Log In
Bitumen
A variety of 'Petroleum'
This page is currently not sponsored. Click here to sponsor this page.
About Bitumen
Name:
The expression "bitumen" originated in the Sanskrit words jatu, meaning "pitch", and jatu-krit, meaning "pitch creating" or "pitch producing" (referring to coniferous or resinous trees). The Latin equivalent is claimed by some to be originally gwitu-men (pertaining to pitch), and by others, pixtumens (exuding or bubbling pitch), which was subsequently shortened to bitumen, thence passing via French into English. From the same root is derived the Anglo-Saxon word cwidu (mastix), the German word Kitt (cement or mastic) and the old Norse word kvada. (Wikipedia)
A sticky, black and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid to solid form of Petroleum. It may be applied to the substance found in natural deposits (crude bitumen) or may be a refined product. It is a substance also classed as asphalt, pitch or asphaltum (term used before the 20th century).
Commonly differentiated from other organic matter in sediments (eg Kerogen) by its solubility in organic solvents.
In comparison, pyrobitumen is brittle, infusible and relatively insoluble.
Commonly differentiated from other organic matter in sediments (eg Kerogen) by its solubility in organic solvents.
In comparison, pyrobitumen is brittle, infusible and relatively insoluble.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
9424 (as Bitumen)
9532 (as Petroleum)
9532 (as Petroleum)
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:9424:1 (as Bitumen)
mindat:1:1:9532:3 (as Petroleum)
mindat:1:1:9532:3 (as Petroleum)
Similar Names
| Bitumen (processed) | A synonym of 'Asphalt (processed)' |
Synonyms of Bitumen
Other Language Names for Bitumen
Varieties of Bitumen
| Aromatite | A bituminous stone resembling a fragrant gum resin in color and odor. It was a precious stone in ancient Arabia and Egypt. Ref: AGI |
| Broggite | i. A variety of asphalt from Peru. Ref: Tomkeieff ii. A variety of anthraxolite. Ref: Crosby |
| Cloustonite | Scot. A mineral related to asphalt, occurring in patches in blue limestone and in blue flags at Inganess, Orkney. It is soluble in benzol and at a red heat gives off a large amount of illuminating gas. Ref: Fay |
| Fucosite | Bitumen derived from the hydration of fucose pentosane and found among clays and sands in California. Ref: Tomkeieff |
| Humacite | A group name for bitumens that vary from gelatinous to hard resinous or elastic. Believed to represent an emulsion of highly acidic (humic acids) hydrocarbons with a varying amount of water (as high as 90%). Insoluble in organic solvents. Ref: Tomkeieff |
| Leyteite | |
| Libollite | A pitchy asphalt, average C 80%, H 8.4%, O 9.5% and N 2%. Said to resemble albertite |
| Manjak | A local name for asphaltum from Barbados, West Indies. |
| McKittrite | A bitumen from McKittrick Dyke, California, USA |
| Nigrite | Originally described from Utah, USA. |
| Olefinite | A bitumen composed primarily of olefinic molecules. Originally reported from Windy Knoll, Derbyshire, UK as a brown bitumen occurring as rods, spheres and globules. |
| Wurtzilite |
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 137 photos of Bitumen associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 132 photos of Bitumen associated with Fluorite | CaF2 |
| 81 photos of Bitumen associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 62 photos of Bitumen associated with Native Sulphur | S8 |
| 54 photos of Bitumen associated with Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| 42 photos of Bitumen associated with Baryte | BaSO4 |
| 36 photos of Bitumen associated with Sphalerite | ZnS |
