Saab JAS 39 Gripen explained

JAS 39 Gripen
First Flight:9 December 1988
Introduced:9 June 1996[1]
Status:In service
Produced:1987–present
Number Built:~300 (2023)[2]

The Saab JAS 39 Gripen (pronounced as /sv/;) is a light single-engine supersonic multirole fighter aircraft manufactured by the Swedish aerospace and defence company Saab AB. The Gripen has a delta wing and canard configuration with relaxed stability design and fly-by-wire flight controls. Later aircraft are fully NATO interoperable., more than 280 Gripens of all models, A–F, have been delivered.

In 1979, the Swedish government began development studies for "an aircraft for fighter, attack, and reconnaissance" (sv|ett jakt-, attack- och spaningsflygplan, hence "JAS") to replace the Saab 35 Draken and 37 Viggen in the Swedish Air Force. A new design from Saab was selected and developed as the JAS 39. The first flight took place in 1988, with delivery of the first serial-production airplane in 1993. It entered service with the Swedish Air Force in 1996. Upgraded variants, featuring more advanced avionics and adaptations for longer mission times, began entering service in 2003.

To market the aircraft internationally, Saab formed partnerships and collaborative efforts with overseas aerospace companies. On the export market, early models of the Gripen achieved moderate success, with sales to nations in Central Europe, South Africa, and Southeast Asia. Bribery was suspected in some of these procurements, but Swedish authorities closed the investigation in 2009.[3]

A major redesign of the Gripen series, previously referred to as Gripen NG (Next Generation) or Super JAS, now designated JAS 39E/F Gripen[4] began deliveries to the Swedish Air Force and Brazilian Air Force in 2019. Changes from the JAS C to JAS E include a larger fuselage, a more powerful engine, increased weapons payload capability, and new cockpit, avionics architecture, electronic warfare system and other improvements.

Development

Origins

In the late 1970s, Sweden sought to replace its aging Saab 35 Draken and Saab 37 Viggen. The Swedish Air Force required an affordable Mach 2 aircraft with good short-field performance for a defensive dispersed basing plan in the event of invasion; the plan included 800 m long by 17 m wide rudimentary runways that were part of the Bas 90 system.[5] [6] One goal was for the aircraft to be smaller than the Viggen while equalling or improving on its payload-range characteristics. Early proposals included the Saab 38, also called B3LA, intended as an attack aircraft and trainer, and the A 20, a development of the Viggen that would have capabilities as a fighter, attack and sea reconnaissance aircraft.[7] Several foreign designs were also studied, including the General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon, the McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet, the Northrop F-20 Tigershark and the Dassault Mirage 2000. Ultimately, the Swedish government opted for a new fighter to be developed by Saab.

In 1979, the government began a study calling for a versatile platform capable of "JAS", standing for Jakt (air-to-air), Attack (air-to-surface), and Spaning (reconnaissance), indicating a multirole, or swingrole, fighter aircraft that could fulfill multiple roles during the same mission. Several Saab designs were reviewed, the most promising being "Project 2105" (redesignated "Project 2108" and, later, "Project 2110"), recommended to the government by the Defence Materiel Administration (Försvarets Materielverk, or FMV). In 1980, Industrigruppen JAS (IG JAS, "JAS Industry Group") was established as a joint venture by Saab-Scania, LM Ericsson, Svenska Radioaktiebolaget, Volvo Flygmotor and Försvarets Fabriksverk, the industrial arm of the Swedish armed forces.

The preferred aircraft was a single-engine, lightweight single-seater, embracing fly-by-wire technology, canards, and an aerodynamically unstable design. The powerplant selected was the Volvo-Flygmotor RM12, a licence-built derivative of the General Electric F404−400; engine development priorities were weight reduction and lowering component count. On 30 June 1982, with approval from the Riksdag,[8] the FMV issued contracts worth SEK 25.7 billion to Saab, covering five prototypes and an initial batch of 30 production aircraft. By January 1983, a Viggen was converted to a flying test aircraft for the JAS 39's intended avionics, such as the fly-by-wire controls.[9] The JAS 39 received the name Gripen (griffin) via a public competition, which is the heraldry on Saab's logo.

Testing, production, and improvements

Saab rolled out the first Gripen on 26 April 1987, marking the company's 50th anniversary. Originally planned to fly in 1987, the first flight was delayed by 18 months due to issues with the flight control system. On 9 December 1988, the first prototype (serial number 39-1) took its 51-minute maiden flight with pilot Stig Holmström at the controls.[10] During the test programme, concern surfaced about the aircraft's avionics, specifically the fly-by-wire flight control system (FCS), and the relaxed stability design. On 2 February 1989, this issue led to the crash of the prototype during an attempted landing at Linköping; the test pilot Lars Rådeström walked away with a broken elbow. The cause of the crash was identified as pilot-induced oscillation, caused by problems with the FCS's pitch-control routine.[11] [12]

In response to the crash, Saab and US firm Calspan introduced software modifications to the aircraft. A modified Lockheed NT-33A was used to test these improvements, which allowed flight testing to resume 15 months after the accident. On 8 August 1993, production aircraft 39102 was destroyed in an accident at an aerial display for the Stockholm Water Festival. Test pilot Lars Rådeström lost control of the aircraft during a roll at low altitude when the aircraft stalled, forcing him to eject. Saab later found the problem was high amplification of the pilot's quick and significant stick command inputs. The ensuing investigation and flaw correction further delayed test flying by several months, resuming in December 1993.

The first order included an option for another 110, which was exercised in June 1992. Batch II consisted of 96 one-seat JAS 39As and 14 two-seat JAS 39Bs. The JAS 39B variant is 66 cm (26 in) longer than the JAS 39A to accommodate a second seat, which also necessitated the deletion of the cannon and a reduced internal fuel capacity. By April 1994, five prototypes and two series-production Gripens had been completed; but a beyond-visual-range missile (BVR) had not yet been selected. A third batch was ordered in June 1997, composed of 50 upgraded single-seat JAS 39Cs and 14 JAS 39D two-seaters, known as 'Turbo Gripen', with NATO compatibility for exports. Batch III aircraft, delivered between 2002 and 2008, possess more powerful and updated avionics, in-flight refuelling capability via retractable probes on the aircraft's starboard side, and an on-board oxygen-generating system (OBOGS) for longer duration missions. In-flight refuelling was tested via a specially equipped prototype (39‐4) used in successful trials with a Royal Air Force VC10 in 1998.

Teaming agreements

During the 1995 Paris Air Show, Saab Military Aircraft and British Aerospace (BAe, now BAE Systems) announced the formation of the joint-venture company Saab-BAe Gripen AB with the goal of adapting, manufacturing, marketing and supporting Gripen worldwide. The deal involved the conversion of the A and B series aircraft to the "export" C and D series, which developed the Gripen for compatibility with NATO standards. This co-operation was extended in 2001 with the formation of Gripen International to promote export sales. In December 2004, Saab and BAE Systems announced that BAE was to sell a large portion of its stake in Saab, and that Saab would take full responsibility for marketing and export orders of the Gripen.[13] In June 2011, Saab announced that an internal investigation revealed evidence of acts of corruption by BAE Systems, including money laundering in South Africa, one of the Gripen's customers.[14]

On 26 April 2007, Norway signed a NOK150 million joint-development agreement with Saab to co-operate in the development programme of the Gripen, including the integration of Norwegian industries in the development of future versions of the aircraft.[15] In June of the same year, Saab also entered an agreement with Thales Norway A/S concerning the development of communications systems for the Gripen fighter. This order was the first awarded under the provisions of the Letter of Agreement signed by the Norwegian Ministry of Defence and Gripen International in April 2007.[15] As a result of the United States diplomatic cables leak in 2010, it was revealed that US diplomats had become concerned with co-operation between Norway and Sweden on the topic of the Gripen, and had sought to exert pressure against a Norwegian purchase of the aircraft.[16]

In December 2007, as part of Gripen International's marketing efforts in Denmark, a deal was signed with Danish technology supplier Terma A/S that let them participate in an Industrial Co-operation programme over the next 10–15 years. The total value of the programme was estimated at over DKK10 billion, and was partly dependent on a procurement of the Gripen by Denmark.[17] Subsequently, Denmark elected to procure the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter.

Controversies and scandals

Developing an advanced multi-role fighter was a major undertaking for Sweden. The predecessor 37 Viggen had been criticized for occupying too much of Sweden's military budget and was branded "a cuckoo in the military nest" by critics as early as 1971. At the 1972 party congress of the Socialdemokraterna, the dominant party in Swedish politics since the 1950s, a motion was passed to stop any future projects to develop advanced military aircraft.[18] In 1982, the Gripen project passed in the Riksdag by a margin of 176 for and 167 against, with the entire Social Democratic party voting against the proposal due to demands for more studies. A new bill was introduced in 1983[19] and a final approval was given in April 1983 with the condition that the project was to have a predetermined fixed-price contract, a decision that would later be criticized as unrealistic due to later cost overruns.

According to Annika Brändström, in the aftermath of the 1989 and 1993 crashes, the Gripen risked a loss of credibility and the weakening of its public image. There was public speculation that failures to address technical problems exposed in the first crash had directly contributed to the second crash, which thus had been avoidable. Brändström observed that media elements had called for greater public accountability and explanation of the project; ill-informed media analysis had also distorted public knowledge of the Gripen. The sitting Conservative government quickly endorsed and supported the Gripen – Minister of Defense Anders Björck issued a public reassurance that the project was very positive for Sweden. In connection to the Gripen's marketing efforts to multiple countries, including South Africa, Austria, the Czech Republic and Hungary, there were reports of widespread bribery and corruption by BAE Systems and Saab.[20] In 2007, Swedish journalists reported that BAE had paid bribes equivalent to millions of dollars.[21] [22] [23] Following criminal investigations in eight countries, only one individual in Austria, Alfons Mensdorf-Pouilly, was prosecuted for bribery. The scandal tarnished the international reputation of the Gripen, BAE Systems, Saab, and Sweden.[24]

Operational costs

The Gripen's cost has been subject to frequent attention and speculation. Price of purchase is what receives most attention during the procurement process, but over the lifetime of an aircraft system the operating costs will take the larger part of the total budget. It is not uncommon that pilots and aircraft remain on the ground because the allocated funds for training have run out. Without sufficient practice, pilots cannot use the abilities of the aircraft to their full potential, which means a state of the art aircraft with poorly trained pilots can be expected to perform worse than trained pilots in slightly less capable aircraft.[25]

In 2008, Saab announced reduced earnings for that year, partly attributing this to increased marketing costs for the aircraft.[26] In 2008, after Norway said its evaluation found the F-35A would cost them less than the Gripen NG, Saab disputed their cost calculations as overestimates and in excess of real world performance with existing operators.[27] A 2007 report by the European Union Institute for Security Studies stated the total research and development costs of Gripen were €1.84 billion.[28] According to a study by Jane's Information Group in 2012, the Gripen's operational cost was the lowest among several modern fighters; it was estimated at $4700 per flight hour.[29] The Swedish Ministry of Defense estimated the cost of the full system, comprising 60 Gripen E/F, at SEK 90 billion distributed over the period 2013–42. The Swedish Armed Forces estimated that maintaining 100 C/D-model aircraft until 2042 would cost SEK 60 billion (€6.6 billion in 2013), while buying aircraft from a foreign supplier would cost SEK 110 billion (€12.1 billion).[30] In 2023 Aviation Week on Behalf of SAAB conducted a study that found the Gripen C/D costs $20643 (maintenance and operations) per hour and the E/F per hour (maintenance and operations).[31]

Cost per flight hour (CPFH)
SourceCurrency JAS39 F-16 Block40/50
IHS Jane's 2012[32] USD39C: F-35A:
F-35B/C:
of which fuel
ÖB MicaelBydén 2014[33] SEK
Flygrevyn 2021[34] SEK
SAAB/Aviation Week2023 USDC/D: E/F: F-16V:
All values are compensated for inflation and given in 2022 year's currency value rounded to nearest hundreds.

