Stadler FLIRT explained

Background:
  1. eee
Stadler FLIRT
Manufacturer:Stadler Rail
Yearconstruction:2004–present
Numberbuilt:Over 3000 sold (as of December 2025)
Carlength:15700mm
17500mm
(not including cab)
Width:2820mm
2880mm
Height:NaNmm
Platformheight:NaNmm
Entrylevelorstep:Level
Maxspeed:NaNkm/h
Traction:ABB IGBT-VVVF
Acceleration:NaNm/s2
Collectionmethod:Pantograph, contact shoe
Multipleworking:Up to 4, cross-type operation with KISS
Gauge:

Stadler FLIRT (Fast Light Innovative Regional Train)[1] is a family of passenger multiple unit trainsets made by Stadler Rail of Switzerland. The FLIRT is an electric multiple unit (EMU) articulated trainset that can be configured with between two and six cars, featuring four to six powered axles. The trains have a maximum speed of NaNkm/h.

While the standard FLIRT is an EMU powered by overhead lines, a modular PowerPack car can be added for off-wire operation. The PowerPack may contain diesel engines, hydrogen fuel cells, batteries, or combinations thereof, while traction remains fully electric. This modular setup allows operation on both electrified and non-electrified routes.

The FLIRT was originally developed for the Swiss Federal Railways and first delivered in 2004. The design proved highly successful and adaptable, leading to orders for more than 2,750 units from operators across 24 countries.[2] The first bi-mode FLIRT units, combining overhead electric operation with diesel power packs, were ordered by Italy's Aosta Valley region in 2015.[3] Tri-mode versions, combining diesel, electric, and battery operation, were first ordered by Transport for Wales in 2018.[4] The first hydrogen fuel-cell variant was ordered in 2019 for Arrow in San Bernardino County, California, United States.

Specifications

Although the earliest versions of the FLIRT physically resemble the preceding Stadler GTW series—designed for lower-speed local services—the FLIRT was developed for higher-speed regional operations and has since also replaced the GTW in many local roles.

FLIRT trainsets are highly modular in design and can be configured with two to six passenger carriages, with or without an additional PowerPack car.[5] Electric variants are available for all common power supply systems, both AC and DC,[6] and for standard- and broad-gauge networks. Automatic couplers at both ends allow up to four trainsets to operate in multiple, including cross-operation with Stadler's double-deck KISS units.[7]

The FLIRT can use Jacobs bogies shared between adjacent coaches, conventional bogies, or a combination of both, and features wide, walk-through gangways.[8] It can be built with an entirely high-floor layout or a combination of high- and up to 90% low-floor sections. To provide level boarding at most stations, the floor height at the entrances can range from .[9] Each side of the vehicle has one or two wide, bi-parting sliding doors per carriage. Passenger areas can be fitted out to include toilets, food service areas, or sleeping compartments, depending on operator needs.

While the standard FLIRT operates as an EMU drawing power from overhead lines, the design allows for the addition of a modular PowerPack that provides off-wire capability. These cars can house diesel engines driving electric generators (creating a diesel multiple unit, DMU), hydrogen fuel cells (zero-emission multiple unit, ZEMU), battery packs (battery electric multiple unit, BEMU), or combinations of these systems. Regardless of configuration, all FLIRT variants use electric traction motors on the powered axles, with the PowerPack serving only as a source of electrical power. This modular design enables operation on non-electrified routes or in mixed electrified and non-electrified networks.[10]

The train's traction system is highly redundant with up to four independent drive chains. Compartments between the driving cab and the passenger saloon contain the primary and auxiliary IGBT-based traction converters supplied by ABB, which control the induction traction motors located in the bogies directly beneath. This configuration is used in all FLIRT variants, whether or not a PowerPack is installed. On shorter configurations of two carriages, only one bogie may be powered.[11] On longer configurations of five or six carriages, a third powered bogie may be added at the centre of the train. Each powered bogie typically provides a continuous output of [12] and a short-term maximum of NaNkW.[13] [14] Depending on configuration, length, and weight, FLIRT units achieve maximum speeds between,[15] with acceleration rates ranging from NaNm/s2.[16]

FLIRT trainsets hold world records for the longest journeys completed using alternative propulsion. A battery-powered FLIRT set the record for the longest distance travelled in pure battery mode, covering in Germany. On 22 March 2024, a hydrogen-powered FLIRT set a record by travelling without refuelling or recharging at the Transportation Technology Center in the United States.[17]

Operators

Algeria

On 18 March 2006, the Algerian national railway operator SNTF announced that it had ordered 64 four-car EMUs for operation on the Algiers suburban rail network.[18] [19] The trains were delivered between 2008 and 2010.[20] They are designated by the SNTF as the Class 541, with series numbers 541-101 to 541-164.[21]

Azerbaijan

In November 2019, it was announced that Azərbaycan Dəmir Yolları (Azerbaijan Railways) had placed a €115 million order for ten Russian-gauge Stadler FLIRT units in various configurations, for delivery to begin in 2022.[22] [23]

The order specification is as follows:[24]

Train length is to range between NaNabbr=onNaNabbr=on, with capacity varying from 236 to 271 passengers.

Because the Azerbaijan Railway is currently converting the electrification voltage of many lines on its network from 3 kV DC to 25 kV AC, the diesel fleet will be introduced first, allowing the service to be upheld during this conversion process.

In December 2023, the four DMUs were delivered to Azerbaijan Railways. The first EMUs followed in summer 2024.[25]

Belarus

Ten Russian-gauge units were delivered to the Belarusian Railways[26] in 2011. Six more were delivered from 2013 to 2014.[27]

The trains are mostly used on various suburban routes around Minsk, such as Minsk-Pasažyrski to Minsk National Airport. The Stadler FLIRT trains are also used as inter-regional transport in Belarus, on the routes Minsk–Homieĺ,[28] and Minsk–Brest.[29]

Two Stadler FLIRT units with an interior optimised for longer distance (EPm-class) were delivered to Belarus in 2015 to 2016,[30] and in January 2019, ten more of these trains were ordered for delivery in 2020.[31]

Canada

The city of Ottawa put 7 Stadler FLIRTs into service on O-Train Line 2 in 2025 to increase capacity, replacing the Coradia LINTs, which have been moved to line 4.[32]

Line 2 is a combination of frequent rapid transit and suburban regional rail, serving both as the inner city's main north-south route and also railway to the Riverside South suburb. However, unlike most Stadler FLIRTs which are heavy rail regional trains, these versions of the Stadler FLIRT are smaller diesel-electric light rail vehicles that provide a light rail service to be consistent with the rest of Ottawa's O-Train light rail system.

Czech Republic

The Czech private operator LEO Express ordered five units.[33] Units are modified as InterCity trains. All five units have operated on the Prague–Ostrava line since December 2012. Since December 2013 one unit is operated on the Prague–Staré Město u Uherského Hradiště and since December 2014 one unit is operated on the international route Prague–Košice (Slovak Republic). The maximum speed of these units is 1890NaN0, but in service it is limited to 1600NaN0.

Denmark

On 9 October 2024, the local railway operator Lokaltog formally signed a contract for the supply of 14 two-car units of the battery–electric Akku model with an option for 10 more. They are scheduled to be delivered in 2028.[34]

Estonia

Elron ordered 18 electric (6 four-car and 12 three-car) and 20 diesel (6 four-car, 8 three-car and 6 two-car) broad-gauged trains. By June 2014 all 38 trains were delivered. This has been the first time FLIRT DMUs were produced.[35] First five trains went into service on 1 July 2013 and by January 2014 all old trains were replaced by the new ones. On 16 April 2014 one of the new DMUs that had been operating for just five months had an accident near Raasiku, a collision with a truck.[36] The unit was badly damaged. It went back into service in 2015, and two damaged carriages were replaced.[37] In November 2014, Elron initiated an investigation into suspected flaws in some diesel trains. Two different build flaws were found in many of the trains and faulty components were replaced under warranty.[38]

Finland

See main article: JKOY Class Sm5 and VR Class Sm7.

81 four-section broad-gauged FLIRT units, classified as Sm5 in the Finnish system, have been ordered by Pääkaupunkiseudun Junakalusto Oy (a joint venture between the cities of Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen[39]) for service on the Helsinki commuter rail network. The Sm5 units are leased by Pääkaupunkiseudun junakalusto to the Helsinki Regional Transport Authority, but they are currently operated by the VR Group.[40] The initial order in 2006 was for 32 trainsets. 9 further units were ordered in 2011 and 34 further units in 2014.[41]

The first Sm5 unit arrived in Finland on 11 November 2008.[42] Following preliminary testing the first unit was displayed to the public in Helsinki on 17 December 2008. During the remainder of on 2008 and for most of 2009 the Sm5 units were extensively tested in different parts of Finland.[43] The first unit entered passenger service on 18 November 2009.[44]

In November 2022, VR Group, the country's national rail operator, awarded Stadler Rail the contract to manufacture 20 new FLIRT 4 EMUs (but based on FLIRT G and without Jacobs bogies) with an additional option for 50 trainsets, classified as Sm7, for longer-distance VR commuter rail services. These trains will be partly manufactured in Switzerland with final assembly taking place in Poland and Belarus, and they are expected to enter service in spring 2026.[45]

Germany

The Cantus Verkehrsgesellschaft, a joint subsidiary of Hessische Landesbahn and Hamburger Hochbahn, became the first German FLIRT operator when they received their first train in 2006. Their fleet consists of fourteen three-car and six four-car units.

Since December 2007 Abellio Rail NRW has operated nine three-car and eight two-car FLIRT trains for regional routes between Essen, Hagen, Iserlohn and Siegen. This was the first time that a FLIRT with only two sections was ordered.

Also since December 2007 WestfalenBahn uses fourteen three-car and five five-car trains for trains services in the Teutoburg Forest region.

