Stellerite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Stellerite
Formula:
Ca4(Si28Al8)O72 · 28H2O
Colour:
Colourless to white, pink, orange, yellow, salmon, green, brown
Lustre:
Pearly
Hardness:
4½
Specific Gravity:
2.13
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Member of:
Name:
Named after Georg Wilhelm Steller (10 March 1709, Bad Windsheim, Holy Roman Empire - 14 November 1746, Tyumen, Siberia Governorate, Russian Empire), German explorer and zoologist. He took part in the 2nd Kamchatka expedition ("the Great Northern Expedition") led by Danish explorer Vitus Bering.
Zeolite Group.
Easily confused with the chemically similar stilbite-Ca and other members of the stilbite subgroup.
Bladed crystals may be confused with colourless prehnite.
Stellerite is a zeolite mineral in the stilbite subgroup. It is the orthorhombic, Ca-rich end member of a series consisting of stellerite, the monoclinic stilbite-Ca and stilbite-Na, plus the Na-dominant, orthorhombic barrerite.
Stellerite can be found as individual crystals, as well as fan-, bowtie-, sheaf-like and spherical aggregates that are also typical for stilbite-Ca. Stellerite has often been tentatively differentiated from stilbite-Ca on morphology. This is not a valid method, as stilbite-Ca can have all the same shapes as stellerite (Deer et al., 2001). The only reliable method for distinguishing stellerite from the more common stilbite-Ca is a chemical analysis capable of identifying Na, in combination with an XRD study identifying the orthorhombic symmetry.
Although normally white, stellerite can be found in several other colours. The orange, pink, and salmon colours regularly found in Garrawalla, Australia, are due to minute inclusions of hematite. Celadonite, or other clay inclusions, may give greenish grey colours.
The most attractive crystals are found in cavities in basalt, but stellerite is also found in hydrothermal systems in a wide variety of host rocks, such as hornfels, granites, granitic gneiss, pegmatites, amphibolites etc.
Easily confused with the chemically similar stilbite-Ca and other members of the stilbite subgroup.
Bladed crystals may be confused with colourless prehnite.
Stellerite is a zeolite mineral in the stilbite subgroup. It is the orthorhombic, Ca-rich end member of a series consisting of stellerite, the monoclinic stilbite-Ca and stilbite-Na, plus the Na-dominant, orthorhombic barrerite.
Stellerite can be found as individual crystals, as well as fan-, bowtie-, sheaf-like and spherical aggregates that are also typical for stilbite-Ca. Stellerite has often been tentatively differentiated from stilbite-Ca on morphology. This is not a valid method, as stilbite-Ca can have all the same shapes as stellerite (Deer et al., 2001). The only reliable method for distinguishing stellerite from the more common stilbite-Ca is a chemical analysis capable of identifying Na, in combination with an XRD study identifying the orthorhombic symmetry.
Although normally white, stellerite can be found in several other colours. The orange, pink, and salmon colours regularly found in Garrawalla, Australia, are due to minute inclusions of hematite. Celadonite, or other clay inclusions, may give greenish grey colours.
The most attractive crystals are found in cavities in basalt, but stellerite is also found in hydrothermal systems in a wide variety of host rocks, such as hornfels, granites, granitic gneiss, pegmatites, amphibolites etc.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3760
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3760:6
IMA Classification of Stellerite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Ca4(Si28Al8)O72·28H2O
First published:
1909
Classification of Stellerite
9.GE.15
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
G : Tektosilicates with zeolitic H2O; zeolite family
E : Chains of T10O20 Tetrahedra
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
G : Tektosilicates with zeolitic H2O; zeolite family
E : Chains of T10O20 Tetrahedra
77.1.4.4
77 : TECTOSILICATES Zeolites
1 : Zeolite group - True zeolites
77 : TECTOSILICATES Zeolites
1 : Zeolite group - True zeolites
16.9.30
16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
9 : Aluminosilicates of Ca
16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
9 : Aluminosilicates of Ca
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Ste | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Stl | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Stellerite
Pearly
Transparency:
Transparent
Colour:
Colourless to white, pink, orange, yellow, salmon, green, brown
Hardness:
4½ on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
Perfect
on {010}
on {010}
Density:
2.13 g/cm3 (Measured) 2.12 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Stellerite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.4848 nβ = 1.4864 - 1.4964 nγ = 1.4979
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.013
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Moderate (negative)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
No measured or calculated 2V is on file for this mineral, so the value used here (89°) is estimated from its recorded refractive indices and optic sign, not from a direct 2V measurement.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
No measured or calculated 2V is on file for this mineral, so the value used here (89°) is estimated from its recorded refractive indices and optic sign, not from a direct 2V measurement.