JAS 39E/F and other developments

A two-seat aircraft, designated "Gripen Demo", was ordered in 2007 as a testbed for various upgrades.[35] [36] It was powered by the General Electric F414G, a development of the Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet's engine.[37] The Gripen NG's maximum takeoff weight was increased from, internal fuel capacity was increased by 40 per cent by relocating the undercarriage, which also allowed for two additional hardpoints be added on the fuselage underside. Its combat radius was 1300km (800miles) when carrying 6 air-to-air missiles (4 RR + 2 IR) and external tanks.[38] The PS-05/A radar is replaced by the new Raven ES-05 active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar, which is based on the Vixen AESA radar family from Selex ES (since 2016 Finmeccanica, then Leonardo S.p.A.).[39] [40] The Gripen Demo's maiden flight was conducted on 27 May 2008.[41] On 21 January 2009, the Gripen Demo flew at Mach 1.2+ at without reheat to test its supercruise capability.[42] The Gripen Demo served as a basis for the Gripen E/F, also referred to as the Gripen NG (Next Generation) and MS (Mission System) 21.[43]

Saab studied a variant of the Gripen capable of operating from aircraft carriers in the 1990s. In 2009, it launched the Sea Gripen project in response to India's request for information on a carrier-based aircraft. Brazil may also require new carrier aircraft.[44] Following a meeting with Ministry of Defence (MoD) officials in May 2011, Saab agreed to establish a development center in the UK to expand on the Sea Gripen concept.[45] In 2013, Saab's Lennart Sindahl stated that development of an optionally manned Gripen E capable of flying unmanned operations was being explored by the firm; further development of optionally manned and carrier versions would require customer commitment.[46] [47] On 6 November 2014, the Brazilian Navy expressed interest in a carrier-based Gripen.[48]

In 2010, Sweden awarded Saab a four-year contract to improve the Gripen's radar and other equipment, integrate new weapons, and lower its operating costs.[49] In June 2010, Saab stated that Sweden planned to order the Gripen NG, designated JAS 39E/F, and was to enter service in 2017 or earlier dependent on export orders. On 25 August 2012, following Switzerland's intention to buy 22 of the E/F variants, Sweden announced it planned to buy 40–60 Gripen E/Fs.[50] On 17 January 2013, the Swedish government decided to purchase 60 Gripen Es.[51] [52] Subsequent to a national referendum in 2014 Switzerland decided not to procure replacement fighters and postponed their procurement process.

In July 2013, assembly began on the first pre-production Gripen E.[53] Originally 60 JAS 39Cs were to be retrofitted as JAS 39Es by 2023,[54] but this was revised to Gripen Es having new-built airframes and some reused parts from JAS 39Cs.[55] In March 2014, Saab revealed the detailed design and indicated plans to receive military type certification in 2018.[56] The first Gripen E was rolled out on 18 May 2016.[57] Saab delayed the first flight from 2016 to 2017 to focus on civilian-grade software certification;[58] high speed taxi tests began in December 2016.[59] In September 2015, Saab Aeronautics head Lennart Sindahl stated that an Electronic Warfare version of the Gripen F two-seater could be developed. On 15 June 2017, Saab completed the Gripen E's first flight.[60] By May 2018, the Gripen E had attained supersonic flight and was to commence load tests.[61] On 24 November 2021, Saab announced that the first six Gripen Es were ready to be delivered to the Swedish and Brazilian air forces. The flight test programme with pre-production Gripen Es continued even after initial deliveries to both the Swedish and Brazilian Air Forces.[62]

Design

Overview

The Gripen is a multirole fighter aircraft, intended as a light-weight and agile aerial platform with advanced, highly adaptable avionics. It has canard control surfaces that contribute a positive lift force at all speeds, while the generous lift from the delta wing compensates for the rear stabiliser producing negative lift at high speeds, increasing induced drag. Being intentionally unstable and employing digital fly-by-wire flight controls to maintain stability removes many flight restrictions, improves manoeuvrability, and reduces drag. The Gripen also has good short takeoff performance, being able to maintain a high sink rate and strengthened to withstand the stresses of short landings. The aircraft is fitted with retractable tricycle landing gear, with a double-wheeled nose gear and single main wheels.[63] A pair of air brakes are located on the sides of the rear fuselage; the canards also angle downward to act as air brakes and decrease landing distance. It is capable of flying at a 70–80 degrees angle of attack.

To enable the Gripen to have a long service life, roughly 50 years, Saab designed it to have low maintenance requirements. Major systems such as the RM12 engine and PS-05/A radar are modular to reduce operating cost and increase reliability. The Gripen was designed to be flexible, so that newly developed sensors, computers, and armaments could be integrated as technology advances.[64] The aircraft was estimated to be roughly 67% sourced from Swedish or European suppliers and 33% from the US.[65]

One key aspect of the Gripen programme that Saab have been keen to emphasize has been technology-transfer agreements and industrial partnerships with export customers.[66] The Gripen is typically customized to customer requirements, enabling the routine inclusion of local suppliers in the manufacturing and support processes. A number of South African firms provide components and systems – including the communications suite and electronic warfare systems – for the Gripens operated by the South African Air Force. Operators also have access to the Gripen's source code and technical documentation, allowing for upgrades and new equipment to be independently integrated.[67] Some export customers intend to domestically assemble the Gripen; it has been proposed that Brazilian aerospace manufacturer Embraer may produce Gripens for other export customers as well.[68] [69]

Avionics and sensors

All of the Gripen's avionics are fully integrated using five MIL-STD-1553B digital data buses, in what is described as "sensor fusion". The total integration of the avionics makes the Gripen a "programmable" aircraft, allowing software updates to be introduced over time to increase performance and allow for additional operational roles and equipment. The Ada programming language was adopted for the Gripen, and is used for the primary flight controls on the final prototypes from 1996 onwards and all subsequent production aircraft. The Gripen's software is continuously being improved to add new capabilities, as compared to the preceding Viggen, which was updated only in an 18-month schedule.

Much of the data generated from the onboard sensors and by cockpit activity is digitally recorded throughout the length of an entire mission. This information can be replayed in the cockpit or easily extracted for detailed post-mission analysis using a data transfer unit that can also be used to insert mission data to the aircraft. The Gripen, like the Viggen, was designed to operate as one component of a networked national defence system, which allows for automatic exchange of information in real-time between Gripen aircraft and ground facilities. According to Saab, the Gripen features "the world's most highly developed data link". The Gripen's Ternav tactical navigation system combines information from multiple onboard systems such as the air data computer, radar altimeter, and GPS to continuously calculate the Gripen's location.[70]

The Gripen entered service using the PS-05/A pulse-Doppler X band multi-mode radar, developed by Ericsson and GEC-Marconi, which is based on the latter's advanced Blue Vixen radar for the Sea Harrier that also served as the basis for the Eurofighter's CAPTOR radar. The all-weather radar is capable of locating and identifying targets 120 km (74 mi) away, and automatically tracking multiple targets in the upper and lower spheres, on the ground and sea or in the air. It can guide several beyond visual range air-to-air missiles to multiple targets simultaneously.[71] Saab stated the PS-05/A is able to handle all types of air defence, air-to-surface, and reconnaissance missions, and is developing a Mark 4 upgrade to it.[72] [73] The Mark 4 version has a 150% increase in high-altitude air-to-air detection ranges, detection and tracking of smaller targets at current ranges, 140% improvement in air-to-air mode at low altitude, and full integration of modern weapons such as the AIM-120C-7 AMRAAM, AIM-9X Sidewinder, and MBDA Meteor missiles.[74]

The future Gripen E/F will use a new AESA radar, Raven ES-05, based on the Vixen AESA radar family from Selex ES. Among other improvements, the new radar is to be capable of scanning over a greatly increased field of view and improved range.[75] In addition, the new Gripen integrates the Skyward-G Infra-red search and track (IRST) sensor, which is capable of passively detecting thermal emissions from air and ground targets in the aircraft's vicinity.[76] The sensors of the Gripen E are claimed to be able to detect low radar cross-section (RCS) targets at beyond visual range. Targets are tracked by a "best sensor dominates" system, either by onboard sensors or through the Transmitter Auxiliary Unit (TAU) data link function of the radar.[77] [78]

Cockpit

The primary flight controls are compatible with the Hands On Throttle-And-Stick (HOTAS) control principle – the centrally mounted stick, in addition to flying the aircraft, also controls the cockpit displays and weapon systems. A triplex, digital fly-by-wire system is employed on the Gripen's flight controls,[79] with a mechanical backup for the throttle.[80] Additional functions, such as communications, navigational and decision support data, can be accessed via the Up Front Control Panel, directly above the central cockpit display.[81] The Gripen includes the EP-17 cockpit display system, developed by Saab to provide pilots with a high level of situational awareness and reduces pilot workload through intelligent information management. The Gripen features a sensor fusion capability, information from onboard sensors and databases is combined, automatically analysed, and useful data is presented to the pilot via a wide field-of-view Head-Up Display, three large multi-function colour displays, and optionally a Helmet Mounted Display System (HMDS).[82]

Of the three multi-function displays (MFD), the central display is for navigational and mission data, the display to the left of the center shows aircraft status and electronic warfare information, and the display to the right of the center has sensory and fire control information. In two-seat variants, the rear seat's displays can be operated independently of the pilot's own display arrangement in the forward seat. Saab has promoted this capability as being useful during electronic warfare and reconnaissance missions, and while carrying out command and control activities.[82] In May 2010, Sweden began equipping their Gripens with additional onboard computer systems and new displays.[83] The MFDs are interchangeable and designed for redundancy in the event of failure, flight information can be presented on any of the displays.

Saab and BAE developed the Cobra HMDS for use in the Gripen, based on the Striker HMDS used on the Eurofighter. By 2008, the Cobra HMDS was fully integrated on operational aircraft, and is available as an option for export customers; it has been retrofitted into older Swedish and South African Gripens. The HMDS provides control and information on target cueing, sensor data, and flight parameters, and is optionally equipped for night time operations and with chemical/biological filtration. All connections between the HMDS and the cockpit were designed for rapid detachment, for safe use of the ejection system.

Engine

All in-service Gripens as of January 2014 are powered by a Volvo RM12 turbofan engine (now GKN Aerospace Engine Systems), a licence-manufactured derivative of General Electric F404, fed by a Y-duct with splitter plates; changes include increased performance and improved reliability to meet single engine use safety criteria, as well as a greater resistance to bird strike incidents.[80] [84] Several subsystems and components were also redesigned to reduce maintenance demands.[85] By November 2010, the Gripen had accumulated over flight hours without a single engine-related failure or incident; Rune Hyrefeldt, head of Military Program management at Volvo Aero, stated: "I think this must be a hard record to beat for a single-engine application".[85]

Like the Gripen, test models of the Dassault Rafale used F404 engines until replaced by the Snecma M88-2 engine on production aircraft.[86] A JAS 39C variant powered by a new thrust SNECMA M88-3 engine was proposed.[87] [88] The M88-3 variant would have a new low pressure compressor (LPC) with a new variable stator vane stage and an increased mass flow of .[89]

The JAS 39E and F variants under development are to adopt the F414G powerplant, a variant of the General Electric F414. The F414G can produce 20% greater thrust than the current RM12 engine, enabling the Gripen to supercruise at a speed of Mach 1.1 while carrying an air-to-air combat payload.[37] In 2010, Volvo Aero stated it was capable of further developing its RM12 engine to better match the performance of the F414G, and claimed that developing the RM12 would be a less expensive option.[90] Prior to Saab's selection of the F414G, the Eurojet EJ200 had also been under consideration for the Gripen; proposed implementations included the use of thrust vectoring.[91]

Equipment and armaments

The Gripen is compatible with a number of different armaments, beyond the aircraft's single 27 mm Mauser BK-27 cannon (omitted on the two-seat variants),[92] including air-to-air missiles such as the AIM-9 Sidewinder, air-to-ground missiles such as the AGM-65 Maverick, and anti-ship missiles such as the RBS-15.[93] In 2010, the Swedish Air Force's Gripen fleet completed the MS19 upgrade process, enabling compatibility with a range of weapons, including the long-range MBDA Meteor missile, the short-range IRIS-T missile and the GBU-49 laser-guided bomb.[94] Speaking on the Gripen's selection of armaments, Saab's campaign director for India, Edvard de la Motte stated that: "If you buy Gripen, select where you want your weapons from: Israel, Sweden, Europe, US ... South America. It's up to the customer".

