July 25 Explained

Events

Pre-1600

• 306  - Constantine I is proclaimed Roman emperor by his troops.
• 315  - The Arch of Constantine is completed near the Colosseum in Rome to commemorate Constantine I's victory over Maxentius at the Milvian Bridge.
• 677  - Climax of the Siege of Thessalonica by the Slavs in a three-day assault on the city walls.
• 864  - The Edict of Pistres of Charles the Bald orders defensive measures against the Vikings.
• 918  - Wang Geon becomes King of Goryeo after overthrowing Gung Ye in a coup the previous day^[1]
• 1137  - Eleanor of Aquitaine marries Prince Louis, later King Louis VII of France, at the Cathedral of Saint-André in Bordeaux.
• 1139  - Battle of Ourique: The Almoravids, led by Ali ibn Yusuf, are defeated by Prince Afonso Henriques who is proclaimed King of Portugal.
• 1261  - The city of Constantinople is recaptured by Nicaean forces under the command of Alexios Strategopoulos, re-establishing the Byzantine Empire.
• 1278  - The naval Battle of Algeciras takes place in the context of the Spanish Reconquista resulting in a victory for the Emirate of Granada and the Maranid Dynasty over the Kingdom of Castile.
• 1467  - The Battle of Molinella: The first battle in Italy in which firearms are used extensively.
• 1536  - Sebastián de Belalcázar on his search of El Dorado founds the city of Santiago de Cali.
• 1538  - The city of Guayaquil is founded by the Spanish Conquistador Francisco de Orellana and given the name Muy Noble y Muy Leal Ciudad de Santiago de Guayaquil.
• 1547  - Henry II of France is crowned.
• 1554  - The royal wedding of Mary I and Philip II of Spain celebrated at Winchester Cathedral.^[2]
• 1567  - Don Diego de Losada founds the city of Santiago de Leon de Caracas, modern-day Caracas, the capital city of Venezuela.
• 1591  - The Duke of Parma is defeated near the Dutch city of Nijmegen by an Anglo-Dutch force led by Maurice of Orange.^[3]
• 1593  - Henry IV of France publicly converts from Protestantism to Roman Catholicism.

1601–1900

• 1603  - James VI and I and Anne of Denmark are crowned in Westminster Abbey.^[4]
• 1609  - The English ship Sea Venture, en route to Virginia, is deliberately driven ashore during a storm at Bermuda to prevent its sinking; the survivors go on to found a new colony there.
• 1668  - A magnitude 8.5 earthquake strikes eastern China, killing over 43,000 people.^[5]
• 1693  - Ignacio de Maya founds the Real Santiago de las Sabinas, now known as Sabinas Hidalgo, Nuevo León, Mexico.
• 1718  - At the behest of Tsar Peter the Great, the construction of Kadriorg Palace, dedicated to his wife Catherine, begins in Tallinn.^[6]
• 1722  - Dummer's War begins along the Maine-Massachusetts border.
• 1755  - British governor Charles Lawrence and the Nova Scotia Council order the deportation of the Acadians.
• 1759  - French and Indian War: In Western New York, British forces capture Fort Niagara from the French, who subsequently abandon Fort Rouillé.
• 1783  - American Revolutionary War: The war's last action, the Siege of Cuddalore, is ended by a preliminary peace agreement.
• 1788  - Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart completes his Symphony No. 40 in G minor (K550).
• 1792  - The Brunswick Manifesto is issued to the population of Paris promising vengeance if the French royal family is harmed.
• 1797  - Horatio Nelson loses more than 300 men and his right arm during the failed conquest attempt of Tenerife (Spain).
• 1799  - Napoleon Bonaparte defeats a numerically superior Ottoman army under Mustafa Pasha at the Battle of Abukir.
• 1814  - War of 1812: An American attack on Canada is repulsed.
• 1824  - Costa Rica annexes Guanacaste from Nicaragua.
• 1835  - James Bowman Lindsay demonstrates a constant electric light at a public meeting in Dundee, Scotland.^{[7] [8]}
• 1837  - The first commercial use of an electrical telegraph is successfully demonstrated in London by William Cooke and Charles Wheatstone.
• 1853  - Joaquin Murrieta, the famous Californio bandit known as the "Robin Hood of El Dorado", is killed.
• 1861  - American Civil War: The United States Congress passes the Crittenden–Johnson Resolution, stating that the war is being fought to preserve the Union and not to end slavery, in the wake of the defeat at the First Battle of Bull Run.
• 1866  - The United States Congress passes legislation authorizing the rank of General of the Army. Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant becomes the first to be promoted to this rank.
• 1868  - The Wyoming Territory is established.
• 1869  - The Japanese daimyōs begin returning their land holdings to the emperor as part of the Meiji Restoration reforms. (Traditional Japanese Date: June 17, 1869).
• 1894  - The First Sino-Japanese War begins when the Japanese fire upon a Chinese warship.
• 1897  - American author Jack London embarks on a sailing trip to take part in the Klondike's gold rush, from which he wrote his first successful stories.^[9]
• 1898  - Spanish–American War: The American invasion of Spanish-held Puerto Rico begins, as United States Army troops under General Nelson A. Miles land and secure the port at Guánica.^[10]