| 24 photos of Bitumen associated with Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
| 20 photos of Bitumen associated with 'Opal-CT' | SiO2 ยท nH2O |
| 19 photos of Bitumen associated with Aragonite | CaCO3 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Bitumen in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
Internet Links for Bitumen
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-9424.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Bitumen
Reference List:
Localities for Bitumen
Showing 720 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
โ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Afghanistan | |
| Orris et al. (2002) |
Algeria | |
| Singer et al. (2009) |
| Singer et al. (2009) | |
Argentina | |
| FERNANDEZ |
| Bouhier et al. (2023) |
| Saravia (1960) |
| Saravia (1960) |
| Saravia (1960) | |
| Saravia (1960) | |
| Saravia (1960) |
| Grundmann et al. (2018) |
| Grundmann et al. (2018) |
| Grundmann et al. (2018) |
| Juan Carlos Lodovichi +1 other reference |
| Heys Mineral Index | |
| Raรบl J. Tauber Larry collection. | |
| Rainoldi et al. (2024) |
| Montagne et al. (2014) | |
| Tauber | |
| Tauber | |
| Tauber | |
| Tauber | |
| Tauber | |
| PONS |
| Montagne et al. (2014) |
| Ponce et al. (2014) | |
| Montagna et al. (2014) |
| Montagna et al. (2014) | |
| Montagna et al. (2014) |
| Montagne et al. (2014) | |
| Tauber | |
| Tauber | |
| G. A. Cetrรกngolo y H. Kleimans (1938) |
| Peรฑa (1970) |
| Peรฑa (1970) |
| Peรฑa (1970) | |
| Peรฑa (1970) |
| Peรฑa (1970) | |
| Peรฑa (1970) | |
Australia | |
| England et al. (2019) |
| Li et al. (2022) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2009) |
Austria | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Pichler (2009) |
| Niedermayr (2011) |
| C. Auer (1984) |
| Gรถtzinger (1984) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Pichler (2009) |
| Niedermayr (1999) |
| Niedermayr (1999) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Farka collection |
| www.univie.ac.at (2020) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| C. Auer (2023) |
| Postl et al. (2009) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2017) |
| Schnorrer et al. (2005) |
| Schnorrer+Poeverlein (2005) | |
| Schnorrer et al. (2002) |
| Der Aufschluร (2006) |
| Reiter (2011) +1 other reference |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Bojar et al. (1999) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2023) |
| 70. +1 other reference |
Barbados | |
| ... |
Belgium | |
| Harjo Neutkens |
Bolivia | |
| Wilson (2001) |
| Arch. Mineral. Warsaw |
| Wilson (2001) |
Brazil | |
| Aldis et al. (2022) |
| Berni et al. (2016) |
Canada | |
| www.venuewest.com/8IKC/s1post.htm. |
| minfile.gov.bc.ca (2013) |
| Ray |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Hood et al. (1991) |
| Gwen L. Martin. "Gesner's Dream: The Trials and Triumphs of Early Mining in New Brunswick" et al. (New Brunswick) +1 other reference |
| Sabina (1992) |
| Lane (1990) |
| Can. Rockhound: 7 (1) |
| Sangster et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| Parnell et al. (2007) |
| Sabina (1986) |
| |
| Sabina (1986) |
| HAMILTON (1975) |
| Mielke (n.d.) | |
| Melanson et al. (1982) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Spence (1930) |
| Mielke (n.d.) |
| Reiner Mielke 2012 | |
| Horvรกth collection |
| Fred Schuster. personal observations |
| personal identification |
| Deklerk et al. (compilers) +1 other reference |
| data.geology.gov.yk.ca (2021) |
Chile | |
| Cisternas et al. (2006) |
| Lortie et al. (1987) |
| Zentilli et al. (1997) |
| Uwe Kolitsch collection | |
| - (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Zentilli et al. (1997) |