In flight, the Gripen is typically capable of carrying up to 14330lb of assorted armaments and equipment. Equipment includes external sensor pods for reconnaissance and target designation, such as Rafael's LITENING targeting pod, Saab's Modular Reconnaissance Pod System, or Thales' Digital Joint Reconnaissance Pod.[95] The Gripen has an advanced and integrated electronic warfare suite, capable of operating in an undetectable passive mode or to actively jam hostile radar; a missile approach warning system passively detects and tracks incoming missiles.[76] [96] In November 2013, it was announced that Saab will be the first to offer the BriteCloud expendable Active jammer developed by Selex ES. In June 2014, the Enhanced Survivability Technology Modular Self Protection Pod, a defensive missile countermeasure pod, performed its first flight on the Gripen.[97]

Saab describes the Gripen as a "swing-role aircraft", stating that it is capable of "instantly switching between roles at the push of a button". The human/machine interface changes when switching between roles, being optimized by the computer in response to new situations and threats.[98] The Gripen is also equipped to use a number of different communications standards and systems, including SATURN secure radio, Link 16, ROVER, and satellite uplinks.[99] Equipment for performing long range missions, such as an air-to-air refuelling probe and Onboard Oxygen Generation System (OBOGS), was integrated on the Gripen C/D.[100]

Usability and maintenance

During the Cold War, the Swedish Armed Forces were to be ready to defend against a possible invasion. This scenario required defensive force dispersal of combat aircraft in the Bas 90 system to maintain an air defence capacity. Thus, a key design goal during the Gripen's development was the ability to operate from snow-covered landing strips of only 500m (1,600feet); furthermore, a short-turnaround time of just ten minutes, during which a team composed of a technician and five conscripts would be able to re-arm, refuel, and perform routine inspections and servicing inside that time window before returning to flight for air-to-air missions. For air-to-ground missions this turnaround time using the same resources is slightly longer at twenty minutes.

During the design process, great priority was placed on facilitating and minimizing aircraft maintenance; in addition to a maintenance-friendly layout, many subsystems and components require little or no maintenance at all. Aircraft are fitted with a Health and Usage Monitoring System (HUMS) that monitors the performance of various systems, and provides information to technicians to assist in servicing it.[101] Saab operates a continuous improvement programme; information from the HUMS and other systems can be submitted for analysis.[102] According to Saab, the Gripen provides "50% lower operating costs than its best competitor".

A 2012 Jane's Aerospace and Defense Consulting study compared the operational costs of a number of modern combat aircraft, concluding that Gripen had the lowest cost per flight hour (CPFH) when fuel used, pre-flight preparation and repair, and scheduled airfield-level maintenance together with associated personnel costs were combined. The Gripen had an estimated CPFH of whereas the next lowest, the F-16 Block 40/50, had a 49% higher CPFH at $7000.[103]

In 2024, a study was begun to see whether a Gripen could launch a small satellite into low earth orbit, building on previous research in this area. It is more common for commercial airliners to be used for this purpose but the Eurofighter Typhoon has also been studied for this task[104] (see also ASM-135 ASAT).

Operational history

Current users

Sweden

The Swedish Air Force placed a total order for 204 Gripens[105] in three batches. The first delivery occurred on 8 June 1993, when 39102 was handed over to the Flygvapnet during a ceremony at Linköping;[106] the last of the first batch was handed over on 13 December 1996. The Air Force received its first Batch II example on 19 December 1996. Instead of the fixed-price agreement of Batch I, Batch II aircraft were paid as a "target price" concept: any cost underruns or overruns would be split between FMV and Saab.

The JAS 39 entered service with the Skaraborg Wing (F 7) on 1 November 1997. The final Batch III aircraft was delivered to FMV on 26 November 2008. This was accomplished at 10% less than the agreed-upon price for the batch, putting the JAS 39C flyaway cost at under US$30 million.[107] This batch of Gripens was equipped for in-flight refuelling from specially equipped TP84s. In 2007, a programme was started to upgrade 31 of the air force's JAS 39A/B fighters to JAS 39C/Ds.[108] The SwAF had a combined 134 JAS 39s in service in January 2013.[109] In March 2015, the Swedish Air Force received its final JAS 39C.[110]

On 29 March 2011, the Swedish parliament approved the Swedish Air Force for a 3-month deployment to support the UN-mandated no-fly zone over Libya. Deployment of eight Gripens, ten pilots, and other personnel began on 2 April.[111] On 8 June 2011, the Swedish government announced an agreement to extend the deployment for five of the Gripens.[112] By October 2011, Gripens had flown more than 650 combat missions, almost flight hours, and delivered approximately reconnaissance reports to NATO.[113] Journalist Tim Hepher suggested that the Libyan operations might stimulate sales of the Gripen and other aircraft.[114]

In November 2012, Lieutenant Colonel Lars Helmrich of the Swedish Air Force testified to the Riksdag regarding the Gripen E. He stated that the then-current version of the Gripen would be outdated in air-to-air combat by 2020.[115] With 60 Gripens having been judged to be the minimum required to defend Swedish Airspace, the Swedish Air Force wanted to have 60–80 Gripens upgraded to the E/F standard by 2020.[116]

On 25 August 2012, the Swedish government announced that 40–60 JAS 39E/F Gripens were expected to be procured and in service by 2023.[117] On 11 December 2012, the Riksdag approved the purchase of 40 to 60 JAS 39E/Fs with an option to cancel if at least 20 aircraft are not ordered by other customers.[118] on 17 January 2013, the government approved the deal for 60 JAS 39Es to be delivered between 2018 and 2027. On 3 March 2014, the Swedish defence minister stated that another 10 JAS 39Es might be ordered; this was later confirmed by the government.[119] [120]

There are also plans to keep some of the Gripen C/D active after 2025. This was recommended by the Swedish defence advisory committee in 2019.[121]

In 2006, Swedish Gripen aircraft participated in Red Flag – Alaska, a multinational air combat exercise hosted by the United States Air Force. Gripens flew simulated combat sorties against F-16 Block 50, Eurofighter Typhoon and F-15C and scored ten kills, including a Eurofighter Typhoon and five F-16 Block 50s on day one of the exercises with no losses.[122] Three Swedish Gripen C also participated in a war game against five Royal Norwegian Air Force F-16 Block 50 fighters in Sweden. Swedish Gripen Cs and Norwegian F-16s flew three combat sorties; Gripen Cs scored five kills in each sortie against Norwegian F-16s, and on the last sortie an F-16 scored a kill against a Gripen.

In December 2022 Sweden ordered an upgrade package from Saab for a number of their Gripen C/D fighters. The upgrade includes new engines, a new radar and a new electronic warfare system. The order value is approximately SEK 3.5 billion and the contract period is 2023–29.[123] In September 2023 Swedish FMV and Saab signed additional orders for the Gripen E and C/D versions. The new orders enables the C/D version to continue serving after 2030 parallel with the introduction of the E.[124]

Index of the 204 Gripen delivered to Sweden:[125]
  • 98 Gripens operative C/D-version aircraft.
  • 32 Gripens disassembled or destroyed. JAS 39D required two 39A hulls to build.
  • 28 Gripens leased to the Czech Republic and Hungary.
  • 24 Gripens in hangar storage awaiting decommission.
  • 12 Gripens sold to Thailand.
  • 4 Gripens returned to Saab to be used as test aircraft.
  • 4 Gripens lost in accidents.
  • 2 Gripens donated to Flygvapenmuseum in Sweden and Royal Thai Air Force Museum in Thailand.
In May 2025 the Gripen E was the first fighter aircraft to be piloted by an Artificial intelligence. A model named Centaur flew three sorties to demonstrate Beyond Visual Range (BVR) combat capabilities.[126] [127]

Brazil

In October 2008, Brazil selected three finalists for its F-X2 fighter programme: the Dassault Rafale B/C, the Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet, and the Gripen NG.[128] The Brazilian Air Force (FAB) initially planned to procure at least 36 and possibly up to 120 later, to replace its Northrop F‐5EM and Dassault Mirage 2000C aircraft.[129] In February 2009, Saab submitted a tender for 36 Gripen NGs.[130] In early 2010, the Brazilian Air Force's final evaluation report reportedly placed the Gripen ahead, a decisive factor being lower unit cost and operational costs.[131] After delays due to financial constraints,[132] [133] on 18 December 2013, President Dilma Rousseff announced the Gripen NG's selection.[134] Key factors were domestic manufacturing opportunities, full Transfer of Technology (ToT), participation in its development, and potential exports to Africa, Asia and Latin America;[135] Argentina and Ecuador are interested in procuring Gripens via Brazil, and Mexico is considered an export target. Another factor was the distrust of the US due to the NSA surveillance scandal.[136] The Gripen is not immune to foreign pressure: the UK may use their 30% component percentage in the Gripen to veto an Argentinian sale over the Falkland Islands dispute; thus Argentina is considering other fighters instead.[137]

On 24 October 2014, Brazil and Sweden signed a 39.3 billion SEK (US$5.44 bn, R$13 bn) contract for 28 Gripen E (single-seat version) and eight Gripen F (dual-seat version) fighters for delivery from 2019 to 2024 and maintained until 2050;[138] [139] the Swedish government will provide a subsidized 25-year, 2.19% interest rate loan for the buy.[140] At least 15 aircraft are to be assembled in Brazil, Brazilian companies shall be involved in its production; Gripen Fs are to be delivered later. An almost US$1 billion price increase since selection is due to developments requested by Brazil, such as the "Wide Area Display" (WAD), a panoramic 19 by 8 inches touchscreen display.[141] The compensation package is set at US$9 billion, or 1.7 times the order value. The Brazilian Navy is interested in the Gripen Maritime to replace its Douglas A-4KU Skyhawk carrier-based fighters.[142] In 2015, Brazil and Sweden finalised the deal to develop the Gripen F, designated F-39 by Brazil.[143] [144]

The first Brazilian F-39E Gripen flight took place on 26 August 2019, from Saab's facility in Linköping, Sweden.[145] It was handed over to the Brazilian Air Force on 10 September 2019 for flight testing.[146] The fighter arrived in Brazil on 20 September 2020,[147] and then was transported by land to Navegantes International Airport. On 24 September, it took off to the Embraer unit in Gavião Peixoto, in São Paulo state, for the test program for flight control systems, weapon integration, communication systems and others. The fighters will be part of the 1st Air Defense Group (1º GDA), based at the Anápolis Air Force Base.[148] The deliveries of operational fighters will begin in 2021.[149] According to Saab executive Eddy De La Motte, the first F-39F will be delivered in 2023.[150] In 2021, Brazil started F-39E supersonic flight tests at high altitude above feet. According to Saab executive Mikael Franzén, Brazil will start receiving production aircraft with IRST from November 2021.[151] The service has a requirement for 108 Gripens, to be delivered in three batches.[152]

On 1 February 2022, the Brazilian Air Force commander Carlos de Almeida Baptista Júnior told newspaper Folha de S. Paulo that Brazil is in initial planning phase for negotiations with Saab for a new batch of 30 Gripen E/Fs,[153] "our capacity planning takes us today, by our employment assumptions, to 66 Gripens in operation"; this planning phase is expected to be finished by mid-2022. The negotiation and Brazilian intention was confirmed by the Saab's chief executive Håkan Buskhe in February 2019.[154] The confirmation comes after media rumors that the service saw the Lockheed Martin F-35 as an ideal candidate to continue the modernization process in the coming years, after Gripen's recent failed bids in Finland and Switzerland, rumors that Baptista denied.[155] On 1 April 2022, Brazil received the first two series produced F-39E.[156] On 22 April 2022, the Brazilian Air Force announced the purchase of four more Gripens E/F for the first batch, totaling 40 aircraft, and the ongoing studies for a second batch.[157] On 23 May 2022, Commander Baptista Júnior announced at a press conference that the second batch will consist of 26 Gripens, priced around US$85 million per unit (US$2.2 billion); these new units plus the four ordered in April 2022 will be assembled at the Embraer factory in Gavião Peixoto.[158] [159] [160] On 1 August 2022, the Saab's chief executive Micael Johansson, confirmed that Brazil has initiated formal negotiations for 26 more Gripen fighters.[161]

Saab and Embraer inaugurated the production line for Gripen E in Brazil on 9 May 2023.[162] On 23 November 2023, the newspaper Folha de S. Paulo reported ongoing negotiations between the Brazilian and Swedish governments, for a deal involving 14 more Gripens for the Brazilian Air Force, in exchange of four Embraer C-390 Millennium transport aircraft for the Swedish Air Force, according to sources, the deal will be finalized in 2024.[163] On 9 November 2024, the Brazilian Minister of Defence José Múcio signed a letter of intent, to increase the contract with Saab by 25%, increasing to 45 Gripens for the FAB. In exchange, the Swedish Air Force announced the selection and the beginning of negotiations to procure the Embraer C-390 Millenium airlifter.[164] [165] [166] [167]

On 16 September 2025, the FAB commander Marcelo Kanitz Damasceno and the Swedish Minister of Defence Pål Jonson announced negotiations for six more Gripen E and a batch of 12 second-hand C/Ds aircraft of the Swedish Air Force inventory.[168]

