Ikunolite
A valid IMA mineral species
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About Ikunolite
View of the Ikuno silver mine, Japan, ca. 1910.
Ikuno Mine, Ikuno-cho-ono, Asago City, Hyogo Prefecture, Japan
Ikuno Mine, Ikuno-cho-ono, Asago City, Hyogo Prefecture, Japan
Formula:
Bi4S3
May contain minor Pb replacing Bi, and minor Se replacing S
Colour:
Lead-gray
Lustre:
Metallic
Hardness:
2
Specific Gravity:
7.8
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1986 by Akira Kato for the type locality, the Ikuno Mine, Hyogo Prefecture, Japan.
Isostructural with:
See also "joséite" and the chemically similar zipserite.
Exhibits variable S:Se ratios and may also contain some Pb (Parafiniuk et al., 2008). A continuous solid-solution series with laitakarite, Bi4(Se,S)3, probably exists (PrĆĄek & Peterec, 2008; SzakĂĄll et al., 2012; Schramm et al., 2023).
Exhibits variable S:Se ratios and may also contain some Pb (Parafiniuk et al., 2008). A continuous solid-solution series with laitakarite, Bi4(Se,S)3, probably exists (PrĆĄek & Peterec, 2008; SzakĂĄll et al., 2012; Schramm et al., 2023).
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
2008
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:2008:0
IMA Classification of Ikunolite
Approved
First published:
1959
Classification of Ikunolite
2.DC.05
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
D : Metal Sulfides, M: S = 3 :4 and 2:3
C : Variable M:S
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
D : Metal Sulfides, M: S = 3 :4 and 2:3
C : Variable M:S
2.6.2.3
2 : SULFIDES
6 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 4:3
2 : SULFIDES
6 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 4:3
3.7.21
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
7 : Sulphides etc. of V, As, Sb and Bi
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
7 : Sulphides etc. of V, As, Sb and Bi
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMAâCNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMAâCNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMAâCNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Ik | IMAâCNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMAâCNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Ik | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Ikunolite
Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Lead-gray
Streak:
Dark gray
Hardness:
2 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Flexible
Cleavage:
Perfect
{0001}
{0001}
Density:
7.8 g/cm3 (Measured) 7.97 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Ikunolite
Anisotropism:
Neary isotropic in basal section. Moderate in diagona; section, pale gray to gray.
Reflectivity:
| Wavelength | R1 (%) | R2 (%) |
|---|---|---|
| 400nm | 46.7% | 48.4% |
| 440nm | 46.5% | 48.4% |
| 480nm | 46.2% | 48.5% |
| 520nm | 46.1% | 48.5% |
| 560nm | 46.0% | 48.5% |
| 600nm | 45.8% | 48.7% |
| 640nm | 45.7% | 48.8% |
| 680nm | 45.3% | 48.6% |
| 700nm | 45.0% | 48.4% |
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Peak reflectance is 48.8%.
R1 shown in black, R2 shown in red
Colour in reflected light:
White with faintly creamy tint
Chemistry of Ikunolite
Mindat Formula:
Bi4S3
May contain minor Pb replacing Bi, and minor Se replacing S
May contain minor Pb replacing Bi, and minor Se replacing S
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Ikunolite
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Class (H-M):
3m(32/m) - Hexagonal Scalenohedral
Space Group:
R3m
Setting:
R3m
Cell Parameters:
a = 4.15 Å, c = 39.19 Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 9.443
Unit Cell V:
584.52 Ă
Âł (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
3
Crystal Structure
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Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0014412 | Ikunolite | Kato A (1959) Ikunolite, a new bismuth mineral from the Ikuno mine, Japan Mineralogical Journal 2 397-407 | 1959 | Ikuno mine, Japan | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 3.022 Ă | (100) |
| 4.34 Ă | (50) |
| 2.205 Ă | (30) |
| 6.56 Ă | (20) |
| 3.536 Ă | (20) |
| 2.076 Ă | (20) |
| 1.865 Ă | (20) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| High-? alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 33 : Minerals deposited by hydrothermal metal-rich fluids (see also [#12]) |
Type Occurrence of Ikunolite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Fringes native bismuth and bismuthinite. Also forms platy masses with indefinite outline, to a few millimeters in diameter.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
1) National Science Museum, Tokyo, Japan, M15837.
2) The Natural History Museum, London, England.
