Goslarite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Goslarite
Goslar, Germany
Formula:
ZnSO4 ยท 7H2O
Colour:
Colourless; light brown, green or blue; white; colourless in transmitted light.
Lustre:
Vitreous, Silky
Hardness:
2 - 2½
Specific Gravity:
1.978
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Member of:
Name:
Named for the town of Goslar nearest the type locality of Rammelsberg Mine, Germany. Dana (late 1800s) attributes the name to Haidinger (1845), but similar names were used before that time.
Epsomite-Goslarite Series.
A complete series exists between goslarite and its Mg analogue epsomite in artificial material. There is apparently only limited substitution of Zn for Mg in natural material.
A complete series exists between goslarite and its Mg analogue epsomite in artificial material. There is apparently only limited substitution of Zn for Mg in natural material.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1731
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1731:8
IMA Classification of Goslarite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Zn2+S6+O4ยท7H2O
Classification of Goslarite
7.CB.40
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
C : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) without additional anions, with H2O
B : With only medium-sized cations
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
C : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) without additional anions, with H2O
B : With only medium-sized cations
29.6.11.2
29 : HYDRATED ACID AND NORMAL SULFATES
6 : AXO4·xH2O
29 : HYDRATED ACID AND NORMAL SULFATES
6 : AXO4·xH2O
25.5.2
25 : Sulphates
5 : Sulphates of Zn and Hg
25 : Sulphates
5 : Sulphates of Zn and Hg
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMAโCNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Gos | IMAโCNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMAโCNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Goslarite
Vitreous, Silky
Transparency:
Transparent
Colour:
Colourless; light brown, green or blue; white; colourless in transmitted light.
Hardness:
2 - 2½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
On {010}, perfect.
On {010}, perfect.
Density:
1.978 g/cm3 (Measured) 1.94 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Goslarite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.447 - 1.463 nβ = 1.475 - 1.48 nγ = 1.47 - 1.485
2V:
Measured: 46°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.022 - 0.023
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 ยตm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 ยตm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Moderate (negative)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
none
Optical Extinction:
X = b; Y = c; Z = a.
Chemistry of Goslarite
Mindat Formula:
ZnSO4 ยท 7H2O
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Chemical Analysis
Oxide wt%:
| 1 | |
|---|---|
| ZnO | 28.13 % |
| SO3 | 27.33 % |
| H2O | 43.95 % |
| Fe2O3 and Al2O3 | 1.00 % |
| Total: | 100.41 % |
Sample references:
Crystallography of Goslarite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
222 - Disphenoidal
Space Group:
P212121
Cell Parameters:
a = 11.77 Å, b = 12.05 Å, c = 6.82 Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.977 : 1 : 0.566
Unit Cell V:
967.27 ร
ยณ (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Morphology:
Artificial crystals short prismatic [001]. Commonly occurs as efflorescent crusts, stalactitic or stalagmitic masses with a fibrous structure; massive, granular, fibrous.
Epitaxial Relationships of Goslarite
Epitaxial Minerals:
| 'Muscovite' | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
Epitaxy Comments:
Goslarite {100} [001] or {010} [001] parallel to muscovite {001} [120], [310], [150], [120], [310], or [150].
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 4.21 ร | (100) |
| 5.36 ร | (78) |
| 4.18 ร | (47) |
| 5.29 ร | (37) |
| 2.867 ร | (33) |
| 2.651 ร | (29) |
| 4.46 ร | (25) |
| 3.457 ร | (23) |
| 2.809 ร | (22) |
| 3.74 ร | (21) |
| 2.754 ร | (20) |
Comments:
Synthetic. Data from Swanson et al. (1959).