| Anglo American plc |
| Zentilli et al. (1997) |
China | |
| Yang Gang et al. (2004) |
| Guangli Ren et al. (2010) |
| Yang Wao et al. (1999) |
| Xiong Song (1989) +1 other reference | |
| Xiong Song (1989) | |
| Dequan Shuai and Xiaojiang Hu (1995) +1 other reference |
| Sun et al. (2025) |
| Peters (2002) |
| Bai et al. (2026) |
| Donghong Zhao et al. (2003) |
| Bochong Liu et al. (2005) | |
| Hu Kai et al. (2002) |
| Zhongjing Lingnan Nonferrous Metals Data |
| Gao et al. (2021) |
| Zeng et al. (2026) | |
| Wu et al. (2022) |
| Kai Hu et al. (2000) |
| Wu et al. (2026) |
| Liu et al. (2022) |
| Xiaohuan Luo et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| Shijie Chen et al. (1984) |
| Guanqing Lu (1994) |
| Xie et al. (2017) | |
| Yuancheng Huang (2003) |
| Zhu et al. (2025) |
| Lin Ye (2005) +2 other references |
| www.portergeo.com.au (2007) |
| Ge et al. (2022) |
| Ge et al. (2022) | |
| brightrich.com (2009) | |
| Guozhi Wang and Ruizhong Hu (2002) |
| Tan et al. (2015) +2 other references |
| Xingchun Zhang et al. (2003) +2 other references | |
| Aimin Liu et al. (2007) |
| Denghong Wang et al. (2012) | |
| Xiong Song (1989) +2 other references |
| Yongfeng Hua (1987) | |
| Wang et al. (2023) | |
| Liangzuo Fu (1984) | |
| Lehmann et al. (2007) |
| Xu et al. (2025) |
| Yuan et al. (2019) +2 other references |
| Zhen-Qi Zhou et al. (2006) |
| Jihua Li et al. (2012) |
| Wen Qi et al. (2006) |
| Kai Hu et al. (2000) |
| Zhuang et al. (2025) |
| Geng Ansong and Parnell (1994) |
| Yun Zhou et al. (2014) |
| Kai Hu et al. (2000) |
| Xiong Song (1989) +1 other reference |
| Tang et al. (1999) |
| Shaoxiang Yang and Ketong Lao (2007) |
| National Geological Archives of China ... | |
| National Geological Archives of China ... | |
| National Geological Archives of China ... | |
| Shengyun Fu et al. (2006) |
| Wenjun Liu and Rongcai Zheng (2000) | |
| Zhang et al. (2022) | |
| Zhang et al. (2022) | |
| Wenjun Liu and Rongcai Zheng (2000) +1 other reference | |
| Schneider et al. (2002) | |
| Schneider et al. (2002) | |
| Yun Zhou et al. (2014) |
| Schneider et al. (2002) |
| Dongchu Tang (1999) |
| Mengjun Ceng (1992) |
| Mengjun Ceng (1992) +1 other reference |
| Junsheng Feng (2001) |
| Junsheng Feng (2001) |
| Junsheng Feng (2001) | |
| Junsheng Feng (2001) |
| Zhang et al. (2025) |
| Zhang et al. (2026) |
| Wenle Zeng et al. (2010) |
| Kai Hu et al. (2000) |
| Mu et al. (2023) |
| Dahlkamp (2009) |
| Ju et al. (2023) |
| Xinghua Tan et al. (2014) |
| Ruiting Wang et al. (2013) |
| Xiong Song (1989) |
| Huang et al. (2026) |
| Guan +6 other references | |
| Qinghong Xu et al. (2007) |
| Hongbin Chen et al. (2006) |
| Huang et al. (2026) +1 other reference |
| Xiong et al. (2018) +1 other reference | |
| Yu et al. (2022) |
| M Kampf collection |
| Zhao et al. (2026) |
| Changqing Zhang et al. (2010) +2 other references |
| Zejiang Wang and Anru Wang (1985) +3 other references |
| Dingmao Chou (1989) |
| Zejiang Wang and Anru Wang (1985) +1 other reference | |
| Wen Qi et al. (2006) |
| Peters (2002) |
| www.cicresources.com (2006) |
| Fangcheng Lin (2005) +1 other reference |
| Wang et al. (2022) | |
| Wang et al. (2024) | |
| Meng et al. (2026) | |
| Wang et al. (2022) +1 other reference | |
| Zhang et al. (2016) |
| Li +8 other references |
| Dong et al. (2025) |
| He et al. (2024) +1 other reference |
| Weitao Wang et al. (2006) |
| Zhang et al. (2019, December) |
| Gao et al. (2025) |
| Zhang et al. (2022) |
| Xiangrong Yang et al. (2009) |
| Dahlkamp (2009) |
| Gao et al. (2026) |
| Dahlkamp (2009) |
| Liangsheng Ge et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| Chuanjie Pu and Dexian Qin (1991) +1 other reference |
