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Metavoltine
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Metavoltine
Formula:
K2Na6Fe2+Fe3+6O2(SO4)12 · 18H2O
Colour:
Yellowish brown, orange-brown, greenish brown
Lustre:
Resinous
Hardness:
2½
Specific Gravity:
2.51
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Name:
From the Greek μετά = "with" and voltaite, in allusion to the species' original association with voltaite.
Unique combination of elements. Belongs to a small group of ferrous-ferric sulfate minerals, that also contains bílinite, copiapite, römerite (purely Fe minerals), pertlikite and voltaite.
Structurally related to carlsonite and scordariite.
Structurally related to carlsonite and scordariite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
2696
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:2696:9
IMA Classification of Metavoltine
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
K2Na6Fe2+Fe3+6O2(S6+O4)12·18H2O
Classification of Metavoltine
7.DF.35
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
D : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) with additional anions, with H2O
F : With large and medium-sized cations
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
D : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) with additional anions, with H2O
F : With large and medium-sized cations
29.4.6.1
29 : HYDRATED ACID AND NORMAL SULFATES
4 : AmBn(XO4)p·xH2O, with (m+n):p < 3:2 and > 1:1
29 : HYDRATED ACID AND NORMAL SULFATES
4 : AmBn(XO4)p·xH2O, with (m+n):p < 3:2 and > 1:1
25.11.12
25 : Sulphates
11 : Sulphates of Fe and other metals
25 : Sulphates
11 : Sulphates of Fe and other metals
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Mvt | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Metavoltine
Resinous
Transparency:
Translucent
Colour:
Yellowish brown, orange-brown, greenish brown
Hardness:
2½ on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
Perfect
Perfect on {0001}.
Perfect on {0001}.
Density:
2.51 g/cm3 (Measured) 2.435 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Comment:
Drensity of synthetic material 2.396.
Optical Data of Metavoltine
Type:
Uniaxial (-)
RI values:
nω = 1.588 - 1.595 nε = 1.573 - 1.581
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.014 - 0.015
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Moderate (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized uniaxial interference figure - the conoscopic
(convergent-light, Bertrand-lens-in) view, for a grain cut with the optic axis
centred and vertical. The coloured rings are isochromatics, computed with the
same physics as the Michel-Lévy bar above; the dark cross is the isogyre.
For a genuinely uniaxial mineral viewed this way, that cross stays perfectly stationary if you rotate the stage - unlike a biaxial mineral, where it splits apart on rotation. That invariance is itself the standard diagnostic test for telling uniaxial and biaxial minerals apart at the microscope.
For a genuinely uniaxial mineral viewed this way, that cross stays perfectly stationary if you rotate the stage - unlike a biaxial mineral, where it splits apart on rotation. That invariance is itself the standard diagnostic test for telling uniaxial and biaxial minerals apart at the microscope.
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
Dichroic:
La Compania material:
O = Dark yellow, E = pale yellow
Chuquicamata material:
O = Brown. E = Light greenish yellow
Chilean material (not specified):
O = Dark yellow, E = Light yellow
Peruvian material (not specified):
O = Deep or
La Compania material:
O = Dark yellow, E = pale yellow
Chuquicamata material:
O = Brown. E = Light greenish yellow
Chilean material (not specified):
O = Dark yellow, E = Light yellow
Peruvian material (not specified):
O = Deep or
Chemistry of Metavoltine
Mindat Formula:
K2Na6Fe2+Fe3+6O2(SO4)12 · 18H2O
Element Weights:
Chemical Analysis
Oxide wt%:
| 1 | |
|---|---|
| Na2O | 5.5 % |
| Fe2O3 | 21 % |
| SO3 | 38 % |
| H2O | 4 % |
| Insolubles | 21 % |
| Total: | 89.5 % |
Sample references:
| ID | Locality | Reference | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Boussu, Hainaut, Wallonia, Belgium | partial analysis by Van Tassel & Van Stiphoudt |
Crystallography of Metavoltine
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Cell Parameters:
a = 9.575(5) Å, c = 18.17(1) Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 1.898
Unit Cell V:
1,442.66 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
1
Morphology:
Crystals tabular {0001} with a hexagonal outline. Commonly tiny. As granular or scaly aggregates.
