Tisza Explained

The Tisza, Tysa or Tisa (see below) is one of the major rivers of Central and Eastern Europe. It was once called "the most Hungarian river" because it flowed entirely within the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary. Today, it crosses several national borders.

The Tisza begins near Rakhiv in Ukraine, at the confluence of the and, which is at coordinates (the former springs in the Chornohora mountains; the latter in the Gorgany range). From there, the Tisza flows west, roughly following Ukraine's borders with Romania and Hungary, then briefly forming the border between Slovakia and Hungary, before entering into Hungary, and finally into Serbia. The Tisza enters Hungary at Tiszabecs, traversing the country from north to south. A few kilometers south of the Hungarian city of Szeged, it enters Serbia. Finally, it joins the Danube near the village of Stari Slankamen in Vojvodina, Serbia.

The Tisza drains an area of about ^[12] and has a length of ^[13] Its mean annual discharge is seasonally to . It contributes about 13% of the Danube's total runoff.^[4]

Attila the Hun is said to have been buried under a diverted section of the river Tisza.^[14]

Names and etymology

The river was known as the Tisia in antiquity; other ancient names for it included Pathissus (grc|Πάθισσος; later la|Tissus).^[15] It may be referred to as the Theiss in older English references, after the German name for the river, German: Theiß. It is known as the Italian: Tibisco in Italian, and in older French references (as for instance in relation to the naval battles on the Danube between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg Empire in the 17th and 18th centuries) it is often referred to as the French: Tibisque.

Another theory is that it is derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic Slavic languages: *teišus meaning to describe the river.

Modern names for the Tisza in the languages of the countries it flows through include:

• uk|Тиса|Tysa, pronounced as /uk/;
• ro|Tisa, pronounced as /ro/;
• hu|Tisza, pronounced as /hu/;
• sk|Tisa, pronounced as /sk/;
• Serbian: Тиса|Tisa|separator=" / ", pronounced as /sh/.

Regulation

The length of the Tisza in Hungary used to be . It flowed through the Great Hungarian Plain, which is one of the largest flat areas in central Europe. Since plains can cause a river to flow very slowly, the Tisza used to follow a path with many curves and turns, which led to many large floods in the area.

After several small-scale attempts, István Széchenyi organised the "regulation of the Tisza" (hu|a Tisza szabályozása) which started on August 27 1846, and substantially ended in 1880. The new length of the river in Hungary was reduced to in total, with of dead channels and of new riverbed.^[16]

Lake Tisza

In the 1970s, the building of the Tisza Dam at Kisköre started with the purpose of helping to control floods as well as storing water for drought seasons. However, the resulting Lake Tisza became one of the most popular tourist destinations in Hungary since it had similar features to Lake Balaton at drastically cheaper prices and was not crowded.

Navigation

The Tisza is navigable over much of its course. The river opened up for international navigation only recently; previously, Hungary distinguished "national rivers" and "international rivers", indicating whether non-Hungarian vessels were allowed or not. After Hungary joined the European Union, this distinction was lifted and vessels were allowed on the Tisza.^[17]

Wildlife

The Tisza has a rich and varied wildlife. Over 200 species of birds reside in the bird reserve of Tiszafüred. The flood plains along the river boast large amounts of diverse plant and animal life. In particular, the yearly "flowering" of the Tisza is considered a local natural wonder. The flowering attracts vast numbers of mayflies which is a well known spectacle.^{[18] [19]}

In September 2020, colonies of magnificent bryozoans were discovered in the river.^[20]

Pollution

See main article: 2000 Baia Mare cyanide spill. In early 2000, there was a sequence of serious pollution incidents originating from accidental industrial discharges in Romania. The first, in January 2000, occurred when there was a release of sludge containing cyanide from a Romanian mine and killed 2000 tons of fish. The second, from a mine pond at Baia Borsa, northern Romania, resulted in the release of 20000m² of sludge containing zinc, lead and copper occurred in early March 2000. A week later, the third spill occurred at the same mining site at Baia Borsa, staining the river black, possibly including heavy metals.^[21]

This series of incidents were described at the time as the most serious environmental disaster to hit central Europe since the Chernobyl disaster. Usage of river water for any purpose was temporarily banned and the Hungarian government pressed the Romanians and the European Union to close all installations that could lead to further pollution.

