44]
4.4.2	2024-10-31	Pile of Leaves	[45]	[46]
4.4.1	2024-06-14	Race for Your Life	[47]	[48]
4.4.0	2024-04-24	Puppy Cup	[49]	[50]
4.3.3	2024-02-29	Angel Food Cake	[51]	[52]
4.3.2	2023-10-31	Eye Holes	[53]	[54]
4.3.1	2023-06-16	Beagle Scouts	[55]	[56]
4.3.0	2023-04-21	Already Tomorrow	[57] [58] [59]	[60]
4.2.3	2023-03-15	Shortstop Beagle	[61]	[62]
4.2.2	2022-10-31	Innocent and Trusting	[63]	[64]
4.2.1	2022-06-23	Funny-Looking Kid	[65] [66] [67] [68] [69] [70]	[71]
4.2.0	2022-04-22	Vigorous Calisthenics	[72]	[73]
4.1.3	2022-03-10	One Push-Up		[74]
4.1.2	2021-11-01	Bird Hippie	[75] [76]
4.1.1	2021-08-10	Kick Things	[77]	[78]
4.1.0	2021-05-18	Camp Pontanezen	[79]	[80]
4.0.5	2021-03-31	Shake and Throw	[81]	[82]
4.0.4	2021-02-15	Lost Library Book	[83] [84] [85]	[86]
4.0.3	2020-10-10	Bunny-Wunnies Freak Out	[87]	[88]
4.0.2	2020-06-22	Taking Off Again	[89]	[90]
4.0.1	2020-06-06	See Things Now	[91]	[92]
4.0.0	2020-04-24	Arbor Day	[93]	[94]
3.6.3	2020-02-29	Holding the Windsock	[95]	[96]
3.6.2	2019-12-12	Dark and Stormy Night	See It was a dark and stormy night#Literature[97]	[98]
3.6.1	2019-07-05	Action of the Toes	[99]	[100]
3.6.0	2019-04-26	Planting of a Tree	[101]	[102]
3.5.3	2019-03-11	Great Truth	[103]	[104]
3.5.2	2018-12-20	Eggshell Igloos	[105]	[106]
3.5.1	2018-07-02	Feather Spray	[107]	[108]
3.5.0	2018-04-23	Joy in Playing	[109]	[110]
3.4.4	2018-03-15	Someone to Lean On	[111] [112] [113]	[114]
3.4.3	2017-11-30	Kite-Eating Tree	See Kite-Eating Tree[115]	[116]
3.4.2	2017-09-28	Short Summer	See It Was a Short Summer, Charlie Brown	[117]
3.4.1	2017-06-30	Single Candle	[118]	[119]
3.4.0	2017-04-21	You Stupid Darkness		[120]
3.3.3	2017-03-06	Another Canoe	[121]	[122]
3.3.2	2016-10-31	Sincere Pumpkin Patch	[123]	[124]
3.3.1	2016-06-21	Bug in Your Hair	[125]	[126]
3.3.0	2016-05-03	Supposedly Educational	[127]	[128]
3.2.5	2016-04-11	Very, Very Secure Dishes	[129]	[130] [131] [132]
3.2.4	2016-03-11	Very Secure Dishes		[133]
3.2.3	2015-12-10	Wooden Christmas-Tree	See A Charlie Brown Christmas[134]	[135]
3.2.2	2015-08-14	Fire Safety	[136] [137]	[138]
3.2.1	2015-06-18	World-Famous Astronaut	[139]	[140]
3.2.0	2015-04-16	Full of Ingredients	[141]	[142]
3.1.3	2015-03-09	Smooth Sidewalk	[143]	[144]
3.1.2	2014-10-31	Pumpkin Helmet	See You're a Good Sport, Charlie Brown	[145]
3.1.1	2014-07-10	Sock it to Me	[146] [147] [148] [149]	[150]
3.1.0	2014-04-10	Spring Dance		[151]
3.0.3	2014-03-06	Warm Puppy	[152]	[153]
3.0.2	2013-09-25	Frisbee Sailing	[154]	[155]
3.0.1	2013-05-16	Good Sport	[156]	[157]
3.0.0	2013-04-03	Masked Marvel	[158]	[159]
2.15.3	2013-03-01	Security Blanket	[160]	[161]
2.15.2	2012-10-26	Trick or Treat	[162]	[163]
2.15.1	2012-06-22	Roasted Marshmallows	[164]	[165]
2.15.0	2012-03-30	Easter Beagle	[166]	[167]
2.14.2	2012-02-29	Gift-Getting Season	See It's the Easter Beagle, Charlie Brown[168]	[169]
2.14.1	2011-12-22	December Snowflakes	[170]	[171]
2.14.0	2011-10-31	Great Pumpkin	See It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown[172]	[173]
r-devel	N/A	Unsuffered Consequences	[174]