Dispersion:
none
Optical Extinction:
X = a; Y = c; Z = b.
Chemistry of Stellerite
Mindat Formula:
Ca4(Si28Al8)O72 · 28H2O
Element Weights:
Common Impurities:
Fe,Mn,Mg,Sr,Ba,Na,K
Chemical Analysis
wt%
| 1 | |
|---|---|
| Al | 16.79 % |
| Si | 68.02 % |
| K | 1.62 % |
| Ca | 13.57 % |
| Total: | 100 % |
Sample references:
| ID | Locality | Reference | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Schwarzhorn, Binn, Goms, Valais, Switzerland | crystals up to 5mm within Quarzmatrix - EDX- / XRD-Analyzis |
Crystallography of Stellerite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm(2/m2/m2/m) - Dipyramidal
Space Group:
Fmmm
Cell Parameters:
a = 13.599(4) Å, b = 18.222(4) Å, c = 17.863(3) Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.746 : 1 : 0.98
Unit Cell V:
4,426.47 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
8
Morphology:
Commonly in spheres of radiating crystals. Individual crystal are thin to thick tabular, brick-shaped or with roof-shaped crystal terminations.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0004142 | Stellerite | Arletti R, Mazzucato E, Vezzalini G (2006) Influence of dehydration kinetics on T-O-T bridge breaking in zeolites with framework type STI: The case of stellerite American Mineralogist 91 628-634 |  | 2006 | Seremida, Sardinia, Italy | 0 | 293 |
| 0004141 | Stellerite | Arletti R, Mazzucato E, Vezzalini G (2006) Influence of dehydration kinetics on T-O-T bridge breaking in zeolites with framework type STI: The case of stellerite American Mineralogist 91 628-634 | | 2006 | Seremida, Sardinia, Italy | 0 | 293 |
| 0004140 | Stellerite | Arletti R, Mazzucato E, Vezzalini G (2006) Influence of dehydration kinetics on T-O-T bridge breaking in zeolites with framework type STI: The case of stellerite American Mineralogist 91 628-634 | | 2006 | Seremida, Sardinia, Italy | 0 | 293 |
| 0012083 | Stellerite | Sacerdoti M, Gomedi I (1984) Crystal structural refinement of Ca-exchanged barrerite Bulletin de Mineralogie 107 799-804 | 1984 | Capo Pula, Sardegna, Italy | 0 | 293 | |
| 0007338 | Stellerite | Alberti A, Rinaldi R, Vezzalini G (1978) Dynamics of dehydration in stilbite-type structures; stellerite phase B Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 2 365-375 | 1978 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 9.03 Å | (100) |
| 4.057 Å | (45) |
| 3.028 Å | (23) |
| 4.655 Å | (15) |
| 3.003 Å | (10) |
| 2.771 Å | (8) |
| 3.397 Å | (7) |
Comments:
Villanova Monteleone, Sardinia, Italy. Data from Galli and Passaglia (1973). The pattern is indistinguishable from that of barrerite.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 3a: Earth’s earliest Hadean crust | >4.50 |
| 10 : Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals |
Geological Setting:
Cavities and fracture surfaces in hydrothermally altered volcanic and metamorphic rocks.
Type Occurrence of Stellerite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom, number BM 1934,550 (holotype).