1901–present

• 1908  - Ajinomoto is founded. Kikunae Ikeda of the Tokyo Imperial University discovers that a key ingredient in kombu soup stock is monosodium glutamate (MSG), and patents a process for manufacturing it.
• 1909  - Louis Blériot makes the first flight across the English Channel in a heavier-than-air machine from Calais to Dover, England, United Kingdom in 37 minutes.
• 1915  - RFC Captain Lanoe Hawker becomes the first British pursuit aviator to earn the Victoria Cross.
• 1917  - Sir Robert Borden introduces the first income tax in Canada as a "temporary" measure (lowest bracket is 4% and highest is 25%).
• 1925  - Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (TASS) is established.
• 1934  - The Nazis assassinate Austrian Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss in a failed coup attempt.
• 1940  - General Henri Guisan orders the Swiss Army to resist German invasion and makes surrender illegal.
• 1942  - The Norwegian Manifesto calls for nonviolent resistance to the German occupation.
• 1943  - World War II: Benito Mussolini is forced out of office by the King (encouraged by the Grand Council of Fascism) and is replaced by Pietro Badoglio.
• 1943  - World War II: 136 Greek civilians are murdered by soldiers of the German 1st Mountain Division in the village of Mousiotitsa, Greece.^[11]
• 1944  - World War II: Operation Spring near Caen is one of the bloodiest days for the First Canadian Army during the war.
• 1946  - The Crossroads Baker device is the first underwater nuclear weapon test.
• 1956  - Forty-five miles south of Nantucket Island, the Italian ocean liner collides with the in heavy fog and sinks the next day, killing 51.
• 1957  - The Tunisian King Muhammad VIII al-Amin is replaced by President Habib Bourguiba.
• 1958  - The African Regroupment Party holds its first congress in Cotonou.
• 1961  - Cold War: In a speech John F. Kennedy emphasizes that any attack on Berlin is an attack on NATO.
• 1965  - Bob Dylan goes electric at the Newport Folk Festival, signaling a major change in folk and rock music.
• 1969  - Vietnam War: U.S. President Richard Nixon declares the Nixon Doctrine, stating that the United States now expects its Asian allies to take care of their own military defense. This is the start of the "Vietnamization" of the war.
• 1971  - The Sohagpur massacre is perpetrated by the Pakistan Army.^[12]
• 1973  - Soviet Mars 5 space probe is launched.
• 1976  - Viking program: Viking 1 takes the famous Face on Mars photo.
• 1978  - Puerto Rican police shoot two nationalists in the Cerro Maravilla murders.
• 1978  - Birth of Louise Joy Brown, the first human to have been born after conception by in vitro fertilisation, or IVF.^[13]
• 1979  - In accord with the Egypt–Israel peace treaty, Israel begins its withdrawal from the Sinai Peninsula.
• 1983  - Black July: Thirty-seven Tamil political prisoners at the Welikada high security prison in Colombo are massacred by the fellow Sinhalese prisoners.
• 1984  - Salyut 7 cosmonaut Svetlana Savitskaya becomes the first woman to perform a space walk.
• 1993  - Israel launches a massive attack against Lebanon in what the Israelis call Operation Accountability, and the Lebanese call the Seven-Day War.
• 1993  - The Saint James Church massacre occurs in Kenilworth, Cape Town, South Africa.
• 1994  - Israel and Jordan sign the Washington Declaration, that formally ends the state of war that had existed between the nations since 1948.
• 1995  - A gas bottle explodes in Saint Michel station of line B of the RER (Paris regional train network). Eight are killed and 80 wounded.
• 1996  - In a military coup in Burundi, Pierre Buyoya deposes Sylvestre Ntibantunganya.
• 2000  - Concorde Air France Flight 4590 crashes outside of Paris shortly after taking off at Charles de Gaulle Airport, killing 113 people.
• 2001  - Phoolan Devi, a serving Member of Parliament, was assassinated by shooting in New Delhi, India.^[14]
• 2007  - Pratibha Patil is sworn in as India's first female president.
• 2010  - WikiLeaks publishes classified documents about the War in Afghanistan, one of the largest leaks in U.S. military history.
• 2018  - As-Suwayda attacks: Coordinated attacks occur in Syria.^[15]
• 2019  - National extreme heat records set this day in the UK, Belgium, The Netherlands and Germany during the July 2019 European heat wave.

Births

Pre-1600

• 975  - Thietmar, bishop of Merseburg (died 1018)
• 1016  - Casimir I the Restorer, duke of Poland (died 1058)^[16]
• 1109  - Afonso I, king of Portugal (died 1185)
• 1165  - Ibn Arabi, Andalusian Sufi mystic, poet, and philosopher (died 1240)
• 1261  - Arthur II, Duke of Brittany (died 1312)
• 1291  - Hawys Gadarn, Welsh noblewoman (died 1353)
• 1336  - Albert I, Duke of Bavaria (died 1404)^[17]
• 1394  - James I, king of Scotland (died 1437)
• 1404  - Philip I, Duke of Brabant (died 1430)
• 1421  - Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland, English politician (died 1461)
• 1450  - Jakob Wimpfeling, Renaissance humanist (died 1528)
• 1486  - Albrecht VII, Duke of Mecklenburg (died 1547)
• 1498  - Hernando de Aragón, Archbishop of Zaragoza (died 1575)
• 1532  - Alphonsus Rodriguez, Jesuit lay brother and saint (died 1617)
• 1556  - George Peele, English translator, poet, and dramatist (died 1596)
• 1562  - Katō Kiyomasa, Japanese warlord (died 1611)
• 1573  - Christoph Scheiner, German astronomer and Jesuit (died 1650)
• 1581  - Brian Twyne, English archivist (died 1644)