In 2006 DB Regio, a subsidiary of Deutsche Bahn ordered five five-section vehicles for regional services on the German east coast. The trains were delivered in August 2007 and, until December 2019, were used on the routes Rostock–Stralsund–Lietzow–Sassnitz (Hanse-Express), Sassnitz–Stralsund and Binz–Lietzow. Since October 2020, they run the RB17 (Wismar – Ludwigslust).

The biggest order from Germany so far came in October 2006 from the leasing company Angel Trains Europa when they ordered 25 four-car FLIRT trains. All 25 units have been leased to Eurobahn who uses them on the Hellweg Network in North Rhine-Westphalia.[46] Only a year later, in November 2007, Angel Trains ordered four more four-car and fourteen five-car trains that will also be used by Eurobahn.[47] In 2017, Eurobahn also took over the WestfalenBahn operation of the Teutoburger-Wald-Network, taking over 18 FLIRT 1 units, as well as ordering eight new FLIRT 3 units.[48]

On the InnoTrans 2008, a trade fair focused on rail transport, Vias announced their order for twelve four-section and seven three-section units. Starting in December 2010, the trains were put on the Frankfurt–Koblenz route.[49] The same year, the Hessische Landesbahn (HLB) started to operate three three- and five six-car FLIRT units on the Frankfurt – Gießen – Siegen line.

Starting in December 2013, the Bayerische Oberlandbahn, called Bayerische Regiobahn (BRB) since 2020, uses three three-car and 28 six-car FLIRTs for their Meridian services, which run between Munich-Salzburg and Kufstein. Since August 2014, the ownership of the trains was transferred to AlphaTrains, only to be leased back for the Meridian.

From December 2014 on, the RE 1 (Koblenz – Trier (– Luxembourg /) – Saarbrücken – Ludwigshafen – Mannheim), RE 2 (Koblenz – Frankfurt), RE 4 (Frankfurt (Main) – Mainz – Ludwigshafen – Karlsruhe), RE 14 (Frankfurt (Main) – Mainz – Ludwigshafen – Mannheim), are operated with FLIRT 3 units, with the RE 1 being coupled with a CFL-operated KISS between Trier and Koblenz.

Go-Ahead Germany ordered 45 units in 2016 for delivery in 2019.[50] [51]

Transdev ordered 64 three-car units in November 2018, planned to enter service in 2021 on Hanover S-Bahn lines.[52] In June 2019, Transdev subsidiary NordWestBahn awarded Stadler a €100m order to supply 16 FLIRT electric multiple-units for the Bremen/Niedersachsen S-Bahn services. The trains will enter service starting December 2022.[53]

In July 2019, Schleswig-Holstein rail authority NAH.SH awarded Stadler a €600m order for 55 battery-powered FLIRT Akku multiple unit trains along with maintenance for 30 years. The trains, which offer 150km (90miles) of battery range, were originally scheduled to enter operations in 2022 to replace DMUs on non-electrified routes.[54] Regular operations began in October 2023.[55]

Hungary

MÁV operates 123 units, while GYSEV operates twenty units from this series (2019).

It is planned that the first sixty units will be equipped with ETCS L2 signaling, control and train protection system, while all newer units are already equipped with ETCS L2. The units will also receive the blue and white colour scheme.

Ireland

On 8 December 2025, Iarnród Éireann and NI Railways selected Stadler FLIRT multiple units for use on the Enterprise service between Dublin and Belfast.[62]

Italy

In Italy FLIRT units are used by nine regional railways, with total units ordered and built divided among the following companies:

Ferrovie del Gargano

ETR 330, single voltage to 3 kV DC, maximum speed 160km/h. Fleet: three units.[63]

Ferrotramviaria

ETR 340, single-voltage 3 kV DC, maximum speed 160km/h. Fleet: four units.[64]

SAD used on the Puster Valley Railway, ETR 155 and ETR 170. Dual-voltage 15 kV AC and 3 kV DC. Fleet: four ETR 155 and six ETR 170. In July 2011 have been ordered eight new units for routes within the jurisdiction of SAD. there are eight FLIRT dual-voltage units, 001–008 (005–008 ex ETR 155), and 24 ETR 170.1 and 170.2 dual- and tri-voltage units (3 kV DC, 15 kV AC, 25 kV 50 Hz)[65]

Infrastrutture Venete formerly Sistemi territoriali: ETR 340 single-voltage 3 kV DC, maximum speed 160km/h. Fleet: two units from 2008,[66] four and sixteen FLIRT units ordered in 2009. The FLIRTs ordered in 2009 will be built in conjunction with AnsaldoBreda: Stadler Rail will produce end units, traction systems and onboard auxiliary, and bogies, while AnsaldoBreda will produce intermediate cars, final assembly, and delivery to the operators at the plant in Pistoia.[67]

Tilo (Switzerland and Italy):[68] RABe 524/ETR 150 dual-voltage 15 kV AC, 3 kV DC. Maximum speed 160km/h. The first 19 units of this type to be delivered were four sections long, followed by eleven units which are six sections long and equipped with ETCS Level 2.

Ferrovie Emilia Romagna

Twelve units constructed with AnsaldoBreda: Stadler Rail will produce end units, traction systems and onboard auxiliary, end engines, while AnsaldoBreda will produce intermediate cars and handle final assembly and delivery to the operators at the plant in Pistoia.[69]

Valle d'Aosta region (licensed to Trenitalia): BTR 813, electric multiple units with maximum speed of 160km/h and diesel multiple units with maximum speed of 140km/h

ETR 814, electric multiple units with maximum speed of 160km/h, will be entry in service after electrification of railway Aosta - Ivrea in 2026.

Trenord

ATR 803, named "Colleoni". Thirty diesel multiple unit with diesel generator and traction batteries with the maximum speed of 140km/h.The first four train are entry in service from 2022 in the Brescia - Parma to been replace the oldest Aln 668. These trains are retired temporarily retired because initials problems of the systems of supports of conducts (SSC) caused from this last one.The trains returned in service in 2023.Ente Autonomo Volturno (EAV) (Campania Region) has five trains in service from 2022 in the Alifana Railway.Infrastrutture Venete has two trains in service in the Verona - Rovigo and Rovigo - Chioggia.

Lithuania

On 21 June 2023, Lithuanian passenger rail operator LTG Link announced that it has ordered nine 5-car Stadler FLIRT EMUs and six 3-car FLIRT battery-electric multiple units,[70] [71] along with an option for a further 13 electric and 26 battery-electric units.[72] The trainsets are expected to began testing in 2025 with a projected entry to service in 2026.[73]

Netherlands

On 23 April 2015 the Netherlands' railway operator Nederlandse Spoorwegen announced that it was ordering 58 Stadler FLIRT EMUs, comprising 25 four-car units and 33 three-car units, to be delivered by the end of 2016.[74] [75] The very short delivery deadline (20 months), to meet capacity needs, allowed NS to invoke 'urgency mode' provisions in EU procurement rules and place the order without tendering. The 58 FLIRT EMUs for NS were produced at Stadler's plant in Siedlce, Poland, 92 km east of Warsaw, following the order which that plant completed for PKP Intercity in Poland.[76] Meanwhile, Arriva Nederland also ordered two- and three-car units for operation in the province of Limburg.

, FLIRT 2, 3 and 4 EMUs are in service in the Netherlands with the following operators:

Norway

50 Flirt units were ordered by Vy (formerly Norwegian State Railways (NSB)), with a further 100 on option. 26 units were placed on Oslo Commuter Rail and the remaining 24 units were used on regional and express routes.[77] During spring and summer 2012 all Flirt trains used by Vy were fitted with free wireless Internet access for passengers. In Vy's system, the FLIRT trains are classified as Class 74 for regional trainsets and Class 75 for local trainsets.

All trains will be five-car sets; unlike previous five-car FLIRTs each will have a third powered bogie giving it a maximum power output of 4500kW and a top speed of 200abbr=onNaNabbr=on.[78] Trial runs started on the Bergen Line in 2009, using an SBB-CFF-FFS unit. The first units were scheduled to enter passenger service on 29 February 2012. The FLIRT's introduction was delayed after a unit derailed during tests by NSB on 15 February 2012, injuring five people. The train was running much too fast, and there were no safety systems along the railway to catch the driver's error.

The first train entered regular service on 2 May 2012 on the line from Skien to Lillehammer.[79] The last of the 50 trains was delivered on 24 January 2014.[80] Vy had ordered a further 57 trains, for a total of 107, as of October 2015. In 2017 an order for additional 18 was placed, for a total of 125, forty of which are short regional trains, and the rest local commuter trains. In July 2018, 36 short regional and 64 local commuter trains had been delivered.

Local Class 75 trains are configured with five seats (2+3) abreast. The Class 74 regional trains were also delivered with 2+3 seating on regional trains except in the premium "Komfort" section that had 2+2 seating. Significant passenger complaints over cramped seating led Nsb to reconfigure the regional trains into 2+2 seating in 2014.[81]

These fleets have 800mm floor without steps. Many Norwegian platforms are too low for this floor height, so they will have to be raised to 550mm platform height. These fleets cannot operate on low-platform lines such as the Bergen Line, the Sørlandet Line west of Kongsberg, and the Dovre Line north of Lillehammer. Raised platforms will be matched with conventional train steps; vertical gaps between this fleet and platforms will remain.

In 2018 the last options were used, which includes 25 trainsets, most of which include the Class 75 and 74 that are set to operate on Gjøvikbanen and Vossebanen.

The two last are bi-mode trains named Class 76. These are similar to the FLIRT 3s owned by Greater Anglia in the UK but each will have an extra carriage for diesel generators in order to operate on tracks without electrification and as fully electric on electrified parts of the railway.