Comment:
May be 3 or _3
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0015661 | Metavoltine | Giacovazzo C, Scordari F, Todisco A, Menchetti S (1976) Crystal structure model for metavoltine from Sierra Gorda Tschermaks Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen 23 155-166 | 1976 | Sierra Gorda, Chile | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 18.28 Å | (33) |
| 9.12 Å | (100) |
| 3.300 Å | (37) |
| 3.087 Å | (23) |
| 2.899 Å | (30) |
| 2.375 Å | (23) |
| 2.002 Å | (37) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 45a : [Sulfates, arsenates, selenates, antimonates] | |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47b : [Sulfates and sulfites] | |
| Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
| 50 : Coal and/or oil shale minerals | <0.36 |
| Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
| 54 : Coal and other mine fire minerals (see also #51 and #56) | |
| 55 : Anthropogenic mine minerals |
Geological Setting:
Alteration product of pyrite in arid climates, fumaroles, and post mining oxidation product.
Type Occurrence of Metavoltine
Synonyms of Metavoltine
Other Language Names for Metavoltine
Varieties of Metavoltine
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 17 photos of Metavoltine associated with Pickeringite | MgAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 16 photos of Metavoltine associated with Halotrichite | Fe2+Al2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 12 photos of Metavoltine associated with Magnesiocopiapite | MgFe3+4(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O |
| 12 photos of Metavoltine associated with Tamarugite | NaAl(SO4)2 · 6H2O |
| 11 photos of Metavoltine associated with Alunogen | Al2(SO4)3 · 17H2O |
| 11 photos of Metavoltine associated with Römerite | Fe2+Fe3+2(SO4)4 · 14H2O |
| 10 photos of Metavoltine associated with Ferrinatrite | Na3Fe(SO4)3 · 3H2O |
| 9 photos of Metavoltine associated with Coquimbite | AlFe3(SO4)6(H2O)12 · 6H2O |
| 7 photos of Metavoltine associated with Sideronatrite | Na2Fe(SO4)2(OH) · 3H2O |
| 7 photos of Metavoltine associated with Krausite | KFe(SO4)2 · H2O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 7.DF. | Siligiite | [Pb(H2O)5(SO4)][Zn9(OH)18] |
| 7.DF. | Alcaparrosaite | K3Ti4+Fe3+(SO4)4O(H2O)2 |
| 7.DF. | Flaggite | Pb4Cu2+4Te6+2(SO4)2O11(OH)2(H2O) |
| 7.DF. | Bairdite | Pb2Cu2+4Te6+2O10(OH)2(SO4) · H2O |
| 7.DF. | Tzeferisite | CaZn8(SO4)2(OH)12Cl2(H2O)9 |
| 7.DF. | Cherokeeite | [Pb2Zn(OH)4](SO4) · H2O |
| 7.DF. | Ammoniomathesiusite | (NH4)5(UO2)4(SO4)4(VO5) · 4H2O |
| 7.DF. | Sigogglinite | [Pb6Zn(OH)8]2(SO4)6 · (H2O)8-x |
| 7.DF.X | Blueridgeite | [Pb8Zn3Cu2+(OH)16](SO4)2(S2O3)2 · 2H2O |
| 7.DF. | Erssonite | Mg7Fe3+2(OH)18[Ca(H2O)6](SO4)2 · 12H2O |
| 7.DF. | Poellmannite | Ca6Al3(OH)18[Na(H2O)6](SO4)2 · 6H2O |
| 7.DF. | Carlsonite | (NH4)5Fe3+3O(SO4)6 · 7H2O |
