1st millennium explained

File:1st millennium montage.png|From top left, clockwise: Depiction of Jesus, the central figure in Christianity; The Colosseum, a landmark of the once-mighty Roman Empire; Kaaba, the Great Mosque of Mecca, the holiest site of Islam; Chess, a new board game, becomes popular around the globe; The Western Roman Empire falls, ushering in the Early Middle Ages; The skeletal remains of a young woman, known as the "ring lady", killed by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79; Attila the Hun, leader of the Hunnic Empire, which takes most of Eastern Europe (Background: Reproduction of ancient mural from Teotihuacan, National Museum of Anthropology, Mexico City)|400px|thumbrect 9 6 182 173 Jesus Christrect 192 5 411 169 Roman Empirerect 420 16 560 101 Great Mosque of Meccarect 416 112 561 212 Chessrect 13 189 171 356 Attila the Hunrect 184 177 308 346 Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 ADrect 313 222 559 352 Early Middle Agesrect 1 1 566 394 Teotihuacanrect 1 1 566 394 Pilate's courtThe 1st millennium of the anno Domini or Common Era was a millennium spanning the years 1 to 1000 (1st to 10th centuries; in astronomy: JD  - ^[1]). The world population rose more slowly than during the preceding millennium, from about 200 million in the year 1 to about 300 million in the year 1000.^[2]

In Western Eurasia (Europe and Near East), the first millennium was a time of great transition from Classical Antiquity to the Middle Ages. The 1st century saw the peak of the Roman Empire, followed by its gradual decline during the period of Late Antiquity, the rise of Christianity and the Great Migrations. The second half of the millennium is characterized as the Early Middle Ages in Europe, and marked by the Viking expansion in the west, and the continuation of the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire) in the east.

In East Asia, the first millennium was also a time of great cultural advances, notably the spread of Buddhism to East Asia. In China, the Han dynasty is replaced by the Jin dynasty and later the Tang dynasty until the 10th century sees renewed fragmentation in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. In Japan, a sharp increase in population followed when farmers' use of iron tools increased their productivity and crop yields. The Yamato court was established. The North Indian subcontinent was divided among numerous kingdoms throughout the first millennium, until the formation of the Gupta Empire. Islam expanded rapidly from Arabia to western Asia, India, North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, culminating in the Islamic Golden Age (700–1200).

In Mesoamerica, the first millennium was a period of enormous growth known as the Classic Era (200–900). Teotihuacan grew into a metropolis and its empire dominated Mesoamerica. In South America, pre-Incan, coastal cultures flourished, producing impressive metalwork and some of the finest pottery seen in the ancient world. In North America, the Mississippian culture rose at the end of the millennium in the Mississippi and Ohio river valleys. Numerous cities were built; Cahokia, the largest, was based in present-day Illinois. The construction of Monks Mound at Cahokia was begun in 900–950.

In Sub-Saharan Africa, the Bantu expansion reaches Southern Africa by about the 5th century. The trans-Saharan slave trade spans the Sahara and the Swahili coast by the 9th century.

Civilizations, kingdoms and dynasties

Events

The events in this section are organized according to the United Nations geoscheme