In total 14 trainsets of the bi-modal Class 76[82] will be delivered to serve Trønder Commuter Rail as well as the Meråker and Røros Lines. These will replace the aging Class 92's built by Duewag which are fully diesel. All this is included in Bane Nor (Norway's Rail Management Agency) and Jernbaneverkets's plan to finally modernize the Trøndelag Railways, which have outdated buildings and infrastructure. These lines were partially electrified, between Støren and Trondheim, by 2021, with further electrification to be implemented.[83]

In November 2022 the final 150th train set was delivered.[84]

In February 2023 Norske tog ordered 17 FLIRT NEX long-distance trains, with the option of up to 100 train sets, to enter testing in 2025 and service on the Bergen Line in 2026, replacing end-of-life trainsets on the line. These will be classified as 'Class 79' and have 8 wagons including reclining seats, flexible sleeping compartments that can be used as private seating areas during daytime use, bistro, and a family area.[85]

Poland

Koleje Mazowieckie in 2008 bought 10 four-car 3 kV DC (class ER75) units for services in the Warsaw region.Koleje Śląskie (KŚ) bought four four-car 3 kV DC units (class EN75) for service in Silesia. Łódzka Kolej Aglomeracyjna[86] (ŁKA) in 2012 ordered 20 two-car FLIRT3 units for service in the region around Łódź, for delivery by February 2015.[87] PKP Intercity in August 2013 ordered 20 eight-car 3 kV DC FLIRT3 units (class ED160) with interiors for long-distance travel and top speed of 160 km/h (99 mph), for service on four long-distance routes in Poland, from a consortium of Stadler Polska and Newag for delivery by October 2015.[88] In 2018 Koleje Mazowieckie started another order of total 61 five-car 3 kV DC FLIRT3 units (class ER160) in five batches slated for deliveries from 2020 to 2022.[89] In 2019 PKP Intercity ordered further twelve eight-car 3 kV DC FLIRT3 units for deliveries through 2023.[90]

Portugal

In October 2020, Comboios de Portugal have ordered a delivery of 22 FLIRT units in for the renewal of its regional fleet, these are the first FLIRT trains in the Iberian Peninsula.[91] This order comprises 10 electric units (EMUs) and 12 bimodal units (BMUs). Electric units will be 63.2m (207.3feet) long with three cars and a top speed of 160km/h. Besides these three cars, bimodal units will also include a removable generator car, making these units 74.4m (244.1feet) long. When powered by the generator, bimodal units will be limited to 140km/h, with the top speed remaining the same as their electric counterparts otherwise. Both units will seat 214 passengers each, with a total capacity of 375 passengers per unit, and will feature "step-free" entrances, room for bycicles and passengers on wheelchairs, and wireless APs.[92] Delivery is delayed, and expected for October 2025.[93]

Serbia

Serbian Railways operates 21 FLIRT 3 four-car EMUs with top speed of 160 km/h for regional traffic which were delivered in 2014 and 2015.[94] In 2022 further 18 units were ordered with deliveries expected to start from October 2023.[95] Trains are numbered ŽS 413/417.[96]

Slovenia

Slovenian Railways ordered eleven 235-passenger FLIRT EMUs (SŽ 510/515) and five 171-passenger DMUs (SŽ 610/615) in April 2018, for delivery by early 2020[97] and exercised an option for a further 10 EMUs and 16 DMUs in May 2019 for delivery by late 2021,[98] bringing the total order up to 21 four-car EMUs and 21 three-car DMUs. Together with 10 Stadler KISS units there are 52 Stadler trainsets in Slovenia as of October 2022.[99]

Spain

Renfe's Cercanías division ordered 24 trains and 55 combined FLIRT/KISS EMUs classified as in for Cercanías Madrid in 2021, which are expected to enter service in 2025, replacing older rolling stock dating from the 1970s to the early 1990s.[100] [101] The 100 m variants will consist of two single-deck FLIRT end cars connected to two bilevel KISS intermediate cars, while the 200 m variants will feature two additional single-deck FLIRT intermediate cars.[102]

Sweden

VR Snabbtåg Sverige (then MTRX) ordered six Flirt EMUs for inter-city operation between Stockholm and Gothenburg. They are very similar to the Norwegian units, maximum 200 km/h, but have more comfortable seats aimed for longer distances, and a small café area. The first unit was delivered in November 2014. They started customer operation in March 2015.[103]

Switzerland

The Swiss Federal Railways were Stadler's first customer for the FLIRT when they ordered 42 units with options for 100 more in September 2002. The first vehicle was delivered in 2004 for the use on the Stadtbahn Zug.[104]

Meanwhile, the Swiss Federal Railways have ordered a total of 117 units that can be broken down into four different types that differ in their equipment for driving in neighboring countries. The base version is the class RABe 523 that is used on the Stadtbahn Zug and the RER Vaud. These 43 4-section units can only be used within Switzerland. The 30 RABe 521 and 14 RABe 522 are versions that can also be used in Germany and France respectively. They also consist of four sections and are used on the Basel S-Bahn. The last version is the Italy-capable RABe 524/ETR 150 that is used on Treni Regionali Ticino Lombardia (TILO) services in Ticino and northern Italy. The first 19 units of this type to be delivered were four sections long, and were followed by eleven units ordered that six-sections long and are additionally equipped with the ETCS Level 2 train control system.[105]

In December 2018, SBB ordered seven trains, with an option of seven more. They will be manufactured 2019–2021. Each train has four single-deck cars, with a total of 27 seats in first class and 154 in second class. The SBB name is 'French: Mouette' .[106]

Besides the Swiss Federal Railways two other companies in Switzerland operate FLIRT trains: The Südostbahn (SOB) uses several trains with the designation RABe 526 (FLIRT and FLIRT-III, including the Traverso used as Voralpen Express, Treno Gottardo, Aare-Linth and Alpenrhein-Express). The Transports Publics Neuchâtelois (TransN) owns three RABe 527 and four RABe 523 trains.

BLS ordered 58 six-car EMU sets in May 2017 for service on RegioExpress and Bern S-Bahn routes, with delivery scheduled to take place between 2021 and 2026.[107]

United Kingdom

In August 2016 Greater Anglia selected Stadler FLIRT electric and bi-mode units for the East Anglia franchise to replace its Class 90 electric locomotives, Mark 3 carriages and Driving Van Trailers, Class 153, 156 and 170 diesel multiple units, and Class 379 electric multiple units. This comprised 14 three-car and 24 four-car bi-mode multiple units (Class 755) and 20 twelve-car electric multiple units (Class 745) (of which ten will be used for Stansted Express and ten for Intercity services).[108]

Wales

In June 2018, KeolisAmey Wales announced it would purchase 35 FLIRT trains: 24 (seven three-car and 17 four-car) tri-mode Class 756 units and eleven four-car diesel-electric Class 231 units for the South Wales Metro.

United States

On 9 June 2015, Trinity Metro signed a contract for the supply of eight four-car articulated FLIRT3 diesel-electric multiple units for the TEXRail commuter line, which opened in January 2019. The contract was signed at a ceremony held at Fort Worth Central Station. The contract is valued at $107 million, and includes the supply of components for 10 years. The contract also includes an option for an additional 24 DMUs. This was Stadler's first order for its FLIRT family in the US (previous orders had been for the GTW), and the first to include US federal funding and thus be subject to the Buy America Act. As such, one element of the contract was that the final assembly of the trains would take place in the US, and several assembly sites, such as in nearby Lewisville, Texas, were considered for the facility. Stadler eventually leased space from the Utah Transit Authority in their former Union Pacific shops in Salt Lake City, Utah.

Public unveiling events for the completed American-built FLIRT units occurred in both Atlanta, Georgia on 9 October 2017 and Salt Lake City, on the Salt Lake, Garfield and Western Railway, on 13 October 2017 as Stadler broke ground for their permanent Salt Lake facility.[109] [110] [111] [112]

Three two-car FLIRT sets were built for the Arrow commuter rail service in Redlands, California,[113] which started operation in 2022.[114] The $31.4 million contract includes the vehicles themselves, spare parts, and training for servicing and operation.[115] In November 2019, the San Bernardino County Transportation Authority ordered an additional FLIRT powered via hydrogen fuel cell, the first such train in the United States.[116] In September 2022, an order of four additional hydrogen-powered trains was announced by Stadler and CalSTA for Amtrak California inter-city services.[117]

Eight four-car sets entered service with Dallas Area Rapid Transit on the Silver Line when it opened on October 25, 2025.[118] [119] [120]

In February 2024, Metra ordered 16 battery electric multiple unit models, expected to be delivered in early 2027, for use on the Beverly Branch of the Rock Island Line or North Central Service.[121] [122]

Cancelled contracts

Latvia

On 1 July 2014 Latvian rail operator Pasažieru vilciens announced that it would acquire FLIRT trains as part of a hire/purchase contract,[123] however Pv owner Latvian Railways ultimately withdrew the contract and no procurement went ahead.