2) The Natural History Museum, London, England.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Other Language Names for Ikunolite
Dutch:Ikunoliet
German:Ikunolith
Japanese:çéé±
Russian:ĐĐșŃĐœĐŸĐ»ĐžŃ
Simplified Chinese:è祫éçż
Spanish:Ikunolita
Varieties of Ikunolite
Relationship of Ikunolite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Tetradymite Group:
| Baksanite | Bi6Te2S3 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : P3m1 |
| Dulanggouite | Bi6Te3 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : P3m1 |
| Ehrigite | Bi8Te3 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m |
| Hedleyite | Bi7Te3 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m |
| Ingodite | Bi2TeS | Trig. |
| Joséite-A | Bi4TeS2 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m |
| Joséite-B | Bi4Te2S | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m |
| Kawazulite | Bi2Te2Se | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m |
| Laitakarite | Bi4(Se,S)3 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m |
| Paraguanajuatite | Bi2Se3 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m |
| Pilsenite | Bi4Te3 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m |
| Skippenite | Bi2TeSe2 | Trig. |
| Sulphotsumoite | Bi3Te2S | Trig. 3m(32/m) : P31m |
| Tellurantimony | Sb2Te3 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m |
| Tellurobismuthite | Bi2Te3 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m |
| Telluronevskite | Bi3TeSe2 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : P3m1 |
| Tetradymite | Bi2Te2S | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m |
| Tsumoite | BiTe | Trig. 3m(32/m) : P31m |
| Vihorlatite | Bi24Se17Te4 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : P3m1 |
| Zipserite | Bi5S4 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 6 photos of Ikunolite associated with Native Bismuth | Bi |
| 4 photos of Ikunolite associated with Wittite | Pb9Bi12(S,Se)27 |
| 3 photos of Ikunolite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 1 photo of Ikunolite associated with Bismuthinite | Bi2S3 |
| 1 photo of Ikunolite associated with Ferberite | FeWO4 |
| 1 photo of Ikunolite associated with Eclarite | (Cu,Fe)Pb9Bi12S28 |
| 1 photo of Ikunolite associated with Jonassonite | AuBi5S4 |
| 1 photo of Ikunolite associated with Marcasite | FeS2 |
| 1 photo of Ikunolite associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 2.DC.05 | Laitakarite | Bi4(Se,S)3 |
| 2.DC.05 | Paraguanajuatite | Bi2Se3 |
| 2.DC.05 | Telluronevskite | Bi3TeSe2 |
| 2.DC.05 | Hedleyite | Bi7Te3 |
| 2.DC.05 | Hitachiite | Pb5Bi2Te2S6 |
| 2.DC.05 | Tellurantimony | Sb2Te3 |
| 2.DC.05 | 'Joséite' | Bi4TeS2 |
| 2.DC.05 | Tellurobismuthite | Bi2Te3 |
| 2.DC.05 | Joséite-A | Bi4TeS2 |
| 2.DC.05 | Joséite-B | Bi4Te2S |
| 2.DC.05 | Nevskite | Bi(Se,S) |
| 2.DC.05 | Tetradymite | Bi2Te2S |
| 2.DC.05 | 'Protojoséite' | Bi3(Te,S)2 |
| 2.DC.05 | Skippenite | Bi2TeSe2 |
| 2.DC.05 | Kawazulite | Bi2Te2Se |
| 2.DC.05 | 'UM1983-09-S:BiPbTe' | PbBi3S2Te |
| 2.DC.05 | Pilsenite | Bi4Te3 |
| 2.DC.05 | 'SztrĂłkayite' | Bi3TeS2 |
| 2.DC.05 | Baksanite | Bi6Te2S3 |
| 2.DC.05 | 'Joséite-C' | Bi16Te3S9 |
| 2.DC.05 | Vihorlatite | Bi24Se17Te4 |
| 2.DC.05 | Tsumoite | BiTe |
| 2.DC.05 | Ehrigite | Bi8Te3 |
| 2.DC.05 | Ingodite | Bi2TeS |
| 2.DC.05 | Sulphotsumoite | Bi3Te2S |
| 2.DC.15 | 'Castaingite' | CuMo2S5 |
Other Information
Notes:
Concentrated HNO3: Effervesces and stains gray with dark brown fume.
FeCl3: Stains brownish red.
HCl, KOH, KCN, HgCl2: No reaction.
FeCl3: Stains brownish red.