| 7.DF. | Cuprocherokeeite | [Pb8Zn3Cu2+(OH)16](SO4)4 · 4H2O |
| 7.DF. | Haywoodite | [Pb(H2O)10][Zn12(OH)20(H2O)(SO4)3] |
| 7.DF. | Chromschieffelinite | Pb10Te6+6O20(OH)14(CrO4)(H2O)5 |
| 7.DF.05 | Uklonskovite | NaMg(SO4)F · 2H2O |
| 7.DF.10 | Kainite | KMg(SO4)Cl · 3H2O |
| 7.DF.10 | Kaliochalcite | KCu2(SO4)2[(OH)(H2O)] |
| 7.DF.15 | Natrochalcite | NaCu2(SO4)2(OH) · 2H2O |
| 7.DF.17 | Genplesite | Ca3Sn(SO4)2(OH)6 · 3H2O |
| 7.DF.17 | 'Unnamed (Ba-Sb Silicate-Sulphate-Hydroxide-Hydrate)' | Ba3Sb5+[(Si,S)O3(OH)]2(OH,O)6 · 3H2O |
| 7.DF.20 | Sideronatrite | Na2Fe(SO4)2(OH) · 3H2O |
| 7.DF.20 | Metasideronatrite | Na2Fe(SO4)2(OH) · H2O |
| 7.DF.25 | Fleischerite | Pb3Ge(SO4)2(OH)6 · 3H2O |
| 7.DF.25 | Mallestigite | Pb3Sb5+(SO4)(AsO4)(OH)6 · 3H2O |
| 7.DF.25 | Schaurteite | Ca3Ge(SO4)2(OH)6 · 4H2O |
| 7.DF.25 | Despujolsite | Ca3Mn4+(SO4)2(OH)6 · 3H2O |
| 7.DF.30 | Slavíkite | (H3O+)3Mg6Fe15(SO4)21(OH)18 · 98H2O |
| 7.DF.40 | Lannonite | Mg2Ca4Al4(SO4)8F8 · 24H2O |
| 7.DF.40 | Vlodavetsite | AlCa2(SO4)2F2Cl · 4H2O |
| 7.DF.45 | Peretaite | Ca(SbO)4(SO4)2(OH)2 · 2H2O |
| 7.DF.50 | Gordaite | NaZn4(SO4)(OH)6Cl · 6H2O |
| 7.DF.50 | Calamaite | Na2TiO(SO4)2 · 2H2O |
| 7.DF.52 | Huizingite-(Al) | [(NH4)9(SO4)2][(Al,Fe3+)3(OH)2(H2O)4(SO4)6] |
| 7.DF.52 | Scordariite | K8(Fe3+0.67◻0.33)[Fe3+3O(SO4)6]2 · 14H2O |
| 7.DF.55 | Clairite | (NH4)2Fe3(SO4)4(OH)3 · 3H2O |
| 7.DF.55 | Giacovazzoite | K5Fe3+3O(SO4)6 · 10H2O |
| 7.DF.57 | Magnanelliite | K3Fe3+2(SO4)4(OH)(H2O)2 |
| 7.DF.60 | Arzrunite | Cu4Pb2(SO4)(OH)4Cl6 · 2H2O (?) |
| 7.DF.60 | Evdokimovite | Tl4(VO)3(SO4)5(H2O)5 |
| 7.DF.62 | Bridgesite-(Ce) | CaCe2Cu6(SO4)4(OH)12 · 8H2O |
| 7.DF.65 | Elyite | Pb4Cu(SO4)O2(OH)4 · H2O |
| 7.DF.70 | Yecoraite | Fe3+3Bi5(Te6+O4)2(Te4+O3)O9 · 9H2O |
| 7.DF.70 | Lautenthalite | PbCu4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 3H2O |
| 7.DF.75 | Riomarinaite | Bi(SO4)(OH) · H2O |
| 7.DF.80 | Dukeite | Bi3+24Cr6+8O57(OH)6 · 3H2O |
Radioactivity
Radioactivity:
| Element | % Content | Activity (Bq/kg) | Radiation Type |
|---|---|---|---|
| Uranium (U) | 0.0000% | 0 | α, β, γ |
| Thorium (Th) | 0.0000% | 0 | α, β, γ |
| Potassium (K) | 3.6954% | 1,146 | β, γ |
For comparison:
- Banana: ~15 Bq per fruit
- Granite: 1,000–3,000 Bq/kg
- EU exemption limit: 10,000 Bq/kg
Note: Risk is shown relative to daily recommended maximum exposure to non-background radiation of 1000 µSv/year. Note that natural background radiation averages around 2400 µSv/year so in reality these risks are probably extremely overstated! With infrequent handling and safe storage natural radioactive minerals do not usually pose much risk.
Interactive Simulator:
Note: The mass selector refers to the mass of radioactive mineral present, not the full specimen, also be aware that the matrix may also be radioactive, possibly more radioactive than this mineral!