Accidents and incidents

Fleet details

ClassOperatorNo. builtYear builtCars per setUnit nos.Notes
Azerbaijan
EŞRAzerbaijan Railways CJSC35EŞR001 – EŞR003FLIRTG EMU R (25 kV, 1520 mm gauge), designed for regional traffic.[138] The 'G' indicates that they comply with GOST standards.[139]
EŞI3EŞI001 – EŞI003FLIRTG EMU IR (25 kV, 1520 mm gauge), designed for interregional traffic.
DŞI4DŞI001 – DŞI004FLIRTG DMU IR (1520 mm gauge), designed for interregional traffic.[140]
Canada
FLIRT3OC Transpo720214C10 – C16DEMUs for use on O-Train Line 2.
Czech Republic
480LEO Express55408001 – 4080053 kV DC EMU used on Prague–Ostrava–Žilina–Košice.[141] [142]
Estonia
Elron122012–20143FLIRT EMU (3 kV, 1520 mm gauge)[143] [144]
64
62FLIRT DEMU (1520 mm gauge)[145] [146]
83
64
Finland
Sm5VR812008–2017401 – 81FLIRT EMU (25 kV AC), 1524 mm gauge. Owned by Pääkaupunkiseudun Junakalusto Oy, leased to the Helsinki Regional Transport Authority (HSL), operated by VR for the Helsinki commuter rail network.
Sm7202025–4FLIRT EMU (25 kV AC), 1524 mm gauge.[147]
Germany
BR 429.0DB Regio AG55429026 – 429030FLIRT EMU (15 kV).[148]
BR 429.1285429100 – 429127FLIRT3 EMU operated on SÜWEX (Südwest Express) line in Rhineland-Palatinate.[149] [150] These EMU's are coupled with CFL KISS EMU's between Koblenz Hbf and Trier Hbf.
BR 65264426526001 – 6526044FLIRT Akku BEMU 2-4/8 (without jacobs bogies) operated on Palatinate railway lines in Germany.[151] One side is designated BR 6526 while the other side is designated BR 6826.
BR 426.1Abellio Rail NRW82FLIRT EMU (15 kV) operated on Ruhr-Sieg-Netz (Essen-Siegen, Essen-Hagen, Hagen-Iserlohn and Hagen-Siegen).[152] Currently operated by DB Regio AG.
BR 427.193
BR 34271733427001 – 3427017FLIRT 3XL EMU operated on S-Bahn Rhein-Ruhr.[153] Currently operated by DB Regio AG.
BR 34292453429001 – 3429024
BR 1429145ET252201 – ET25221415 kV FLIRT3 EMU operated in North Rhine-Westphalia.[154] [155] Currently operated by VIAS Rail.
BR 242975ET252301 – ET252307Multi-system FLIRT3 EMU (1.5+15+25 kV) equipped for services to the Netherlands (Düsseldorf Hbf – Arnhem Centraal). Currently operated by VIAS Rail in North Rhine-Westphalia.
BR 1427Go-Ahead,now Arverio133ET 3[156] FLIRT 3 EMU operated in Baden-Württemberg.
BR 142894ET 4
BR 1429195ET 5
BR 1430146ET 6
BR 3427113ET 9.01 – ET 9.11FLIRT 3XL EMU operated in Baden-Württemberg, Murrbahn.
BR 2429Eurobahn85ET 4.01 – ET 4.0815 kV FLIRT3 EMU, leased from Alpha Trains. Multi-system and equipped for services to the Netherlands (Hengelo – Bielefeld Hbf).
BR 142955ET 4.21 – ET 4.2515 kV FLIRT3 EMU, leased from Alpha Trains.[157]
BR 428254ET 5.01 – ET 5.2515 kV FLIRT EMU.[158]
BR 42844ET 6.01 – ET 6.0415 kV FLIRT EMU. Used on RE13 route to the Netherlands (Venlo – Hamm (Westf)).
BR 429.0145ET 7.01 – ET 7.1415 kV FLIRT EMU. Used on RE13 route to the Netherlands (Venlo – Hamm (Westf)).
BR 427143ET 8.01 – ET 8.1415 kV FLIRT EMU.
BR 429.055ET 9.01 – ET 9.0515 kV FLIRT EMU.
Hungary
415MAV60[159] 2007–20104FLIRT EMU (25 kV AC).
GYSEV42012
MAV422013
GYSEV6
MAV212015
435GYSEV102016FLIRT3 EMU (25 kV AC).[160]
Netherlands
FLIRT-IIAbellio62015–201622010–2015FLIRT3 EMU (1.5 kV) operated on route Gouda – Alphen aan den Rijn.[161]
FLIRT-IIINS Reizigers332015–201732201–2233FLIRT3 EMU (1.5 kV)[162] [163] operated on Hoofdrailnet (South Eastern parts of the Netherlands).[164] Nicknamed "FFF"—"Flirt Fast Forward".
FLIRT-IV2542501–2525
FLIRT-IIIKeolis Nederland9201737301–7309FLIRT3 EMU (1.5 kV) operated on regional services Zwolle–Enschede and Zwolle–Kampen
FLIRT-IV747401–7407
FLIRT-IIIKeolis Nederland(RRReis)2201735038–5039FLIRT3 EMU (1.5 kV). Former Connexxion units for use on the Valleilijn between Ede-Wageningen and Amersfoort.
FLIRT-IIArriva Nederland1520162450–464FLIRT3 EMU (1.5 kV) operated on regional services in Limburg.
FLIRT-IIIArriva Nederland1320233560–572FLIRT3 EMU (1.5 kV) operated on regional services in Limburg.
FLIRT-IIImcArriva Nederland82017–20183550–557Multi-system FLIRT3 EMU suitable for Belgium (3 kV), the Netherlands (1.5 kV) and Germany (15 kV).[165] These units were refitted with ECTS between 2021 and 2023 for operations in Belgium in order to operate a service between Aachen – Heerlen – Maastricht – Liège.
Norway
74Vy53[166] 2010–20225FLIRT Nordic EMU (15 kV)[167] operated on regional services (Eastern parts of Norway).
7563[168] 2012–2020FLIRT Nordic EMU (15 kV) operated on Oslo Commuter Rail
75–2Vy Gjøvikbanen
Vy Tog		20[169] 2017–2019FLIRT Nordic EMU (15 kV) operated on Gjøvik Line, Bergen Commuter Rail
76SJ Norge142020–2021FLIRT NT BMU (diesel/battery/15 kV) used on Trøndelag/Trondheim Commuter Rail, Røros Line.[170]
Norske tog AS88FLIRT Nordic Express. Type A: EMU (15 kV+25 kV) with day and night configuration.[171]
47FLIRT Nordic Express. Type B: BMU (15 kV+25 kV+diesel) with day and night configuration. Car 'A' is a dedicated 'powerhead' for traction.[172]
38FLIRT Nordic Express. Type C: EMU (15 kV+25 kV) with day configuration.[173]
28FLIRT Nordic Express. Type D: EMU (15 kV+25 kV) with day configuration and a cargo car.[174]
Poland
EN 75Koleje Śląskie420084FLIRT EMU (3 kV) for regional services in Silesia.[175]
ER 75Koleje Mazowieckie1020084FLIRT EMU (3 kV) for regional services in Mazovia.[176] [177]
LM-4268Łódzka Kolej Aglomeracyjna202014–20153FLIRT3 EMU operated on regional services in Łódź metropolitan area. Initially 2 cars per set, later extended to 3 cars.[178]
ED 160PKP Intercity2020158FLIRT3 EMU (3 kV).[179] [180] Used for routes connecting major cities.[181]
122022–2023
ER 160Koleje Mazowieckie612020–20235FLIRT3 EMU operated on regional services in Mazovia.
752025-5FLIRT3 EMU operated on regional services in Mazovia.
Spain
Adif3162010 – 162012FLIRT EDMU (3 kV + 25 kV) used for testing and measurements; two are built for 1668 mm gauge (010 and 012) and one for 1435 mm gauge (011). Nicknamed "Doctor Green".[182]
FGC43FLIRT EMU (3 kV) operated in Lleida.[183]
T100Renfe244FLIRT HC EMU (3 kV).[184]
T200558
Switzerland
RABe 523.0SBB CFF FFS432004–20054523001 – 523043FLIRT EMU used in the Stadtbahn Zug and in the RER Vaud as RABe 523.
RABe 521.0302004–2006521001 – 521030[185] [186] FLIRT EMU (15 kV) operated in the Regio S-Bahn Basel as RABe 521 they also have a permit for Germany.[187]
RABe 521.2 (RABe 526.6)9521201 – 521209[188] 15 kV FLIRT EMU. Originally numbered RABe 526 651 – 526 659.
RABe 524.0192007–2008524001524019[189] [190] Multi-system FLIRT EMU (3+15 kV). First set of regional trains for the TILO network in Ticino and the Lombardia-Region (Italy), used as RABe 524 and also holds a permit for Italy.
RABe 527.3TransN32007–2009527331 – 527333Used as regional trains and RegioExpress.
RABe 526.0SOB232007–2013526041526063[191] FLIRT EMU (15 kV AC). Used on Lucerne S-Bahn line S31, St. Gallen S-Bahn lines S4 and S6, Zurich S-Bahn lines S13 and S40, and as extension set to "Traverso" (FLIRT-III) sets on the InterRegio Voralpen Express during peak hours.
RABe 524.1SBB CFF FFS172010–20146524101524117Multi-system FLIRT EMU (3+15 kV). Second set of regional trains for the TILO network in Ticino and the Lombardia Region (Italy), used as RABe 524.1 and also holds a permit for Italy. As an improvement over the previous iteration, it now has 6 cars instead of 4 and a second onboard toilet.
RABe 527.1TPF82011–20144527191 – 527198[192] FLIRT EMU (15 kV) used as RER Fribourg and RegioExpress (----) as RABe 527.
RABe 524.2SBB CFF FFS42014524201 – 524204Multi-system FLIRT EMU (3+15 kV). Third set of regional trains for the TILO network in Ticino and the Lombardia Region (Italy), used as RABe 524.2 and also holds a permit for Italy. This model is back to 4 cars, but it has a brand new color theme to be applied to the original RABe 524 as well.
RABe 523.0TransN2017523074523077[193] FLIRT EMU. Used as regional trains and RegioExpress.
RABe 522.2SBB CFF FFS322011–2019522201 522232[194] [195] FLIRT EMU (15+25 kV AC). Used in multiple regional lines and the Léman Express as RABe 522 they also have a permit for France
RABe 524.3SBB CFF FFS146524301524305, 524306524314Multi-system FLIRT3 EMU for TILO services.[196]
RABe 526SOB62019–2021452600152600615 kV FLIRT EMU. Used on St. Gallen S-Bahn lines S4 and S6, Zurich S-Bahn lines S13 and S40, and as extension set to "Traverso" sets on InterRegio ines during peak hours.[197] [198]
232019–20218526101/201526117/21715 kV FLIRT EMU. Also known as "Traverso" used on InterRegio lines over the Gotthard Panoramaroute (Treno Gottardo), between Bern and Chur (Aare-Linth), and between Luzern and St. Gallen (Voralpen Express).
RABe 528BLS AG562021–20266528101 – 528130, 528201 – 528228FLIRT EMU, also known as 'MIKA'. Used on the S-Bahn Bern network and on RegioExpress lines.
United Kingdom
745/0Greater Anglia102018–202012[199] 745001 – 745010EMU for Intercity services
745/110745101 – 745110EMU for Stansted Express services
755/4244755401 – 755424Bi-mode[200]
755/3143755301 – 755314
756/0Transport for Wales72021–20233756001 – 756007Tri-mode[201]
756/1174756101 – 756117
231112021–2022231001 –231011DEMU[202]
United States
Trinity Metro (TEXRail)82015–20184101 – 108DEMU
SBCTA (Arrow)32018–202223401 – 3403DEMU
12019–20243501ZEMU
DART (Silver Line)82019–20244901 – 908DEMU
Metra82024–2BEMU on order for Rock Island District