1601–1900

• 1605  - Theodore Haak, German scholar (died 1690)
• 1633  - Joseph Williamson, English politician (died 1701)
• 1642  - Louis I, Prince of Monaco (died 1701)^[18]
• 1654  - Agostino Steffani, Italian composer and diplomat (died 1728)
• 1657  - Philipp Heinrich Erlebach, German composer (died 1714)
• 1658  - Archibald Campbell, 1st Duke of Argyll, Scottish general (died 1703)
• 1683  - Pieter Langendijk, Dutch playwright and poet (died 1756)
• 1750  - Henry Knox, American general and politician, 1st United States Secretary of War (died 1806)
• 1753  - Santiago de Liniers, 1st Count of Buenos Aires, French-Spanish captain and politician, 10th Viceroy of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata (died 1810)
• 1797  - Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel (died 1889)
• 1806  - Maria Weston Chapman, American abolitionist (died 1885)
• 1839  - Francis Garnier, French captain and explorer (died 1873)
• 1844  - Thomas Eakins, American painter, sculptor, and photographer (died 1916)
• 1847  - Paul Langerhans, German pathologist, physiologist and biologist (died 1888)
• 1848  - Arthur Balfour, Scottish-English lieutenant and politician, 33rd Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (died 1930)
• 1857  - Frank J. Sprague, American naval officer and inventor (died 1934)
• 1865  - Jac. P. Thijsse, Dutch botanist and conservationist (died 1945)
• 1866  - Frederick Blackman, English physiologist and academic (died 1947)
• 1867  - Max Dauthendey, German author and painter (died 1918)
• 1867  - Alexander Rummler, American painter (died 1959)
• 1869  - Platon, Estonian bishop and saint (died 1919)
• 1870  - Maxfield Parrish, American painter and illustrator (died 1966)
• 1875  - Jim Corbett, Indian hunter, environmentalist, and author (died 1955)
• 1878  - Masaharu Anesaki, Japanese philosopher and scholar (died 1949)
• 1882  - George S. Rentz, American commander (died 1942)
• 1883  - Alfredo Casella, Italian pianist, composer, and conductor (died 1947)
• 1886  - Edward Cummins, American golfer (died 1926)
• 1894  - Walter Brennan, American actor (died 1974)
• 1894  - Gavrilo Princip, Bosnian Serb revolutionary and assassin of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife (died 1918)
• 1895  - Ingeborg Spangsfeldt, Danish actress (died 1968)
• 1896  - Jack Perrin, American actor and stuntman (died 1967)
• 1896  - Josephine Tey, Scottish author and playwright (died 1952)

