West Chester University Explained

West Chester University of Pennsylvania (WCUPA), commonly known as West Chester University (WCU), is a public research university in West Chester, Pennsylvania, United States.^[3] The university is accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education and classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity".^[4] With 17,275 undergraduate and graduate students, WCU is the largest of the 10 state-owned universities belonging to the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education (PASSHE) and the sixth largest university in Pennsylvania.^{[5] [6]} It also maintains a Center City Philadelphia satellite campus on Market Street.

History

The university traces its roots to the West Chester Academy, a private, state-aided school that existed from 1812 to 1869. As the state began to take increasing responsibility for public education, the academy was transformed into West Chester Normal School or West Chester State Normal School, still privately owned and state certified. The normal school admitted its first class, consisting of 160 students, on September 25, 1871. In 1913, West Chester became the first of the normal schools to be owned outright by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.

West Chester became West Chester State Teachers College in 1927 when Pennsylvania initiated a four-year program of teacher education. In 1960, as the Commonwealth paved the way for liberal arts programs in its college system, West Chester was renamed West Chester State College, and two years later introduced the liberal arts program that turned the one-time academy into a comprehensive college.^[7]

The campus quad located on North Campus appears on the National Register of Historic Places, and is called the West Chester State College Quadrangle Historic District, featuring WCU's historic buildings. The buildings, with the exception of Anderson Hall and Philips Memorial Building (named after long-time principal George Morris Philips), were each built with local Chester County serpentine stone.^[8] They include Ruby Jones Hall, Recitation Hall and the Old Library.^[7]

With the passage of the State System of Higher Education bill, West Chester became one of the 14 universities in the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education on July 1, 1983. Along with its new name—West Chester University of Pennsylvania—the institution acquired a new system of governance and the opportunity to expand its degree programs.

West Chester is recognized for its formal poetry program. Its annual conference on form and narrative in poetry began in 1995 and is devoted to New Formalism. It has established a poetry center that sponsors readings and an annual book competition oriented toward formal poetry. Its Iris N. Spencer Poetry Awards recognize undergraduate achievement in formal poetry.^[9]

Nineteen days before his death, Frederick Douglass gave his last public lecture, on February 1, 1895, at West Chester University. The university's Frederick Douglass Institute is named in his honor, and a statue of Douglass appears on its campus.^{[10] [11]} It has been named a national historic landmark by the U.S. National Park Service.^[12] The Underground Railroad Network to Freedom recognized the Frederick Douglass Institute for its work in understanding the history of the underground railroad.^{[13] [14]}

Campus

The university's north campus is partially in West Chester borough and partially in West Goshen Township.^[15] The south campus is partially in West Goshen Township and partially in East Bradford Township. Both campuses are located in a suburban area approximately 20miles from Philadelphia. West Chester's downtown center is less than 0.5miles away from the main campus.^{[16] [17]} The university also operates an urban satellite campus in Center City, Philadelphia.^[18]

On campus, there is the Recreation Center, the Business and Public Management Center, The Dr. Sandra F. Prichard-Mather Planetarium, The Hollinger Field House, many buildings (built in the 1800s and early 1900s) in the West Chester State College Quadrangle Historic District registered into the National Register of Historic Places, and the Sciences & Engineering Center that has been recently completed, just to name a few buildings. There are also many outdoor activity areas such as: basketball courts, tennis courts, volleyball courts, and the nearly 100acres Robert B. Gordon Natural Area for Environmental Studies.^[19]

West Chester University has the second-largest university geothermal system in the United States. The system drastically reduces carbon emissions on the campus.^[20]

Academics

Undergraduate demographics as of Fall 2023^[21]

Race and ethnicity	Total
White
Black
Hispanic
Two or more races
Asian
Unknown
Economic diversity
Low-income
Affluent

The university is accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education and classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity".^[22] At the undergraduate level, the university offers Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Science, Bachelor of Fine Arts, and Bachelor of Music degrees. Paraprofessional studies are available in law, medicine, and theology. In cooperation with the Pennsylvania State University, Columbia University, and Thomas Jefferson University, West Chester University offers a 3–2 dual-degree program combining liberal arts, physics, and engineering. Also available are early admission assurance programs with Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine and Temple University School of Medicine. The university provides special admission opportunities and scholarships to the Widener School of Law–Harrisburg Campus. At the graduate level, West Chester University offers master's (M.A., M.B.A., M.Ed., M.M., M.P.A., M.P.H., M.S., M.S.W., M.S.N., M.U.R.P.) and doctoral (DPA, DNP, Ed.D., Psy.D.) degrees.