| Yi Li et al. (2005) |
| Wenping Guo and Shouquan Hu (2002) |
| Dahlkamp (2009) |
| Dahlkamp (2009) | |
| Dahlkamp (2009) | |
| Dahlkamp (2009) |
| Dahlkamp (2009) | |
| Dahlkamp (2009) | |
| Dahlkamp (2009) | |
| Dahlkamp (2009) | |
| Dahlkamp (2009) |
| Dahlkamp (2009) | |
| Lan Gao et al. (2005) +2 other references |
| Liu Jiajun et al. (2001) | |
| Niu et al. (2025) |
| Li et al. (2020) |
| Wei et al. (2026) |
| Wei et al. (2026) | |
| Yifeng Meng and Bin Cui (1998) |
| Bugao Xue (2007) |
| Houmin Li et al. (2005) |
| Qian Zhang et al. (2009) | |
| Houmin Li et al. (2005) | |
| Juli Wang et al. (2006) |
| Qian Zhang et al. (2008) |
| Yan Wang et al. (2006) |
| Wang et al. (2023) +2 other references | |
Croatia | |
| Naumann et al. (1898) |
Czech Republic | |
| Sรฝkorovรก et al. (2016) |
| Havelcovรก et al. (2022) |
| Havelcovรก et al. (2020) |
| Kลรญbek et al. (2009) |
Egypt | |
| BORCHERT et al. (801-864) +2 other references |
Finland | |
| Peltonen et al. (2008) |
| Peltonen et al. (2008) |
France | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2009) |
| |
| Aimรฉ Rudel : "Curiositรฉs Gรฉologiques ... |
| Devouard et al. (2015) |
| Aimรฉ Rudel : "Curiositรฉs Gรฉologiques ... | |
| Aimรฉ Rudel : "Curiositรฉs Gรฉologiques ... |
| Fermis (2022) |
| Aimรฉ Rudel : "Curiositรฉs Gรฉologiques ... |
| Aimรฉ Rudel : "Curiositรฉs Gรฉologiques ... |
| Bariand et al. (n.d.) |
| Chauris et al. (1985) |
| R. Pierrot |
| National History Museum Vienna ... |
| Hohl (1994) |
| Hohl (1994) |
| M. Argulie |
| |
| Belot (1978) | |
| perso.wanadoo.fr (2003) |
| Alain Guillet collection | |
| R. Pierrot |
| R. Pierrot | |
| Gol et al. (2010) |
| |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Alfredo Petrov specimen |
| Ref. Eur. J. Mineral. |
| Gol (2015) |
| Self collected by S. MAURY |
| Cathelineau (1987) |
| Williamson |
| Joan Rosell-Riba (2024) |
Germany | |
| Weiร (1990) |
| Weiร (1990) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (2025) |
| undefined +2 other references |
| Weiร (1990) | |
| Hanke et al. (2018) |
| Weiร (1990) |
| Schรผller et al. (1950) |
| Nourizenouz et al. (2026) |
| Weiร (1990) |
| Uwe Kolitsch collection (PXRD and/or SEM-EDS analyses) |
| Sandstein Museum Bad Bentheim |
| Weiร (1990) +2 other references |
| ... |
| Andreas Gerstenberg |
| Krul (1969) |
| Blaร et al. (2021) |
| Pawlowski (1991) |
| Schnorrer-Kรถhler (1988) |
| Schnorrer-Kรถhler (1988) |
| Weiร (1990) |
| Hentschel (1986) |
| Weiร (1990) |
| Weiร (1990) |
| Weiร (1990) |
| Own analyses R. Lang |
| Weiร (1990) |
| 50. +2 other references |
| Karsten's Archiv fรผr Mineralogie +1 other reference |
| Arndt +2 other references |
| Arndt +2 other references |
| Heidtke (2001) | |
| Arndt et al. (1920) +1 other reference |
| Heidtke (2001) |
| Heidtke (2001) | |
| 58. +1 other reference |
| Gerhard Mรผller: Bergbau-PSL-Mineralogie et al. (Saarbrรผcken 1996) |
| Bergbau PSL Blatt Lebach 6507-4 +1 other reference |
| Thomas Kleser Collection |
| Urbigkeit et al. (1987) |
| Grรถbner et al. (2008) |
Greenland | |
| Jakobsen et al. (1985) |
| Van der Stijl et al. (1998) |
Hungary | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Molnรกr +7 other references |
Indonesia | |
| Arisona et al. (2016) |
Iran | |
| Econ Geol (1994) |
| Karimpour et al. (2017) | |
| Esform et al. (2025) |
| Asadi et al. (2000) |
Iraq | |
| Awadh (2019) |
| Barker et al. (1979) |
Ireland | |
| Morrissey (1970) |
| Moreton (2008) |
| Flannery (n.d.) |
| Dr Stephen Moreton |
| Henwood (1871) |
Israel | |
| Galuskin et al. (2023) |
Italy | |
| Marella et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Marella et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Marella et al. (2006) +1 other reference | |