Examination of river sediments indicates that pollution incidents from mines have occurred for over a century.^[22]

Geography

Drainage basin

The Tisza River is part of the Danube River catchment area. It is the tributary with the largest catchment area (~157,000 km²). It accounts for more than 19% of the Danube river basin. The Tisza water system is shared by five countries: Ukraine (8%), Slovakia (10%), Hungary (29%), Romania (46%) and Serbia (7%).

The Tisza River Basin area and average discharge (period from 1946–2006) by country^[23]

Country	Area by country		Discharge by country
	km2 !%	m3/s !km3	%	-	Hungary	46,213	29.4	47	1.5	5.7	-	Romania	72,620	46.2	468	14.8	56.4	-	Serbia	10,374	6.6	4.0	0.1	0.5	-	Slovakia	15,247	9.7	90	2.8	10.8
Ukraine	12,732	8.1	221	7.0	26.6
Tisza River Basin	157,186	100.0	830	26.2	100.0

The 1800–2500 m high ridge of the Carpathian Mountains create in a semi circle the northern, eastern and southeastern boundary of the Tisza catchment. The western - southwestern reach of the watershed is comparatively low in some places – on its Hungarian and Serbian parts it is almost flat. The area is divided roughly along the centreline by the Carpathian Mountains, east of which lies the 400–600 m high plateau of the Transylvanian Basin, and the plains to the west. The highest summits of the river basin reach 1948 m in the Low Tatras (Kráľova hoľa), 2061 m in the Chornohora Mountains (Hoverla), 2303 m in the Rodna Mountains (Pietrosul Rodnei) and even higher in the Retezat Mountains of the Southern Carpathians (Peleaga, 2509 m). Areas above elevations higher than 1600 m occupy only 1% of the total; 46% of the territory lies below 200 m. The Tisza River Basin in Slovakia is predominantly hilly area and the highest mountain peak in Kráľova hoľa - in the Low Tatras Mountain Range at 1948 m. The lowland area lies in the south, forming the northern edge of the Hungarian Lowland. The lowest point in Slovakia is the village of Streda nad Bodrogom in the eastern Slovak lowland (96 m) in the Bodrog River Basin. The Hungarian and Vojvodina (Serbia) part of the Tisza River Basin is a flat area bordered by small ranges of hills and mountains from the north and dominated by the Hungarian lowland.^[23]