West Chester was ranked 50th in the "Regional Universities North" category by U.S. News & World Report for 2020.

WCU's International Programs office helps send students abroad.^{[23] [24]} The university participates in the National Student Exchange Program, in which students spend up to a year at any one of more than 170 member schools across the United States. Transfer of credit is a part of this program.^[25]

Athletics

See main article: West Chester Golden Rams.

See also: West Chester University Golden Rams Marching Band.

The athletic teams at West Chester University are named the Golden Rams. Students participate in NCAA Division II athletics in the Pennsylvania State Athletic Conference and Eastern College Athletic Conference. West Chester University has won national championships in women's basketball, women's lacrosse, women's swimming (the team was the DGWS champion in 1972), women's field hockey (including four AIAW titles from 1975 to 1978), and men's soccer. West Chester won the first-ever women's basketball national championship in 1969 and was on the losing end in the final game each of the following three years.^[26]

In 1961, the men's soccer team won the NCAA Division I Men's Soccer Championship.^[27] Jerry Yeagley was a player on WCU's championship team before going on to win six NCAA Championships and six National Coach of the Year Awards as the men's soccer coach at Indiana University. In addition, prior to the NCAA instituting a tournament format to decide the champion in 1959, the Golden Rams were voted the National Soccer Champions in 1950 by the Intercollegiate Soccer Football Association.^[28]

In 1977, 1979, and 1982, the boxing team won the National Collegiate Boxing Association national championship. In 1976, Edward Skalamera claimed the national title for his 147 lb. weight class while Joe Gery took the top position in the nation for his 180 lb. class.^[29]

In 2008, West Chester defeated C.W. Post College 13–12 to win the Division II women's lacrosse title. It was the second national title in the women's program history. WCUPA played in the NCAA tournament in 2010 (2nd place), 2011 (4th place), and 2012 (2nd place). The 2013 team was named Pennsylvania State Athletic Conference (PSAC) Champions. Ginny Martino's winning percentage is 80% over the last 17 years as head coach (250–60).^[30]

In 2012, the men's baseball Team claimed West Chester's first NCAA Division II college baseball national championship.^[31] The Golden Rams shut-out Delta State 9–0 in Cary, North Carolina. West Chester becomes the first team from the PSAC to win the national championship and just the third northern school to walk away with the title.

West Chester's women's field hockey team won the NCAA Division II championship in 2011, 2012, and 2019. The varsity women's rugby program also won the National Intercollegiate Rugby Association (NIRA) rugby national championship in 2019. The women's ice hockey Club won the Division II national championship in 2013. The men's lacrosse club won the Division II national championship in 2013 and 2015.