| Marella et al. (2006) +1 other reference | |
| Marella et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Capellini (1866) +1 other reference | |
| Marella et al. (2006) +1 other reference | |
| Marella et al. (2006) +1 other reference | |
| Marella et al. (2006) +1 other reference | |
| Jervis (1874) +2 other references | |
| Jervis (1874) | |
| Marella et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Marella et al. (2006) +1 other reference | |
| Marella et al. (2006) +1 other reference | |
| Marella et al. (2006) +1 other reference | |
| Jervis (1874) +2 other references | |
| Marella et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Marella et al. (2006) +1 other reference | |
| Marella et al. (2006) +1 other reference | |
| Marella et al. (2006) +1 other reference | |
| Marella et al. (2006) +1 other reference | |
| Marella et al. (2006) +1 other reference | |
| Scicli (1955) |
| Critelli et al. (2017) |
| Ragone V. (2000) |
| Adorni et al. (2010) |
| Adorni et al. (2010) |
| Jervis (1874) +1 other reference |
| Venerandi Pirri (1977) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) | |
| Foetterle (1873) +2 other references |
| Marella et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Marella et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Marella et al. (2006) +1 other reference | |
| Marella et al. (2006) +1 other reference | |
| Marella et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Marella et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Marella et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Marella et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Marella et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Mim collection |
| Wilson et al. (2012) |
| Jervis (1881) |
| Friedel (1890) |
| Mezzadri (1988) |
| Alfonso Frรญas Forcada Collection |
| Jervis (1881) | |
| www.mindat.org (2003) |
| Giordano (2008) +1 other reference |
| Di Colbertaldo (1968) +1 other reference |
| Giordano (2014) |
| Cavinato (1968) +2 other references |
Japan | |
| Alfredo Petrov specimen |
Kazakhstan | |
| Spiridonov (2014) |
| P. A. Karpov et al. (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Box et al. (2012) |
| Box et al. (2012) |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| Pautov L.A. |
Mexico | |
| Saini-Eidukat et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| Forti (2006) |
| Ruiz et al. (1980) |
| Porras-Toribio et al. (2022) |
New Zealand | |
| Christie et al. (1995) |
Nicaragua | |
| ... | |
Norway | |
| Bancroft et al. (2001) |
Peru | |
| Petersen (1970) |
| Petersen (1970) |
Poland | |
| Personally collected by Zajฤ c Piotr in ... |
| Personally collected by Zajฤ c Piotr in ... | |
| Oszczepalski (1999) |
| Oszczepalski (1999) | |
| Die Schwefellagerstรคtte in Czarkowy. ... +2 other references |
Portugal | |
| Marques de Sรก et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
| Rui Nunes 2012 |
| Nunes (n.d.) | |
| Nunes (n.d.) |
| LNEG/Siorminp database | |
| LNEG Siorminp ID 1814Betume |
| LNEG Siorminp ID 1810BetumePetro | |
| LNEG Siorminp ID 1813Betume | |
| LNEG Siorminp ID 1697Betume | |
Red Sea | |
| Blum and Puchelt (1991) | |
Russia | |
| Parnell et al. (2001) |
| Azovskova et al. (2019) |
| www.igem.ru (2001) |
| Kondrat'eva et al. (2004) |
| Spiridonov et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Voroshin et al. (2006) |
| Filimonova et al. (2010) |
| A.N. Labuntsov Mineralogical survey of central parts of Khibina massif (zircon, catapleiite and fersmanite localities) |
| Pekov et al. (2008) |
| Lapis 28 (12) |
| Yakovenchuk et al. (2024) | |