Other Language Names for Stellerite
Relationship of Stellerite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Stilbite Subgroup:
| Barrerite | Na2(Si7Al2)O18 · 6H2O | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) |
| Stilbite-Ca | NaCa4(Si27Al9)O72 · 28H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Stilbite-Na | Na9(Si27Al9)O72 · 28H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 98 photos of Stellerite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 87 photos of Stellerite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 49 photos of Stellerite associated with Chabazite | |
| 28 photos of Stellerite associated with Laumontite | CaAl2Si4O12 · 4H2O |
| 24 photos of Stellerite associated with Stilbite-Ca | NaCa4(Si27Al9)O72 · 28H2O |
| 20 photos of Stellerite associated with Celadonite | K(MgFe3+◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
| 19 photos of Stellerite associated with Stilbite Subgroup | M6-7[Al8-9Si27-28O72] · nH2O |
| 17 photos of Stellerite associated with Heulandite Subgroup | (Na/Ca/K)5-6[Al8-9 Si27-28 O72] · nH2O |
| 17 photos of Stellerite associated with Epidote | (CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 12 photos of Stellerite associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 9.GE.05 | Heulandite-Ca | (Ca,Na)5(Si27Al9)O72 · 26H2O |
| 9.GE.05 | Heulandite-K | (K,Ca,Na)5(Si27Al9)O72 · 26H2O |
| 9.GE.05 | Heulandite-Na | (Na,Ca,K)6(Si,Al)36O72 · 22H2O |
| 9.GE.05 | Heulandite-Sr | (Sr,Na,Ca)5(Si27Al9)O72 · 24H2O |
| 9.GE.05 | Heulandite-Ba | (Ba,Ca,K)5(Si27Al9)O72 · 22H2O |
| 9.GE.05 | Clinoptilolite-Ca | Ca3(Si30Al6)O72 · 20H2O |
| 9.GE.05 | Clinoptilolite-K | K6(Si30Al6)O72 · 20H2O |
| 9.GE.05 | Clinoptilolite-Na | Na6(Si30Al6)O72 · 20H2O |
| 9.GE.10 | Stilbite-Ca | NaCa4(Si27Al9)O72 · 28H2O |
| 9.GE.10 | Stilbite-Na | Na9(Si27Al9)O72 · 28H2O |
| 9.GE.15 | Barrerite | Na2(Si7Al2)O18 · 6H2O |
| 9.GE.20 | Brewsterite-Ba | Ba(Al2Si6)O16 · 5H2O |
| 9.GE.20 | Brewsterite-Sr | Sr(Al2Si6)O16 · 5H2O |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Stellerite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3760.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Stellerite
Reference List:
Pabst, Adolf (1939) The relation of stellerite and epidesmine to stilbite. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 25 (164) 271-276 doi:10.1180/minmag.1939.025.164.06
Galli, E., Passaglia, E. (1973) Stellerite from Villanova Monteleone, Sardinia. Lithos, 6 (1) 83-89 doi:10.1016/0024-4937(73)90081-9
Galli, Ermanno, Alberti, Alberto (1975) The crystal structure of stellerite. Bulletin de Minéralogie, 98 (1) 11-18 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1975.6952
Passaglia, Elio, Galli, Ermanno, Leoni, Leonardo, Rossi, Giuseppe (1978) The crystal chemistry of stilbites and stellerites. Bulletin de Minéralogie, 101 (3) 368-375 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1978.7200
Mortier, Wilfried J. (1983) Thermal stability of the stilbite-type framework: crystal structure of the dehydrated sodium/ammonium exchange form. American Mineralogist, 68 (3-4) 414-419
Miller, S.A., Taylor, J.C. (1985) Neutron single crystal diffraction study of an Australian Stellerite. Zeolites, 5 (1) 7-10 doi:10.1016/0144-2449(85)90003-x
Akizuki, Mizuhiko, Kudoh, Yasuhiro, Satoh, Yukο (1993) Crystal structure of the orthorhombic {001} growth sector of stilbite. European Journal of Mineralogy, 5 (5) 839-844 doi:10.1127/ejm/5/5/0839
Localities for Stellerite
Showing 251 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Albania | |
| Acta Mineralogica-Petrographica |
Argentina | |
| Pablo Rodrigo Leal et al. (2011) |
Asia | |
| Martin Gruell | |
