AD 1000 explained

In the proleptic Gregorian calendar, it was a non-leap century year starting on Wednesday (like 1800).

The year falls well into the period of Old World history known as the Middle Ages; in Europe, it is sometimes and by convention considered the boundary date between the Early Middle Ages and the High Middle Ages. The Muslim world was in its Islamic Golden Age. China was in its Song dynasty, Korea was in its Goryeo dynasty, Vietnam was in its Anterior Lê dynasty and Japan was in its classical Heian period. India was divided into a number of lesser empires, such as the Eastern Chalukyas, Pala Empire (Kamboja Pala dynasty; Mahipala), Chola dynasty (Rajaraja I), Yadava dynasty, etc. Sub-Saharan Africa had developing urban centers and empires such as the Ghana Empire of the Wagadu, and the Trans-Saharan slave trade was beginning to be an important factor in the formation of the Sahelian kingdoms. The pre-Columbian New World was in a time of general transition in many regions. Wari and Tiwanaku cultures receded in power and influence while Chachapoya and Chimú cultures rose to prominence in South America. In Mesoamerica, the Maya Terminal Classic period saw the decline of many grand polities of the Petén like Palenque and Tikal yet a renewed vigor and greater construction phases of sites in the Yucatán Peninsula like Chichen Itza and Uxmal. Mitla, with Mixtec influence, became the more important site of the Zapotec, overshadowing the waning Monte Albán. Cholula flourished in central Mexico, as did Tula, the center of Toltec culture.

The World population is estimated to have been between c. 250 and 310 million.^[1]

Events

Japan

• Palace Scandal: Princess Consort Yasuko has an affair. Michinaga (her half-brother) investigates it secretly and finds out the truth about her pregnancy. Yasuko cries and repents. Yasuko leaves the palace under the patronage of Empress Dowager Senshi and Michinaga (moved to his residence).
• Murasaki Shikibu starts to write The Tale of Genji.^[2]
• Ichimonjiya Wasuke, the oldest surviving wagashi store, is established as a teahouse adjacent to Imamiya Shrine.
• January 10

Death of Empress Dowager Masako (empress consort of the late Emperor Reizei)

• April 8

Fujiwara no Shoshi is promoted to Empress (Chugu), while there is another empress, Fujiwara no Teishi (kogo) - this is the first time that there are two empresses^[3]

Americas

• The Taíno have become the dominant culture of modern day Puerto Rico.^[4]

Christendom

• In continental Europe, the Holy Roman Empire established itself as the most powerful state. The Holy Roman Emperor Otto III made a pilgrimage from Rome to Aachen and Gniezno (Gnesen), stopping at Regensburg, Meissen, Magdeburg, and Gniezno. The Congress of Gniezno (with Bolesław I the Brave) was part of his pilgrimage. In Rome, he built the basilica of San Bartolomeo all'Isola, to host the relics of St. Bartholomew.
• In the Kingdom of France, Robert II, the son of Hugh Capet, was the first King of the Capetian royal dynasty.
• The Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty was engaged in a long and hard war with the First Bulgarian Empire. The Byzantine generals, Theodorokanos and Nikephoros Xiphias captured the former Bulgarian capitals of Pliska and Great Preslav, along with Little Preslav, extending Byzantine control over the northeastern portion of the Bulgarian state (Mysia and Scythia Minor). At the same time, Byzantium was instrumental in the Christianization of Kievan Rus' and of other medieval confederations of Slavic states.
• In Great Britain, a unified Kingdom of England had developed out of the various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms.
• In Scandinavia, Christianization was in its early stages, with the Althing of the Icelandic Commonwealth embracing Christianity in the year 1000. On September 9, the King of Norway, Olaf Tryggvason, was defeated by the Scandinavian kingdoms of Denmark and Sweden in the Battle of Svolder. Sweyn Forkbeard established Danish control over part of Norway. The city of Oslo was founded in Norway (the exact year is debatable, but the 1,000 year anniversary was held in the year 2000). It is known that in or around this year, Norse explorer Leif Erikson became the first European to land in the Americas, at L'Anse aux Meadows in modern-day Newfoundland.
• The papacy during this time was in a period of decline, in retrospect known as the saeculum obscurum ("Dark Age") or "pornocracy" ("rule of harlots"), a state of affairs that would result in the Great Schism between Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy later in the 11th century.
• The Kingdom of Hungary was established in 1000 as a Christian state. In the next centuries, the Kingdom of Hungary became the pre-eminent cultural power in the Central European region. On December 25, Stephen I was crowned as the first King of Hungary in Esztergom.
• Sancho III of Pamplona became King of Aragon and Navarre. The Reconquista was gaining some ground, but the southern Iberian peninsula would still be dominated by Islam for centuries to come; Córdoba was the world's largest city at this time, with 450,000 inhabitants.
• In the Kingdom of Croatia the army of the Republic of Venice led by Doge Pietro II Orseolo conquered the island of Lastovo.
• The Château de Goulaine vineyard was founded in France.
• The archdiocese in Gniezno was founded; the first archbishop was Radim Gaudentius, from Slavník dynasty, and dioceses in Kołobrzeg, Kraków and Wrocław.
• The Bell foundry was founded in Italy by Pontificia Fonderia Marinelli.