Notable alumni

Politics and government

• Mary Ann Arty (1926–2000) former member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives^[32]
• Chris Asplen (b. 1954) DNA policy expert and former Assistant United States Attorney for the US Attorney's Office in Washington, D.C.^[33]
• Jill Biden (b. 1951) (M.Ed. 1981) American professor, former Second Lady of the United States, and former First Lady of the United States^{[34] [35]}
• Tim Briggs (b. 1970) member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives^[36]
• Gloria Casarez (1971–2014) an American civil rights leader and LGBT activist in Philadelphia.^[37]
• Carolyn Comitta (b. 1952) financial officer, 58th Mayor of West Chester, former member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, and member of the Pennsylvania State Senate^[38]
• Jeff Gannon (b. 1957) conservative columnist and author^[39]
• Molly Henderson (b. 1953) former Commissioner of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania^[40]
• Albert W. Jefferis (1868–1942) former member of the United States House of Representatives^[41]
• Stephen Kinsey (b. 1958) member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives^[42]
• John A. Lawless (b. 1957) former member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
• F. Joseph Loeper (b. 1944) former member of the Pennsylvania Senate, Republican Leader of the PA Senate, and Republican whip of the PA Senate
• Isaac James MacCollum (1889–1968) physician and 11th Lieutenant Governor of Delaware
• Jose Miranda (b.1985) former member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
• Joseph Miró (b. 1946) former member of the Delaware House of Representatives
• Frank Noonan former Pennsylvania State Police commissioner and Federal Bureau of Investigation agent
• Jennifer O'Mara (b. 1989) member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
• Brian Munroe (b. 1974) member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
• Joe Pitts (b. 1939) former member of the United States House of Representatives
• Roy Reinard (b. 1954) former member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
• John A. Rocco (b. 1936) former member of the New Jersey General Assembly
• Barbara McIlvaine Smith (b. 1950) former member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
• Tommy Tomlinson (b. 1945) member of the Pennsylvania Senate
• Elinor Z. Taylor (1921–2010) former member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
• Francis Tenaglio (b. 1949) former member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
• Dan Truitt engineer and former member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
• Curt Weldon (b. 1947; Class of 1969) former member of the United States House of Representatives
• Dean Wink (b. 1944) former speaker of the South Dakota House of Representatives

Business and industry

• Pat Croce (b. 1954) American physical therapist, entrepreneur, sports team executive and owner, author, and TV personality; former team president of the Philadelphia 76ers
• Michael Dever (b. 1957) businessman, futures trader, entrepreneur, and author; CEO of Brandywine Asset Management
• Philip M. Sharples (1857–1944) inventor and entrepreneur who ran largest industrial enterprise in West Chester history
• George Wackenhut (1919–2004) founder of Wackenhut private security corporation

Arts and entertainment

• • Jessica Barth (b. 1980) actress
• Keith Brion (b. 1933) director of bands of Yale University
• Howard J. Buss (b. 1951) composer of contemporary classical music
• Bob Curnow (b. 1941) trombonist, conductor, composer, arranger, music producer, educator, and music publisher
• Melissa Dunphy (b. 1980) composer of classical music
• Derek Frey (b. 1973) film producer and director, head of Tim Burton productions^[43]
• Shane Gillis (b. 1987) stand-up comedian and podcaster^[44]
• Donald Yetter Gardner (1913–2004) songwriter and educator
• Joey Graziadei (b. 1995) contestant on The Bachelorette and lead on The Bachelor
• Thom Hannum (b. 1957) band director at the University of Massachusetts, member of the Drum Corps International Hall of Fame
• Barry Jenner (1941–2016) police officer and actor (1974-2016)
• Billy Kametz (1987–2022) voice actor
• Rodney Linderman aka Rodney Anonymous (b. 1963) vocalist and keyboardist, The Dead Milkmen^[45]
• Mandy Mango (b. 1996) — contestant on RuPaul's Drag Race^[46]
• Matthew McGrory (1973–2005) actor, Guinness World Records holder for tallest actor and biggest feet
• Larry Mendte (b. 1957) news anchor and radio talk show host, honored with receiving the Edward R. Murrow Award
• George N. Parks (1953–2010) former band director at the University of Massachusetts
• Asher Roth (b. 1985) rapper
• Paul Ruditis author
• Heidi Strobel (b. 1978) contestant
• Nafessa Williams (b. 1985) actress
• Christina Wilson (b. 1979) (attended) American chef and reality television personality
• Tom Wright (b. 1952) actor