Activity: –
| Distance | Dose rate | Risk |
|---|---|---|
| 1 cm | ||
| 10 cm | ||
| 1 m |
The external dose rate (D) from a radioactive mineral is estimated by summing the gamma radiation contributions from its Uranium, Thorium, and Potassium content, disregarding daughter-product which may have a significant effect in some cases (eg 'pitchblende'). This involves multiplying the activity (A, in Bq) of each element by its specific gamma ray constant (Γ), which accounts for its unique gamma emissions. The total unshielded dose at 1 cm is then scaled by the square of the distance (r, in cm) and multiplied by a shielding factor (μshield). This calculation provides a 'worst-case' or 'maximum risk' estimate because it assumes the sample is a point source and entirely neglects any self-shielding where radiation is absorbed within the mineral itself, meaning actual doses will typically be lower. The resulting dose rate (D) is expressed in microsieverts per hour (μSv/h).
D = ((AU × ΓU) + (ATh × ΓTh) + (AK × ΓK)) / r2 × μshield
Other Information
Notes:
Partly soluble in water. Slowly decomposed by dilute acids.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Metavoltine
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-2696.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Metavoltine
Reference List:
Lacroix, Alfred (1907) Sur deux gisements nouveaux de métavoltite. Bulletin de Minéralogie, 30 (2) 30-36 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1907.2798
Larsen, Esper S. (1921) The microscopic determination of the nonopaque minerals. Bulletin 679. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/b679 p.109
Scharizer, Rudolf (1923) Beiträge zur Kenntnis der chemischen Konstitution und der Genese der natürlichen Eisensulfate. XI. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, 58 (1-6). 420-444 doi:10.1524/zkri.1923.58.1.420
Scharizer, Rudolf (1927) Beiträge zur Kenntnis der chemischen Konstitution und der Genese der natürlichen Ferrisulfate. XII. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, 65 (1-6). 1-22 doi:10.1524/zkri.1927.65.1.1(as α-Metavoltine)
Goßner, B., Arm, M. (1930) VIII. Chemische und röntgenographische Untersuchungen an Stoffen und Kristallen von komplexer Bauart. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials, 72 (1) 202-236 doi:10.1524/zkri.1930.72.1.202pp.205-208
Bandy, Mark C. (1938) Mineralogy of three sulphate deposits of northern Chile. American Mineralogist, 23 (11) 669-760 p.735 - (discrepant crystallographical data)
Palache, Charles; Berman, Harry; Frondel, Clifford (1951) The System of Mineralogy (7th ed.) Vol. 2 - Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Etc. John Wiley and Sons.pp.619-621 - as Metavoltine
Scordari, F., Vurro, F., Menchetti, S. (1975) The metavoltine problem: Relationships between metavoltine and Maus' salt. TMPM Tschermaks Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen, 22 (1). 88-97 doi:10.1007/bf01081304
Giacovazzo, G., Scordari, F., Todisco, A., Menchetti, S. (1976) Crystal structure model for metavoltine from Sierra Gorda. TMPM Tschermaks Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen, 23 (3). 155-166 doi:10.1007/bf01134159
Scordari, F. (1977) The metavoltine problem: metavoltine from Madeni Zakh and Chuquicamata, and a related artificial compound. Mineralogical Magazine, 41 (319) 371-374 doi:10.1180/minmag.1977.041.319.09
Scordari, F. (1980) Structural considerations of some natural and artificial alkali iron hydrated sulphates. Mineralogical Magazine, 43 (329) 669-673 doi:10.1180/minmag.1980.043.329.18
Scandale, E.; Scordari, F. (1980) Merohedric twinning in a sulphate related to Maus’ salt and metavoltine. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 151 (1-4). 325-330 doi:10.1524/zkri.1980.151.14.325
Scordari, F. (1980) The structure of K2(K0.41,H2O0.59)6Na3.98H3O0.78+X0.68+(F0.052+,[]0.95)Fe63+O2(SO4)12.11.91H2O: a compound related to metavoltine and α-Maus's salt. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry, 36 (8). 1733-1738 doi:10.1107/s0567740880007121
Scordari, F. (1980) The structure of K2(K0.41,H2O0.59)6Na3.98H3O0.78+X0.68+(F0.052+,[]0.95)Fe63+O2(SO4)12.11.91H2O: a compound related to metavoltine and α-Maus's salt: erratum. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry, 36 (11). 2858 doi:10.1107/s0567740880010345