Czech Republic

When the Czech Republic became a NATO member in 1999, it needed to replace its existing Soviet-built MiG-21 fleet with aircraft compatible with NATO standards. In 2000, the Czech Republic began evaluating a number of aircraft, including the F-16, F/A-18, Mirage 2000, Eurofighter Typhoon and the Gripen. One major procurement condition was the industrial offset agreement, set at 150% of the expected purchase value.[169] In December 2001, having reportedly been swayed by Gripen International's generous financing and offset programme, the Czech government announced that the Gripen had been selected. In 2002, the deal was delayed until after parliamentary elections had taken place; alternative means of air defence were also studied, including leasing the aircraft.[170]

On 14 June 2004, it was announced that the Czech Republic was to lease 14 Gripens, modified to comply with NATO standards.[171] The agreement also included the training of Czech pilots and technicians in Sweden. The first six were delivered on 18 April 2005.[172] The lease was for an agreed period of 10 years at a cost of €780 million; the 14 ex-Swedish Air Force aircraft included 12 single-seaters and two JAS 39D two-seat trainers.[173] In September 2013, the Defence and Security Export Agency announced that a follow-up agreement with the Czech Republic had been completed to extend the lease by 14 years, until 2029; leased aircraft shall also undergo extensive modernization, including the adoption of new datalinks.[174] The lease also has an option of eventually acquiring the fighters outright.[175] In 2014, the lease was extended to 2027 and the Saab service contract was extended to 2026.[176] [177]

In November 2014, Czech Air Force commander General Libor Štefánik proposed leasing a further six Gripens due to Russia's deteriorating relationship with the West; a Ministry of Defence spokesperson stated that the notion was the commander's personal vision and fleet expansion was not on the agenda for years to come.[178] In 2015, the service decided to upgrade its fleet to the MS20 configuration.[179] The MS20 upgrade was completed in 2018.[180]

Hungary

Following Hungary's membership of NATO in 1999, there were several proposals to achieve a NATO-compatible fighter force. Considerable attention went into studying second-hand aircraft options as well as modifying the nation's existing MiG-29 fleet. In 2001, Hungary received several offers of new and used aircraft from various nations, including Sweden, Belgium, Israel, Turkey, and the US.[181] Although the Hungarian government initially intended to procure the F-16, in November 2001 it was in the process of negotiating a 10-year lease contract for 12 Gripen aircraft, with an option to purchase the aircraft at the end of the lease period.[182]

As part of the procurement arrangements, Saab had offered an offset deal valued at 110 per cent of the cost of the 14 fighters. Initially, Hungary had planned to lease several Batch II aircraft; however, the inability to conduct aerial refuelling and weapons compatibility limitations had generated Hungarian misgivings. The contract was renegotiated and was signed on 2 February 2003 for a total of 14 Gripens, which had originally been A/B standard and had undergone an extensive upgrade process to the NATO-compatible C/D 'Export Gripen' standard.[183] The last aircraft deliveries took place in December 2007.[184]

While the Hungarian Air Force operates a total of 14 Gripen aircraft under lease,[175] in 2011, the country reportedly intended to purchase these aircraft outright.[185] However, in January 2012, the Hungarian and Swedish governments agreed to extend the lease period for a further 10 years; according to Hungarian Defense Minister Csaba Hende, the agreement represented considerable cost savings.[186]

Two Gripens were lost in crashes in May and June 2015, leaving 12 Gripens in operation.[187] From 2017, Hungary returned to operating 14 fighters.[188]

In August 2021, a contract was signed with Saab to modernise the Gripen fleet of the Hungarian Air Force. The radar will be upgraded to PS-05/Mk4 and the software will be upgraded to MS 20 Block 2 level. New weapons would be added to the arsenal of the Hungarian Gripens.[189] The IRIS-T missiles were ordered in December 2021.[190]

In February 2024, it was announced that a contract was signed to buy four additional Gripen C aircraft.[191]

South Africa

In 1999, South Africa signed a contract with BAe/Saab for the procurement of 26 Gripens (C/D standard) with minor modifications to meet its requirements. Deliveries to the South African Air Force commenced in April 2008. By April 2011, 18 aircraft (nine two-seater aircraft and nine single-seaters) had been delivered.[192] While the establishment of a Gripen Fighter Weapon School at Overberg Air Force Base in South Africa had been under consideration, in July 2013 Saab ruled out the option due to a lack of local support for the initiative; Thailand is an alternative location being considered,[193] as well as the Čáslav Czech air base.[194]

Between April 2013 and December 2013, South African contractors held prime responsibility for maintenance work on the Gripen fleet as support contracts with Saab had expired; this arrangement led to fears that extended operations may not be possible due to a lack of proper maintenance and spares availability.[195] In December 2013, Armscor awarded Saab a long-term support contract for the company to perform engineering, maintenance, and support services on all 26 Gripens through 2016. On 13 March 2013, South African Defense Minister Nosiviwe Mapisa-Nqakula stated that "almost half of the SAAF Gripens" have been stored because of an insufficient budget to keep them flying.[196] In September 2013, the SAAF decided not to place a number of its Gripens in long-term storage; instead all 26 aircraft would be rotated between flying cycles and short-term storage.[197] Speaking in September 2013, Brigadier-General John Bayne testified that the Gripen met the SAAF's minimum requirements, as the country faced no military threats.[198]

Thailand

In 2007, Thailand's Parliament authorised the Royal Thai Air Force (RTAF) to spend up to 34 billion baht (US$1.1 billion) as part of an effort to replace Thailand's existing Northrop F-5 fleet.[199] In February 2008, the RTAF ordered six Gripens (two single-seat C-models and four two-seat D-models) from Saab; deliveries began in 2011.[200] Thailand ordered six more Gripen Cs in November 2010; deliveries began in 2013.[201] Thailand may eventually order as many as 40 Gripens. In 2010, Surat Thani Airbase was selected as the RTAF's main Gripen operating base.[202]

The first of the six aircraft were delivered on 22 February 2011.[203] Saab delivered three Gripens in April 2013, and three more in September 2013.[204] In September 2013, RTAF Marshal Prajin Jantong stated that Thailand was interested in purchasing six more aircraft, although no second order had been placed.[205] Thai Supreme Commander General Thanasak Patimapragorn has stated that the RTAF intends the Gripen's information systems to be integrated with army and navy systems. The armed forces were to officially inaugurate the Gripen Integrated Air Defence System during 2014.

In August 2024, the Royal Thai Air Force announced having selected the Gripen E/F over the F-16 Block 70/72 to replace its 12 existing F-16s.[206]

On 26 July 2025, reports emerged that RTAF Gripens were deployed in combat for the first time to strike Cambodian positions during the 2025 Cambodia–Thailand border conflict.[207] [208] [209]

On 25 August 2025 a 5.3 billion SEK contract for the purchase of 3 Gripen E and 1 Gripen F was signed with delivery to be completed by 2030.[210]

United Kingdom

The Empire Test Pilots' School (ETPS) in the United Kingdom has used the Gripen for advanced fast jet training of test pilots under a "wet lease" arrangement since 1999.[211] It operates a Gripen D aircraft.[212]

Colombia

Saab had offered 15[213] Gripen C/D or E/F[214] to Colombia, with possible deliveries during 2018–21, depending on variant selected.[215] On 3 April 2025, Colombia announced it had selected the Gripen E/F to replace its IAI Kfir fleet in a deal expected to include 16 to 24 units.[216]

On 2 October 2025, a deal for 18 Gripen E aircraft was officially confirmed.[217] On 15 November, Saab and Colombia signed a contract for the purchase of 17 aircraft, 15 Gripen E, 2 Gripen F. The contract is worth €3.1 billion, the deliveries will take place from 2026 to 2032.[218]

Peru

On 4 July 2025, the Peruvian government announced that it is purchasing 24 JAS 39E/F aircraft from Sweden. These are to replace its ageing Mirage 2000s and MiG-29s.[219]

Potential sales

Canada

In 2021, Canada's Future Fighter Capability Project was launched to find an aircraft suitable for replacing the country's aging fleet of CF-18s. After Dassault and Airbus exited the competition, and Boeing's Super Hornet was disqualified, only the Lockheed Martin's F-35 and Saab's Gripen remained to compete. The FFCP evaluated both aircraft as meeting the mandatory requirements of the Royal Canadian Air Force, however the F-35 reportedly significantly outperformed the Gripen in every category.[220] This led the Trudeau Government to ultimately select the F-35 in 2023, despite campaigning in 2015 on a promise to not purchase the F-35. However, in 2025 following repeated threats by President Donald Trump to turn Canada into the "51st State" and the onset of the US-initiated trade war, the new Canadian government under Prime Minister Mark Carney opted to re-evaluate and review the F-35 purchase.[221] In November 2025, Saab offered to create new jobs in Canada and offered full technology transfer and domestic production of the Gripen E if Canada agreed to purchase the aircraft.[222] In the wake of Trump's threats to annex Greenland by force and consistent rhetoric about making Canada the 51st State, government sources in Ottawa indicated that the government was now strongly considering the Gripen for at least half of its fleet due to the potential job creation, and as part of Canada's broader efforts to diversify its trade and reduce defense dependency with the United States.[223]

As of November 2025, Saab is in talks with the Canadian aeronautical industry to localise the production of the Gripen if Canada decides to purchase the Gripen for its air force.[224] Canada originally planned to purchase 88 F-35A, but as of February 2026, the only firm order is for 16 F-35s along with long-lead items for another 14 aircraft.[225] If Canada selects the Gripen, some of the Gripens for Ukraine could be manufactured in Canada.[226]

Philippines

In June 2023, during the Shangri-La Dialogue in Singapore, the Philippines and Sweden signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) for a potential acquirement to the Philippine Air Force (PAF) of 12 Gripen C/D MS20.[227] [228] [229]

Portugal

Following Trump's radical shift in foreign policy for the United States, Portugal is considering abandoning plans to procure the F-35 and turning attention to European alternatives.[230] As part of its bid to Portugal, on 25 September 2025 Swedish defence minister Pål Jonson visited and a memorandum was signed between Saab and Portuguese companies OGMA and Critical Software, which would allow for production of Gripen parts and for maintenance to take place in Portugal if it were to be procured.[231]

Ukraine

In October 2025, Sweden and Ukraine signed a Letter of Intent for Ukraine to acquire up to 150 Gripen Es.[232]

On 11 February 2026, it was reported that Ukraine wanted to use part of the EU support fund to start funding purchase of Gripen, according to Swedish defence minister Pål Jonson.[233]

Failed bids

Variants

Upgrades

Gripen aircraft are continually upgraded with hardware and software. Configurations are known as MS## or Materialsystem ##. Configurations are further subdivided in blocks.[240]

Examples are:

Gripen C/D

Gripen E

Proposals

Operators

There were Gripens in service .[248]

'Jaguar' Squadron of the 1st Air Defense Group

211. taktická letka (211th Tactical Squadron)

'Puma' Harcászati Repülőszázad ('Puma' Tactical Fighter Squadron at 59th Air Base)

No. 2 Squadron

701 Fighter Squadron, Wing 7

Aircraft on display

Accidents and incidents

See main article: Accidents and incidents involving the JAS 39 Gripen.