1901–present

• 1901  - Ruth Krauss, American author and poet (died 1993)
• 1901  - Mohammed Helmy, Egyptian physician and Righteous Among the Nations (died 1982)
• 1901  - Lila Lee, American actress and singer (died 1973)
• 1902  - Eric Hoffer, American philosopher and author (died 1983)
• 1905  - Elias Canetti, Bulgarian-Swiss novelist, playwright, and memoirist, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1994)
• 1905  - Georges Grignard, French race car driver (died 1977)
• 1905  - Denys Watkins-Pitchford, English author and illustrator (died 1990)
• 1906  - Johnny Hodges, American saxophonist and clarinet player (died 1970)
• 1908  - Bill Bowes, English cricketer (died 1987)
• 1908  - Ambroise-Marie Carré, French priest and author (died 2004)
• 1908  - Jack Gilford, American actor (died 1990)
• 1909  - Elizabeth Francis, American centenarian (died 2024)^[19]
• 1914  - Woody Strode, American football player and actor (died 1994)
• 1915  - S. U. Ethirmanasingham, Sri Lankan businessman and politician (date of death unknown)
• 1915  - Joseph P. Kennedy Jr., American lieutenant and pilot (died 1944)
• 1916  - Lucien Saulnier, Canadian lawyer and politician (died 1989)
• 1917  - Fritz Honegger, Swiss lawyer and politician (died 1999)
• 1918  - Jane Frank, American painter and sculptor (died 1986)
• 1920  - Rosalind Franklin, English biophysicist, chemist, and academic. Contributor to basic research of DNA. (died 1958)^[20]
• 1921  - Adolph Herseth, American soldier and trumpet player (died 2013)
• 1921  - Lionel Terray, French mountaineer (died 1965)
• 1922  - John B. Goodenough, American materials scientist, physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (died 2023)^[21]
• 1923  - Estelle Getty, American actress (died 2008)
• 1923  - Edgar Gilbert, American mathematician and theorist (died 2013)
• 1923  - Maria Gripe, Swedish journalist and author (died 2007)
• 1924  - Frank Church, American lawyer and politician (died 1984)
• 1924  - Scotch Taylor, South African cricketer and hockey player (died 2004)
• 1925  - Benny Benjamin, American R&B drummer (died 1969)
• 1925  - Jerry Paris, American actor and director (died 1986)
• 1925  - Dick Passwater, American race car driver (died 2020)^[22]
• 1925  - Jutta Zilliacus, Finnish journalist and politician
• 1926  - Whitey Lockman, American baseball player, coach, and manager (died 2009)
• 1926  - Bernard Thompson, British television producer and director (died 1998)
• 1926  - Beatriz Segall, Brazilian actress (died 2018)
• 1927  - Daniel Ceccaldi, French actor, director, and screenwriter (died 2003)
• 1927  - Midge Decter, American journalist and author (died 2022)
• 1927  - Sadiq Hussain Qureshi, Pakistani politician, 10th Governor of Punjab (died 2000)
• 1927  - Jean-Marie Seroney, Kenyan activist and politician (died 1982)
• 1928  - Dolphy, Filipino actor, singer, and producer (died 2012)
• 1928  - Mario Montenegro, Filipino actor (died 1988)
• 1928  - Nils Taube, Estonian-English businessman (died 2008)
• 1929  - Judd Buchanan, Canadian businessman and politician, 36th Canadian Minister of Public Works
• 1929  - Somnath Chatterjee, Indian lawyer and politician, 14th Speaker of the Lok Sabha (died 2018)
• 1929  - Eddie Mazur, Canadian ice hockey player (died 1995)
• 1930  - Murray Chapple, New Zealand cricketer and manager (died 1985)
• 1930  - Maureen Forrester, Canadian actress and singer (died 2010)
• 1930  - Alice Parizeau, Polish-Canadian journalist and criminologist (died 1990)
• 1930  - Herbert Scarf, American economist and academic (died 2015)
• 1930  - Annie Ross, Scottish-American singer and actress (died 2020)
• 1931  - James Butler, English sculptor and educator (died 2022)
• 1932  - Paul J. Weitz, American astronaut (died 2017)^[23]
• 1934  - Don Ellis, American trumpet player and composer (died 1978)
• 1934  - Claude Zidi, French director and screenwriter
• 1935  - Barbara Harris, American actress and singer (died 2018)
• 1935  - Adnan Khashoggi, Saudi Arabian businessman (died 2017)
• 1935  - Gilbert Parent, Canadian educator and politician, 33rd Speaker of the House of Commons of Canada (died 2009)
• 1935  - John Robinson, American football player and coach (died 2024)^[24]
• 1935  - Larry Sherry, American baseball player and coach (died 2006)
• 1935  - Lars Werner, Swedish lawyer and politician (died 2013)
• 1936  - Gerry Ashmore, English race car driver (died 2021)
• 1936  - Glenn Murcutt, English-Australian architect and academic
• 1937  - Colin Renfrew, Baron Renfrew of Kaimsthorn, English archaeologist and academic
• 1939  - S. Ramadoss, Indian politician^[25]
• 1940  - Richard Ballantine, American-English journalist and author (died 2013)
• 1941  - Manny Charlton, Spanish-born Scottish rock musician and songwriter (died 2022)
• 1941  - Nate Thurmond, American basketball player (died 2016)
• 1941  - Emmett Till, African-American lynching and kidnapping victim (died 1955)
• 1942  - Bruce Woodley, Australian singer-songwriter and guitarist
• 1943  - Jim McCarty, English singer and drummer
• 1943  - Erika Steinbach, Polish-German politician
• 1944  - Sally Beauman, English journalist and author (died 2016)
• 1946  - José Areas, Nicaraguan drummer
• 1946  - Nicole Farhi, French fashion designer and sculptor
• 1946  - John Gibson, American radio host
• 1946  - Rita Marley, Cuban-Jamaican singer
• 1946  - P. Selvarasa, Sri Lankan politician
• 1946  - Ljupka Dimitrovska, Macedonian-Croatian pop singer (died 2016)
• 1948  - Steve Goodman, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (died 1984)
• 1950  - Mark Clarke, English singer-songwriter and bass player
• 1951  - Jack Thompson, American lawyer and activist
• 1951  - Verdine White, American bass player and producer
• 1952  - Eduardo Souto de Moura, Portuguese architect, designed the Estádio Municipal de Braga
• 1953  - Walter Payton, American football player and race car driver (died 1999)