| Kartashov et al. (2006) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) +2 other references | |
| Kovalโchuk et al. (2008) |
| Vikentโev et al. (2006) |
| Sokolova et al. (2011) |
| Nokleberg (2005) |
| Sidorov A.A. Mineralogy of Vodinskoe ... |
| Azovskova et al. (2013, January) |
Serbia | |
| Putzolu et al. (2025) |
Slovakia | |
| Ozdรญn et al. (2007) |
| Kodฤra et al. (1986) |
Slovenia | |
| Reฤnik et al. (2012) | |
South Africa | |
| Baugaard et al. (2025) |
Spain | |
| A. Paniagua et al. |
| www.elcorreo.com (n.d.) |
| Perona et al. (2018) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (n.d.) | |
| Alejandro Franco's collection |
| ร. PIQUร et al. (2009) |
| Alejandro Franco's collection |
| Velasco et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
Sweden | |
| Natural History Museum |
| Natural History Museum |
| Collection of Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet i Stockholm (The Natural History Museum) |
| Grensman et al. (2001) |
| Wilke (1976) |
| |
| Hedstrรถm (1928) |
| Gatedal (1997) |
| Sandstrรถm et al. (2008) |
| |
| Bergstrรถm et al. (1982) |
| Thorin (1987) |
| Scherbina (1941) |
| |
| Collection of Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet i Stockholm (The Natural History Museum) |
| C. Ottesen | |
Switzerland | |
| Kรผrsteiner et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (n.d.) |
| Soom (1981) +1 other reference |
| Meisser et al. (2000) |
Trinidad and Tobago | |
| en.wikipedia.org (2005) | |
Tunisia | |
| King (n.d.) |
| Souissi et al. (1997) |
| Somrani et al. (2025) |
UK | |
| Hall (1868) |
| Henwood (1843) |
| Henwood (1843) |
| Dines (1956) |
| Hall (1868) +2 other references |
| Henwood (1843) +1 other reference | |
| Hill et al. (1906) | |
| Carne (1822) +3 other references |
| Hall (1868) +1 other reference |
| Hogg (1825) +2 other references | |
| Collins (1871) |
| Henwood (1843) +1 other reference |
| Henwood (1843) +2 other references |
| Collins (1871) |
| UK Mining Ventures Ltd |
| J.F.L.Hausmann (1813) |
| Hall (1868) | |
| Quirk (1986) | |
| Quirk (1986) | |
| Hall (1868) +3 other references | |
| Quirk (1986) | |
| Hall (1868) | |
| Quirk (1986) | |
| [var: Olefinite] Congealed "drips" field collected by ... | |
| Farey (1811) |
| Hogg (1825) |
| Hall (1868) +1 other reference |
| Erik vercammen finds and collection |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Braithwaite et al. (1990) |
| Heddle |
| Richard Tayler specimens |
USA | |
| - (1917) |
| Scarborough (1981) |
| Witkind (1963) |
| - (1917) |
| Arkansas Geological Commission |
| - (1917) | |
| - (1917) | |
| - (1917) | |
| Pearcy et al. (1993) |
| Pemberton (1983) +1 other reference |
| Chorazewicz (2014) |
| Brighton Alfred Collection. | |
| Brighton Alfred Collection. | |
| Brighton Alfred Collection. | |
| Pemberton (1968) |
| Coltrain et al. (2004) |
| B.A. Collection |
| Spotts et al. (1966) +2 other references |
| Murdoch (1966) | |
| Pelletier | |
| Ron Layton Collection |
| Pampeyan (2010) |
| Eichhubl et al. (1998) |
| Irelan et al. (1890a) +1 other reference |
| [โฆAmerican Journal of Science (128-129) +2 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Miklancic collection |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| USGS Bull 1042F |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Kampf et al. (2019) |
| Williamson | |
| and various other mineral localities in ... +1 other reference |
| Hubert et al. (1992) +1 other reference |
| John Burnham | |
| Moritz (n.d.) |
| King (n.d.) | |
| Jeremy Zolan | |
| Miller (circa 1986) | |
| King (n.d.) | |
| Moritz (n.d.) |
| Moritz (n.d.) | |
| Simpson (1966) |
| Simpson (1966) | |
| Shepard (1837) |
| Silliman (1819) |
| Former Ed Force collection. | |