See also

Sources

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: FLIRT train – Lightweight and flexible Stadler . www.stadlerrail.com . 16 March 2025.
  2. Web site: Stadler wins tender for up to 510 FLIRT trains for Switzerland, October 2021.
  3. Web site: Italian region orders bi-mode Stadler Flirts. 13 May 2015.
  4. Web site: [UK] Official: Stadler is preferred bidder to supply 71 trains for Wales & Borders (video)]. 13 August 2018.
  5. Web site: Ritter . Martin . May 16, 2023 . Stadler Zero Emission Multiple Units . 2025-10-19 . Stadler US.
  6. Web site: FLIRT 160 Data Sheet . 2025-10-19 . Stadler.
  7. Web site: FLIRT . 2025-10-19 . Stadler . en.
  8. Web site: August 2018 . MTR Express Stadler FLIRT 200 Data Sheet . 2025-10-19 . Stadler.
  9. Web site: May 2023 . Norske tog Stadler FLIRT 200 Data Sheet . 2025-10-19 . Stadler.
  10. Web site: SBCTA Stadler FLIRT 3 Data Sheet .
  11. Web site: November 2024 . Lokaltog Stadler FLIRT Akku Data Sheet . 2025-10-19 . Stadler.
  12. Web site: September 2025 . DB Regio Stadler FLIRT Akku Data Sheet . 2025-10-19 . Stadler.
  13. Web site: September 2023 . EAV Stadler FLIRT ATR 803 Data Sheet . 2025-10-19 . Stadler.
  14. Web site: August 2022 . BLS Stadler FLIRT Data Sheet .
  15. Web site: March 2024 . SBCTA Stadler Flirt H2 Data Sheet .
  16. Web site: August 2014 . PKP Intercity Stadler FLIRT Data Sheet .
  17. Web site: Hill . Joshua S. . 2024-04-03 . Hydrogen powered train achieves new distance record . 2025-10-19 . The Driven . en-AU.
  18. Web site: Stadler wins Alger contract. 1 May 2006. Railway Gazette International. 20 May 2017. 3 December 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131203203947/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/stadler-wins-alger-contract.html.
  19. Web site: Stadler - News . https://web.archive.org/web/20060327102504/http://www.stadlerrail.com/default.asp?n=68&ms=2&h=1&id=57&s=2&news_id=142&ListMode= . 2006-03-27 . 2025-12-06 . www.stadlerrail.com.
  20. Web site: First Flirt to Algeria. 8 January 2008. Railway Gazette International. 20 May 2017. 5 August 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180805000230/https://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/first-flirt-to-algeria.html.
  21. Web site: Wayback Machine . https://web.archive.org/web/20110606021354/http://www.stadlerrail.com/media/uploads/factsheets/FLIRT_Algier_e.pdf . 2011-06-06 . 2025-12-06 . www.stadlerrail.com.
  22. Web site: Broad-gauge network FLIRTs for Azerbaijan. 27 November 2019. Railcolor News.
  23. Web site: Azerbaijan Brings Stadler's Cutting-Edge Trains to Caspian. 27 November 2019. Caspian News.
  24. Web site: Welti . Philipp . 27 November 2019 . Stadler sells its FLIRT to Azerbaijan for the first time . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200131114834/https://www.stadlerrail.com/media/pdf/2019_1127_medienmitteilung_ady_flirt_en.pdf . 31 January 2020 . 26 December 2024 . Stadler Rail AG.
  25. https://www.railvolution.net/news/flirts-for-ady
  26. http://www.stadlerrail.com/medien/2010/03/19/stadler-gewinnt-in-weissrussland/ Stadler wins in Belarus
  27. Web site: More Flirts for Belarus. DVV Media. UK. Railway Gazette . 6 January 2013. 18 April 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190418130606/https://www.railwaygazette.com/news/passenger/single-view/view/more-flirts-for-belarus.html.
  28. Web site: 3 июня из Гомеля в Минск отправилась первая электричка. gp.by. 3 June 2016. 11 June 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160611024000/http://gp.by/category/news/news95374.html.
  29. Web site: Поездом без остановок из Бреста в Минск за 3 часа 15 минут – БрестСИТИ. 29 May 2014.
  30. Web site: Belarus Railways receives Stadler inter-city EMU. 30 December 2015.
  31. Web site: Belarus Railways orders more Stadler Flirt EMUs. 18 January 2019.
  32. Web site: FLIRT trains OC Transpo . 2025-02-26 . www.octranspo.com.
  33. Web site: Vlaky Leo Express budou černo-zlaté a vyjdou o třetinu levněji než pendolino . 11 December 2010 . cs.
  34. Web site: Danish battery train order signed . Railway Gazette International . 9 October 2024.
  35. Web site: Elektriraudtee orders Stadler Flirt trains . 12 April 2010 . Railway Gazette International.
  36. Web site: Train accident takes two lives. 17 April 2014.
  37. Web site: FOTOD ja VIDEO: Tallinna-Tartu rongile sõitis veoauto sisse, hukkus kaks inimest, vigastada sai 12 inimest . 16 April 2014 . Delfi.
  38. Web site: Stadleri praakrongid: majandusminister Palo kohtub Elroni juhiga. 19 November 2014. Ärileht.
  39. Web site: Helsingin kaupunki – Esisopimus VR-Yhtymä Oy:n omistamien Pääkaupunkiseudun Junakalusto Oy:n osakkeiden ostamisesta. 27 May 2018.
  40. Web site: Electric low-floor multiple unit FLIRT: Sm5 trains for Junakalusto Oy, Finland . 12 November 2008 . Stadler Rail . https://web.archive.org/web/20110727200636/http://raitio.org/news/uutis08/sm5.pdf . 27 July 2011 .
  41. Web site: 34 new Flirt trains for commuter train services . HSL . 7 December 2014 . 12 September 2014 .
  42. Web site: SRS uutiset 2008 . 12 November 2008 . 12 November 2008 . Suomen raitiotieseura . fi . https://web.archive.org/web/20080605065743/http://raitio.org/news/uutis08/uutis081.htm . 5 June 2008 .
  43. Web site: Uusi Sm5 toimii kuin junan vessa . 19 December 2008 . 18 December 2008 . HS.fi . Helsingin Sanomat . fi .
  44. Web site: Uusi kaupunkijuna liikenteeseen . 20 November 2009 . 13 November 2009 . Pääkaupunkiseudun Junakalusto Oy . fi . 7 March 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100307041108/http://www.junakalusto.fi/Uusi%20kaupunkijuna%20liikenteeseen_131109.doc .
  45. Web site: Finnish rail firm VR unveils new Swiss-designed commuter trains. 29 November 2022. News.
  46. Web site: Major order for Stadler Pankow . 28 November 2009 . Stadler Rail . 18 October 2006 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110718101515/http://www.stadlerrail.com/en/news/2006/10/18/major-order-for-stadler-pankow/ . 18 July 2011 .
  47. Web site: Eurobahn signs operating contract . 25 August 2009 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20100104114753/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/eurobahn-signs-operating-contract.html . 4 January 2010 .
  48. Web site: Zahlen, Daten & Fakten. 9 August 2021. Keolis Deutschland. de. 9 August 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210809161832/https://www.eurobahn.de/keolis-deutschland/zahlen-daten-fakten/.
  49. Web site: World rolling stock market November 2008 . 28 November 2009 . Railway Gazette. 16 November 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120607033015/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/world-rolling-stock-market-november-2008.html . 7 June 2012 .
  50. http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/traction-rolling-stock/single-view/view/go-ahead-orders-flirt-emu-fleet.html Go-Ahead orders Flirt EMU fleet
  51. http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/rolling-stock/stadler-wins-go-ahead-stuttgart-train-contract.html? Stadler wins Go-Ahead Stuttgart train contract
  52. Web site: Transdev announces EMU order as Hannover S-Bahn operating contract confirmed . Railway Gazette International . 7 November 2018 . 8 November 2018 . 7 November 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181107225340/https://www.railwaygazette.com/news/traction-rolling-stock/single-view/view/transdev-announces-emu-order-as-hannover-s-bahn-operating-contract-confirmed.html .
  53. News: Transdev orders Regio-S-Bahn Bremen Flirts. Railway Gazette. 13 June 2019.
  54. News: Battery answer to Schleswig-Holstein's diesel replacement question. 2 July 2019. Railway Gazette. 7 July 2019. 29 October 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201029193144/https://www.railwaygazette.com/news/traction-rolling-stock/single-view/view/battery-answer-to-schleswig-holsteins-diesel-replacement-question.html.
  55. News: FLIRT Akku BEMU certified for commercial service – start in October . 11 September 2023.
  56. Web site: Budapest Flirt depot inaugurated . 2 June 2007 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20120609235426/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/budapest-flirt-depot-inaugurated.html . 9 June 2012 .
  57. Web site: GySEV orders Flirts for upgraded line . 18 April 2012 . Railway Gazette International.
  58. Web site: Szolgálatban az első GYSEV FLIRT motorvonatok. https://archive.today/20140322140407/http://www2.gysev.hu/hirek/szolgalatban_az_elso_gysev_flirt_motorvonatok/547. 22 March 2014. GySEV/Raaberbahn. 18 December 2013. 22 March 2014.