, Gripen aircraft have been involved in at least 10 incidents, including nine hull loss accidents, with one loss of life.[264]

The first two crashes, in 1989 and 1993 respectively, occurred during public displays of the Gripen and resulted in considerable negative media reports. The first crash was filmed by a Sveriges Television news crew and led to critics calling for development to be cancelled. The second crash occurred in an empty area on the island of Långholmen during the 1993 Stockholm Water Festival with tens of thousands of spectators present. The decision to display the Gripen over large crowds was publicly criticized, and was compared to the 1989 crash.[265] Both the 1989 and 1993 crashes were related to flight control software issues and pilot-induced oscillation; the flight control system was corrected by 1995.[266] The first and only fatal crash occurred on 14 January 2017 at Hat Yai International Airport, Thailand, during an airshow for Thai Children's Day; the pilot did not survive.[267] The last crash occurred on 21 August 2018 at Kallinge Airport near the southern Swedish town of Ronneby; the pilot was able to successfully eject from the aircraft.[268] [269] The following investigation by the Swedish Accident Investigation Authority led to the conclusion by DNA analysis of the engine that it collided with Great cormorant birds at a speed of and height .[270] [271]

Specifications

JAS 39E/F

References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Gripen – milstolpar . 14 May 2009 . 4 March 2019 . Försvarets materielverk [Defence Materiel Administration] . Gripen – milestones . sv . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100821122933/https://www.fmv.se/WmTemplates/Page.aspx?id=802 . 21 August 2010.
  2. Web site: Roblin . Sebastien . A Swedish-made fighter jet could tip the scales against Russia in Ukraine, but it might not get there any time soon . 9 June 2023 . Business Insider . en-US . 6 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231006165619/https://www.businessinsider.com/swedish-jas39-gripen-fighter-jet-could-help-ukraine-against-russia-2023-2 . live .
  3. Web site: Jas Gripen-utredning läggs ned . Jas Gripen investigation closed down . . 16 June 2009 . sv. dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090622063715/http://www.aklagare.se/Media/Nyheter/Jas-Gripen-utredning-laggs-ned . 22 June 2009 .
  4. News: 'Super-Jas' costlier than expected: report . The Local . SE . 27 July 2012 . 13 January 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140113035555/http://www.thelocal.se/20120727/42260 . 13 January 2014 .
  5. Web site: Swedish military flight bases . Svenska militära flygbaser . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.forsvarsmakten.se/siteassets/5-information-och-fakta/historia/vagbaserna/fortv-2007-1.pdf . 9 October 2022 . live . Törnell . Bernt . 5 February 2007 . sv. Försvarsmakten.
  6. Web site: Air base system 90 . sv. Flygbassystem 90 . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.fht.nu/Dokument/Flygvapnet/flyg_publ_dok_flygbassystem_90.pdf . 9 October 2022 . live . Rystedt . Jörgen. 25 April 2009 . FHT.
  7. Web site: sv . Sweden . Om anslaget Flygvapenförband: Forskning och utveckling . government bill . 1977–1978 . 95 . On the appropriation of Air Force Regiments: Research and development . Riksdagen . 30 June 2013 . 4 March 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304194924/http://www.riksdagen.se/sv/Dokument-Lagar/Forslag/Propositioner-och-skrivelser/prop-19777895-om-anslaget-Fl_G10395/ . dead.
  8. Web site: Gripen: The Story So Far . Gripen International . Saab . 14 October 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100127182209/http://www.gripen.com/en/GripenFighter/GripenStory.htm . 27 January 2010 . Swedish Parliament approves the program for the development of a new fighter aircraft.
  9. . 2–8 January 1983 . Viggens test Gripen avionics . Surrey, UK . IPC Transport Press . 3844 . 123 . 64–65 . 0015-3710 . Flightglobal/Archive . https://web.archive.org/web/20131103061346/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1983/1983%20-%200048.html . 3 November 2013 . 19 January 2014 . dead.
  10. . 11–17 December 1988 . Gripen flies unstable . London, UK . Reed Business Information . 3 . 12 January 2013 . Flightglobal/Archive . 0015-3710 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140112021157/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1988/1988%20-%203589.html . 12 January 2014 . dead.
  11. Gaines . Michael 'Mike' . . 19–25 March 1989 . Software fault caused Gripen crash . London, UK . Reed Business Information . 4 . 12 January 2013 . Flightglobal/Archive . 0015-3710 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140112021205/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1989/1989%20-%200734.html . 12 January 2014 . dead.
  12. . 11 February 1989 . Saab/Gripen prototype crashes . London, UK . Reed Business Information . 2–3 . Flightglobal/Archive . 12 December 2013 . 0015-3710 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121113182620/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1989/1989%20-%200333.html . 13 November 2012 . dead.
  13. News: Reece . Damian . BAE cuts Saab stake after Gripen revamp . The Independent . 8 December 2004 . 2 November 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131217000028/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/bae-cuts-saab-stake-after-gripen-revamp-6156400.html . 17 December 2013.
  14. Web site: Page . Lewis . Saab fingers BAE over South African fighter deal . The Register . 20 June 2011 . United Kingdom . 17 December 2013 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20131106103506/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/06/20/saab_sa_fighter_accusation/ . 6 November 2013.
  15. Gripen – agreement in Norway . Saab . 26 April 2007 . 2 November 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120329130100/http://www.saabgroup.com/en/about-saab/newsroom/press-releases--news/2007---4/gripen---agreement-in-norway/ . 29 March 2012.
  16. News: Sweden 'tricked' in failed Norway Gripen bid . . SE . 3 December 2010 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20131217012709/http://www.thelocal.se/20101203/30584 . 17 December 2013.
  17. Gripen – A Catalyst for Danish Industry . Saab . 4 December 2007 . 2 November 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120329130140/http://www.saabgroup.com/en/about-saab/newsroom/press-releases--news/2007---12/gripen--a-catalyst-for-danish-industry/ . 29 March 2012.
  18. Web site: sv. . P3 Dokumentär . radio broadcast . JAS-projektet . JAS project . 23 March 2008 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20131219044311/http://sverigesradio.se/sida/avsnitt/91822?programid=2519 . 19 December 2013.
  19. Web site: sv . Regeringens proposition 1982/83:119 om riktlinjer för JAS-projektet . government bill . 1982–1983 . 119 . on guidelines for the JAS project . Riksdagen . Sweden . 30 June 2013 . 19 December 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131219220647/http://www.riksdagen.se/sv/Dokument-Lagar/Forslag/Propositioner-och-skrivelser/prop-198283119-om-riktlinjer_G603119/ . dead.
  20. News: BAE chiefs 'linked to bribes conspiracy' . The Observer . United Kingdom . The Guardian . 7 February 2010 . 3 November 2013 . David . Leigh . Rob . Evans . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20131104220310/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/feb/07/bae-chiefs-linked-bribes-conspiracy . 4 November 2013.
  21. News: sv . Greven som sätter punkt för JAS-härvan . Count which closes the JAS-scandal . SE . SVT . 12 March 2013 . 18 June 2013 . 2 August 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170802084110/http://www.svt.se/ug/slutet-pa-jas-harvan . live.
  22. News: Call for new South African arms deal investigation . 17 June 2011 . 18 June 2013 . BBC . News . United Kingdom . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20121223173023/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13813281 . 23 December 2012.
  23. News: Hawks reveals Arms deal bombshell . . The Sunday Times . 31 July 2011 . 18 June 2013 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20131103161203/http://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2011/07/31/hawks-reveal-arms-deal-bombshell . 3 November 2013.
  24. News: Sweden's squeaky-clean image sullied by scandals . The New York Times . 11 May 2007 . 12 January 2014 . Ivar . Ekman . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20130702015257/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/11/business/worldbusiness/11iht-corrupt.4.5672628.html . 2 July 2013.
  25. Web site: Why fighter operating costs matter. 6 April 2022. Saurabh Joshi. 12 September 2014. StratPost. 31 May 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220531063414/https://stratpost.com/why-fighter-operating-costs-matter/. live.
  26. News: Lindstroem. Jakob. Steve. Rothwell. Jasper. Chris. Saab Says 'Turmoil' in Swedish Budget Hurts Earnings. Bloomberg. 5 September 2008. 2 November 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131102121308/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aY7i3Jy3VrDM. 2 November 2013.
  27. Web site: Hoyle. Craig. Saab launches attack on Norway's 'faulty' fighter analysis. FlightGlobal. 10 December 2008. 12 January 2014. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20140112034652/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/saab-launches-attack-on-norway39s-39faulty39-fighter-319967/. 12 January 2014.
  28. Web site: Lessons learned from European defence equipment programmes. Occasional Paper. 69. European Union Institute for Security Studies. October 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20131102225130/http://www.iss.europa.eu/uploads/media/occ69.pdf. 2 November 2013.
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  114. News: Hepher . Tim . 4 April 2011 . How Libya is a showcase in the new arms race . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20131216103828/https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/04/04/oukwd-uk-libya-arms-idAFTRE7331OW20110404 . 16 December 2013 . 16 December 2013 . Reuters . special report.
  115. News: Kleja . Monica . 8 November 2013 . Gripen måste moderniseras för att klara flygstrider . Gripen has to be modernized to meet air battles . https://web.archive.org/web/20140112120537/http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/fordon_motor/flygplan/article3578741.ece . 12 January 2014 . 18 December 2013 . . sv.
  116. Web site: 8 November 2012 . Öppen utfrågning om nästa generation JAS Gripen . Open hearing on the next generation of the JAS Gripen . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20151222082150/http://www.riksdagen.se/sv/Utskott-EU-namnd/Forsvarsutskottet/Oppna-utfragningar/Oppen-utfragning/?did=H0C220121108ou2&doctype=samtr . 22 December 2015 . 17 December 2013 . Riksdagen . sv.
  117. News: 28 August 2012 . Det här tjänar skattebetalarna på . This serves taxpayers . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20131103122407/http://www.svt.se/nyheter/varlden/sverige-koper-nya-super-jas . 3 November 2013 . SVT . sv.
  118. Web site: 15 February 2013 . Swedish jet fighter maker Saab receives order to upgrade jets . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131217225326/http://en.europeonline-magazine.eu/swedish-jet-fighter-maker-saab-receives-order-to-upgrade-jets_264731.html . 17 December 2013 . 17 December 2013 . Europe Online.
  119. News: Knutson . Mats . 2014 . Försvarsministern vill miljardsatsa på flygvapnet . Defence Minister wants a billion bet on the Air Force . live . https://archive.today/20140403180525/http://www.svt.se/nyheter/val2014/forsvarsministern-vill-miljardsatsa-pa-flygvapnet . 3 April 2014 . 3 April 2014 . SVT Nyheter . sv.
  120. News: Rosén . Hans . 22 April 2014 . Så vill regeringen stärka försvaret . So the Government wants to strengthen the defense . live . https://archive.today/20140503023150/http://www.dn.se/nyheter/politik/sa-vill-regeringen-starka-forsvaret/ . 3 May 2014 . 3 May 2014 . DN . sv.
  121. Web site: Försvars departementet . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20190605154938/https://www.regeringen.se/49a3de/globalassets/regeringen/dokument/forsvarsdepartementet/forsvarsberedningen/slutrapport-14-maj/ds-2019_8-varnkraft---inriktningen-av-sakerhetspolitiken-och-utformningen-av-det-militara-forsvaret-2021-2025.pdf . 5 June 2019 . 19 September 2019 . Regeringen . sv.
  122. Web site: 13 February 2020 . Former Swedish Air Force Flight Engineer explains how the Saab Gripen… . https://archive.today/20250316113225/https://theaviationgeekclub.com/former-swedish-air-force-flight-engineer-explains-how-the-saab-gripen-can-dogfight-and-win-against-almost-any-dissimilar-aircraft/ . 16 March 2025.
  123. Web site: Saab Receives Order for Upgrade of Gripen C/D . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221216225617/https://www.saab.com/newsroom/press-releases/2022/saab-receives-order-for-upgrade-of-gripen-cd . 16 December 2022 . 16 December 2022 . Saab.
  124. Web site: Saab receives order for additional functionality for Gripen E . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230928143900/https://www.saab.com/newsroom/press-releases/2023/saab-receives-order-for-additional-functionality-for-gripen-e . 28 September 2023 . 28 September 2023 . Saab.
  125. Web site: 19 February 2014 . Uthyrning ska rädda Gripen . Leasing will save Gripen . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230218143518/https://www.nyteknik.se/saab-gripen/uthyrning-ska-radda-gripen/583695 . 18 February 2023 . 19 February 2014 . Nyteknik . sv.
  126. News: 11 June 2025 . Här testas AI i Gripen E – kan sköta luftstriden . Here AI is being tested in Gripen E – can handle air combat . 30 July 2025 . SVT . sv.
  127. Saab achieves AI milestone with Gripen E . 11 June 2025 . en . 30 July 2025 . Saab.
  128. Web site: Trimble . Stephen . 6 October 2008 . Brazil names three finalists for F-X2 contract, rejects three others . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20131020012626/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/brazil-names-three-finalists-for-f-x2-contract-rejects-three-316814/ . 20 October 2013 . FlightGlobal.
  129. Web site: Salles . Felipe . 18 December 2013 . Saab wins Brazil's F-X2 fighter contest with Gripen NG . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20131219030232/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/saab-wins-brazils-f-x2-fighter-contest-with-gripen-ng-394289/ . 19 December 2013 . FlightGlobal.
  130. Saab offers Gripen to Brazil . 2 February 2009 . Saab . https://web.archive.org/web/20131216053140/http://www.saabgroup.com/en/about-saab/newsroom/press-releases--news/2009---2/saab-offers-gripen-to-brazil/ . 16 December 2013.
  131. News: 5 January 2010 . FAB prefere caça sueco a francês . Brazilian air force prefers Swedish fighter to the French one . dead . https://archive.today/20120524195218/http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/brasil/ult96u674679.shtml . 24 May 2012 . Folha de S. Paulo . Folha da Manhã . pt.
  132. News: 28 February 2011 . Mantega diz que país não tem dinheiro para comprar caças . Mantega says the country has no money to buy fighters . https://web.archive.org/web/20131020021341/http://economia.uol.com.br/ultimas-noticias/redacao/2011/02/28/mantega-diz-que-pais-nao-tem-dinheiro-para-comprar-cacas.jhtm . 20 October 2013 . Economia . UOL . pt.
  133. News: 19 January 2012 . Amorim espera decisão de caça no 1º semestre . Amorim expects decision on fighter in the first semester . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20131216042450/http://br.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idBRSPE80I05Z20120119 . 16 December 2013 . Reuters . pt.
  134. News: 18 December 2013 . Após mais de dez anos, Dilma escolhe caças suecos para a FAB . After more than 10 years, Dilma chooses Swedish fighters to FAB . https://web.archive.org/web/20131228165147/http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2013/12/1387333-dilma-decidiu-pela-aquisicao-de-cacas-suecos-para-a-fab.shtml . 28 December 2013 . Folha de S. Paulo . Folha da manhã . pt.
  135. News: 21 December 2013 . Rio 2016 Olympics: Sweden to lend Brazil fighter jets . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20140116203808/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/sweden-to-lend-brazil-fighter-jets-for-2016-olympics/1/332261.html . 16 January 2014 . 16 January 2014 . India Today . Rio de Janeiro . The jets will be loaned to Brazil by the Swedish Air Force, since the 36 purchased won't be ready for delivery until 2023 […] Company Vice President Lennart Sindahl, in an interview with Brazilian daily O Globo, said Saab will set up a factory in São José dos Campos, São Paulo state, to produce the Gripen jets… the plant could go on to build planes for export to Latin America, Africa and Asia..
  136. News: 18 December 2013 . Saab wins Brazil jet deal after NSA spying sours Boeing bid . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924191835/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/18/us-brazil-jets-idUSBRE9BH11C20131218 . 24 September 2015 . 1 July 2017 . Reuters . Brasília, São Paulo . But revelations of spying by the US National Security Agency in Brazil, including personal communication by Rousseff, led Brazil to believe it could not trust a US company..
  137. News: Higuera . José . Ansari . Usman . 30 November 2014 . Argentina's Jet Fighter Replacement Options Narrow . dead . https://archive.today/20141130192844/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20141130/DEFREG05/311300010 . 30 November 2014 . 30 November 2014 . Defense News . Gannett.
  138. Saab & Brazil sign contract for Gripen NG . 27 October 2014 . Saab . Gripen NG deliveries to the Brazilian Air Force will be undertaken from 2019 to 2024. […] The commitments by Sweden and Brazil secure Gripen's industrial and operational future into the 2050 timeframe. . 8 January 2024 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170630131546/http://saabgroup.com/Media/news-press/news/2014-10/Saab-and-Brazil-sign-contract-for-Gripen-NG . 30 June 2017.
  139. Web site: Thisdell . Dan . 27 October 2014 . Saab, Brazil finalise Gripen NG deal . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20150428204852/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/saab-brazil-finalise-gripen-ng-deal-405288/ . 28 April 2015 . 7 April 2015 . FlightGlobal.
  140. Web site: Jennings . Gareth . 5 August 2015 . Brazilian Senate approves Gripen financing deal . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160612174018/http://www.janes.com/article/53480/brazilian-senate-approves-gripen-financing-deal . 12 June 2016 . IHS Jane's Defence Weekly . IHS Jane's 360.
  141. Web site: Barreira . Vítor . 4 September 2015 . AEL Sistemas delivers avionics systems for Brazilian Gripen NGs . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20151231213214/http://www.janes.com/article/54032/ael-sistemas-delivers-avionics-systems-for-brazilian-gripen-ngs . 31 December 2015 . IHS Jane's Defence Weekly . Constantinople . IHS Jane's 360.
  142. Web site: Jennings . Gareth . 18 December 2013 . Brazilian F-X2 gives fresh impetus to Saab's Sea Gripen concept . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140130230702/http://www.janes.com/article/31778/brazilian-f-x2-deal-gives-fresh-impetus-to-saab-s-sea-gripen-concept . 30 January 2014 . IHS Jane's Defence Weekly . London . IHS Jane's 360 .