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47b : [Sulfates and sulfites] | |
| Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
| 55 : Anthropogenic mine minerals |
Type Occurrence of Goslarite
Synonyms of Goslarite
Other Language Names for Goslarite
Dutch:Goslariet
German:Goslarit
Galizenstein
Galizinit
Galiznit
Gallicianit
Gallicinit
Gallitzenstein
Gallizinit
Zinkvitriol
Vitriol (in part)
Galizenstein
Galizinit
Galiznit
Gallicianit
Gallicinit
Gallitzenstein
Gallizinit
Zinkvitriol
Vitriol (in part)
Russian:ะะพัะปะฐัะธั
Swedish:Galizensten
Hvit Viktril
Hvit Viktril
Varieties of Goslarite
| Cuprogoslarite | A copper-bearing variety of goslarite. |
| Ferro-Goslarite | Contains Fe'' in substitution for Zn. |
| Magnesium-bearing Goslarite | A magnesium-bearing variety of Goslarite. A complete series exists between Goslarite and Epsomite (50% rule applies). |
| Mangangoslarite | A Mn-bearing variety of Goslarite. Epsomite group. Originally described from Kintore Opencut, Broken Hill, Yancowinna Co., New South Wales, Australia. |
Relationship of Goslarite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Epsomite Group:
| Epsomite | MgSO4 ยท 7H2O | Orth. 222 : P212121 |
| Morenosite | NiSO4 ยท 7H2O | Orth. 222 : P212121 |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 14 photos of Goslarite associated with Melanterite | Fe2+(H2O)6(SO4) ยท H2O |
| 12 photos of Goslarite associated with 'Limonite' | |
| 9 photos of Goslarite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 8 photos of Goslarite associated with Chalcanthite | CuSO4 ยท 5H2O |
| 4 photos of Goslarite associated with Azurite | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| 1 photo of Goslarite associated with Pickeringite | MgAl2(SO4)4 ยท 22H2O |
| 1 photo of Goslarite associated with Serpierite | Ca(Cu2+,Zn2+)4(S6+O4)2(OH)6 ยท 3H2O |
| 1 photo of Goslarite associated with Brochantite | Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 1 photo of Goslarite associated with Ktenasite | ZnCu4(SO4)2(OH)6 ยท 6H2O |
| 1 photo of Goslarite associated with Gypsum | CaSO4 ยท 2H2O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 7.CB. | Sarvodaite | Al2(SO4)3 ยท 5H2O |
| 7.CB.02 | Voudourisite | CdSO4 ยท H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Szmikite | MnSO4 ยท H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Szomolnokite | FeSO4 ยท H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Cobaltkieserite | CoSO4 ยท H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Dwornikite | Ni(SO4) ยท H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Kieserite | MgSO4 ยท H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Poitevinite | (Cu,Fe)SO4 ยท H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Gunningite | ZnSO4 ยท H2O |
| 7.CB.07 | Sanderite | MgSO4 ยท 2H2O |
| 7.CB.10 | Bonattite | CuSO4 ยท 3H2O |
| 7.CB.12 | Belogubite | CuZn(SO4)2 ยท 10H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Drobecite | CdSO4 ยท 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Aplowite | CoSO4 ยท 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Cranswickite | MgSO4 ยท 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Rozenite | FeSO4 ยท 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Starkeyite | MgSO4 ยท 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Ilesite | Mn2+(SO4) ยท 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Boyleite | ZnSO4 ยท 4H2O |
| 7.CB.20 | Siderotil | FeSO4 ยท 5H2O |
| 7.CB.20 | Jรดkokuite | MnSO4 ยท 5H2O |
| 7.CB.20 | Pentahydrite | MgSO4 ยท 5H2O |
| 7.CB.20 | Chalcanthite | CuSO4 ยท 5H2O |
| 7.CB.25 | Chvaleticeite | Mn2+(H2O)6(SO4) |
| 7.CB.25 | Nickelhexahydrite | Ni2+(H2O)6(SO4) |