  59. Web site: Megérkezett az első két kék FLIRT. 27 February 2014. 22 March 2014. RegionalBahn.
  60. Web site: MÁV-Start. Elvira. Megérkezett az első két új FLIRT motorvonat. 19 March 2014. 22 March 2014.
  61. Web site: És már százhárom!. 11 September 2015. 11 September 2015. IHO.
  62. https://www.railwaygazette.com/traction-and-rolling-stock/electro-diesel-stadler-flirt-trains-selected-to-renew-dublin-belfast-enterprise-fleet/70100.article
  63. Web site: Stadler Bussnang AG . Elettrotreno FLIRT per Ferrovie del Gargano, Italia . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111453/http://www.stadlerrail.com/media/uploads/factsheets/FLIRT_Gargano_it.pdf . 4 March 2016 . 2025-10-19 . Stadlerrail.com . it .
  64. Web site: Stadler Bussnang AG . Elettrotreno FLIRT – ETR 340 per la Società Ferrotramviara (FT), Italia . https://web.archive.org/web/20130322053832/http://www.stadlerrail.com/media/uploads/factsheets/FLIRT_Ferrotramviaria_i.pdf . 22 March 2013 . 17 February 2013 . it.
  65. Web site: Ferrovie: Widmann in Svizzera per l'acquisto di nuovi convogli – Bolzano – Alto Adige. altoadige.gelocal.it. 7 July 2011 . 17 February 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131029204746/http://altoadige.gelocal.it/cronaca/2011/07/07/news/ferrovie-widmann-in-svizzera-per-l-acquisto-di-nuovi-convogli-1.4259068. 29 October 2013.
  66. Web site: Stadler Bussnang AG . Elettrotreno FLIRT per Sistemi Territoriali S.p.A., Italia . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130308135941/http://www.stadlerrail.com/media/uploads/factsheets/FLIRT_ST_it.pdf . 8 March 2013 . 17 February 2013 . it.
  67. Web site: Stadler e AnsaldoBreda si aggiudicano la... Media Stadler . 15 November 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131029214332/http://www.stadlerrail.com/it/news/2009/11/06/stadler-e-ansaldobreda-si-aggiudicano-la-gara-per-/ . 29 October 2013 .
  68. Web site: Chi siamo TILO Treni Regionali Ticino Lombardia . 17 February 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130212011824/http://www.tilo.ch/it/164/chi_siamo.aspx . 12 February 2013 .
  69. Web site: Stadler/AnsaldoBreda win the tender for new trains in the Veneto and Emilia Romagna regions. https://web.archive.org/web/20110718101437/http://www.stadlerrail.com/en/news/2009/11/06/stadleransaldobreda-win-the-tender-for-new-trains-/. 18 July 2011.
  70. Web site: "LTG Link" and the Swiss capital company "Stadler" will purchase 15 new electric and electric-battery trains – LTG . LTG .
  71. Web site: Media Stadler .
  72. Web site: Nilson . Peter . Stadler to roll out FLIRT in Lithuania . Railway Technology . 22 June 2023 .
  73. Web site: Interior design project of Stadler EMU for Lithuania unveiled . 2 September 2024 .
  74. Web site: Stadler Rail Group . 23 April 2015 . MEDIA RELEASE – Stadler on track for success in the Netherlands . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150701053454/http://www.stadlerrail.com/media/uploads/2015-04-23_Stadler_gewinnt_in_den_Niederlanden_EN.pdf . 1 July 2015 . 2025-10-19 . Stadlerrail.com .
  75. Web site: NS confirms direct order for 58 Stadler EMUs. DVV Media International. Ltd. Railway Gazette.
  76. Web site: 58 FLIRT-ów dla Holendrów powstanie w Polsce. Kurier. Kolejowy. kurierkolejowy.eu.
  77. Web site: NSB selects Stadler for largest train order . 20 August 2008 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20120604042908/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/nsb-selects-stadler-for-largest-train-order.html . 4 June 2012 .
  78. Web site: FLIRT for the Norwegian State Railways Datasheet . 27 November 2005 . Stadler Rail AG . https://web.archive.org/web/20110606021833/http://www.stadlerrail.com/media/uploads/factsheets/FNSB1008e_NSB_NO_E.pdf . 6 June 2011 .
  79. News: Dette blir bedre med de nye Flirt-togene. 2 May 2012. Teknisk Ukeblad. 2 May 2012.
  80. Web site: 50 FLIRTs delivered to Norway on schedule. https://web.archive.org/web/20151208235150/http://www.stadlerrail.com/fr/medias/2014/01/27/50-flirts-delivered-to-norway-on-schedule/. 8 December 2015.
  81. News: Mot slutten av sommeren vil alle setene på Flirt-togene være komfortseter. Garathun. Mari Gisvold. 11 March 2014. Teknisk Ukeblad. no. 22 July 2014.
  82. Web site: . Bi-mode multiple unit – FLIRT NORDIC Norske tog AS, Norway . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200115105923/https://stadlerrail.com/media/pdf/fnor0919e.pdf . 15 January 2020 . 22 December 2024 .
  83. Web site: Samferdselsministeren avduket nye hybridtog i Trondheim. 7 September 2021. 11 October 2021.
  84. Web site: Norske tog har mottatt FLIRT-tog nr 150 . 19 February 2023 . www.norsketog.no . nb.
  85. Web site: Stadler skal levere Norges nye fjerntog . 19 February 2023 . www.norsketog.no . nb.
  86. [:pl:Łódzka Kolej Aglomeracyjna]
  87. Web site: Elektryczny niskopodłogowy zespół trakcyjny FLIRT dla Łódzkiej Kolei Aglomeracyjnej . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131021153729/http://www.stadlerrail.pl/media/uploads/F3L0513p_.pdf . 21 October 2013 . 13 January 2022 . www.stadlerrail.pl . pl.
  88. Web site: Stadler and Newag win PKP Intercity train order. DVV Media International. Ltd. Railway Gazette.
  89. Web site: 11 June 2021 . FLIRT bez tajemnic – pięcioczłonowe pojazdy ER160 Kolei Mazowieckich . 14 October 2022 . Koleje Mazowieckie . pl.
  90. News: PKP Intercity odbiera pierwsze FLIRTY . PKP Intercity receives the first FLIRTS . 27 January 2023 . PKP Intercity . 16 September 2022 . pl.
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  95. Web site: 1 February 2022 . Srbija kupuje 18 garnitura elektromotornih vozova od švajcarskog Štadlera – Ekonomija – Dnevni list Danas . 5 January 2023 . sr-RS.
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  97. Web site: Slovenian Railways orders 26 multiple units from Stadler . International Rail Journal . 18 April 2018 . 23 April 2018.
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  99. Web site: V promet prihaja še zadnji od 52 novih potniških vlakov . sl . Slovenske Železnice . 30 September 2022 . 3 December 2022.
  100. Web site: 15 July 2021. Renfe y Stadler firman la compra de 59 trenes para Cercanías. 3 October 2021. Economia3. es.
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  102. Web site: New EMUs for Renfe Cercanías .
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  104. Ein FLIRT für die Stadt Zug und die S-Bahn Basel . . 27 September 2002 . de . 29 November 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110606044126/http://www.stadlerrail.com/de/medien/2002/09/27/ein-flirt-fur-die-stadt-zug-und-die-s-bahn-basel/ . 6 June 2011 .
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  110. Web site: Stadler Rail wins 100-million-dollar contract in Texas. Stadler Rail. 10 June 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150621185402/http://www.stadlerrail.com/en/news/2015/06/10/stadler-rail-wins-100-million-dollar-contract-in-t/. 21 June 2015.
  111. News: Dickson. Gordon. Fort Worth authority signs deal for TEX Rail cars. Fort Worth Star-Telegram. 9 June 2015.
  112. Web site: Stadler breaks ground on railcar manufacturing plant expected to employ 1,000 in west Salt Lake City. The Salt Lake Tribune.
  113. Web site: Technical Proposal. San Bernardino County Transportation Authority. Stadler. 2 March 2021.
  114. Web site: Construction begins for rail connecting Redlands to San Bernardino. Redlands Daily Facts. 19 July 2019.
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  128. News: Algérie: au moins un mort et 70 blessés dans le déraillement d'un train . 5 November 2014. Le Parisien . fr-FR. 21 June 2019.
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  135. Web site: Hannant . David . New trains investigated after shocking near miss with car at level crossing . Archant Media Ltd . Eastern Daily Press . 6 December 2019 . 6 December 2019 . 6 December 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191206191554/https://www.edp24.co.uk/news/new-greater-anglia-train-level-crossing-trouble-1-6413014 .
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  137. Web site: Wayback Machine . https://web.archive.org/web/20250529093204/https://www.gov.pl/attachment/b8779aae-c4ff-4a2a-afc7-011a7339eaac . 2025-05-29 . 2026-01-20 . www.gov.pl.
  138. Web site: CJSC Stadler Minsk . ELECTRIC MULTIPLE UNIT FLIRTG Azerbaijan Railways CJSC, Azerbaijan . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20220110202435/https://www.stadlerrail.com/media/pdf/flirt%20emu%20ady_en.pdf . 10 January 2022 . 2025-10-19 . Stadlerrail.com.
  139. Web site: 21 August 2024 . FLIRTs for ADY . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240822234012/https://www.railvolution.net/news/flirts-for-ady . 22 August 2024 . 26 December 2024 . Railvolution.