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

Centuries and decades

Notes and References

1. Web site: Julian Day Number from Date Calculator. keisan.casio.com .
2. Klein Goldewijk, K., A. Beusen, M. de Vos and G. van Drecht (2011). The HYDE 3.1 spatially explicit database of human induced land use change over the past 12,000 years, Global Ecology and Biogeography20(1): 73-86. (pbl.nl).Goldewijk et al. (2011) estimate 188 million as of the year 1, citing a literature range of 170 million (low) to 300 million (high).Out of the estimated 188 million, 116 million are estimated for Asia (East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Central Asia, excluding Western Asia),44 million for Europe and the Near East, 15 million for Africa (including Roman Egypt and Roman North Africa), 12 million for Mesoamerica and South America. North America and Oceania were at or below one million.For 1000, they estimate the world population at 295 million.https://geo.public.data.uu.nl/vault-hyde-data/HYDE%203.1%5B1655214378%5D/original/supplementary.zip
3. Book: Aldenderfer, Mark . Discoveries in Western Tibet and the Western Himalayas: Essays on History, Literature, Archaeology and Art . Brill . 2007 . 978-90-04-15520-6 . Amy Heller and Giacomella Orofino . Tibetan Studies, Proceedings of the Tenth Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Oxford, 2003 . Leiden . 1–22 . Defining Zhang Zhung ethnicity: an archaeological perspective from far western Tibet.
4. Jr Ph D Grant Bishop Williams(2009). Abraham's Other Sons. AuthorHouse: pp. 50,51.
5. Book: Ehret, Christopher . The civilizations of Africa: a history to 1800 . 2002 . Univ. Press of Virginia . 978-0-8139-2085-6 . 1. publ . Charlottesville, Va . 177.
6. Web site: World Timeline of the Americas 200 BC - AD 600 . The British Museum . 2005 . 2009-04-01 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090227042137/http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/americas/200BC-AD600 . 2009-02-27 . dead .
7. Web site: World Timeline of Europe 200 BC-AD 400 Roman . The British Museum . 2005 . 2009-04-06 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090313034346/http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/europe/200BC-AD400 . 2009-03-13 . dead .
8. Web site: World Timeline of the Oceania 1500 BC-AD 1 . The British Museum . 2005 . 2009-04-02 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081121015652/http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/oceania/1500BC-AD1 . 2008-11-21 . dead .
9. Web site: World Timeline of Africa 332 BC-AD 400 . The British Museum . 2005 . 2009-04-02 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090224122826/http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/africa/332BC-AD400 . 2009-02-24 . dead .
10. Web site: World Timeline of Oceania AD 1-1100 . The British Museum . 2005 . 2009-04-02 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090529171108/http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/oceania/AD1-1100 . 2009-05-29 . dead .
11. Web site: National Geographic Magazine.
12. Web site: World Timeline of Europe AD 400-800 Early medieval . The British Museum . 2005 . 2009-04-06 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090227014820/http://worldtimelines.org.uk/world/europe/AD400-800 . 27 February 2009 . dead .
13. Web site: World Timeline of the Americas AD 600-1000 . The British Museum . 2005 . 2009-04-01 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090227034310/http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/americas/AD600-1000 . 27 February 2009 . dead .
14. Web site: World Timeline of Africa AD 600-1500. The British Museum. 2005. 2009-04-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20090313185620/http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/africa/AD600-1500. 2009-03-13. dead.
15. Coquery-Vidrovitch, Catherine. The History of African Cities South of the Sahara. Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers, 2005, p. 45,
16. Web site: Joys, Charles . Enander, Henrik . et al . 19 September 2017 . Norway: Earliest Peoples - The Vikings . 10 January 2018 . Encyclopedia Britannica.
17. Web site: Ṭūlūnid Dynasty Arabic Caliphate, Abbasid Rule, Egypt Britannica . 2025-02-04 . www.britannica.com . en.
18. Web site: Who Built it First . Ancient Discoveries . A&E Television Networks . 2008 . 2009-04-03 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090429202316/http://www.history.com/minisite.do?content_type=Minisite_Generic&display_order=5&content_type_id=60600&mini_id=52979 . 2009-04-29 . live .
19. Urton, Gary. (2011). "Tying the Archive in Knots, or: Dying to Get into the Archive in Ancient Peru
20. Web site: The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing - Wikisource, the free online library . 2025-02-04 . en.wikisource.org . en.
21. News: Mahathevan . Iravatham . 24 June 2010 . An epigraphic perspective on the antiquity of Tamil . 31 October 2010 . . The Hindu Group.
22. "Horseshoe." Encyclopædia Britannica. 15th edn. Vol. 20. 2005. 651–51. Print.