Interfaces

R is installed with a command line console by default, but there are multiple ways to interface with the language:

• Integrated development environment (IDE):
  • R.app^[175] (OSX/macOS only)
  • Rattle GUI
  • R Commander
  • RKWard
  • RStudio
  • Positron^[176]
  • Tinn-R^[177]
• General-purpose IDEs:
  • Eclipse via the StatET plugin
  • Visual Studio via R Tools for Visual Studio.
• Source-code editors:
  • Emacs
  • Vim via the Nvim-R plugin
  • Kate
  • LyX via Sweave
  • WinEdt (website)
  • Jupyter (website)
• Other scripting languages:
  • Python (website)
  • Perl (website)
  • Ruby (source code)
  • F# (website)
  • Julia (source code).
• General-purpose programming languages:
  • Java via the Rserve socket server
  • .NET C# (website)

Statistical frameworks that use R in the background include Jamovi and JASP.

Implementations

The main R implementation is written primarily in C, Fortran, and R itself. Other implementations include the following:

• pretty quick R (pqR), by Radford M. Neal, which attempts to improve memory management.
• Renjin for the Java Virtual Machine.
• CXXR and Riposte^[178] written in C++.
• Oracle's FastR built on GraalVM.
• TIBCO Enterprise Runtime for R (TERR) to integrate with Spotfire.^[179] (The company also created S-Plus, an implementation of the S language.)

Microsoft R Open (MRO) was an R implementation. As of 30 June 2021, Microsoft began to phase out MRO in favor of the CRAN distribution.^[180]

Commercial support

Although R is an open-source project, some companies provide commercial support:

• Oracle provides commercial support for its Big Data Appliance, which integrates R into its other products.
• IBM provides commercial support for execution of R within Hadoop.

See also

• Comparison of numerical-analysis software
• Comparison of statistical packages
• List of numerical-analysis software
• List of R programming books
• List of R software and tools
• List of statistical software
• Rmetrics

Further reading

• Book: Wickham . Hadley . R for data science: import, tidy, transform, visualize, and model data . Çetinkaya-Rundel . Mine . Grolemund . Garrett . 2023 . . 978-1-4920-9740-2 . 2nd . Beijing Boston Farnham Sebastopol Tokyo.
• Book: Gagolewski, Marek . 2024 . 978-0-6455719-2-9 . Deep R Programming . en . 10.5281/ZENODO.7490464.

External links

• R documentation
• R Technical Papers
• Big Book of R, curated list of R-related programming books
• Books Related to R - R Project, partially annotated curated list of books relating to R or S.