Islamic world

The Muslim world was in its Golden Age; still organised in caliphates, it continued to be dominated by the Abbasid Caliphate, with the Caliphate of Córdoba to the west, the Fatimid Caliphate in North Africa, and experienced ongoing campaigns in Africa and in India. At the time, Persia was in a period of instability, with various polities seceding from Abbasid rule, among whom the Ghaznavids would emerge as the most powerful.

The Islamic world was reaching the peak of its historical scientific achievements. Important scholars and scientists who flourished in AD 1000 include Al-Zahrawi (Abcasis), Ibn Yunus (publishes his astronomical treatise Al-Zij al-Hakimi al-Kabir in Cairo in c. 1000), Abu Sahl al-Quhi (Kuhi), Abu-Mahmud Khujandi, Abu Nasr Mansur, Abu al-Wafa' al-Buzjani, Ahmad ibn Fadlan, Ali Ibn Isa, Al-Karaji (al-Karkhi), Ibn al-Haytham (Book of Optics), Avicenna, Averroes, and Al-Biruni.

By this time, the Turkic migration from the Eurasian Steppe had reached Eastern Europe, and most of the Turkic tribes (Khazars, Bulgars, Pechenegs etc.) had been Islamized.

Babylon abandoned

Babylon was abandoned around this year.

Largest cities

1. Córdoba, Caliphate of Córdoba – 450,000
2. Kaifeng, Song Dynasty (China) – 400,000
3. Constantinople, Byzantine Empire – 300,000
4. Angkor, Khmer Empire (Cambodia) – 200,000
5. Kyoto, Heian Period (Japan) – 175,000
6. Cairo, Fatimid Caliphate – 135,000
7. Baghdad, Buyid Dynasty (Iraq) – 125,000
8. Nishapur, Ghaznavid Dynasty (Iran) – 125,000
9. Al-Hasa, Qarmatian State (Arabia) – 110,000
10. Patan, Kingdom of Gujarat (India) – 100,000^[5]

World population

See main article: List of countries by population in 1000.