    'the deal for 36 aircraft for the Brazilian Air Force "opens up a whole new realm of possibilities" for the Sea Gripen, with the Navy having a notional requirement for 24 aircraft to operate from its São Paulo aircraft carrier. [...] discussions with India have been taking place behind the scenes. "There has been a conversation with the Indian Navy, which is looking at the Sea Gripen separate to the [Indian Air Force] MMRCA [Medium MultiRole Combat Aircraft requirement]", he said, adding: "The Indian Navy [interest in Sea Gripen] never went away."'

    .
  143. Web site: Trimble . Stephen . 10 September 2015 . Brazil finalises $4.68bn Gripen NG deal . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20171113165518/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/brazil-finalises-468bn-gripen-ng-deal-416586/ . 13 November 2017 . 10 September 2015 . Flight Global . Washington, DC.
  144. News: Trimble . Stephen . 27 October 2015 . KC-390 resumes flight tests as defence unit rebaselines . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170627215212/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/kc-390-resumes-flight-tests-as-defence-unit-rebaseli-418271/ . 27 June 2017 . 27 January 2016 . FlightGlobal.
  145. News: 26 August 2019 . First Brazilian Gripen E Completes its First Flight . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20191202142056/https://saabgroup.com/media/news-press/news/2019-08/first-brazilian-gripen-e-completes-its-first-flight/ . 2 December 2019 . Saab.
  146. News: 10 September 2019 . Saab Presents First Gripen E to Brazil . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200520064950/https://saab.com/gripen/news/blog/gripen-blog/2019/saab-presents-first-gripen-e-to-brazil/ . 20 May 2020 . 12 September 2019 . Saab.
  147. News: 20 September 2020 . Gripen E FAB4100: NM Elke chegou ao Porto de Navegantes . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230621045327/https://www.defesaaereanaval.com.br/aviacao/gripen-e-fab4100-nm-elke-chegou-ao-porto-de-navegantes . 21 June 2023 . 8 January 2024 . Defesa Aérea e Naval . pt.
  148. First FAB Gripen E Flies in Brazil . 25 September 2020 . Saab AB . 12 April 2022 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220528140306/https://www.saab.com/newsroom/stories/2020/september/first-fab-gripen-e-flies-in-brazil . 28 May 2022.
  149. News: 24 June 2020 . Brasil receberá caça Gripen em 2020 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200702172811/https://www.airway.com.br/novo-caca-da-fab-primeiro-gripen-deve-chegar-ao-brasil-em-outubro/ . 2 July 2020 . 1 July 2020 . Airway . pt.
  150. News: 27 March 2019 . Saab ready to step up tempo of Gripen E testing . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190330195345/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/saab-ready-to-step-up-tempo-of-gripen-e-testing-456945/ . 30 March 2019 . 5 May 2019 . Flight Global.
  151. Web site: 16 September 2021 . FAB receberá mais quatro caças Gripen E da Saab . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210918104422/https://www.defesaaereanaval.com.br/aviacao/fab-recebera-mais-quatro-cacas-gripen-e-da-saab . 18 September 2021 . 18 September 2021 . Defesa Aérea e Naval . pt-BR.
  152. Web site: 18 November 2014 . Brazilian air force confirms Gripen acquisition numbers . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190427201557/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/brazilian-air-force-confirms-gripen-acquisition-numbers-406213/ . 27 April 2019 . 8 January 2024 . Flight Global.
  153. News: Gielow . Igor . 1 February 2022 . Força Aérea Brasileira compra novos mísseis e quer mais 30 caças Gripen . Brazilian Air Force buys new missiles and wants 30 more Gripen fighters . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220201102342/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2022/02/forca-aerea-brasileira-compra-novos-misseis-e-quer-mais-30-cacas-gripen.shtml . 1 February 2022 . 1 February 2022 . . pt.
  154. News: 15 February 2019 . Gripen E enters serial production as Saab targets sales . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190620215657/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/gripen-e-enters-serial-production-as-saab-targets-sa-455831/ . 20 June 2019 . 10 September 2019 . Flight Global.
  155. News: 23 December 2021 . FAB Notas Estratégicas III – Ajuste de curso na FAB . Strategic Notes III – Course adjustment at FAB . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220201112040/https://www.defesanet.com.br/nfab/noticia/43140/FAB-Notas-Estrategicas-III---Ajuste-de-curso-na-FAB/ . 1 February 2022 . 1 February 2022 . Defesanet . pt.
  156. The First Serial Production Gripen E Fighters are in Brazil . 2 April 2022 . Saab AB . 12 April 2022 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220411190033/https://www.saab.com/newsroom/press-releases/2022/the-first-serial-production-gripen-e-fighters-are-in-brazil . 11 April 2022.
  157. News: 22 April 2022 . No Dia da Aviação de Caça FAB ganha mais 4 aeronaves F-39 Gripen . On Fighter Aviation Day FAB wins 4 more F-39 Gripen aircraft . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220422224512/https://www.fab.mil.br/noticias/mostra/38957/DIA%20DA%20AVIA%C3%87%C3%83O%20DE%20CA%C3%87A%20-%20No%20Dia%20da%20Avia%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20de%20Ca%C3%A7a%20FAB%20ganha%20mais%204%20aeronaves%20F-39%20Gripen . 22 April 2022 . 23 April 2022 . FAB . pt.
  158. News: 25 May 2022 . Más cazas Gripen en la Fuerza Aérea Brasileña, por encima de 60, a costa de reducir los KC-390 . More Gripen fighters in the Brazilian Air Force, above 60, at the cost of reducing the KC-390 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220929201549/https://www.defensa.com/brasil/mas-cazas-gripen-fuerza-ayrea-brasilena-encima-60-costa-reducir . 29 September 2022 . 8 January 2024 . Defensa . es.
  159. News: 23 May 2022 . FAB quer esquadrão extra com mais 26 caças Gripen por até R$10 bilhões . FAB wants extra squadron with 26 more Gripen fighters for up to R$ 10 billion . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230621102930/https://aeroin.net/fab-quer-esquadrao-extra-com-mais-26-cacas-gripen-por-ate-r10-bilhoes/ . 21 June 2023 . 8 January 2024 . Aeroin . pt.
  160. News: 25 May 2022 . Brasil fija en 26 aviones el segundo lote de cazas Gripen y paraliza el desarrollo del misil A-Darter . Brazil sets the second batch of Gripen fighters at 26 aircraft and paralyzes the development of the A-Darter missile . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230623035600/https://www.infodefensa.com/texto-diario/mostrar/3767045/radiografia-fuerza-aerea-brasilena-siglo-xxi-primera-parte . 23 June 2023 . 8 January 2024 . Infodefensa . es.
  161. News: 1 August 2022 . Brasil comienza a negociar un segundo lote de cazas Gripen NG para su Fuerza Aérea . Brazil begins the negotiation of a second batch of Gripen NG aircraft for its Air Force . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220802145228/https://www.defensa.com/brasil/brasil-comienza-negociar-segundo-lote-cazas-gripen-ng-para-aerea . 2 August 2022 . 2 August 2022 . Defensa . es.
  162. Web site: Gripen E production line inaugurated in Brazil . live . https://archive.today/20230509202634/https://www.saab.com/newsroom/press-releases/2023/gripen-e-production-line-inaugurated-in-brazil . 9 May 2023 . Saab.
  163. News: Gielow . Igor . 23 November 2023 . Lula discute negócio casado de aviões militares com a Suécia . Lula discusses military aircraft deal with Sweden . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231123184311/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2023/11/lula-discute-negocio-casado-de-avioes-militares-com-a-suecia.shtml . 23 November 2023 . 23 November 2023 . . pt.
  164. News: 9 November 2024 . Brasil e Suécia avançam em venda casada de Gripen e KC-390 . Brazil and Sweden advance in joint sale of Gripen and KC-390 . 10 November 2024 . . pt.
  165. News: 9 November 2024 . Brazil and Sweden deepen aerospace cooperation . Government of Sweden.
  166. News: 9 November 2024 . Suécia seleciona C-390 como sua nova aeronave de transporte multimissão . Sweden selects C-390 as its new multi-role transport aircraft . Cavok . pt.
  167. News: 9 November 2024 . Sweden selects the Embraer C-390 Millennium as its new military transport aircraft . Embraer.
  168. News: 17 September 2025 . Brasil quiere más aviones Gripen y Suecia confirma la compra de cuatro KC-390 Millennium . Infodefensa.
  169. News: sv . . Tjeckien tar in JAS-offert . Czech Republic receives the JAS quote . 17 October 2000 . 7 January 2014 . 18 April 2013 . https://archive.today/20130418033817/http://www.di.se/artiklar/2000/10/17/tjeckien-tar-in-jas-offert/ . live.
  170. News: Tjeckien stoppar Jas-köp . Czech Republic concludes Jas buy . . 13 September 2002 . sv . 7 January 2014 . 19 April 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160419084047/http://www.di.se/artiklar/2002/9/13/tjeckien-stoppar-jas-kop/ . live.
  171. News: sv . . Tjeckien leasar Jas . Czech leases JAS . 16 June 2004 . 7 January 2014 . 18 April 2013 . https://archive.today/20130418132633/http://www.di.se/artiklar/2004/6/14/tjeckien-leasar-jas/ . live.
  172. Bjarke . Louise Wileen . sv. Gripenleverans klar på rekordtid . Gripen delivery ready in record time . . 31 August 2005 . Den första leveransen, av sex flygplan, skedde den 18 april… [The delivery of the first six aircraft took place on 18 April…] . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140225031243/http://www.mynewsdesk.com/se/forsvarets_materielverk__fmv/pressreleases/gripenleverans-klar-paa-rekordtid-98677 . 25 February 2014.
  173. News: 26 August 2013 . Hosted news . Czechs to extend Swedish Gripen fighter jet lease . Agency France-Presse . https://web.archive.org/web/20140303104722/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jSPTiidfwQlT3TAxxekm1cn5zsaA?docId=CNG.81e5196f023e349caa01047cfe4cd490.3b1 . 3 March 2014 . dead.
  174. News: sv. . Tjeckien: Ja till Gripen . Czech Republic: Yes for the Gripen . 12 September 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140107152424/http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/fordon_motor/flygplan/article3761359.ece . 7 January 2014.
  175. The Gripen Family . supplement . Combat Aircraft Monthly . Shepperton, Middlesex . Ian Allan . December 2010.
  176. News: Czech government signs Gripen lease extension . Hoyle . Craig . 19 May 2014 . . 19 May 2014 . 11 March 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170311164620/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/czech-government-signs-gripen-lease-extension-399415/ . live.
  177. News: Czech air force looks to the future with enhanced Gripens . Hoyle . Craig . 12 May 2015 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20150513222257/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/czech-air-force-looks-to-the-future-with-enhanced-gripens-412162/ . 13 May 2015 . live.
  178. News: Armáda chce více gripenů. Kvůli bezpečnosti v Evropě . cs . The army wants more Gripens. For security in Europe . Aktuálně . Economia . 11 November 2014 . 3 May 2017 . 5 August 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170805020635/https://zpravy.aktualne.cz/domaci/armada-bude-mit-vice-gripenu-kvuli-bezpecnosti-v-evrope/r~f4ac556469a011e4a10c0025900fea04/ . live.
  179. Web site: Czech air force looks to the future with enhanced Gripens . Craig . Hoyle . FlightGlobal . 12 May 2015 . 13 May 2015 . 13 May 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150513222257/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/czech-air-force-looks-to-the-future-with-enhanced-gripens-412162/ . live.
  180. Web site: Czech Air Force Gripen fleet completes MS20 upgrade . https://archive.today/20210404160942/https://www.saab.com/newsroom/press-releases/2018/czech-air-force-gripen-fleet-completes-ms20-upgrade-giving-enhanced-operational-capabilities . 4 April 2021 . live.
  181. News: sv . . 28 August 2001 . Ungern på väg rata JAS . Hungary on the road to JAS . 12 January 2014 . 19 April 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160419084724/http://www.di.se/artiklar/2001/8/28/ungern-pa-vag-rata-jas/ . live.
  182. News: sv . . 12 November 2011 . Jas-avtalet värt 5 mdr . Jas agreement worth 5 billion . 12 January 2014 . 19 April 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160419095057/http://www.di.se/artiklar/2001/11/23/jas-avtalet-vart-5-mdr/ . live.