Notes and References

1. Web site: Introduction . The Julia Manual . 2018-08-05 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180620172516/https://docs.julialang.org/en/stable/manual/introduction/#man-introduction-1 . 20 June 2018 . dead . dmy-all .
2. Web site: Comparison with R. 2024-07-15. pandas Getting started.
3. Giorgi . Federico M. . Ceraolo . Carmine . Mercatelli . Daniele . 2022-04-27 . The R Language: An Engine for Bioinformatics and Data Science . Life . en . 12 . 5 . 648 . 10.3390/life12050648 . 35629316 . 9148156 . 2022Life...12..648G . free .
4. Web site: Home - RDocumentation . 2025-06-13 . www.rdocumentation.org.
5. Web site: R - Free Software Directory . 2024-01-26 . directory.fsf.org.
6. Web site: R: What is R? . 2025-05-10 . www.r-project.org.
7. Web site: Ihaka . Ross . The R Project: A Brief History and Thoughts About the Future . 12 . live . We set a goal of developing enough of a language to teach introductory statistics courses at Auckland. . https://web.archive.org/web/20221228043824/https://www.stat.auckland.ac.nz/~ihaka/downloads/Otago.pdf . 2022-12-28 . 2022-12-27.
8. Web site: Hornik . Kurt . The R Core Team . 2022-04-12 . R FAQ . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221228045640/https://cran.r-project.org/doc/FAQ/R-FAQ.html . 2022-12-28 . 2022-12-27 . . 3.3 What are the differences between R and S?.
9. Morandat. Frances. Hill. Brandon. Osvald. Leo. Vitek. Jan. 11 June 2012. Evaluating the design of the R language: objects and functions for data analysis. European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming. 2012. 104–131. 10.1007/978-3-642-31057-7_6. 2016-05-17. SpringerLink. subscription.
10. Web site: Hornik . Kurt . The R Core Team . 2022-04-12 . R FAQ . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221228045640/https://cran.r-project.org/doc/FAQ/R-FAQ.html . 2022-12-28 . 2022-12-28 . . 2.13 What is the R Foundation?.
11. Web site: Index of /datasets . 2024-09-05 . lib.stat.cmu.edu.
12. Web site: Ihaka . Ross . R: Past and Future History . live . 4 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221228071311/https://www.stat.auckland.ac.nz/~ihaka/downloads/Interface98.pdf . 2022-12-28 . 2022-12-28.
13. Web site: Ihaka . Ross . 1997-12-05 . New R Version for Unix . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230212133422/https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/1997/000014.html . 2023-02-12 . 2023-02-12 . stat.ethz.ch.
14. Web site: Ihaka . Ross . The R Project: A Brief History and Thoughts About the Future . 18 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221228043824/https://www.stat.auckland.ac.nz/~ihaka/downloads/Otago.pdf . 2022-12-28 . 2022-12-27.
15. Book: Wickham . Hadley . Cetinkaya-Rundel . Mine . Grolemund . Garrett . R for Data Science, Second Edition . . 2023 . xvii . 978-1-492-09740-2.
16. Web site: Quarto . 2024-09-05 . Quarto . en.
17. Chambers . John M. . 2020 . S, R, and Data Science . The R Journal . en . 12 . 1 . 462–476 . 10.32614/RJ-2020-028 . 2073-4859 . free . The R language and related software play a major role in computing for data science. ... R packages provide tools for a wide range of purposes and users..
18. Book: The Book of R: A First Course in Programming and Statistics. Tilman M.. Davies. 9781593276515. 2016. No Starch Press. San Francisco, California. Installing R and Contributed Packages. 739.
19. Hornik . Kurt . 2012 . The Comprehensive R Archive Network . WIREs Computational Statistics . en . 4 . 4 . 394–398 . 10.1002/wics.1212 . 1939-5108 . 62231320. subscription .
20. .
21. Web site: The Status of CRAN Mirrors . 2024-10-16 . cran.r-project.org.
22. Web site: CRAN - Contributed Packages . 2024-10-16 . cran.r-project.org.
23. Web site: R-Forge: Welcome . 2024-09-05 . r-forge.r-project.org.
24. Web site: The Omega Project for Statistical Computing . 2024-09-05 . www.omegahat.net.
25. Web site: Build software better, together . 2024-09-05 . GitHub . en.
26. Book: Wickham . Hadley . 1 Introduction R for Data Science . Grolemund . Garrett . January 2017 . . 978-1491910399 . 1st . en.