• 1953  - Joseph A. Tunzi, Chicago based author, foremost expert on Elvis Presley
• 1953  - Robert Zoellick, American banker and politician, 14th United States Deputy Secretary of State
• 1954  - Ken Greer, Canadian guitarist, keyboard player, and producer
• 1954  - Sheena McDonald, Scottish journalist
• 1954  - Jochem Ziegert, German footballer and manager
• 1955  - Iman, Somalian-English model and actress
• 1955  - Randall Bewley, American guitarist and songwriter (died 2009)
• 1956  - Frances Arnold, American scientist and engineer
• 1957  - Mark Hunter, English politician
• 1957  - Steve Podborski, Canadian skier
• 1958  - Alexei Filippenko, American astrophysicist and academic
• 1958  - Thurston Moore, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer
• 1959  - Fyodor Cherenkov, Russian footballer and manager (died 2014)
• 1959  - Geoffrey Zakarian, American chef and author
• 1960  - Alain Robidoux, Canadian snooker player
• 1960  - Justice Howard, American photographer
• 1960  - Māris Martinsons, Latvian film director, producer, screenwriter, and editor
• 1962  - Carin Bakkum, Dutch tennis player
• 1962  - Doug Drabek, American baseball player and coach
• 1963  - Denis Coderre, Canadian politician, 44th Mayor of Montreal
• 1963  - Julian Hodgson, Welsh chess player
• 1964  - Anne Applebaum, American journalist and author
• 1964  - Tony Granato, American ice hockey player and coach
• 1964  - Breuk Iversen, American designer and journalist
• 1965  - Marty Brown, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
• 1965  - Illeana Douglas, American actress, director, producer, and screenwriter
• 1965  - Torey Lovullo, American baseball player and coach^[26]
• 1965  - Dale Shearer, Australian rugby league player
• 1966  - Daryl Halligan, New Zealand rugby player and sportscaster
• 1966  - Maureen Herman, American bass player
• 1966  - Diana Johnson, English politician
• 1967  - Matt LeBlanc, American actor and producer
• 1967  - Ruth Peetoom, Dutch minister and politician
• 1967  - Tommy Skjerven, Norwegian footballer and referee
• 1968  - Rudi Bryson, South African cricketer
• 1968  - Shi Tao, Chinese journalist and poet
• 1969  - Jon Barry, American basketball player and sportscaster
• 1969  - Annastacia Palaszczuk, Australian politician, 39th Premier of Queensland
• 1969  - D. B. Woodside, American actor
• 1971  - Roger Creager, American singer-songwriter
• 1971  - Tracy Murray, American basketball player
• 1971  - Billy Wagner, American baseball player and coach
• 1972  - David Penna, Australian rugby league player and coach
• 1973  - David Denman, American actor^[27]
• 1973  - Dani Filth, English singer-songwriter
• 1973  - Kevin Phillips, English footballer
• 1973  - Igli Tare, Albanian footballer
• 1974  - Lauren Faust, American animator, producer, and screenwriter
• 1974  - Julia Laffranque, Estonian lawyer and judge
• 1974  - Kenzo Suzuki, Japanese rugby player and wrestler
• 1975  - Jody Craddock, English footballer and coach
• 1975  - Jean-Claude Darcheville, Guianan-French footballer
• 1975  - El Zorro, Mexican wrestler
• 1975  - Brian Gibson, American bass player
• 1975  - Evgeni Nabokov, Russian ice hockey player
• 1976  - Marcos Assunção, Brazilian footballer
• 1976  - Jovica Tasevski-Eternijan, Macedonian poet and critic
• 1976  - Javier Vázquez, Puerto Rican-American baseball player
• 1977  - Kenny Thomas, American basketball player
• 1978  - Gerard Warren, American football player
• 1979  - Ali Carter, English snooker player
• 1979  - Tom Lungley, English cricketer and umpire
• 1979  - Ahmed Tantawi, Egyptian politician and journalist^[28]
• 1980  - Shawn Riggans, American baseball player
• 1980  - Toni Vilander, Finnish race car driver
• 1980  - David Wachs, American actor and producer
• 1980  - Scott Waldrom, New Zealand rugby player
• 1981  - Finn Bálor, Irish wrestler^[29]
• 1981  - Conor Casey, American soccer player
• 1981  - Constantinos Charalambidis, Cypriot footballer
• 1981  - Yūichi Komano, Japanese footballer
• 1981  - Mac Lethal, American rapper and producer
• 1981  - Jani Rita, Finnish ice hockey player
• 1982  - Jason Dundas, Australian TV host
• 1982  - Brad Renfro, American actor and musician (died 2008)
• 1983  - Nenad Krstić, Serbian basketball player
• 1984  - Loukas Mavrokefalidis, Greek basketball player
• 1984  - Robert Clardy, American football coach
• 1985  - James Lafferty, American actor and athlete
• 1985  - Nelson Piquet Jr., Brazilian race car driver
• 1985  - Hugo Rodallega, Colombian footballer
• 1986  - Abraham Gneki Guié, Ivorian footballer
• 1986  - Hulk, Brazilian footballer
• 1987  - Richard Bachman, American ice hockey player
• 1987  - Mitchell Burgzorg, Dutch footballer and rapper
• 1987  - Fernando, Brazilian footballer
• 1987  - Jax Jones, English DJ, singer and songwriter
• 1987  - Eran Zahavi, Israeli footballer
• 1988  - Sarah Geronimo, Filipino singer and actress^[30]
• 1988  - John Goossens, Dutch footballer
• 1988  - Tom Hiariej, Dutch footballer
• 1988  - Stacey Kemp, English skater
• 1988  - Paulinho, Brazilian footballer
• 1988  - Anthony Stokes, Irish footballer
• 1989  - Natalia Vieru, Russian basketball player
• 1990  - Thodoris Karapetsas, Greek footballer
• 1991  - Toni Duggan, English footballer
• 1991  - Hasan Piker, American Twitch streamer
• 1992  - Sergei Simonov, Russian ice hockey player (died 2016)
• 1994  - Natalija Stevanović, Serbian tennis player^[31]
• 1994  - Andrei Vasilevskiy, Russian ice hockey player^[32]
• 1995  - Alvin Kamara, American football player^[33]
• 1995  - Maria Sakkari, Greek tennis player^[34]
• 1997  - Nat Butcher, Australian rugby league player
• 2000  - Meg Donnelly, American actress
• 2000  - Zhang Hao, Chinese singer^[35]
• 2001  - Bryce Young, American football player^[36]
• 2002  - Alperen Şengün, Turkish basketball player^[37]
• 2002  - Adam Hložek, Czech footballer^[38]