Important hydrographic stations along the Tisza (full list):^{[24] [25] [26]}

		River kilometer (rkm)	Elevation (m)	Basin size (km2)	Average discharge (m3/s)*
Left	Right
Lower Tisza
Near mouth		0	70	154,073.1	920.11
	Titel	8.7		153,965	920.28
Novi Bečej		66		144,007.8	893.72
	Bečej	73	71	143,994.6	892.81
	Bačko Petrovo Selo	87	72	143,585	891.29
	Mol	103		142,373.4	889.98
	Ada	104
	Senta	123.5	73	140,849.9	886.98
	Adorjan	137		140,746	886.73
	Novi Kneževac	144.5		139,717.5	885.36
Kanjiža		148.3		139,376.8	886.5
Srpski Krstur		156.8		138,857.7	888.69
Szeged		172	74		890.45
Middle Tisza
Maros		176	75	108,436.1	703.43
	Algyő	192	76	107,941	703.85
Mindszent		217.7	77	105,881.5	703.33
Körös		244	78	102,643.7	698.78
	Csongrád	246.2	78	75,520.5	583.04
Tiszaug		267.5	79	75,517	583.58
	Tiszakécske	274		75,056.1	583.42
Martfű		306.9	80	74,462.2	582.64
Vezseny		314		73,895.9	581.43
Tiszavárkony		322			581.33
Szolnok		334.6	81	72,889.4	578.92
	Zagyva	336		67,325	562.04
Szajol		344		66,713.4	560.39
	Nagykörű	363.7	82	66,581.2	559.85
Tiszabő		366		66,464.6	559.58
	Kőtelek	373.8		66,315.7	559.42
Tiszaroff		379.3	83	66,315.7	559.42
	Tiszasüly	384
Tiszabura		395.6		65,840.4	558.14
	Kisköre	403.5		65,624.9	557.58
Tiszafüred		430.5	88	63,967.2	553.34
	Tiszabábolna	442		63,346	551.54
	Tiszadorogma	446.2			551.14
Tiszacsege		453.9	89	63,164.8	550.87
	Ároktő	454.9
	Tiszakeszi	464.3			550.66
	Tiszapalkonya	484.7	90	62,557.7	549.31
	Tiszaújváros	486			549.11
Polgár		487.3
	Sajó	492		49,688.1	470.49
Tiszadob		500.2	91	49,600.6	470.25
Tiszadada		508.4			470.06
Tiszalök		518.2	93	49,443	469.85
	Tokaj	543.1	94	49,167.1	468.86
	Bodrog	544		34,856.5	353.75
Timár		549.4	95	34,810.3	353.66
Szabolcs		555			352.7
Balsa		557.7	96		353.31
Tiszabercel		569	97	34,713.3	352.7
	Cigánd	592	98	32,964.1	346.06
Dombrád		593.1
Tiszakanyár		597.3
Záhony		627.8	100	31,304.7	340.39
	Chop	630
Vásáros-namény		682	103	30,978.9	340.62
Upper Tisza
Szamos		686	104	11,870.1	202.13
	Jánd	690	105		201.96
Kisar	Tivadar	704	107	11,689.7	201.51
Tiszabecs		744.3	114	9,950	185.86
	Vylok	746	115	9,588.3	180.91
	Vynohradiv	767	137	9,366
Khust		783	157	7,877.8	153.54
Bushtyno		802	188	6,802	130.66
	Tiachiv	814	210	6,657.9	126.81
	Teresva	820	225	5,205.7	101.04
Sighetu Marmației		837	265	3,451	75.73
	Dilove	885	346	1,294.4	26.65
	Rakhiv	897	437	1,256.3	22.13

• Period: 1971–2000

Discharge

Average, minimum and maximum discharge of the Tisza River at Tiszabecs (Upper Tisza), Szolnok (Middle Tisza) and Senta (Lower Tisza).^{[27] [24] [25] [28] [29]}

Year	Discharge (m3/s)
	Senta				Szolnok				Tiszabecs
	Min	Mean	Max		Min	Mean	Max		Min	Mean	Max
1991					118	368	1,550
1992	132	689	2,415		58.7	424	1,460
1993	90	537	1,860		61.6	363	1,510
1994	90	662	1,743		66.9	462	1,500
1995	251	800	1,768		101	557	1,450			286
1996	188	769	2,174			440				173
1997	306	884	1,952			509				204
1998	360	1,125	2,308			625				288
1999	326	1,170	2,820		136	704	2,360		60.4	255	1,510
2000	242	929	3,400		93	563	2,600		26.7	187	2,050
2001	272	949	2,150		184	649	1,990		41.8	262	3,190
2002	284	817	1,760		98.3	517	1,440		44.5	237	1,390
2003	160	580	1,420			317				109.2
2004	213	867	2,570			525				232.7
2005	373	1,100	2,580			639				190.5
2006	312	1,230	3,720		136	740	2,440		47.3	232	1,980
2007	193	757	1,820			469				215
2008	265	825	2,070			527				258
2009	180	649	1,740			400				172
2010	541	1,420	2,830			1,083				272
2011	151	736	2,490		79.5	454	1,710			142
2012	120	443	1,310		86	207	820			135
2013	135	742	2,450			523				176
2014	222	497	918		91.2	298	760		45.7	111.7	415
2015	137	532	1,350		63.5	317	1,130		27.5	141	1,610
2016	210	708	1,880		87	439	1,500		32.6	160.8	1,160
2017	187	624	1,630			416				190.8
2018	200	698	2,060		121	414	1,096			156.7
2019	168	581	1,860		90.6	370	853			165.1
2020	200	582	1,890		120	405	744			174
2021	200	777	1,890			512				187.8
2022	125	597	1,610		65.6	403.5	1,263			192
2023	190	906	2,020							216.8
2024