| 7.CB.25 | Hexahydrite | Mg(H2O)6(SO4) |
| 7.CB.25 | Bianchite | Zn(H2O)6(SO4) |
| 7.CB.25 | Moorhouseite | Co2+(H2O)6(SO4) |
| 7.CB.25 | Ferrohexahydrite | Fe2+(H2O)6(SO4) |
| 7.CB.30 | Retgersite | NiSO4 ยท 6H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Zincmelanterite | Zn(H2O)6(SO4) ยท H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Melanterite | Fe2+(H2O)6(SO4) ยท H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Alpersite | (Mg,Cu2+)(H2O)6(SO4) ยท H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Bieberite | Co2+(H2O)6(SO4) ยท H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Boothite | Cu2+(H2O)6(SO4) ยท H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Mallardite | Mn2+(H2O)6(SO4) ยท H2O |
| 7.CB.40 | Epsomite | MgSO4 ยท 7H2O |
| 7.CB.40 | Morenosite | NiSO4 ยท 7H2O |
| 7.CB.45 | Meta-alunogen | Al2(SO4)3 ยท 12H2O |
| 7.CB.45 | Alunogen | Al2(SO4)3 ยท 17H2O |
| 7.CB.50 | Aluminocoquimbite | Al2Fe2(SO4)6(H2O)12 ยท 6H2O |
| 7.CB.50 | Lazaridisite | Cd3(SO4)3 ยท 8H2O |
| 7.CB.52 | Pararaisaite | CuMg[Te6+O4(OH)2] ยท 6H2O |
| 7.CB.55 | Paracoquimbite | Fe4(SO4)6(H2O)12 ยท 6H2O |
| 7.CB.55 | Rhomboclase | (H5O2)Fe3+(SO4)2 ยท 2H2O |
| 7.CB.55 | Raisaite | CuMg[Te6+O4(OH)2] ยท 6H2O |
| 7.CB.55 | Coquimbite | AlFe3(SO4)6(H2O)12 ยท 6H2O |
| 7.CB.57 | 'Caichengyunite' | Fe2+3Al2(SO4)6 ยท 30H2O |
| 7.CB.60 | Kornelite | Fe2(SO4)3 ยท 7H2O |
| 7.CB.65 | Quenstedtite | Fe2(SO4)3 ยท 11H2O |
| 7.CB.70 | Lausenite | Fe2(SO4)3 ยท 5H2O |
| 7.CB.75 | Rรถmerite | Fe2+Fe3+2(SO4)4 ยท 14H2O |
| 7.CB.75 | Lishizhenite | ZnFe2(SO4)4 ยท 14H2O |
| 7.CB.80 | Ransomite | CuFe2(SO4)4 ยท 6H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Dietrichite | ZnAl2(SO4)4 ยท 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Halotrichite | Fe2+Al2(SO4)4 ยท 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Apjohnite | Mn2+Al2(SO4)4 ยท 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Redingtonite | Fe2+Cr3+2(SO4)4 ยท 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Pickeringite | MgAl2(SO4)4 ยท 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Bรญlinite | Fe2+Fe3+2(SO4)4 ยท 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Wupatkiite | Co2+Al2(SO4)4 ยท 22H2O |
| 7.CB.90 | Meridianiite | MgSO4 ยท 11H2O |
Other Information
Magnetism:
Diamagnetic
Notes:
Soluble in H2O. Dehydrates in air.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Goslarite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1731.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Goslarite
Reference List:
Beudant, Franรงois-Sulpice (1824) Traiteฬ eฬleฬmentaire de mineฬralogie. (Premiรจre Edition)) [Elementary Treatise on Mineralogy. (First Edition)]. Chez Verdiรจre.p.446 - as Gallizinite
Lacroix, A. (1910) Minรฉralogie de la France et de ses colonies Vol. 4. Library Polytechnique, Paris. p.219
Collins, Henry F. (1923) On some crystallized sulphates from the province of Huelva, Spain. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 20 (100). 32-38 doi:10.1180/minmag.1923.020.100.05
Bury, Charles R. (1924) The system zinc sulphateโwater. J. Chem. Soc., Trans., 125. 2538-2541 doi:10.1039/ct9242502538
Milton, Charles, Johnston, William Drum (1938) Sulphate minerals of the Comstock Lode, Nevada. Economic Geology, 33 (7) 749-771 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.33.7.749
Kohler, K.; Zรคske, P. (1964) Beitrรคge zur Thermochemie der Hydrate. II. Der thermische Abbau von MgSO4ยท7 H2O, NiSO4ยท7 H2O, ZnSO4ยท7 H2O. Zeitschrift fรผr anorganische und allgemeine Chemie, 331 (1-2). p.1-6. doi:10.1002/zaac.19643310102
Anderson, J. L., Peterson, R. C., Swainson, I. P. (2005) Combined neutron powder and X-ray single-crystal diffraction refinement of the atomic structure and hydrogen bonding of goslarite (ZnSO4ยท7H2O) Mineralogical Magazine, 69 (3) 259-271 doi:10.1180/0026461056930249