27. Web site: R Development Core Team. Assignments with the = Operator. 2018-09-11.
28. Web site: Quick-R: User-Defined Functions. Robert. Kabacoff. 2012. 2018-09-28. statmethods.net.
29. Web site: Advanced R - Functional programming - Closures. adv-r.had.co.nz. Hadley. Wickham.
30. Web site: NEWS. r-project.org.
31. Web site: R: R News . 2024-03-14 . cran.r-project.org.
32. Book: Wickham . Hadley . R for data science: import, tidy, transform, visualize, and model data . Çetinkaya-Rundel . Mine . Grolemund . Garrett . 2023 . O'Reilly . 978-1-4920-9740-2 . 2nd . Beijing; Sebastopol, CA . 4 Workflow: code style . on1390607935 . https://r4ds.hadley.nz/workflow-style.html.
33. Web site: Class Methods. 2024-04-25.
34. Book: Monkman, Martin . Chapter 5 R Release Names Data Science with R: A Resource Compendium.
35. Web site: McGowan . Lucy D’Agostino . 2017-09-28 . R release names . 2024-04-07 . livefreeordichotomize.com . en.
36. Web site: Dalgaard . Peter . 2018-07-15 . What's in a name? 20 years of R release management . 2024-04-09 . . video.
37. Web site: Read Peanuts by Charles Schulz on GoComics . 2025-11-26 . www.gocomics.com . en.
38. Web site: [Rd] R 4.5.2 is released ]. 2025-10-31 . hypatia.math.ethz.ch.
39. Web site: Read Peanuts by Charles Schulz on GoComics . 2025-06-13 . www.gocomics.com . en.
40. Web site: [Rd] R 4.5.1 is released ]. 2025-06-13 . hypatia.math.ethz.ch.
41. Web site: Read Peanuts by Charles Schulz on GoComics . 2025-04-17 . www.gocomics.com . en.
42. Web site: [Rd] R 4.5.0 is released ]. 2025-04-17 . hypatia.math.ethz.ch.
43. Web site: Read Peanuts by Charles Schulz on GoComics . 2025-04-17 . www.gocomics.com . en.
44. Web site: [Rd] R 4.4.3 is released ]. 2025-04-17 . hypatia.math.ethz.ch.
45. Web site: Schulz . Charles . 1957-11-15 . Peanuts by Charles Schulz for November 15, 1957 GoComics.com . 2025-01-06 . GoComics . en.
46. Web site: [Rd] R 4.4.2 is released ]. 2024-12-26 . stat.ethz.ch.
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48. Web site: R 4.4.1 is released . 2024-06-18 . stat.ethz.ch.
49. Web site: Schulz . Charles . 1980-06-29 . Peanuts by Charles Schulz for June 29, 1980 GoComics.com . 2024-04-24 . GoComics . en.
50. Web site: R 4.4.0 is released . 2024-04-24 . stat.ethz.ch.
51. Web site: Schulz . Charles . 1980-06-29 . Peanuts by Charles Schulz for June 29, 1980 GoComics.com . 2024-04-09 . GoComics . en.
52. Web site: R 4.3.3 is released . 2024-04-07 . hypatia.math.ethz.ch.
53. Web site: Schulz . Charles . 1996-10-31 . Peanuts by Charles Schulz for October 31, 1996 GoComics.com . 2024-04-09 . GoComics . en.
54. Web site: [Rd] R 4.3.2 is released ]. 2024-04-07 . stat.ethz.ch.
55. Web site: Schulz . Charles . 1979-04-28 . Peanuts by Charles Schulz for April 28, 1979 GoComics.com . 2024-04-09 . GoComics . en.
56. Web site: [Rd] R 4.3.1 is released ]. 2024-04-07 . stat.ethz.ch.
57. Web site: Schulz . Charles . 1980-06-13 . Peanuts by Charles Schulz for June 13, 1980 GoComics.com . 2024-04-09 . GoComics . en.
58. Web site: Schulz . Charles . 1980-06-16 . Peanuts by Charles Schulz for June 16, 1980 GoComics.com . 2024-04-09 . GoComics . en.
59. Web site: Schulz . Charles . 1964-11-26 . Peanuts by Charles Schulz for November 26, 1964 GoComics.com . 2024-04-09 . GoComics . en.
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61. Web site: Schulz . Charles . 2001-03-30 . Peanuts by Charles Schulz for March 30, 2001 GoComics.com . 2024-04-09 . GoComics . en.
62. Web site: [Rd] R 4.2.3 is released ]. 2024-04-07 . stat.ethz.ch.
63. Web site: Schulz . Charles . 1962-10-30 . Peanuts by Charles Schulz for October 30, 1962 GoComics.com . 2024-04-09 . GoComics . en.
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66. Web site: Schulz . Charles . 1971-07-29 . Peanuts by Charles Schulz for July 29, 1971 GoComics.com . 2024-04-09 . GoComics . en.
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97. Web site: Schulz . Charles . 1965-07-12 . Peanuts by Charles Schulz for July 12, 1965 GoComics.com . 2024-04-07 . GoComics . en.
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