  140. Web site: CJSC Stadler Minsk . DIESEL-ELECTRIC MULTIPLE UNIT FLIRTG Azerbaijan Railways CJSC, Azerbaijan . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20220110202738/https://www.stadlerrail.com/media/pdf/flirt%20dmu%20ady_en.pdf . 10 January 2022 . 2025-10-19 . Stadlerrail.com.
  141. Web site: Stadler Bussnang AG . ELECTRIC INTERCITY MULTIPLE UNIT FLIRT LEO Express a.s., Czech Republic . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20201028061627/https://stadlerrail.com/media/pdf/frex0711e.pdf . 28 October 2020 . 2025-10-19 . Stadlerrail.com.
  142. Web site: Stadler Bussnang AG . Electric Intercity Multiple-unit FLIRT for LEO Express a.s., Czech Republic . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20140403101543/https://www.vlaky.net/upload/images/reports/005115/FREx0711e.pdf . 3 April 2014.
  143. Web site: Stadler Bussnang AG . НизкопольНый моторвагоННый электропоезд FLIRT Eesti Liinirongid AS (Elron), Эстония . ELECTRIC LOW-FLOOR MULTIPLE UNIT FLIRT Eesti Liinirongid AS (Elron), Estonia . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20190413011653/https://www.stadlerrail.com/media/pdf/electric_low_floor_flirt_estonia_ru.pdf . 13 April 2019 . 2025-10-19 . Stadlerrail.com . ru.
  144. Web site: ABB . ABB . COMPACT CONVERTER BORDLINE CC750 DC_3kV For regional trains (EMUs) with 3 kVdc grid voltage . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20191017005048/https://library.e.abb.com/public/5970d42129b546b29a04cc9ea616af91/BORDLINE_CC750_DC_3kV_M_1300_Estland_RevB%20EN.pdf . 17 October 2019 . 25 December 2024 . abb.com . BORDLINE CC750 DC Compact Converter is a rugged unit based on modern 3.3 kV IGBTs. It can control either one or two motors in parallel. This Compact Converter makes use of ABB's well-proven 3-level topology (...) BORDLINE CC750 DC_3kV is mounted in Stadler's broad-gauge electrical trains of the type FLIRT for El- ron in Estonia. (...) BORDLINE CC750 DC_3kV_M_1300.
  145. Web site: Stadler Bussnang AG . https://stadlerrail.com/media/pdf/feled0818e[1.pdf DIESEL LOW-FLOOR MULTIPLE UNIT FLIRT Eesti Liinirongid AS (Elron), Estonia ]. dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20211125171527/https://www.stadlerrail.com/media/pdf/feled0818e[1].pdf . 25 November 2021 . 2025-10-19 . Stadlerrail.com.
  146. Web site: ABB . ABB . COMPACT CONVERTER BORDLINE CC750 DE, energy storage option For diesel-electric regional trains . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20241225154514/https://library.e.abb.com/public/40f7642a28f14c3298fb498aaed31688/BORDLINE+CC750+DE_D_M_900+supercap+Estland+RevC+EN.pdf . 25 December 2024 . 25 December 2024 . abb.com . BORDLINE CC750 DE Compact Converter is a compact and solid unit incorporating modern IGBT technology and can control one or two motors in parallel. With a constant high switching frequency of 2 kHz (...) The BORDLINE CC750 DE is used in Stadler's diesel-electic [sic] fleet (GTW and FLIRT). The BORDLINE CC750 DE version with supercapacitors is installed in Stadler's FLIRT DMU fleet for Elron, Estonia. (...) BORDLINE CC750 DE_D_M_900.
  147. Web site: Stadler Polska Sp. z o.o. . ELECTRIC LOW-FLOOR MULTIPLE UNIT FLIRT SMX VR, Finland . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20230721140714/https://stadlerrail.com/media/pdf/fvremu1122e.pdf . 21 July 2023 . 2025-10-19 . Stadlerrail.org.
  148. Web site: Stadler Pankow GmbH . Elektrischer Niederflurtriebzug FLIRT für die DB Regio AG . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20071021215843/http://www.stadlerrail.com/file/pdf/FLIRT_DB%20AG.pdf . 21 October 2007 . 2025-10-19 . Stadlerrail.com . de .
  149. Web site: Stadler Pankow GmbH . Elektrischer Niederflurtriebzug FLIRT für die DB Regio AG . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20241222160749/https://www.yumpu.com/de/document/read/7871127/elektrischer-niederflurtriebzug-flirt-fur-die-db-regio-ag-stadler . 22 December 2024 . 22 December 2024 . Yumpu.com . de . FDB0812d.
  150. Web site: ABB Switzerland Ltd . COMPACT CONVERTER BORDLINE CC1500 AC_15-25kV For electric multiple units . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20191017005107/https://library.e.abb.com/public/0cbb7accb6f94e66918471e12b01906a/BORDLINE%20CC1500%20AC_15-25kV_M_1500%20DB%20RevC%20EN.pdf . 17 October 2019 . BORDLINE CC1500 AC is mounted in the electric multiple unit trains for DB Regio NRW in Nordrhein-Westfalen and DB Regio in Rheinland-Pfalz. The FLIRT3 trains produced by Stadler are equipped with a redundant ABB traction chain with two Compact Converters and two traction transformers..
  151. Web site: Stadler Deutschland GmbH . FLIRT AKKU 2-CAR UNIT Deutsche Bahn AG, Germany . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20230721134220/https://www.stadlerrail.com/media/pdf/fabemu_db0222e.pdf . 21 July 2023 . 2025-10-19 . Stadlerrail.com.
  152. Web site: Stadler Pankow GmbH . Elektrischer Niederflurtriebzug FLIRT für die Abellio GmbH . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201027001043/http://www.traction-electrique.ch/documents/FLIRT23.pdf . 27 October 2020 . 25 December 2024 . de.
  153. Web site: Stadler Pankow GmbH . https://stadlerrail.com/media/pdf/sta-1826-034%20flirt_vrr%20haltern_d_web[3(1).pdf ELEKTRISCHER NIEDERFLURTRIEBZUG FLIRT Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Ruhr (VRR), Deutschland ]. dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20201029141717/https://stadlerrail.com/media/pdf/sta-1826-034%20flirt_vrr%20haltern_d_web[3](1).pdf . 2020-10-29 . 2024-12-21 . de.
  154. Web site: Stadler Pankow GmbH . ELEKTRISCHER NIEDERFLUR-TRIEBZUG FLIRT Zweckverband Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Ruhr/Abellio Rail NRW GmbH . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20190413011224/https://stadlerrail.com/media/pdf/fab0516d.pdf . 2019-04-13 . 2024-12-21 . de.
  155. Web site: Stadler Pankow GmbH . Elektrischer Niederflurtriebzug FLIRT für den Zweckverband Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Ruhr/Abellio Rail NRW GmbH . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160817160023/https://www.treinreiziger.nl/userfiles/image/artikel/pdf/Flirt-Abellio.pdf . 2016-08-17 . 2024-12-21 . de.
  156. Web site: ELEKTRISCHER NIEDERFLURTRIEBZUG FLIRT Schienenfahrzeuge Baden-Württemberg AöR (SFBW)/Go-Ahead Baden-Württemberg GmbH, Deutschland . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20241222150151/https://www.arverio-bw.de/fileadmin/user_upload/content/service/news/2019/pdf_dateien/Stadler_Datenblatt_FLIRT_Baden-Wuerttemberg_3und5-teilig_D_f.pdf . 22 December 2024 . 2025-10-19 . Stadlerrail.com . de .
  157. Web site: Stadler Pankow GmbH . https://stadlerrail.com/media/pdf/fhwn0918e___sta-1826-015_flirt_alpha_trains-hwn_e[2.pdf ELECTRIC LOW-FLOOR MULTIPLE UNIT FLIRT Alpha Trains, Germany ]. dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20210918040445/https://stadlerrail.com/media/pdf/fhwn0918e___sta-1826-015_flirt_alpha_trains-hwn_e[2].pdf . 2021-09-18 . 2024-12-21.
  158. Web site: Stadler Pankow GmbH . Elektrischer Niederflurtriebzug FLIRT für die Eurobahn, Deutschland . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20190413014145/https://www.stadlerrail.com/media/pdf/sta_7030-008_flirt_eurobahn_d_rl.pdf . 13 April 2019 . 2025-10-19 . Stadlerrail.com . de.
  159. Web site: Stadler Bussnang AG . Electric low-floor multiple unit FLIRT for MÁV ZRt. (Hungarian State Railways), Hungary . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20200115102819/https://stadlerrail.com/media/pdf/fmav1206e.pdf . 15 January 2020.
  160. Web site: Stadler Bussnang AG . ELECTRIC LOW-FLOOR MULTIPLE-UNIT FLIRT GYSEV Zrt, Hungary . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20200115104851/https://stadlerrail.com/media/pdf/f3gys0916e.pdf . 15 January 2020 . 2025-10-19 . Stadlerrail.com.
  161. Web site: Stadler Bussnang AG . ELECTRIC LOW-FLOOR MULTIPLE-UNIT FLIRT Abellio, Gouda-Alphen concession, the Netherlands . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20190413011227/https://stadlerrail.com/media/pdf/f3ga0815e.pdf . 2019-04-13 . 2024-12-21.
  162. Web site: Stadler Bussnang AG . Electric low-floor multiple-unit FLIRT for NS the Netherlands . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20241222162729/https://trainspo.com/uploads/pdf/model_5540_1499959853.pdf . 22 December 2024 . 2025-10-19 . Stadlerrail.com.
  163. Web site: Stadler Polska Sp. z o.o. . ELECTRIC LOW-FLOOR MULTIPLE-UNIT FLIRT Nederlandse Spoorwegen NS, The Netherlands . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20201031120156/https://stadlerrail.com/media/pdf/f3nsreiz0715e.pdf . 2020-10-31 . 2024-12-21.