Deaths

Pre-1600

• 306  - Constantius Chlorus, Roman emperor (born 250)
• 885  - Ragenold, margrave of Neustria
• 1011  - Ichijō, emperor of Japan (born 980)
• 1190  - Sibylla, queen of Jerusalem
• 1195  - Herrad of Landsberg, abbess, author, and illustrator (born c. 1130)^[39]
• 1409  - Martin I, king of Sicily (born 1376)
• 1471  - Thomas à Kempis, German priest and mystic
• 1472  - Charles of Artois, French nobleman (born 1394)
• 1492  - Innocent VIII, pope of the Catholic Church (born 1432)
• 1564  - Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor (born 1503)^[40]
• 1572  - Isaac Luria, Ottoman rabbi and mystic (born 1534)

1601–1900

• 1608  - Pomponio Nenna, Italian composer (born 1556)
• 1616  - Andreas Libavius, German physician and chemist (born 1550)
• 1643  - Robert Pierrepont, 1st Earl of Kingston-upon-Hull, English general and politician (born 1584)
• 1681  - Urian Oakes, English-American minister and educator (born 1631)
• 1790  - Johann Bernhard Basedow, German educator and reformer (born 1723)
• 1790  - William Livingston, American soldier and politician, 1st Governor of New Jersey (born 1723)
• 1791  - Isaac Low, American merchant and politician (born 1735)
• 1794  - André Chénier, Greek-French poet and author (born 1762)
• 1794  - Jean-Antoine Roucher, French poet and author (born 1745)
• 1794  - Friedrich von der Trenck, Prussian adventurer and author (born 1726)
• 1826  - Kondraty Ryleyev, Russian poet and publisher (born 1795)
• 1831  - Maria Szymanowska, Polish composer and pianist (born 1789)
• 1834  - Samuel Taylor Coleridge, English philosopher, poet, and critic (born 1772)
• 1842  - Dominique Jean Larrey, French physician and surgeon (born 1766)
• 1843  - Charles Macintosh, Scottish chemist and inventor of waterproof fabric (born 1766)^[41]
• 1861  - Jonas Furrer, Swiss lawyer and politician, President of the Swiss Confederation (born 1805)
• 1865  - James Barry, English soldier and surgeon (born 1799)
• 1887  - John Taylor, American religious leader, 3rd President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (born 1808)

1901–present

• 1934  - François Coty, French businessman, founded Coty (born 1874)
• 1934  - Engelbert Dollfuss, Austrian politician, 14th Chancellor of Austria (born 1892)
• 1934  - Nestor Makhno, Ukrainian anarchist revolutionary (born 1888)^{[42] [43] [44]}
• 1942  - Fred Englehardt, American triple jumper (born 1879)
• 1947  - Kathleen Scott, English sculptor (born 1878)^[45]
• 1952  - Herbert Murrill, English organist and composer (born 1909)
• 1958  - Otto Lasanen, Finnish wrestler (born 1891)
• 1959  - Yitzhak HaLevi Herzog, Polish-born Irish rabbi and author (born 1888)
• 1962  - Thibaudeau Rinfret, Canadian lawyer and jurist, 9th Chief Justice of Canada (born 1879)
• 1963  - Ugo Cerletti, Italian neurologist and academic (born 1877)
• 1966  - Frank O'Hara, American poet and critic (born 1926)
• 1967  - Konstantinos Parthenis, Egyptian-Greek painter (born 1878)
• 1971  - John Meyers, American swimmer and water polo player (born 1880)
• 1971  - Leroy Robertson, American composer and educator (born 1896)
• 1973  - Amy Jacques Garvey, Jamaican-American journalist and activist (born 1895)
• 1973  - Louis St. Laurent, Canadian lawyer and politician, 12th Prime Minister of Canada (born 1882)
• 1977  - Shivrampant Damle, Indian educationist (born 1900)^[46]
• 1980  - Vladimir Vysotsky, Russian singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor (born 1938)
• 1981  - Rosa A. González, Puerto Rican nurse, author, feminist, and activist (born 1889)
• 1982  - Hal Foster, Canadian-American author and illustrator (born 1892)
• 1984  - Bryan Hextall, Canadian ice hockey player (born 1913)
• 1984  - Big Mama Thornton, American singer-songwriter (born 1926)
• 1986  - Vincente Minnelli, American director and screenwriter (born 1903)
• 1988  - Judith Barsi, American child actress (born 1978)
• 1989  - Steve Rubell, American businessman, co-owner of Studio 54 (born 1943)
• 1991  - Lazar Kaganovich, Soviet politician (born 1893)
• 1992  - Alfred Drake, American actor and singer (born 1914)
• 1995  - Charlie Rich, American singer-songwriter (born 1932)
• 1997  - Ben Hogan, American golfer (born 1912)
• 1998  - Evangelos Papastratos, Greek businessman, co-founded Papastratos (born 1910)
• 2000  - Rudi Faßnacht, German footballer, coach, and manager (born 1934)
• 2002  - Abdel Rahman Badawi, Egyptian philosopher and poet (born 1917)
• 2003  - Ludwig Bölkow, German engineer (born 1912)
• 2003  - John Schlesinger, English actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (born 1926)
• 2004  - John Passmore, Australian philosopher and academic (born 1914)
• 2005  - Albert Mangelsdorff, German trombonist (born 1928)
• 2006  - Ezra Fleischer, Romanian-Israeli poet and philologist (born 1928)
• 2007  - Bernd Jakubowski, German footballer and manager (born 1952)
• 2008  - Jeff Fehring, Australian footballer (born 1955)
• 2008  - Tracy Hall, American chemist and academic (born 1919)
• 2008  - Randy Pausch, American computer scientist and educator (born 1960)
• 2009  - Vernon Forrest, American boxer (born 1971)
• 2009  - Stanley Middleton, English author (born 1919)
• 2009  - Harry Patch, English soldier (born 1898)
• 2009  - Yasmin Ahmad, Malaysian film director (born 1958)^[47]
• 2011  - Michael Cacoyannis, Cypriot-Greek director, producer, and screenwriter (born 1922)
• 2012  - B. R. Ishara, Indian director and screenwriter (born 1934)
• 2012  - Barry Langford, English director and producer (born 1926)
• 2012  - Greg Mohns, American-Canadian football player and coach (born 1950)
• 2012  - Franz West, Austrian painter and sculptor (born 1947)
• 2013  - Walter De Maria, American sculptor, illustrator, and composer (born 1935)
• 2013  - William J. Guste, American lawyer and politician (born 1922)
• 2013  - Hugh Huxley, English-American biologist and academic (born 1924)
• 2014  - Bel Kaufman, German-American author and academic (born 1911)
• 2014  - Richard Larter, Australian painter and illustrator (born 1929)
• 2015  - Jacques Andreani, French diplomat, French ambassador to the United States (born 1929)
• 2015  - R. S. Gavai, Indian lawyer and politician, 18th Governor of Kerala (born 1929)
• 2015  - Bob Kauffman, American basketball player and coach (born 1946)
• 2016  - Tim LaHaye, American Christian minister and author (born 1926)^[48]
• 2016  - Tom Peterson, American television personality (born 1930)^[49]
• 2017  - Michael Johnson, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (born 1944)
• 2018  - Sergio Marchionne, Italian-Canadian businessman^[50] (born 1952)
• 2019  - Beji Caid Essebsi, 4th President and 9th Prime Minister of Tunisia (born 1926)^[51]
• 2020  - Peter Green, English blues rock guitarist, singer-songwriter and founder of Fleetwood Mac (born 1946)^[52]
• 2020  - Lou Henson, American college basketball coach (born 1932)^[53]
• 2022  - Paul Sorvino, American actor (born 1939)^[54]
• 2024  - Shafin Ahmed, Bangladeshi bassist and singer-songwriter (born 1961)^[55]
• 2024  - Martin Indyk, American diplomat (born 1951)^[56]