  183. Web site: sv . Stridsflygplan JAS 39 C/D . . Fighter aircraft JAS 39C/D . 21 March 2011 . 12 February 2014 . 4 July 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170704122958/http://www.forsvarsmakten.se/sv/Materiel-och-teknik/Flyg/Stridsflygplan-JAS-39-C/ . live.
  184. Gripen överlämnad till Ungern . Hällekis-Kuriren . . sv. Gripen handed over to Hungary . 12 February 2014 . 30 March 2006 . …nio flygplanen kommer att ske successivt fram till december 2007 […nine aircraft will take place in stages up until December 2007]. . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100823001722/https://www.fmv.se/WmTemplates/page.aspx?id=1726 . 23 August 2010.
  185. News: sv. Indien vill inte ha Gripen . India does not want Gripen . . 28 April 2011 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20140107164246/http://www.svd.se/naringsliv/indien-vill-inte-ha-gripen_6121187.svd . 7 January 2014.
  186. News: Sweden approves 10-year extension of Hungary Gripen lease . 24 January 2012 . BBJ . . The government of Sweden approved and ratified a ten-year extension of Hungary's lease of Gripen fighter aircraft… Hungarian Defence Minister Csaba Hende said earlier that extending the lease until 2026 would save the state HUF 63bn. . 7 January 2014 . 12 February 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170212152320/http://www.bbj.hu/politics/sweden-approves-10-year-extension-of-hungary-gripen-lease---paper_62472 . dead.
  187. News: 19 May 2015 . Dull . Szabolcs . Spirk . Jozsef . Bőtös . Botond . Kolbert . András . A Hungarian Gripen crashed in the Czech Republic . Lezuhant egy magyar Gripen Csehorszagban . Index . HU . hu . 20 May 2015 . 14 March 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170314112241/http://index.hu/belfold/2015/05/19/lezuhant_egy_magyar_gripen_csehorszagban/ . live.
  188. News: Teljes a Gripen-flotta . The Gripen fleet is complete . Honvedelem . hu . HU . 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170214004609/http://www.honvedelem.hu/cikk/60942 . 14 February 2017 . dead.
  189. Web site: Kezdődik a második félidő . Second half begins . Aranysas . November 2021 . Tőrös István . hu.
  190. Web site: Hungary to Acquire IRIS-T Air-to-Air Missiles . The defence post . 21 December 2022 . 21 December 2021 . 21 December 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211221160258/https://www.thedefensepost.com/2021/12/21/hungary-iris-missile/ . live.
  191. Web site: Hungary signs deal to buy Swedish fighter jets, says Orban . 23 February 2024 . 23 February 2024 . DW.
  192. Web site: Wingrin . Dean . . SAAF takes delivery of three more Gripens . Defence Web . 10 April 2011 . 28 April 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131217022005/http://www.saairforce.co.za/news-and-events/984/saaf-takes-delivery-of-three-more-gripens . 17 December 2013.
  193. Web site: Jennings . Gareth . Lack of 'positive response' forces Saab to axe South Africa-based Gripen school . IHS Jane's Defence Weekly . IHS Jane's 360 . 17 July 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130722143514/http://www.janes.com/article/24705/lack-of-positive-response-forces-saab-to-axe-south-africa-based-gripen-school . 22 July 2013 . dead.
  194. Web site: Czechs to train future international Gripen pilots . Burger . Marcel . 11 May 2015 . Air heads fly . 14 May 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150515063518/http://airheadsfly.com/2015/05/11/czech-to-train-future-international-gripen-pilots/ . 15 May 2015 . dead.
  195. Web site: Guy . Martin . SAAF has no Gripen support contract . Defence Web . ZA . 17 July 2013 . 17 December 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131217021429/http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=31235:saaf-has-no-gripen-support-contract&catid=55:SANDF&Itemid=108 . 17 December 2013.
  196. News: Wyndham . Hartley . Almost Half of SA's Gripens 'in Storage' . ZA . . 13 March 2013 . 17 December 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131217023742/http://www.bdlive.co.za/national/2013/03/13/almost-half-of-sas-gripens-in-storage . 17 December 2013.
  197. Web site: Helmoed-Römer . Heitman . SAAF to rotate Gripens . IHS Jane's Defence Weekly . IHS Jane's 360 . 5 September 2013 . 18 December 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131109132536/http://www.janes.com/article/26736/saaf-to-rotate-gripens . 9 November 2013 . dead.
  198. News: Arms Deal Commission hears fighter jets met Air Force requirements . . ZA . 2 September 2013 . 17 December 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131217021035/http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/b0a99b8040f36d81b324b3434f2981a1/Fighter-jets-met-Airforce-requirements-20130209 . 17 December 2013.
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  200. Web site: Hoyle . Craig . Thailand signs contract for six Saab Gripen fighters . . 15 February 2008 . 17 December 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131213163538/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/thailand-signs-contract-for-six-saab-gripen-fighters-221552/ . 13 December 2013 . live.
  201. Web site: Hoyle . Craig . Thailand signs for more Gripen fighters, anti-ship missiles . . 23 November 2010 . 17 December 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131213165503/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/thailand-signs-for-more-gripen-fighters-anti-ship-missiles-350080/ . 13 December 2013 . live.
  202. Web site: Signing of Gripen 39 C/D Purchase Agreement . Royal Thai Air Force . 28 October 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100815132526/http://www.rtaf.mi.th/news/n07/gripen/080213_PurchaseAgreement_en.pdf . 15 August 2010.
  203. Web site: Waldron . Greg . Thailand's first six Gripens arrive in Asia . Reed Business Information . . 23 February 2011 . 23 February 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131213163336/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/thailands-first-six-gripens-arrive-in-asia-353549/ . 13 December 2013 . live.
  204. News: Gripenplan träffades av blixtnedslag . Dagens Nyheter . SE . 5 September 2013 . sv. Gripen aircraft was hit by lightning . 12 January 2014 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20131008034658/http://www.dn.se/nyheter/varlden/gripenplan-traffades-av-blixtnedslag/ . 8 October 2013.
  205. News: sv. Thailand vill köpa fler Gripen . Thailand wants to buy more Gripen . 22 October 2013 . Svenska Dagbladet . 17 December 2013 . Sweden . https://web.archive.org/web/20131019134852/http://www.svd.se/naringsliv/nyheter/varlden/thailand-vill-kopa-fler-gripen_8631518.svd . 19 October 2013. Nygårds . Olle.
  206. News: Nanuam . Wassana . 27 August 2024 . Air force chooses Gripen jets from Sweden . 27 August 2024 . Bangkok Post.
  207. Web site: Royal Thai Air Force successfully conducts second bombing mission on Cambodian military positions . Nation Thailand . 26 July 2025 . 27 July 2025.
  208. Web site: Swedish Gripen Jets Used in Thai Attack on Cambodia, Foreign Minister Confirms . Sweden Herald . 26 July 2025 . 27 July 2025.
  209. News: ส่ง F-16 คู่ กริพเพน โจมตีเป้าหมายทางทหาร ภูมะเขือ-ปราสาทตาเมือนธม ไม่พลาดเป้า . Matichon.
  210. Web site: Sweden agrees to sell four Saab Gripen fighter jets to Thailand . 25 August 2025 . reuters.com . Reuters.
  211. Web site: Gripen for ETPS, Partnership for Excellence . Saab . 21 July 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131103092815/http://www.saabgroup.com/en/Air/Gripen-Fighter-System/Gripen-for-ETPS/Backgroud/ . 3 November 2013.
  212. Web site: Cavas . Christopher P. . 3 May 2015 . Saab's Gripen Enters a New High-fly Zone . Defense News . Seven air forces operate or are committed to operating Gripens, along with one British Gripen D test aircraft. […] "We know Colombia is going to replace their Kfir fleet, we've had questions from them", Ahlqvist said. . https://archive.today/20210117121925/https://www.defensenews.com/air/2015/05/03/saab-s-gripen-enters-a-new-high-fly-zone/ . 17 January 2021 . live . 6 May 2015.
  213. Web site: Gripen Seminar 210608 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210609225756/https://saab-seminar.creo.se/dl/o/okfMkzKJ8OP-LtkhHjBYqg . 9 June 2021 . Saab seminar . Creo.
  214. Web site: Jennings . Gareth . 28 April 2015 . Saab pitches Gripen as Typhoon replacement for Austria . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150501142359/http://www.janes.com/article/51025/saab-pitches-gripen-as-typhoon-replacement-for-austria . 1 May 2015 . Jane's Defence Weekly . IHS Jane's 360 . Linköping, SE.
  215. Web site: Saumeth . E . 24 May 2016 . Saab está en disposición de sumministrar su Gripen C/D a Colombia en 18 meses . Saab can deliver its Gripen C/D to Colombia in 18 months . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161103025607/http://www.infodefensa.com/latam/2016/05/24/noticia-primera-ofrece-colombia-gripen-plazos-entrega-meses.html . 3 November 2016 . 12 June 2016 . Info defensa . es.
  216. Web site: Torrado . Santiago . 3 April 2025 . Colombia elige renovar su fuerza aérea con los cazas Gripen de origen sueco . Colombia decides to renew its air force with Swedish Gripen fighters . 4 April 2025 . El País América Colombia . es-CO.
  217. Web site: 2 October 2025 . Colombia to Acquire 18 Gripen E Fighters from Saab . 5 October 2025 . Air Data News.
  218. Web site: Saab signs contract for Gripen E/F with Colombia . 2025-11-15 . Start . en.
  219. Web site: 4 July 2025 . Peru confirms purchase of 24 Swedish Gripen E/F fighter jets over French Rafale and US F-16 . 4 July 2025 . Army Recognition . Army Recognition Group.
  220. News: F-35 beat Gripen fighter jet 'by a mile' in 2021 Defence Department competition . CBC News . 28 November 2025.
  221. News: Canada reconsidering F-35 purchase amid tensions with Washington, says minister . CBC News . 14 March 2025.
  222. News: Sweden offers Canada a chance to revive its near-dead defence aerospace industry . Globe and Mail . 21 November 2025.
  223. News: John Ivison: Sources say Ottawa considering Swedish jets over F-35s for half of fleet . National Post . 28 January 2026.
  224. Web site: 14 November 2025 . Saab in talks with Canada, Bombardier to build Gripen fighter jets, Globe and Mail reports . Reuters. 15 November 2025.
  225. News: 10 February 2026 . Canada discreetly puts money down on 14 additional F-35s . CBC News.
  226. News: 14 November 2025 . Canada's battle of the fighter jets: F-35 vs the Gripen . David. Pugliese. 15 November 2025. Ottawa Citizen. Postmedia Network.
  227. Web site: Philippines and Sweden Sign MOU for potential Gripen fighter jet deal . 6 June 2023 . 25 December 2025. 26 July 2023 . Defence Industry Europe . https://web.archive.org/web/20230726092300/https://defence-industry.eu/philippines-and-sweden-sign-mou-for-potential-gripen-fighter-jet-deal/. live.
  228. Web site: Saab Gripen gets ahead in the Philippines' bid for a new fighter . Gastón. Dubois. 7 June 2023 . Aviacionline . 25 December 2023. 26 July 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230726092304/https://www.aviacionline.com/2023/06/saab-gripen-gets-ahead-in-the-philippines-bid-for-a-new-fighter/. dead.
  229. Web site: The Philippines Is Acquiring Swedish Fighter Jets Saab JAS-39 Gripen . Esquire Philippines. 5 June 2023 . 25 December 2025. 26 July 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230726092300/https://www.esquiremag.ph/politics/news/philippine-air-force-saab-jas-39-gripen-fighter-jets-sweden-a00203-20230605. live.
  230. Web site: Meier . Ricardo . 2025-04-10 . Portugal and Canada are already evaluating the Gripen fighter to replace the F-35 . 2025-12-25 . Air Data News . en-US.
  231. Web site: Charoux . Valerie . Sweden will produce Gripen E fighter jets in Portugal . Portugal Business News – PBN . 12 February 2026 . en . 29 September 2025.
  232. Web site: Sweden Backs Ukraine's Plan for 100 to 150 Gripen E Jets Signaling Airpower Shift in Europe . 23 October 2025 . Army Recognition. Army Recognition Group. 23 October 2025. Teoman . S. Nicanci.
  233. News: Gripensamtal i ett intensivt skede . 16 February 2026 . . . . 11 February 2026 . sv . Gripen talks in an intensive phase.
  234. News: Klart för nya Super-Gripen . Sweden . Ready for the new Super-Gripen . sv. . 17 April 2007 . 9 June 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110929224535/http://www.e24.se/business/verkstadsindustri/klart-for-nya-super-gripen_38201.e24 . 29 September 2011.