Australia | |
| Head (1979) +4 other references |
| |
| England et al. (1988) +1 other reference |
| specimen in collection | |
| A. M. I. Martins collection | |
| Head (1979) | |
| Keith Compton collection | |
| England (1989) | |
| www.crocoite.com (2003) |
| Taheri +1 other reference |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Bottrill et al. (1997) +1 other reference |
| |
| Martins da Pedra collection |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) | |
| |
| |
| Birch (1989) |
| Birch (1983) |
| |
Austria | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2023) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Löffler et al. (2011) | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2010) |
| Kolitsch (2016) |
| Kolitsch (2016) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2022) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2008) |
| Kolitsch (2008) |
| Postl (2007) |
| Jakely et al. (2012) |
| peter neschen collection |
| Kolitsch (2022) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2026) | |
| Kolitsch (2017) |
| Kolitsch (2015) |
| Kolitsch (2014) | |
| Kolitsch (2017) |
Brazil | |
| |
| Ricardo Pimentel collection. Specimen ... |
| Zeolite collection of Volker Betz |
| |
| Fernando Brederodes Collection |
| Frank (2008) |
| Ricardo Pimentel collection. Specimen ... |
| www.museumin.ufrgs.br |
| www.museumin.ufrgs.br (2003) |
| Bergmann (2009) | |
| Bergmann (2009) | |
| Ruiz (2001) |
Canada | |
| Groat et al. (2003) |
| Pe-Piper et al. (2002) |
| Pe-Piper et al. (2002) |
| Pe-Piper et al. (2002) |
| Pe-Piper (2000) | |
| Pe-Piper (2000) | |
| Amabili et al. (2009) |
| Horváth collection - XRD |
China | |
| Liangju Zhang (1997) |
| Xiangyi Huang Collection |
| Minzhi Yang (2006) |
| Yingxia Xu et al. (2006) +2 other references |
Cyprus | |
| Prüfer (2012) |
Czech Republic | |
| Färber (n.d.) |
| P.Paulis et al. (Czech Rep.) |
| Tvrdý et al. (2023) |
Ethiopia | |
| Gebregziabher (1998) |
Faroe Islands | |
| Jørgensen (2006) |
Finland | |
| Mattinen (1952) |
France | |
| De Ascenção Guedes et al. (2002) |
| Giret et al. (1992) |
| Laurent Gayraud collection |
| Gatel (1990) |
| Herve Osana specimen |
Germany | |
| Habel (2000) |
| Schwarzmeier et al. (2015) +2 other references |
| Weiß (1990) |
| SEM-EDS by Joy Desor and Gerhard Möhn |
| Blaß et al. (1999) |
| Witzke et al. (2008) |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
| |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
| Sándor et al. (2005) |
| Sándor et al. (2005) |
| Sándor et al. (2005) | |
| |
Iceland | |
| Weisenberger et al. (2009) |
| Selbekk et al. (2005) | |
| Tamjidi +1 other reference |
| self collected by Jamison Turnbull |
| Daniel Hummer Collection |
India | |
| Ottens (2011) |
| Makki - Matrix India Minerals |
| Ottens et al. (2019) |
| |
| António Manuel Ináçio Martins ... |
| Ottens (1996) +1 other reference | |
| Ottens et al. (2019) |
| Claeys (2009) |
| Ottens et al. (2019) |
| Claeys (2009) |
| Ottens (2011) | |
| Ottens et al. (2019) |
| Ottens et al. (2019) |
| Martins da Pedra collection | |
Indian Ocean | |
| Herzig et al. (1988) | |
Italy | |
| Marchesini et al. (2025) |
| Ghizzoni et al. (2005) |
| Ghizzoni et al. (2005) | |
| Ghizzoni et al. (2005) | |
| Bedognè et al. (2006) |
| Martini et al. (2012) |
| Martini et al. (2012) | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Preite (2003) |
| Calanchi N. et al. (1980) | |
| Domenico Preite |
| Galli et al. (1973) +1 other reference | |
| Ferretti et al. (2013) |
| - (n.d.) |
| L. Giannettoni et al. (1993) | |
Japan | |
| |
Kazakhstan | |
| Evseev (1995) |
| Evseev (1995) | |
Korean Peninsula | |
Madagascar | |
| Wolfgang Hampel (2011) |