Szeged

Water discharge of the Tisza River at the Szeged gauging station. Complete series from starting 1921.

Average, minimum and maximum discharge (m³/s)

Year	Min	Mean	Max		Year	Min	Mean	Max
2025					1972	268	593	2,000
2024					1971	224	697	1,660
2023	190	906	2,020		1970	406	1,559	3,820
2022	125	597	1,610		1969	240	800	2,080
2021	200	777	1,890		1968	127	799	1,980
2020	200	582	1,890		1967	212	988	2,900
2019	168	598	1,860		1966	397	1,160	2,940
2018	200	669	2,060		1965	228	1,060	2,690
2017	187	611	1,630		1964	155	673	2,770
2016	174	731	1,890		1963	138	585	1,930
2015	128	527	1,340		1962	138	735	3,100
2014	189	503	1,010		1961	110	381	1,280
2013	135	737	2,450		1960	276	804	1,900
2012	120	452	1,310		1959	172	502	1,410
2011	151	759	2,490		1958	205	932	2,600
2010	541	1,422	2,830		1957	167	748	2,000
2009	180	666	1,740		1956	166	794	2,410
2008	265	859	2,070		1955	321	1,140	2,220
2007	193	722	1,820		1954	133	508	1,520
2006	296	1,230	3,790		1953	132	763	2,510
2005	373	1,099	2,580		1952	133	791	2,040
2004	213	825	2,570		1951	181	674	1,480
2003	160	604	1,420		1950	112	536	1,160
2002	217	806	1,980		1949	171	540	1,010
2001	275	921	2,340		1948	186	823	1,920
2000	145	931	3,570		1947	132	579	1,810
1999	301	1,161	2,970		1946	109	574	1,450
1998	355	1,255	2,670		1945	282	806	1,630
1997	306	884	1,952		1944	249	1,058	1,960
1996	188	769	2,174		1943	147	391	675
1995	150	919	2,660		1942	216	961	2,380
1994	174	770	2,180		1941	818	1,784	3,260
1993	82.1	598	2,220		1940	312	1,305	3,060
1992	87.3	650	1,890		1939	170	721	1,340
1991	189	650	2,280		1938	302	825	1,780
1990	73.3	520	1,180		1937	302	864	2,060
1989	228	812	2,310		1936	355	707	1,120
1988	222	816	2,470		1935	169	605	1,560
1987	125	689	2,390		1934	278	543	1,400
1986	101	713	2,070		1933	210	919	1,840
1985	241	990	2,310		1932	211	992	3,490
1984	163	607	2,030		1931	288	845	1,690
1983	146	618	1,880		1930	191	672	1,170
1982	123	540	1,640		1929	230	604	1,290
1981	334	1,106	3,180		1928	163	630	1,640
1980	353	1,318	2,910		1927	359	736	1,210
1979	285	1,150	3,130		1926	478	1,154	2,220
1978	277	1,130	2,430		1925	142	749	1,350
1977	209	1,046	2,640		1924	160	914	3,090
1976	200	819	2,200		1923	144	834	1,720
1975	350	981	2,340		1922	230	1,070	2,790
1974	251	1,166	2,790		1921	118	436	776
1973	174	542	1,520
Source:[30] [31]

Szolnok

Water discharge of the Tisza River at the Szolnok gauging station. Period 1953–2022.