Sports

• Geno Auriemma (b. 1954) (B.A. 1981) Basketball Hall of Famer and head women's basketball coach at the University of Connecticut^[47]
• Max Barsky (b. 1991) professional wrestler best known by his ring name David Starr
• Dean Demopoulos (b. 1954) collegiate and NBA basketball coach
• Kevin Guskiewicz (b. 1966) sports medicine researcher, as well as a Kenan Distinguished Professor at the University of North Carolina (UNC), Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences at UNC, and Interim Chancellor at UNC
• Eddie Layton (1925–2004) organist and New York Sports Hall of Fame member
• Steve Maxwell (b. 1952) named one of the top 100 trainers in the United States by Men's Journal
• Pat Meiser named one of the nation's top 50 women's sports executives by Sports Business Journal. Former Penn State head women's basketball coach and athletic director at University of Hartford
• Ed T. Rush (b. 1942) former NBA referee^[48]
• Cathy Rush (b. 1947) (B.S. 1968, M.Ed. 1972) former Immaculata University head women's basketball coach^[49]
• Joe Senser (b. 1956) former NFL football player
• Ralph Tamm (b. 1966) former NFL football player
• Tony Thornton (1959–2009) professional boxer
• Tank Toland (b. 1973) professional wrestler
• Marian Washington (b. 1946) former women's basketball coach., inducted into the Women's Basketball Hall of Fame
• Chuck Weber (1930–2017) former NFL football player
• Joey Wendle (b. 1990) former MLB baseball player with various teams
• Lee Woodall (b. 1969) former NFL football player
• Dean Wink (b. 1941) former NFL football player
• Jerry Yeagley (b. 1940; Class of 1960) coached Indiana University to 6 NCAA Soccer Championships

Others

• Dirk Ballendorf (1939–2013) historian and professor, specialist on Micronesian culture, politics current affairs, and history
• Leon Bass (1928–2013) educator and African-American soldier in World War II who witnessed the Buchenwald concentration camp; participant in the International Liberators Conference
• Jerry G. Beck Jr. (b. 1954) US Army brigadier general^[50]
• Tyree Blocker (1953-2024) 21st commissioner of the Pennsylvania State Police
• Michael Brune (b. 1971) executive director of the Sierra Club and the Rainforest Action Network.
• Howard Dodson (b. 1939) scholar who is the Director of the Moorland-Spingarn Research Center and Howard University Libraries, and was formerly the director of the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture in Harlem
• John Doebley botanical geneticist, anthropologist, and professor
• Henry Theodore Hallman (1904–1999) professor and artist
• Francis Harvey Green (1861–1951) educator, poet, and lecturer; former Chair of English at West Chester University; headmaster of the Pennington School
• Miles D. McCarthy (1914–1995) professor of biology. One of the five founding faculty members of California State University, Fullerton; served as president of California State University, Fullerton as well as Chairman of the Biology Department and Vice President for Academic Affairs
• Francis Noonan 20th commissioner of the Pennsylvania State Police
• Frank E. Pawlowski 19th commissioner of the Pennsylvania State Police
• Vice Admiral D. Brian Peterman assumed command of United States Coast Guard Atlantic Area
• Asaf Romirowsky Middle East historian
• David Roselle (b. 1939; Class of 1961) American mathematician and served as the ninth president at the University of Kentucky and the 25th president of the University of Delaware
• Herman T. Tavani academic, scholar in information and computer ethics, and Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at Rivier University, past president of the International Society for Ethics and Information Technology and a recipient of the Weizenbaum Award in 2019
• Stanley Weintraub (1929–2019) historian, biographer, and professor at Penn State University
• Geralyn Wolf (b. 1947) former Bishop of Rhode Island