Births

• June 22  - Robert I, duke of Normandy (d. 1035)
• Adalbert, duke of Upper Lorraine (d. 1048)
• Adalbert, archbishop of Hamburg (d. 1072)
• Argyrus, Byzantine general (approximate date)
• Berthold II, duke of Carinthia (approximate date)
• Constantine IX, Byzantine emperor (d. 1055)
• Dominic of Silos, Spanish abbot (d. 1073)
• Egbert, German Benedictine abbot (d. 1058)
• Duthac, patron saint of Tain (Scotland) (d. 1065)
• Gilbert, Norman nobleman (approximate date)
• Guigues I, French nobleman (approximate date)
• Irmgardis, German noblewoman and saint (d. 1065 or 1082/1089)
• John Mauropous, Byzantine hymnographer (d. c.1070/1092)
• Kyiso, Burmese king of the Pagan Dynasty (d. 1038)
• Liudolf, German nobleman (approximate date)
• Lý Thái Tông, Vietnamese emperor (d. 1054)
• Michael I, Byzantine patriarch (approximate date)
• Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi, Fatimid scholar (d. 1078)
• Otto Bolesławowic, Polish prince (d. 1033)
• Qawam al-Dawla, Buyid governor (d. 1028)
• Robert de Turlande, French priest (d. 1067)
• Rotho, bishop of Paderborn (approximate date)
• Sylvester III, pope of the Catholic Church (d. 1063)
• Uta von Ballenstedt, margravine of Meissen
• William V, count of Auvergne (d. 1064)
• Yi Yuanji. Chinese painter (approximate date)

Deaths

• May 17  - Ramwold, German Benedictine monk and abbot
• September 9  - Olaf Tryggvason (or Olaf I), king of Norway
• Abu'l Haret Ahmad, Farighunid ruler (approximate date)
• Abu-Mahmud Khojandi, Persian astronomer and Mathematics in medieval Islam/mathematician
• Abū Sahl al-Qūhī, Persian physician, mathematician and astronomer
• Abu Sahl 'Isa ibn Yahya al-Masihi, Persian physician
• Ahmad ibn Fadlan, Arab traveller and writer (approximate date)
• Ælfthryth, English queen and wife of Edgar I (approximate date)
• Barjawan, vizier and regent of the Fatimid Caliphate
• Fantinus (the Younger), Italian hermit and abbot
• García Sáchez II, king of Pamplona (approximate date)
• Gosse Ludigman, governor (potestaat) of Friesland
• Huyan Zan, Chinese general of the Song Dynasty
• Ivar of Waterford, Norse Viking king of Dublin
• Jacob ibn Jau, Andalusian-Jewish silk-manufacturer
• Judah ben David Hayyuj, Moroccan-Jewish linguist
• Malfrida, Russian Grand Princess consort of Kiev
• Manfred I, Frankish nobleman (approximate date)
• Masako, Japanese empress consort (b. 950)
• Minamoto no Shigeyuki, Japanese waka poet
  • Shahriyar III, Bavand ruler of Tabaristan Tyra of Denmark, queen consort of Norway
• Ukhtanes of Sebastia, Armenian historian

References

• Robert Lacey and Danny Danziger The Year 1000: What Life Was Like at the Turn of the First Millennium (1999)
• John Man Atlas of the Year 1000 (1999)

Further reading

• Book: The Year 1000: When Explorers Connected the World―and Globalization Began . 2020 . Valerie Hansen . Scribner . 978-1501194108 .

Notes and References

1. 310 million: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. 254 million: Jean-Noël Biraben, 1980, "An Essay Concerning Mankind's Evolution", Population, Selected Papers, Vol. 4, pp. 1–13.
2. Web site: The Tale of Genji Asia for Educators Columbia University . 2024-05-29 . afe.easia.columbia.edu.
3. Web site: Fujiwara no Teishi • . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史 . 2024-05-29 . . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史 . en-GB.
4. Web site: 2018-02-19 . Ancient genome study identifies traces of indigenous “Taíno” in present-day Caribbean populations . 2024-05-29 . University of Cambridge . en.
5. Web site: Top 10 Cities of the Year 1000. https://web.archive.org/web/20130605084829/http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201c.htm. June 5, 2013. dead. About.com. About.com Geography. It references Book: Chandler . Tertius . Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census . 1987 . St. David's University Press..