  164. Web site: Sprinter (Stadler/Flirt). 3 March 2021. NS.
  165. Web site: ELECTRIC LOW-FLOOR MULTIPLE-UNIT FLIRT 1.5kV/3kV/15kV For Arriva Netherlands, Limburg concession (Preliminary data) . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20190413011239/https://www.stadlerrail.com/media/pdf/garrl31014e.pdf . 2019-04-13 . 2024-12-21.
  166. Web site: Norske tog – type 74 . 20 November 2018.
  167. Web site: Stadler Bussnang AG . ELECTRIC MULTIPLE UNIT FLIRT Norske tog AS, Norway . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20200115102535/https://stadlerrail.com/media/pdf/fnsb0919e.pdf . 15 January 2020 . 2025-10-19 . Stadlerrail.com.
  168. Web site: Norske tog – type 75 . 20 November 2018.
  169. Web site: Norske tog – type 75-2 . 20 November 2018.
  170. Web site: Stadler Bussnang AG . BIMODAL MULTIPLE UNIT – FLIRT NORDIC Norske tog AS, Norway . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20211125164803/https://www.stadlerrail.com/media/pdf/fnsbbmu1220e.pdf . 25 November 2021 . 2025-10-19 . Stadlerrail.com.
  171. Web site: Stadler Rheintal AG . ELECTRIC MULTIPLE UNIT – FLIRT NORDIC EXPRESS Norske tog AS, Norway . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20230629172347/https://www.stadlerrail.com/media/pdf/fnoremu_a0523e.pdf . 29 June 2023 . 2025-10-19 . Stadlerrail.com.
  172. Web site: Stadler Rheintal AG . BI-MODE MULTIPLE UNITS – FLIRT NORDIC EXPRESS Norske tog AS, Norway . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20230629172337/https://www.stadlerrail.com/media/pdf/fnorbmu_b0523e.pdf . 29 June 2023 . 2025-10-19 . Stadlerrail.com.
  173. Web site: Stadler Rheintal AG . ELECTRIC MULTIPLE UNIT – FLIRT NORDIC EXPRESS Norske tog AS, Norway . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20230629172344/https://www.stadlerrail.com/media/pdf/fnoremu_c0523e.pdf . 29 June 2023 . 2025-10-19 . Stadlerrail.com.
  174. Web site: Stadler Rheintal AG . ELECTRIC MULTIPLE UNIT – FLIRT NORDIC EXPRESS Norske tog AS, Norway . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20230629172340/https://www.stadlerrail.com/media/pdf/fnoremu_d0523e.pdf . 29 June 2023 . 2025-10-19 . Stadlerrail.com.
  175. Web site: Stadler Polska Sp. z o.o. . Elektryczny niskopodłogowy zespół trakcyjny FLIRT dla Śląska . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304142110/http://www.stadlerrail.com/media/uploads/factsheets/FLIRT_Schlesien_pol.pdf . 2016-03-04 . Polish.
  176. Web site: Stadler Polska Sp. z o.o. . Elektryczny niskopodłogowy zespół trakcyjny FLIRT dla Mazowsza . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20091127185700/http://www.stadlerrail.com:80/media/uploads/factsheets/FLIRT_Mazovien_pol_neu.pdf . 2009-11-27 . 2025-10-19 . Stadler.pl . Polish.
  177. Web site: ABB Switzerland Ltd . BORDLINE CC750 DC_3kV For regional trains (EMUs) with 3 kVdc grid voltage . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20191017005053/https://library.e.abb.com/public/b9ec7093f6bf4a1c80d6fdf5acf652cb/BORDLINE%20CC750%20DC_3_kV_M_700%20RevC%20EN.pdf . 2019-10-17 . 2024-12-21 . BORDLINE CC750 DC_3kV_M_700 (...) This Compact Converter makes use of ABB's well-proven 3-level topology (...) BORDLINE CC750 DC_3kV is in operation in Stadler's electrical multiple unit FLIRT in Mazovia (Poland) and Italy..
  178. Web site: ŁKA: Pierwszy wydłużony Flirt wyjeżdża na tory . 2024-12-08 . www.rynek-kolejowy.pl . pl-PL.
  179. Web site: Stadler Rail Group . ELECTRIC MULTIPLE UNIT FLIRT PKP Intercity, Poland . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20230608102628/https://stadlerrail.com/media/pdf/pkpflirt_en.pdf . 2023-06-08 . 2025-10-19 . Stadlerrail.com.
  180. Web site: ABB Switzerland Ltd . ABB . COMPACT CONVERTER BORDLINE CC1500 DC_3kV For Intercity regional trains with 3 kVdc line voltage . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20241221155536/https://library.e.abb.com/public/cff0b5b3ddfe4d858f660d560e23a689/BORDLINE+CC1500+DC_3+kV_M_1500+PKP+RevA+EN.pdf . 2024-12-21 . 2024-12-21.
  181. Web site: 2022-09-16 . PKP Intercity odbiera pierwsze FLIRTY . Polish.
  182. Web site: 28 February 2023 . "Doctor Green" On Test At Velim . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240414041832/https://www.railvolution.net/news/doctor-green-on-test-at-velim . 14 April 2024 . 25 December 2024 . Railvolution.
  183. Web site: Stadler Rail Valencia S.A.U. . FLIRT LOW-FLOOR EMU Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20240218210033/https://stadlerrail.com/media/pdf/ffgc1123_en.pdf . 18 February 2024 . 2025-10-19 . Stadlerrail.com.
  184. Web site: Stadler Rail Valencia S.A.U. . HIGH CAPACITY COMMUTER TRAIN Renfe, Spain . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20241225141108/https://stadlerrail.com/media/pdf/fhc_renfe0924_en.pdf . 25 December 2024 . 2025-10-19 . Stadlerrail.com.
  185. Web site: Stadler Bussnang AG . Elektrischer Niederflurtriebzug FLIRT Wiesental für die Schweizerischen Bundesbahnen (SBB) Wiesental . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20060327122148/http://www.stadlerrail.com/file/pdf/SBB%20Wiesental_d.pdf . 27 March 2006 . 2025-10-19 . Stadlerrail.com . de .
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  191. Web site: Stadler Altenrhein AG . Elektrischer Niederflurtriebzug FLIRT SOB für die Schweizerische Südostbahn AG, Schweiz . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20071023223446/http://www.stadlerrail.com/file/pdf/Pdb_FLIRT_SOB%20%20d.pdf . 23 October 2007 . 2025-10-19 . Stadlerrail.com . de .
  192. Web site: Stadler Bussnang AG . FLIRT – Niederflur-Gelenktriebwagen für die «Transports Publics Fribourgeois» (Freiburgische Verkehrsbetriebe), Schweiz . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221120095427/https://www.stadlerrail.com/media/pdf/flirt-tpf0911d.pdf . 20 November 2022 . 2025-10-19 . Stadlerrail.com . de .
  193. Web site: Stadler Bussnang AG . https://stadlerrail.com/media/pdf/ftpn0119d[1.pdf ELEKTRISCHER NIEDERFLURTRIEBZUG FLIRT Transports Publics Neuchâtelois (transN) ]. dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20211125194401/https://www.stadlerrail.com/media/pdf/ftpn0119d[1].pdf . 25 November 2021 . 2025-10-19 . Stadlerrail.com . de.
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  195. Web site: Stadler Bussnang AG . ELEKTRISCHER NIEDERFLURTRIEBZUG FLIRT LEX Schweizerische Bundesbahnen (SBB), Schweiz / Frankreich . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20211125194220/https://www.stadlerrail.com/media/pdf/fsbblex0818d.pdf . 25 November 2021 . 2025-10-19 . Stadlerrail.com . de.
  196. Web site: Stadler Bussnang AG . DUAL-VOLTAGE FLIRT TILO EMUS FNM SpA, Milan . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20230722095426/https://stadlerrail.com/media/pdf/fnmflirt0621_en.pdf . 22 July 2023 . 2025-10-19 . Stadlerrail.com.
  197. Web site: Stadler Bussnang AG . ELECTRIC LOW-FLOOR MULTIPLE UNIT FLIRT – TRAVERSO Südostbahn (SOB), Switzerland . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20231029170911/https://stadlerrail.com/media/pdf/fsob0222e.pdf . 2023-10-29 . 2025-10-19 . Stadlerrail.com.
  198. Web site: ABB Switzerland Ltd . BORDLINE CC1500 AC_15-25kV Most efficient traction chain for regional trains . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20241221184002/https://library.e.abb.com/public/504e182f54f545e488bbf1ef52fb2b34/BORDLINE+CC1500+AC_15-25kV+BL4+RevA+EN+web.pdf . 2024-12-21 . 2024-12-21 . ABB patented multilevel converter topology (...) BORDLINE CC1500 AC is used in the trains of the type FLIRT and KISS for AB Transitio, BLS, Go-Ahead (Murrbahn), SOB and VRR. Each train is equipped with a redundant ABB traction chain with two Compact Converters and two traction transformers..
  199. Web site: Stadler Bussnang AG . ELECTRIC MULTIPLE UNIT – FLIRT Greater Anglia, UK . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20230722095619/https://stadlerrail.com/media/pdf/feaemu0919_en.pdf . 22 July 2023 . 2025-10-19 . Stadlerrail.com.
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  201. Web site: Stadler Bussnang AG . FLIRT TRI-MODE MULTIPLE UNIT Transport for Wales . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20241222114841/https://stadlerrail.com/media/pdf/fwbtri0922_en.pdf . 22 December 2024 . 22 December 2024.
  202. Web site: Stadler Bussnang AG . FLIRT DIESEL-ELECTRIC MULTIPLE UNIT Transport for Wales . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20231029171106/https://stadlerrail.com/media/pdf/fwbdmu0423e.pdf . 29 October 2023 . 2025-10-19 . Stadlerrail.com.

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