HCl, KOH, KCN, HgCl2: No reaction.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Ikunolite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-2008.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Ikunolite
Reference List:
Markham, N. L. (1962) Mineralogical Notes: Plumbian ikunolite from Kingsgate, New South Wales. American Mineralogist, 47 (11-12) 1431-1433
(1962) International Mineralogical Association: Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 33 (258) 260-263 doi:10.1180/minmag.1962.033.258.09
IMAI, Naoya, CHUNG, Jae-Ill (1986) The first Korean occurrence of ikunolite. Mineralogical Journal, 13 (2) 65-74 doi:10.2465/minerj.13.65
Cook, N. J., Ciobanu, C. L., Wagner, T., Stanley, C. J. (2007) Minerals of the system BiâTeâSeâS related to the tetradymite archetype: review of classification and compositional variation. The Canadian Mineralogist, 45 (4) 665-708 doi:10.2113/gscanmin.45.4.665
Parafiniuk, J., Pieczka, A., Golebiowska, B. (2008) Compositional data for ikunolite from RÄdziny, Rudawy Janowickie, Lower Silesia, Poland. The Canadian Mineralogist, 46 (5) 1305-1315 doi:10.3749/canmin.46.5.1305
PrĆĄek, Jaroslav, Peterec, DuĆĄan (2008) Bi-Se-Te mineralization from ĂhornĂĄ (SpiĆĄsko GemerskĂ© Rudohorie Mts., SĆovakia): A preliminary report. Mineralogia, 39 (3). doi:10.2478/v10002-008-0007-3
Localities for Ikunolite
Showing 82 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
â - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Australia | |
| Henley et al. (2001) |
| Rankin et al. (2002) |
| Lawrence et al. (1962) +1 other reference | |
| Clissold (2007) +1 other reference | |
| Paar et al. (2006) |
| Kalleske (2010) |
Austria | |
| Thalhammer et al. (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) | |
Bolivia | |
| - (unpublished analysis of inclusion in native bismuth) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data 2017 |
Bulgaria | |
| Kerestedjian (1997) |
Canada | |
| aris.empr.gov.bc.ca (n.d.) +3 other references |
China | |
| [var: Tellurium-bearing Ikunolite] Yingchen Ren (1986) +1 other reference |
| ZHANG et al. (2014) +1 other reference |
Czech Republic | |
| PaĆŸout et al. (2017) |
| PaĆŸout et al. (2017) |
| Sejkora J. et al. (2006) |
| DolnĂÄek et al. (2021) |
Finland | |
| Kojonen +1 other reference |
Germany | |
| |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Witzke et al. (2007) |
| Schramm et al. (2023) | |
Greece | |
| Voudouris et al. (2010, April) +1 other reference |
Hungary | |
| Paar et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| SzakĂĄll et al. (2012) +1 other reference | |
Japan | |
| MARIKO et al. (1996) |
| Kato (1959) +1 other reference |
| Sadanaga et al. (1974) | |
| Masutomi Museum specimens |
| Harada et al. (2016) +1 other reference |
| Izumino et al. (2015) |
| Izumino et al. (2015) | |
| Takechi et al. (2003) |
| - (n.d.) |
Kosovo | |
| KoĆodziejczyk et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
Poland | |
| SZUSZKIEWICZ et al. (2013) |
| Mochnacka et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| GoĆÄbiowska et al. (2006) +3 other references |
| Mochnacka et al. (2015) +2 other references |
| Piestrzela (2019) |
Romania | |
| Ciobanu et al. (2006) |
| UdubaĆa S.S. (2004) |
Russia | |
| Gvozdev et al. (2013) |
| Rogov et al. (2023) |
| Rogov et al. (2023) | |
| Alekseev et al. (2015) |
| Goryachev et al. (2014) |
| Gvozdev et al. (2014) |
| Gvozdev et al. (2016) | |
| Grebennikova et al. (2023) | |
| Gvozdev (2009) | |
| www.fegi.ru (2001) |
| Gvozdev et al. (2005) |
| |
| Ivashchenko et al. (2011, September) |
| maurice.strahlen.org (2004) |
| Kasatkin et al. (2021) |
| Gvozdev et al. (2020) |
| Krivitskaya et al. (2008) |
Slovakia | |
| PrĆĄek et al. (2008) |
| Melnikov et al. (2009) | |
| Martin Ć tevko-unpublished |
| Melnikov et al. (2009) | |
| MikuĆĄ T. (2019) |
| KodÄra et al. (1986) +1 other reference |
South Korea | |
| IMAI et al. (1986) |
| IMAI et al. (1986) | |
Sweden | |
| |
| Andersson et al. (2024) |
Switzerland | |
| Ansermet S.; Meisser N. (2026) |
UK | |
| Rumsey et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
Ukraine | |
| Cook et al. (2007) |
| Cook et al. (2007) |
USA | |
| Mankins (2022) |
| Mankins (2022) | |
| Mankins (2022) | |
Uzbekistan | |
| Koneev et al. (2005) |
Vietnam | |
| Vasiliev V.I. et al. (2011) |
Zimbabwe | |
| OberthĂŒr et al. (2008) |
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Ikuno Mine, Ikuno-cho-ono, Asago City, Hyogo Prefecture, Japan