  235. '... this involved modifying the JAS 39 Gripen aircraft to NATO standards and for in‐flight refuelling.'

  236. Web site: Thai Military Aircraft Designations . 18 March 2025 . designation-systems.net.
  237. Web site: SAAB JAS 39 GRIPEN . 27 July 2025 . janes.migavia.com.
  238. Web site: Saab just unveiled its attempt to outdo the F-35 . Orvelin . Valle . Business Insider . 16 December 2019.
  239. Web site: Coelho . Janet Tappin . Saab confirms twin seat Gripen F development for Brazil . Rio de Janeiro . IHS Jane's Defence Weekly . 4 February 2014 . IHS Jane's 360 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140309040226/http://www.janes.com/article/33428/saab-confirms-twin-seat-gripen-f-development-for-brazil . 9 March 2014 . dead.
  240. Web site: Försvarsmaktens årsredovisning 2024 Bilaga 2. . 25 February 2025.
  241. Web site: The Gripen Aggressor is essentially a newbuild Gripen C that has had its offensive weapons capability (including the internal cannon) removed. While it is currently modelled on the single-seat Gripen C, Smith noted that a twin-seat Gripen D version could be offered if a customer requested it. . DSEI 2017: Saab presents new Gripen Aggressor . Gareth . Jennings . IHS Jane's Defence Weekly . 14 September 2017 . 21 December 2018 . Jane's 360 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180429001443/http://www.janes.com/article/73993/dsei-2017-saab-presents-new-gripen-aggressor . 29 April 2018 . dead.
  242. Web site: Gripen Aggressor for the US, Train like you fight . Saab . https://web.archive.org/web/20210318190220/https://www.saab.com/globalassets/products/aeronautics/gripen-c-series/20190219_aggressor-v18-final.pdf . 18 March 2021 . live.
  243. Web site: Gripen Aggressor targets UK, US requirements . 12 September 2017 . FlightGlobal . Craig . Hoyle . London . Saab has launched a new derivative of its Gripen C, which it believes is ideally suited to meeting the future adversary training needs of the UK and USA .
  244. Web site: Gripen M In Brief . Saab . 26 July 2017 . https://archive.today/20170726145323/http://saab.com/globalassets/commercial/air/gripen-fighter-system/pdf-files-download-section/facts/gripen_m_factsheet.pdf . 26 July 2017 . April 2017.
  245. Web site: Saab offers naval Gripen to India . Strat Post . 28 December 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130523034409/http://www.stratpost.com/saab-offers-naval-gripen-to-india . 23 May 2013 . 23 March 2010.
  246. Web site: Jennings . Gareth . London . 15 March 2017 . Saab shifts Gripen M focus from Brazil to India . IHS Jane's Defence Weekly . IHS Jane's 360 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20170325211840/http://www.janes.com/article/68734/saab-shifts-gripen-m-focus-from-brazil-to-india . 25 March 2017.
  247. Web site: Barreira . Victor . 20 July 2017 . Brazilian Navy makes moves towards potential new Gripen maritime fighters . IHS Jane's Defence Weekly . Jane's 360 . 26 July 2017 . dead . https://archive.today/20170726145218/http://www.janes.com/article/72490/ . 26 July 2017.
  248. Web site: World Air Forces . 2016 . FlightGlobal.
  249. Web site: F-39 Gripen de matrícula FAB 4111 chega ao Brasil . fab.mil.br . 15 November 2025 . pt .
  250. Web site: Vídeo – Traslado do F-39 Gripen FAB4111 para o aeroporto de Navegantes . Defesa Aérea e Naval . 15 November 2025 . pt .
  251. Web site: Novo caça supersônico da FAB que pode voar a 2,4 mil km/h chega ao Brasil em operação especial . G1 . Brazilian air force’s new supersonic fighter capable of flight at 2.4k km/h arrives to Brazil in a special operation . 12 June 2025. pt.
  252. Web site: FAB recebe décima aeronave F-39 Gripen . Brazilian air force receives tenth F-39 Gripen airplane . FAB . 13 June 2025. pt.
  253. Web site: 24 November 2023 . Gripen no programa WW: CEO da Saab afirma que FAB negocia de 12 a 15 caças adicionais . Gripen in the WW programme: Saab’s president affirms that the Brazilian air force negotiates from 12 to 15 additional fighters . Poder Aéreo . pt-BR.
  254. Web site: Saab receives Gripen order for Hungary . 23 February 2024 . Saab.
  255. Web site: Hoyle . Craig . South Africa fields first Gripen fighter . . 8 May 2008.
  256. Web site: Gripen E Entering Serial Delivery Phase for Brazilian and Swedish Air Forces . Saab . 24 November 2021.
  257. Web site: Leverans av det första serieproducerade JAS 39E-planet till FMV . 20 October 2023 . FMV . sv.
  258. Web site: Hoyle . Craig . Reed Business Information . Gripen enhancements escape Swedish cutbacks . . 7 September 2007 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20131217024258/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/gripen-enhancements-escape-swedish-cutbacks-216641/ . 17 December 2013.
  259. Web site: Arthur . Gordon . Thai Air Force picks Saab Gripen E fighter jet to replace its F-16s . Defense news . 28 August 2024 . 28 August 2024.
  260. News: Charpentreau . Clement . 25 August 2025 . Thailand signs first order for 4 Saab Gripen E/F fighters, deliveries from 2025 . AeroTime .
  261. Saab signs new agreement with UK's test pilots' school . Saab . 15 February 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120722081222/http://www.saabgroup.com/en/about-saab/newsroom/press-releases--news/2008---2/saab-signs-new-agreement-with-uks-test-pilots-school/ . 22 July 2012.
  262. Web site: 20 February 2023 . Gripen prototype arrives at new home . Beebee . Steve . 6 December 2023 . Key.aero.
  263. News: The Swedish Air Force has donated a Gripen 39A fighter aircraft to exhibit in the Royal Thai Air Force . Photos of the week . Bangkok Post . 23 March 2012 . 29 August 2012.
  264. Web site: Saab JAS 39 incidents . Flight safety foundation . Aviation Safety Network . 19 July 2011 . 24 July 2011. Note page has two entries for 31 May 2010 accident with the same serial number.
  265. News: sv. JAS Gripen störtar på Långholmen . Minnen [Memories] . 5 May 2006. JAS Gripen crashes on Långholmen . Sveriges Radio . SE . 6 October 2013 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20131219213959/http://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=1602&artikel=851408 . 19 December 2013.
  266. Web site: JAS 39 Gripen . Saab . https://web.archive.org/web/20210414004951/https://history.saab.com/teman/svensk-sakerhet/jas-39-gripen/ . 14 April 2021 . dead . sv.
  267. Web site: th . Sanook . 14 January 2017 . โชว์ระทึก! เครื่องบินผาดโผนร่วงพื้น ระเบิดในงานวันเด็ก . Minnen [Memories] . 8 July 2017 . Frightening air show, the fighter crashed during kids' day.
  268. Web site: Jas-haveri vid Blekinge flygflottilj . sv . JAS crash at Blekinge air flotilla . Swedish Armed Forces . https://web.archive.org/web/20180822120640/https://www.forsvarsmakten.se/sv/aktuellt/2018/08/jas-haveri-vid-blekinge-flygflottilj/ . 22 August 2018 . live.
  269. News: DI . 21 August 2018 . 27 March 2022 . Pressträff om Jas-kraschen i Ronneby . sv . Press conference about JAS crash in Ronneby . 25 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220325161419/https://www.di.se/ditv/nyheter/presstraff-om-jas-kraschen-i-ronneby/ . dead .
  270. 2018 . Haveriet med en JAS 39 norr om Kallinge den 21 augusti 2018 . sv . The accident with a JAS 39 north of Kallinge on 21 August 2018 . Havkom . https://web.archive.org/web/20201212230251/https://www.havkom.se/nyheter/2018/haveriet-med-en-jas-39-norr-om-kallinge-den-21-augusti-2018 . 12 December 2020 . live.
  271. Slutrapport RM 2019:02 . sv . Havkom . Final report RM 2019:02 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201212230536/https://www.havkom.se/assets/reports/RM2019_02-Slutrapport.pdf . 12 December 2020 . live.

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