| Moritz (n.d.) | |
| Mahaffey et al. (2022) |
| van Tuyl (1923) +1 other reference | |
| Goldstein (1997) |
| Philip Bluemner photo | |
| Goldstein (1997) | |
| Goldstein (1997) |
| Russ Rizzo Collection via Jared Freiburg (Saga Minerals) | |
| Goldstein (1997) | |
| |
| Weller et al. (1920) |
| Econ Geol (1994) |
| Freiburg et al. (2012) |
| |
| Rocks & Min.: 61:138-142 & 64:230. +1 other reference |
| Erd et al. (1960) |
| Erd et al. (1960) | |
| Erd et al. (1960) |
| Erd et al. (1960) | |
| Erd et al. (1960) |
| Erd et al. (1960) | |
| Erd et al. (1960) | |
| Erd et al. (1960) |
| Erd et al. (1960) |
| Erd et al. (1960) |
| Erd et al. (1960) |
| Erd et al. (1960) |
| Erd et al. (1960) | |
| Erd et al. (1960) | |
| Smith et al. (2002) |
| Brown (1967) +1 other reference |
| - (1917) |
| - (1917) |
| Alan Goldstein | |
| - (1917) | |
| Goldstein (2006) |
| Goldstein (2006) |
| Goldstein (2006) |
| direct observation |
| - (1917) | |
| Goldstein (2006) |
| Goldstein (2006) |
| Goldstein (2006) |
| - (1917) | |
| Goldstein (2006) |
| Goldstein (2006) |
| Sam Pavadore collection |
| Carlson et al. (2007) |
| Robbins et al. (2023) |
| Saunders et al. (1988) +1 other reference |
| Winslow (1894) |
| Econ Geol (1993) |
| Benson et al. (2023) |
| Kunz (1890) |
| NJ State Geol. Ann. Rpt. (1906) |
| Manchester (1931) |
| Manchester (1931) |
| Manchester (1931) | |
| Kent et al. (2000) |
| King (n.d.) |
| King (n.d.) |
| NY State Museum spec. no. 16770 |
| King (n.d.) |
| "MINERALOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF A METEORITE IMPACT BRECCIA FROM THE SERPENT MOUND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE et al. (1) |
| Carlson (2015) |
| Chris Stefano collection |
| - (1917) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:128. |
| Rocks & Min. vol. 72 (1997) |
| C. George Lynn Collection |
| Ransom (1974) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Ken Gliesman specimen |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| former Christian Hartmann Collection | |
| Jensen et al. (1) +1 other reference |
| Paris (2011) |
| - (1917) |
| - (1917) | |
| Price (1983) |
| R&M 66:3 p202 |
| Price (1983) +1 other reference | |
| - (1917) | |
| - (1917) | |
| - (1917) | |
| - (1917) | |
| - (1917) | |
| - (1917) | |
| - (1917) | |
| Frank C. Schrader. (1917) | |
| - (1917) | |
| - (1917) | |
| - (1917) | |
| - (1917) | |
| - (1917) | |
| - (1917) | |
| Taras Bryndzia (2023) | |
| - (1917) | |
| - (1917) | |
| Barton et al. (2018) | |
| [var: Nigrite] Amer. Chem. J. | |
| Sun Advocate - October 9 |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Rocks & Min.:4:89. | |
| Rocks & Min.:4:86. | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 4:89. | |
| Rocks & Min.: 4:86. |
| Rocks & Min.: 4: 87 & 89. | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Young et al. (1960) |
| - (2005) |
| Collection of Alex Earl | |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... | |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... | |
| USGS Bull 1046E |
| Page et al. (1956) +2 other references |
| Page et al. (1956) +2 other references |
| Kampf et al. (2018) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Taylor Boden and Bryce T. Tripp (2012) | |
| Taylor Boden and Bryce T. Tripp (2012) | |
| Taylor Boden and Bryce T. Tripp (2012) |
| Taylor Boden and Bryce T. Tripp (2012) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 4:86. | |
| Rick Dalrymple Collection | |
| Taylor Boden and Bryce T. Tripp (2012) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 4:89. | |
| - (2005) |
| Clark (1993) | |
| - (1917) |
Les Rois Mine, Mur-sur-Allier, Clermont-Ferrand, Puy-de-Dรดme, Auvergne-Rhรดne-Alpes, France