Holidays and observances

• Christian feast day:
  • Anne (Eastern Christianity)
  • Christopher (Western Christianity)
  • Cucuphas
  • Glodesind
  • James the Great (Western Christianity)
  • John I Agnus
  • Julian of Le Mans (translation)
  • Magnerich of Trier
  • July 25 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
• Guanacaste Day (Costa Rica)
• National Baha'i Day (Jamaica)
• National Day of Galicia (Galicia, Spain)
• Puerto Rico Constitution Day (Puerto Rico)
• International Afro-descendant Women's Day^[57]
• Tenjin Matsuri (Osaka, Japan)^[58]

External links

• Web site: On This Day . BBC.
  • Web site: Historical Events on July 25 . OnThisDay.com.

Notes and References

1. Kang . Hi-Woong . 1964 . The development of the Korean ruling class from late Silla to early Koryo . PhD . The Eclipse of the Silla Aristocracy . University of Washington . 18 July 2023 . .
2. Alexander Samson, Mary and Philip: The marriage of Tudor England and Habsburg Spain (Manchester, 2020), p. 110.
3. Book: Watson. The history of the reign of Philip the Second, king of Spain. 1839. Tegg. 474–75.
4. [Jemma Field]
5. Web site: CHINA: SHANDONG PROVINCE. 9 Dec 2020. NGDC.
6. Web site: Kadriorg Palace – Tallinn, Estonia. Spotting History. September 29, 2021.
7. Book: Challoner, Jack . 1001 Inventions That Changed The World . Barrons Educational Series . 2009 . 978-1844036110 . Hauppauge NY . 305 . etal.
8. Web site: James Bowman Lindsay - Local History Centre, Leisure and Culture Dundee . 2 September 2024 . Leisure and Culture Dundee.
9. Peter Lourie: Jack London and the Klondike Gold Rush. Henry Holt, 2017. ISBN 978-0805097573.
10. Book: Marley, David. Wars of the Americas: A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the Western Hemisphere, 1492 to the Present. Santa Barbara, Calif.. ABC-CLIO. 2008. 9781598841008. 604.
11. Book: Meyer, Hermann Frank. Blutiges Edelweiss. Die 1. Gebirgs-Division im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Bloodstained Edelweiss. The 1st Mountain-Division in the Second World War. 2007. Ch. Links-Verlag. 978-3861534471.
12. News: আজ শেরপুরের সোহাগপুর গণহত্যা দিবস. Today is Sohagpur Genocide Day in Sherpur. 25 July 2021. Jaijaidin. 7 July 2022.
13. News: Hutchinson . Martin . I helped deliver Louise . 18 July 2020 . BBC News . 24 July 2003.
14. News: . Phoolan Devi shot dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20020131194802/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/2001/07/26/stories/01260001.htm . dead . 31 January 2002 . 31 October 2018 . The Hindu . 26 July 2001.
15. News: Syria war: More than 200 dead in suicide attacks. BBC. 25 July 2018. 26 July 2018.
16. Book: Gallus (Anonymus). Anonima tzw. Galla kronika czyli Dzieje ksi???t i w?adc¢w polskich. 1 January 2003. Central European University Press. 978-963-9241-40-4. 73–.
17. Book: Steven Mueller. The Wittelsbach Dynasty. 2007. Waldmann Press. 978-0-9702576-3-5.
18. Book: Venning . Timothy . A Compendium of World Sovereigns: Volume III Early Modern . 30 June 2023 . Taylor & Francis . 978-1-000-86452-6 . 19 . en.
19. Web site: Caplan . Anna Lazarus . 2023-08-11 . Houston Woman Born During Taft Presidency Marks 114th Birthday with Five Generations of Family . 2023-12-29 . Peoplemag . en.
20. Davis . Burtron H. . Strom . E. Thomas . Rosalind Franklin: Her Pathway to DNA . ACS Symposium Series . January 2018 . 1311 . 265–282 . 10.1021/bk-2018-1311.ch011. 978-0-8412-3391-1 .
21. Web site: John B. Goodenough. 27 June 2023.
22. Web site: Dick Passwater. 1 October 2018.
23. Web site: Canales . Christina . Skylab, Shuttle Astronaut Paul Weitz Dies at 85 . NASA . 22 October 2020 . 25 October 2017.
24. Web site: Dragon . Tyler . November 11, 2024 . John Robinson, former USC Trojans and Los Angeles Rams coach, dies at 89 . November 21, 2024 . . en-US.
25. News: PM,Tamil Nadu CM greet PMK founder S Ramadoss on his 82nd birthday. The Times of India. 25 July 2020 .
26. Web site: Torey Lovullo Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Rookie ... . baseball-reference.com . July 23, 2024.
27. Web site: Rose . Mike . Today's famous birthdays list for July 25, 2022 includes celebrity Matt LeBlanc . . . 24 July 2023 . 25 July 2022.