Average, minimum and maximum discharge (m³/s)

Year	Min	Mean	Max		Year	Min	Mean	Max
2025					1988	85.1	490	1,550
2024					1987	80.6	387	1,660
2023					1986	65.5	485	1,390
2022	65.6	403.5	1,263		1985	127	653	1,500
2021		512			1984	68.3	382	1,320
2020	120	405	744		1983	82.7	430	1,510
2019	90.6	370	853		1982	123	540	1,640
2018	121	414	1,096		1981	154	626	2,130
2017		416			1980	170	877	2,030
2016	87	439	1,500		1979	129	797	2,660
2015	63.5	317	1,130		1978	121	709	1,650
2014	91.2	298	760		1977	150	727	2,490
2013		523			1976	89.8	521	1,850
2012	86	207	820		1975	124	565	1,760
2011	79.5	454	1,710		1974	125	742	2,000
2010		1,083			1973	61	293	944
2009		400			1972	123	347	1,220
2008		527			1971	102	465	1,310
2007		469			1970	219	907	2,440
2006	136	740	2,440		1969	108	480	1,460
2005		639			1968	54.5	515	1,500
2004		525			1967	89	666	3,030
2003		317			1966	224	769	2,750
2002	98.3	517	1,440		1965	128	694	2,190
2001	184	649	1,990		1964	77.5	456	2,730
2000	93	563	2,600		1963	60	388	1,560
1999	136	704	2,360		1962	74.5	499	2,560
1998	215	808	2,060		1961	59	243	878
1997		509			1960	173	527	1,290
1996		440			1959	105	346	1,070
1995	101	557	1,450		1958	150	628	1,650
1994	66.9	462	1,500		1957	112	519	1,630
1993	61.6	363	1,510		1956	109	548	1,800
1992	58.7	424	1,460		1955	171	788	1,640
1991	118	368	1,550		1954	99	316	1,300
1990	69.8	336	858		1953	94.8	534	2,600
1989	80.6	387	1,660
Source:[32]

Tributaries

The following rivers are tributaries to the river Tisza:

• Vișeu (entering at Valea Vișeului)
• Kosivska (entering at Luh)
• Shopurka (entering at Velykyi Bychkiv)
• Iza (entering at Sighetu Marmației)
  • Sarasău Bic
  • Săpânța Șaroș
• Teresva (entering near Teresva)
  • Baia Valea lui Francisc
• Tereblia (entering at Bushtyno)
• Rika (entering near Khust)
  • • • Batar Borzhava Tur Szamos (entering near Vásárosnamény)
  • Someșul Mare (in Dej)
    • Șieu (in Beclean)
      • Bistrița (near Bistrița)
  • Someșul Mic (in Dej)
    • Someșul Cald (in Gilău)
    • Someșul Rece (in Gilău)
• Kraszna (entering in Vásárosnamény)
• Bodrog (entering in Tokaj)
  • Ondava (near Cejkov)
  • Latorica (near Cejkov)
    • Laborec (near Oborín)
      • Uzh (near Pavlovce nad Uhom)
      • Cirocha (in Humenné)
    • Stara
    • Vicha
    • Kerepets
• Sajó (entering near Tiszaújváros)
  • Hornád (near Kesznyéten)
• Eger (entering in Poroszló)
• Zagyva (entering in Szolnok)
• Körös (entering near Csongrád)
  • Sebes-Körös (near Gyoma)
    • Berettyó (Barcău) (in Szeghalom)
  • White-Körös (near Gyula)
  • Black-Körös (near Gyula)
• Maros (entering near Szeged)
  • Arieș (near Gura Arieșului)
  • Târnava (near Teiuș)
    • Târnava Mare (in Blaj)
    • Târnava Mică (in Blaj)
• Aranca (entering near Padej)
• Čik (entering near Bačko Petrovo Selo)
• Jegrička (entering near Žabalj)
• Bega (entering near Titel)