Localities for Goslarite
Showing 248 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
โ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Brodtkorb (2002) |
| MARQUEZ-ZAVALIA | |
| Raรบl J. Tauber Larryยดs collection |
| Brodtkorb (2002) | |
| Morello et al. (2016) |
| Brodtkorb et al. (1999) |
| Brodtkorb (2002) |
| Angelelli et al. (1941) +1 other reference |
| Brodtkorb (2002) |
Australia | |
| McQueen +2 other references |
| Degeling (1982) |
| B. G. Lottermoser: P. M. Ashley (1997) |
| Ashley et al. (1999) |
| B. G. Lottermoser: P. M. Ashley (1997) +1 other reference |
| Worner et al. (1982) |
| [var: Mangangoslarite] Clark (1993) |
| Noble R.J et al. (1983) |
| Bottrill +1 other reference |
| R Bottrrill |
| Parbhakar-Fox et al. (2019) |
| Ferguson (1999) |
| Ferguson (1999) |
Austria | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Bauer (1997) |
Azerbaijan | |
| Imamverdiyev et al. (2022) |
Belgium | |
| TVM Specimen. +3 other references |
| Risse (1865) +2 other references |
| John Nijhuis collection |
| Dewalque (1892) +2 other references |
Bolivia | |
| Smith et al. (2001) |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | |
| Radosavljevic et al. (2005) |
Canada | |
| Anderson et al. (2012) |
China | |
| Tiegang Li et al. (2014) |
| Caiwen Cai (1983) |
| Wenliang Gao et al. (2006) |
| Minzhi Yang (2003) |
| Guangyu Zhou (1983) |
| Huaping Zhu and Dequan Zhang (2002) +1 other reference |
| Huaping Zhu and Dequan Zhang (2004) | |
| Xiaohu Wang et al. (2008) |
| Dianhao Huang (2000) |
Czech Republic | |
| Hlouลกek et al. (2002) |
| Fojt |
| Pauliลก +3 other references |
DR Congo | |
| Deliens (1996) |
France | |
| Coueille (1988) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Germain C. et al. (1990) |
| De Ascenรงรฃo Guedes (2006) |
| [var: Cuprogoslarite] J. Chervet Collection |
| [var: Cuprogoslarite] Jean-Luc Portes Collection |
| Favreau et al. (2024) |
| Georges FAVREAU collection & EDX ... +1 other reference | |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) | |
| Weiร (1990) |
| Klaproth (1810) +1 other reference |
| Grรถbner et al. (2011) | |
| Bender et al. (1994) |
| Aufschluss 90 (2) |
| Aufschluss 90 (2) | |
| Aufschluss 90 (2) | |
| Graf et al. (1982) |
| Weiร (1990) |
| Weiร (1990) |
| Weiร (1990) |
| Weiร (1990) |
| Der Aufschluss Vol. 60 |
| Hofmann (1992) |
| Schlegel (1991) |
| www.dergraul.de (2001) |
| www.dergraul.de (2001) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Haas (n.d.) |
Greece | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2014) |
| Schreiber et al. (2003) |
| Grรถbner (2003) | |
| |
| Schnorrer et al. (1999) |
| Rieck (n.d.) | |
Hungary | |
| Szakรกll et al. (1997) |
| Szakรกll et al. (1997) |
| Szakรกll et al. (1996) |
India | |
| Nalin Shah (2002) |
Italy | |
| - (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Jervis (1881) +2 other references |
| Stara P. (1996) |
| Preite et al. (2007) |
| Stara P. (1996) |
| Andreatta C. (Trentino) |
| Exel (1987) |
| Dill (1979) |
| Brizzi G. et al. (GR) | |
| Domenico Saccardo (2019) |
Japan | |
| Nambu et al (1979) |
| - (n.d.) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Litvinovich et al. (1960) |
Mexico | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Parker (2010) |
Norway | |
| Goldschmidt (1911) |
| Folvik (2019) | |
| Raade (1995) |
| Garmo (1974) | |
Papua New Guinea | |
| Steger (2015) |
Peru | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Smuda +4 other references | |
Poland | |
| Vanaecker et al. (2014) |
Romania | |
| www.minerals-of-the-carpathians |