Localities for Metavoltine
Showing 117 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Brodtkorb (2002) +1 other reference |
| MARQUEZ-ZAVALIA +1 other reference | |
| Márquez-Zavalía et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
Australia | |
| Harris et al. (2003) |
| Raven et al. (2010, August) |
Austria | |
| Hammer et al. (2004) |
| Kolitsch (2008) |
| C. Auer (2022) | |
| matrixx 1 |
Belgium | |
| Van Tassel (1973) +4 other references |
| Van Tassel (1961) +2 other references | |
| Van Tassel (1961) +2 other references |
| Van Tassel (1973) +2 other references |
Brazil | |
| Atencio et al. (2011) |
Canada | |
| Zodrow (1989) |
| Transactions of the Canadian Institute ... +1 other reference |
| Liz Fodi Collection |
Chile | |
| identified by Gerhard Möhn |
| samples analysed by Dr. Tony Kampf | |
| Kampf +5 other references |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| M.Dini & A.Molina collections-analysed ... | |
| Bandy (1938) +2 other references |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
Costa Rica | |
| Ulloa et al. (2018) |
Czech Republic | |
| Hloušek et al. (2002) |
| Hršelová et al. (2013) |
France | |
| Chauris (2014) |
| R. Pierrot |
| Lacroix (1913) |
Germany | |
| Joy Désor Collection. Identified by ... |
| Weiß (1990) |
| |
| Witzke et al. (2015) |
| Košek (2018) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| |
| Thalheim +1 other reference |
| Witzke et al. (1998) |
Greece | |
| Rieck et al. (2018) +1 other reference |
| Rieck (n.d.) |
| Schnorrer (1995) +1 other reference |
| Rieck (n.d.) | |
| Rieck (n.d.) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Markus J. Stark Collection | |
Hungary | |
| GEODA 2007/1 |
| Szakáll et al. (2008) |
Iran (TL) | |
| Sitzungsber. k. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien (1883) +2 other references |
| Bariand et al. (1977) |
Italy | |
| Zambonini F. (1907) +2 other references |
| Russo et al. (2004) |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Russo et al. (2017) |
| Russo et al. (2017) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Russo et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Pelloux (1927) +2 other references | |
| Balestra C. (2014) |
| Ara D. et al. (2013) |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) | |
| D'Angeli et al. (2018) |
| Russo (2006) |
| Russo (2006) |
| Russo (2006) |
| Lacroix (1907) |
| LACROIX A. (1907) |
| LACROIX A. (1907) | |
| LACROIX A. (1907) | |
| Bertelli L. +2 other references |
Japan | |
| Ishii et al (1991) |
| Petrov (n.d.) |
Lebanon | |
| Kruszewski (2019) |
New Zealand | |
| Krupp et al. (1987) |
Papua New Guinea | |
| Steger (2015) |
Peru | |
| Dr. Jaroslav Hyrsl specimens |
Poland | |
| [var: Ammonian Metavoltine] Lukasz Kruszewski 2005: Minerals arising in cause of underground fires of "Skalny" coal mine dump in Laziska (unpublished) +1 other reference |
| Parafiniuk et al. (2009) |
| Kruszewski (2013) | |
Romania | |
| Ł. Kruszewski visual identification & ... |
Russia | |
| Zhitova et al. (2023) |
Saint Helena， Ascension and Tristan da Cunha | |
| Anthony et al. (2016) | |
Slovakia | |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra (1990) | |
| Duda et al. (1992) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) | |
Spain | |
| Castro +3 other references |
| Sintes et al. (2025) |
| Sainz de Baranda Graf et al. (2023) | |
| Georges FAVREAU collection & EDX ... | |
| Garcia (1996) |
| Mingueza et al. (Min. Catalunya/Paragénesis, 2025) |
| Joan Abella i Creus (Joanabellacreus@gmail.com) |
Switzerland | |
| Ansermet et al. (2021) |
| Ansermet et al. (2021) | |
UK | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Young et al. (1992) +2 other references |
USA | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| part 2 +7 other references |
| MinRec 28 (5) |
| Goldstein (2006) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Richards et al. (2017) |
| [var: Ammonian Metavoltine] Wendlandt et al. (2006) |
| Plášil et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
| Min News 5:10 p1-5 | |
| Analysis by Dr. Hexiong Yang |
| Paul M. Adams Collection | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
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Alcaparrosa Mine, Sierra Gorda, Antofagasta Province, Antofagasta, Chile