The main tributaries of the Tisza:^{[33] [34]}

Left tributary	Right tributary	Length (km)	Basin size (km2)	Average discharge (m3/s)*
Lower Tisza
Bega		254.8	6,249.6	19.01
	Jegrička	65.4	616	1.62
	Čik (Csík)	95	629.7	1.39
	Budzak		146.2	0.31
Zlatica (Aranca)		117	1,430.2	2.03
	Kiriš (Keres-patak)		862.3	1.84
	Köröséri főcsatorna	77.3	804.8	0.29
	Gyálaréti Holt-Tisza	18.6	481.8	0.93
	Szegedi csatorna	17.8	79	0.12
Maros		754.1	30,331.8	190.3
Middle Tisza
Kósdi-csatorna		37	416.4
	Algyői főcsatorna	42.6	1,370.8	2.79
Percsorai főcsatorna		16.2	92.1	0.1
Kurca		36.9	1,266.3	2.7
	Dong-ér	84.4	1,672.2	2.97
	Vidre-ér	22	246.7	0.28
Körös		363.4	27,537.4	115.86
	Alpár–Nyárlőrinci csatorna	41	271.3	0.2
	Peitsik-ér	9.5	199	0.15
	Körös-ér	56.4	564.5	1.07
	Gerje–Perje főcsatorna	60.5	903.9	2.17
	Zagyva	179.4	5,676.6	16.85
Görbe-ér			358.5	1.11
	Millér-ér	60.4	505.9	1.84
	Dobai főcsatorna	18.2	139.7	0.21
	Saj-foki főcsatorna			1.1
	Hanyi-ér	22	331.5	0.97
	Laskó	69.2	367.5	1.11
Tiszafüredi főcsatorna				0.12
	Eger (Rima)	87.4	1,378.6	3.24
	Tiszavalki főcsatorna	20.4	299	0.53
	Sulymos főcsatorna	17.3	105.4	0.39
	Rigós	39.3	148.3	0.48
	Hejő	44	293.3	0.66
	Sajó	229.4	12,708.3	78.62
	Bodrog	266.9	13,578.9	119.62
Upper Tisza
Lónyai főcsatorna		91.4	1,957.8	4.4
	Tiszakarádi főcsatorna	38.9	324.8	0.5
	Belfő csatorna	53	636	1.58
	Szipa csatorna	37.6	225.2	0.49
Kraszna		193.4	3,142.3	8.22
Szamos		415.1	15,881.4	135.37
Túr főcsatorna		65.2	614.9
Túr		94.6	1,261.8	14.03
	Borzhava (Borsa)	103.5	1,417.9	18.78
Batar (Batár-patak)		53.8	395.6	3.87
	Rika (Nagyág)	92.8	1,161.4	20.19
	Khustets (Husztica)			1.52
	Bailova		134.8	2.04
	Tereblia (Talabor)	91	769.5	13.47
	Martos	13	23.6	0.27
	Tyachivets (Técső-patak)	29	86.5	1.46
	Teresva (Tarac)	84.8	1,224	22.74
Săpănța			127.4	1.54
	Apsica (Apsa-patak)	39	257	4.17
Isa (Iza)		77.6	1,293.5	18.74
	Shopurka (Gyertyá-nos)	41.4	286	5.31
	Kosivska (Kaszó)	41	157.3	2.96
Vișeu (Visó)		77.5	1,581.8	39.08
Bilij (Fejér-patak)		12	45.5	0.87
	Silskij			0.72
Moskva		1.5		0.22
White Tisza		33.6	484.7	10.17
	Black Tisza	50.3	566.2	11.48

• Period: 1971–2000

Cities and towns

The Tisza (Tisa) flows through the following countries and cities (ordered from the source to mouth):