| Szakรกll (2002) | |
| Buzatu et al. (2012) |
| ลukasz Kruszewski PXRD & pXRF analysis ... +1 other reference |
Russia | |
| Shcherbakova (2004) |
| Kasatkin et al. (2014) |
Slovakia | |
| Kodě +1 other reference |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Kodě +1 other reference |
| ฤuฤa (1993) |
| Kodฤra et al. (1986) |
| Kodฤra (1990) | |
Spain | |
| Navarro et al. (2008) |
| Navarro et al. (2008) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Garcia (1996) |
| |
| Adrian Pesudo Collection |
| Adrian Pesudo Collection | |
Sweden | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
Tajikistan | |
| Xinjiang Tacheng International Resources Ltd. |
UK | |
| Hall (1868) +1 other reference |
| Hall (1868) +1 other reference | |
| Collins (1871) |
| Carne (1822) +1 other reference | |
| Manchester University Museum |
| Specimen in collection of Natural ... |
| |
| Phillips (1823) |
Ukraine | |
| Dvoichenko P.A. The minerals of Crimea (1914) |
| Dobrovolskaya T.I. (2004) |
USA | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Galbraith (1959) |
| Peterson et al. (1951) +2 other references |
| Galbraith (1959) +2 other references |
| Besse (1981) |
| Galbaith (1959) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Galbraith (1959) |
| Williams et al. (1963) +1 other reference |
| Williams et al. (1963) +1 other reference | |
| JD Mizer |
| [var: Cuprogoslarite] Galbraith (1959) +1 other reference |
| Anderson et al. (1955) |
| Anderson et al. (1955) | |
| Ransom (1974) |
| John C. Branner Ph. D (1906) | |
| Ransom (1974) | |
| Ransom (1974) | |
| Hall (1958) +4 other references |
| Pemberton (1983) +1 other reference |
| Adams (2017) |
| Troxel et al. (1962) +3 other references |
| A.I.M.E. Transactions: 48: 67-117 (1915) |
| Landon (1927) +4 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (1984) +1 other reference |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| USGS PP 1017 (Lovering,1978) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Loughlin (1918) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| - (2005) |
| Olsen et al. (1979) | |
| Kucera (2021) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) |
| Schooner (circa 1985) |
| Ream (1995) |
| [var: Cuprogoslarite] Palache et al. (1951) |
| Anderson (1994) | |
| Cerato |
| |
| [var: Ferro-Goslarite] Palache et al. (1951) | |
| John Lindell Collection |
| Guilbert and Zeihen 1964 +1 other reference | |
| Dana et al. (1892) +1 other reference | |
| Weed (1912) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Whitman (2023) |
| Rocks & Minerals. Nov. 1999. |
| R&M 74:6 p380-390 +1 other reference |
| Milton et al. (1938) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Lasky et al. (1930) +1 other reference |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Harley (1934) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Gibbs (1989) | |
| USGS PP 200 (Loughlin,1942) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Dana 6: 1075. |
| USGS Bulletion No.74 +1 other reference | |
| USGS Bulletion No.74 +1 other reference |
| Lapham et al. (1965) |
| Rocks & Min.: 6:26 +1 other reference | |
| www.jonesgeo.com (2011) |
| Smith et al. (2000) |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
| Rocks & Min. +2 other references | |
| ... | |
| Butler (1913) +1 other reference |
| Bullock (1981) |
| North (2010) |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Rocks & Min. Vol. 73 (1998) |
| Cordua (1998) | |
Zambia | |
| Korowski et al. (1980) |
Zimbabwe | |
| Vetter et al. (1999) +1 other reference |
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Esperanza Mine, Kaminiza mines, Km 3, Lavreotiki, East Attica, Attica, Greece