Mali | |
| Viale Davide collection |
Mexico | |
| Peter Megaw specimens |
| Megaw (2023) |
| Lavinsky (n.d.) |
| Megaw (2023) | |
| Cecil Cosse |
Namibia | |
| von Bezing (2007) |
| von Bezing (2007) | |
New Zealand | |
| Ko Jansen |
| Courtney (1991) |
Norway | |
| Bugge (1954) |
| Bugge (1954) | |
| Bugge (1954) | |
| Bugge (1954) |
| Stensrud (2004) |
| Nordrum +1 other reference |
| Henrik Sundland information to Knut ... |
| Larsen et al. (2015) |
| Neumann (1944) |
| Neumann (1944) |
| Nordrum et al. (2003) |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection july 2007 | |
| Nordrum (2002) +1 other reference |
| |
| Sæbø et al. (1959) |
| Witsø (1995) |
| Nordrum (2007) |
| Nordrum (2004) | |
Pakistan | |
| Laurs et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| imported from Shigar District +1 other reference | |
Russia | |
| Alexei Kuznetsov data |
| Alekseev (2025) |
| Pekov (1998) |
| Антонов (2003) |
| |
| Popova et al. (2002) | |
| Pavel Kartashov - ... |
| Natural History Museum Vienna collection |
| Kasatkin et al. (2014) |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| PMPB Meulenbeld collection photo ID ... |
South Korea | |
| Choo +2 other references |
| Kinosaki (1941) |
Spain | |
| Tánago et al. (2012) |
Sweden | |
| Lyckberg (2006) |
| Colella et al. (2007) |
| Gavelin (1945) |
Switzerland | |
| Weiß (2000) |
| Stefan Weiss and Mischa Crumbach (2013) |
| Van der Burgt et al. (2015) |
| Uwe Kolitsch collection (powder XRD + SEM-EDS) |
| 'Michael Brandtner' Collection (confirmed by EDX-/ XRD-Analyzis) +1 other reference | |
| Kolitsch (1998) | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Bracke (n.d.) |
| Lapis 7-8/2006 |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Ansermet (2012) | |
| Ansermet (2012) |
| Ansermet (2012) | |
| Van Hove C. Collection +1 other reference |
UK | |
| Preston et al. (1986) +1 other reference |
| Preston et al. (1986) +1 other reference | |
| Preston et al. (1986) +1 other reference | |
| Preston et al. (1986) +1 other reference | |
| Preston et al. (1986) +1 other reference |
| BMS Collection |
| Day (1999) | |
| Green et al. (1996) |
| |
Ukraine | |
| Dvoichenko (1914) |
USA | |
| Eberlein et al. (1971) |
| AmMin 12:365 | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Larsen (1939) +4 other references |
| Larsen (1948) +2 other references |
| www.mineralsocal.org (1999) |
| Vonsen (1946) +2 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Moritz (n.d.) |
| Moritz (n.d.) |
| Moritz (n.d.) |
| Moritz (n.d.) |
| King et al. (1994) |
| Parker (2014) |
| rruff.info (n.d.) |
| Tschernich (1992) |
| Structures in the continental pit: A ... |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| CONF-910435-37 +2 other references |
| Amer. Jour. of Sci. (1843) |
| Imbriacco (2009) |
| Bradley D. Plotkin collection |
| |
| Cummings (1987) |
| Frank A. Imbriacco III collection (confirmed by X-ray analysis) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| NY State Museum spec. no. 15561 |
| Marian Lupulescu (2010) | |
| Field collected by Casper Voogt. |
| Bargar et al. (1997) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Micro Probe (1993) | |
| - (n.d.) | |
| Bargar et al. (1997) |
| Bargar et al. (1997) | |
| XRD and EDS analysis by Lance Kearns of ... |
| Bill Lorah - PA collector/dealer. +1 other reference |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Kearns et al. (2007) |
| analyzed by Lance Kearns |
| members of the Northern Virginia ... |
| PXRD by Alfredo Petrov |
Vietnam | |
| Ko-Chun Huang Collection |
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Tambar Springs, Pottinger Co., New South Wales, Australia