• • • Rakhiv
  • Tiachiv
  • Khust
  • Vynohradiv
    • Malé Trakany
  • Veľké Trakany
  • Biel
    • Sighetu Marmației
    • Vásárosnamény
  • Záhony
  • Tokaj
  • Tiszalök
  • Tiszaújváros
  • Tiszafüred
  • Szolnok
  • Tiszakécske
  • Csongrád
  • Szentes
  • Szeged
    • Kanjiža
  • Novi Kneževac
  • Senta
  • Ada
  • Mol
  • Bačko Petrovo Selo
  • Bečej
  • Novi Bečej
  • Titel

See also

• Tice (wetlands)
• Ečka fish pond

External links

• Backabanat.com, About Tisza
• Historia.hu, the Living Tisza
• River Basin Report: Tisza River Ywat.org
• Awarded "EDEN - European Destinations of Excellence" non traditional tourist destination 2010

Notes and References

1. Web site: Tisza Basin.
2. Web site: Danube River.
3. Web site: Tisza Basin.
4. Book: Tockner . Klement . Uehlinger . Urs . Robinson . Christopher T. . Rivers of Europe . First . 2009 . Academic Press . London . 978-0-12-369449-2 . Sec. 3.9.5 .
5. Web site: Danube River.
6. Web site: Danube River.
7. Book: Vízgyűjtő-gazdálkodási Terv-2021. 2022.
8. Web site: Danube River.
9. Web site: Danube River.
10. Web site: Danube River.
11. Book: Vízgyűjtő-gazdálkodási Terv-2021. 2022.
12. Book: Tockner . Klement . Uehlinger . Urs . Robinson . Christopher T. . Rivers of Europe . First . 2009 . Academic Press . London . 978-0-12-369449-2 . Sec. 3.9.5 .
13. Web site: Analysis of the Tisza River Basin 2007- Initial step toward the Tisza River Basin Management Plan – 2009 . www.icpdr.or . March 2008 . 5 February 2021.
14. Ildiko Ecsedy, "The Oriental Background to the Hungarian Tradition about 'Attila's Tomb'", Acta Orientalia, 36 (1982), pp. 129-153
15. [Pliny the Elder|Pliny]
16. Web site: Danube + Tisza River. danube.panda.org. 5 November 2019.
17. Web site: Declaration On Co-Operation Concerning The Tisza/Tisa River Basin And Initiative On The Sustainable Spatial Development Of The Tisza/Tisa River International Environmental Agreements (IEA) Database Project. cawater-info.net. 2025-10-15.
18. Book: Konyvek. Szalay. Our Beloved Hungaricums. 2009. Pannon-Literatura Kft.. 978-963-251-145 0. 94.
19. Web site: Klaushik . Blooming of the Tisza . amusingplanet.com . 25 November 2019.
20. News: Đorđe Đukić . Otkriveni organizmi stari 500 miliona godina . Organisms originating from 500 million years ago discovered . Politika . 12 . sr . 8 September 2020 .
21. Web site: Third pollution spill hits Hungary . 15 March 2000 . . 11 October 2010 .
22. H. L. Nguyen . M. Braun . I. Szaloki . W. Baeyens . R. Van Grieken . M. Leermakers . Tracing the Metal Pollution History of the Tisza River . Water, Air, and Soil Pollution . 200 . 119–132 . 2009 . 10.1007/s11270-008-9898-2 . 94627373. 2437/310231 . free .
23. Web site: Tisza River Basin 2007.
24. Web site: Republički hidrometeorološki zavod.
25. Web site: Vízügyi honlap.
26. Web site: Danube River.
27. Web site: ICPDR.
28. Web site: Vízgazdálkodási Évkönyvek-Közép-Tisza-vidéki Vízügyi Igazgatóság.
29. Web site: KSH.
30. Web site: Vízügyi honlap.
31. Web site: Vízrajzi Évkönyv 1886–2002.
32. Web site: Vízügyi honlap.
33. Web site: Danube.
34. Web site: Magyarország vízgyűjtő-gazdálkodási honlapja.