External links

• • Athletics website

Notes and References

1. Web site: U.S. and Canadian 2025 NCSE Participating Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2025 Endowment Market Value . National Association of College and University Business Officers (NACUBO) . February 19, 2026 . XLSX.
2. Web site: FACT BOOK 2022 . West Chester University . West Chester University . October 26, 2024.
3. https://www.wcupa.edu/_services/residenceLife/mailservice.aspx "Mail service"
4. Web site: Carnegie Classifications Standard Listings . February 10, 2022 . carnegieclassifications.iu.edu.
5. Web site: Our Universities. September 23, 2021. PA State System of Higher Education. August 4, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210804222610/https://www.passhe.edu/university/Pages/Profiles.aspx?u=West%20Chester. dead.
6. Web site: Biggest Colleges in Pennsylvania. September 23, 2021. collegestats.org. en.
7. Web site: History of the University – West Chester University. www.wcupa.edu. en. October 9, 2018. October 9, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181009211331/https://www.wcupa.edu/_services/stu.nsp/parentHandbook/history.aspx. dead.
8. Web site: 2023-2024 CATALOG - CAMPUS AND FACILITIES . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240301190408/https://catalog.wcupa.edu/general-information/university-information/campus-facilities/campus-facilities.pdf . March 1, 2024 . March 1, 2024 . wcupa.edu.
9. Web site: Timpane . John . June 6, 2010 . Conference draws poets not for reading, but for crafting . August 4, 2022 . . en.
10. Web site: Legacy of Famed Abolitionist Frederick Douglass Will Live on at WCU Thanks to Dr. Clifford E. DeBaptiste. www.wcupa.edu. en. January 30, 2020. January 30, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200130105050/https://www.wcupa.edu/communications/newsroom/2018/10.09FD.aspx. dead.
11. Web site: WCU erects statue to honor Frederick Douglass. Cummings. Colleen. October 14, 2013. The Quad. en. January 30, 2020.
12. Web site: Frederick Douglass. www.nps.gov. October 12, 2022.
13. Web site: Underground Railroad - West Chester University. www.wcupa.edu. January 30, 2020.
14. Web site: National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom Listing. https://web.archive.org/web/20181012131031/https://www.nps.gov/subjects/undergroundrailroad/upload/2018_NTF-Listings_Web.pdf. dead. October 12, 2018. July 5, 2018. nps.gov.
15. "North Campus Map." West Chester University. Retrieved on October 9, 2018. See: "West Chester Area Council of Governments Map ."
16. https://www.wcupa.edu/campusmap/documents/WCUSouthCampusMap.pdf South Campus Map
17. Web site: Zoning Map . https://web.archive.org/web/20181008180151/https://www.eastbradford.org/download/forms_and_docs/Maps-General/Zoning-Map.pdf . October 8, 2018 . East Bradford Township, Pennsylvania.
18. Web site: West Chester University . February 23, 2022 . Campus Philly . campusphilly.
19. Web site: Campus Map - West Chester University . March 22, 2022 . www.wcupa.edu.
20. Web site: Geothermal Heating - West Chester University . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220302014140/https://www.wcupa.edu/sciences-mathematics/anthropologySociology/museum/earthDayVirtualExhibition/geothermal.aspx . March 2, 2022 . March 22, 2022 . www.wcupa.edu.
21. Web site: College Scorecard: West Chester University of Pennsylvania. College Scorecard . . July 28, 2025.
22. Web site: Carnegie Classifications Standard Listings . February 10, 2022 . carnegieclassifications.iu.edu.
23. Web site: West Chester University of PA. https://web.archive.org/web/20100206201602/http://wcupa.abroadoffice.net/index.html. dead. February 6, 2010. February 6, 2010. January 30, 2020.
24. Web site: International Study Abroad - West Chester University. www.wcupa.edu. January 30, 2020. January 30, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200130110238/https://www.wcupa.edu/international/studyAbroad.aspx. dead.
25. Web site: National Student Exchange – Office of the Registrar – West Chester University Relations . March 6, 2009 . March 28, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090328175026/http://www.wcupa.edu/registrar/nse.asp . dead .
26. http://www.wcupagoldenrams.com/ West Chester University athletics
27. News: Sullivan. Liz. '61 soccer squad still a team. September 7, 2015. Daily Local News. Daily Local News. August 29, 2015. DLN61.
28. Web site: 1950 MEN'S SOCCER NCISC CHAMPIONS. UNIVERSITY OF SAN FRANCISCO ATHLETICS. September 7, 2015.
29. [National Collegiate Boxing Association]
30. Web site: Women's Lacrosse. NCAA. NCAA DII Women's Lacrosse Coaching Records. NCAA. May 23, 2015.
31. News: West Chester Athletics. West Chester earns first national title. September 7, 2015. NCAA.com. West Chester Athletics. NCAA. June 3, 2012. NCAA-wcu-baseball. June 12, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142203/https://www.ncaa.com/news/baseball/article/2012-06-02/west-chester-earns-first-national-title. dead.
32. Web site: Official Website - PA House Archives Official Website . November 15, 2025 . archives.house.state.pa.us.
33. Web site: July 20, 2015 . West Chester University Magazine Summer 2015 . November 15, 2025 . Issuu . 18 . en.
34. Web site: First Lady Dr. Jill Biden . November 15, 2025 . www.bidenlibrary.gov . Joseph R. Biden Jr. Presidential Library.
35. Web site: Stern . Frank . October 20, 2008 . The Quad talks with Jill Biden . November 15, 2025 . wcuquad.com/ . The Quad: Student News Service of WCU . en.
36. News: Rep. Tim Briggs Biography . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100921075227/https://www.pahouse.com/briggs/bio.asp . September 21, 2010 . pahouse.com . Pennsylvania House of Representatives.
37. Web site: Legacy of Leadership 2012 - WCU of PA . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20150301173112/https://www.wcupa.edu/_services/stu/lol2012.aspx . March 1, 2015 . November 15, 2025 . www.wcupa.edu . West Chester University Division of Student Affairs.
38. Web site: Government Information: Mayor . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120710100506/http://www.west-chester.com/mayor.php . July 10, 2012 . July 11, 2012 . Official Biography of the Mayor . The Borough of West Chester.
39. Web site: Christensen . Jen . May 10, 2005 . Jeff vs. the bloggers: ex-White House reporter Jeff Gannon learned the power of gay bloggers the hard way, by being outed as a partisan operative and an alleged former hustler. Online activists have mainstream media playing catch-up, and they're reshaping the battle for gay equality. . November 15, 2025 . www.thefreelibrary.com . The Advocate.
40. Web site: About - Pressed: Public Money-Private Profit, A Cautionary Tale by Molly Henderson . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200812181718/https://pressedthebook.com/about/ . August 12, 2020 . November 15, 2025 . pressedthebook.com . en-US.
41. Web site: December 1921 . 67™ CONGRESS, 2° SESSION BEGINNING DECEMBER 5, 1921 OFFICIAL CONGRESSIONAL DIRECTORY . live . govinfo.gov . ALBERT W. JEFFERIS, Republican, of Omaha, Nebr., was born December 7,1868, on a farm in Chester County, Pa.,... he attended school at Romansville, Pa., and State Normal School at West Chester, Pa.; ...studied law at West Chester.
42. Web site: Stephen Kinsey . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230930063648/https://archives.house.state.pa.us/people/member-biography?ID=2446 . September 30, 2023 . November 15, 2025 . archives.house.state.pa.us . PA House Archives Official Website.
43. Web site: Lazer Film Productions Derek Frey. www.lazerfilm.com. February 3, 2020.
44. Web site: Saturday Night Live fires Shane Gillis: Father of central Pa. comedian reacts. September 16, 2019. pennlive. en. February 2, 2020.
45. Web site: McDonald . Denise . March 27, 1984 . Students protest religious censorship . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210101145123/https://digital.klnpa.org/digital/collection/wcnp01/id/18631 . January 1, 2021 . January 1, 2021 . The Quad - WCU Digital Archive.
46. Web site: Sardaro . Dan . October 23, 2023 . National Honor Society inducts newest class . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20260125200702/https://www.knightcrier.org/student-life/2013/10/23/national-honor-society-inducts-newest-class/ . January 25, 2026 . January 25, 2026 . The Knight Crier.
47. Web site: Geno Auriemma biography: Geno Auriemma Camp. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20090401231818/http://www.genoauriemmacamp.com/coach.html. April 1, 2009. May 13, 2009.
48. Web site: Ed T. Rush, Sr. Ed Rush & Associates. December 8, 2012.
49. Web site: Keynote Speaker Hall of Fame Basketball Coach Cathy Rush. Cathyrush.com. September 30, 2012.
50. Web site: General Officer Management Office . 2010 . Biography, Brigadier General Jerry G. Beck . Senior Leader Management Office . Arlington, Virginia . National Guard Bureau . May 2, 2025.