28. Web site: Hatem . Mona . ar . Phase2 individual winners . . . 16 December 2015 . . 13 November 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191113104601/https://parliament2015.elections.eg/static/stage_2_winners/excels/Phase2_individual-winners.xls . 13 November 2019 . dead .
29. Web site: Finn Balor . . 24 July 2023 . 14 September 2020.
30. News: San Diego. Bayani Jr.. Sarah Geronimo grows up. Philippine Daily Inquirer. August 6, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090808201457/http://showbizandstyle.inquirer.net/entertainment/entertainment/view/20090806-219054/Sarah-Geronimo-grows-up. August 8, 2009. dead. January 25, 2010. She turned 21 on July 25..
31. Web site: Natalija Stevanovic Player Stats & More – WTA Official . 2022-10-20 . Women's Tennis Association . en.
32. Web site: Andrei Vasilevskiy Stats And News . NHL.com . July 23, 2024.
33. Web site: Alvin Kamara . . 24 July 2023.
34. Web site: WTAtennis.com Profile: Maria Sakkari. Women's Tennis Association. 16 October 2022.
35. Web site: "제로즈 덕분"…제로베이스원 장하오, 데뷔 후 맞이한 생일→팬들 위한 선물 예고. 톱스타뉴스. 25 July 2024. 1 March 2025. ko.
36. Web site: Bryce Young . . 24 July 2023.
37. Web site: Alperen Sengun Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft ... . basketball-reference.com . July 23, 2024.
38. Web site: Adam Hložek. Bundesliga. 26 July 2024.
39. Web site: Herrad of Landsberg Encyclopedia.com. 2020-08-01. www.encyclopedia.com.
40. Web site: Ferdinand I Holy Roman emperor . Encyclopedia Britannica . 30 June 2020 . en.
41. Book: Day . Lance . McNeil . Ian . Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology . 11 September 2002 . Routledge . 978-1-134-65019-4 . 786 . en.
42. Book: Skirda . Alexandre . Alexandre Skirda . Sharkey . Paul . Nestor Makhno–Anarchy's Cossack: The Struggle for Free Soviets in the Ukraine 1917–1921 . 2004 . 1982 . en . 978-1-902593-68-5 . . . mdy-all . 60602979 . 285.
43. Book: Malet . Michael . Nestor Makhno in the Russian Civil War . 1982 . English . 978-0-333-25969-6 . . . 8514426 . mdy-all . 192.
44. Book: Peters . Victor . Nestor Makhno: The Life of an Anarchist . 1970 . en . Echo Books . Winnipeg . 7925080 . mdy-all . 96.
45. 34283. Scott, nee Bruce, (Edith Agnes) Kathleen, Lady Scott [other married name (Edith Agnes) Kathleen Young, Lady Kennet, known as Kathleen Kennet].
46. Book: Gadre . Vishwas . Limaye . Anand . दामले कुलवृत्तांत . The Damle Family Genealogy Almanac . 16 December 2012 . Damle Samiti . . 2nd . mr . Sagwe-Miraj-Kivale gharane . . 256.
47. Web site: Hanim . Nurbaiti . Noordin . Zalinah . Film director Yasmin Ahmad dies . The Star . 26 July 2009 . 25 August 2022.
48. Web site: Banks. Adelle. Tim LaHaye, Evangelical Leader and 'Left Behind' Co-Author, Dead at 90. July 28, 2016. The Columbus Dispatch. August 4, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160801035542/http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2016/07/28/tim-lahaye-evangelical-leader-and-left-behind-co-author-dead-at-90.html. August 1, 2016. live. mdy-all.
49. Web site: Portland advertising legend Tom Peterson dies at 86 . Nelson . Scott Bernard . July 25, 2016 . The Oregonian . 2016-07-25 . 2016-07-29 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160729081844/http://www.oregonlive.com/business/index.ssf/2016/07/portland_advertising_legend_to.html . live .
50. Web site: Di Paolo Griseri . E' morto Sergio Marchionne, l'uomo che salvò l'auto italiana . 25 July 2018. Repubblica.it . July 25, 2018.
51. News: Obituary: Tunisia's President Beji Caid Essebsi. BBC News. 2019-07-25. 2019-10-06.
52. News: Obituary: Peter Green, British Blues virtuoso. BBC News. 2020-07-25. 2020-10-06.
53. Web site: Legendary Fighting Illini Lou Henson Passes Away at 88. 29 July 2020 .
54. Web site: Barnes . Mike . 2022-07-25 . Paul Sorvino, Actor in 'Goodfellas' and 'That Championship Season,' Dies at 83 . 2022-07-26 . The Hollywood Reporter . en-US.
55. News: 2024-07-26 . Shafin Ahmed to be laid to rest atop his father's grave . 2024-07-26 . The Daily Star . en.
56. News: Martin Indyk, former U.S. diplomat and author, dies at 73 . July 27, 2024 . NPR.
57. Web site: Internacional Afro-descendant Women's Day . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230130215447/https://www.catedraeducacionjusticiasocial.org/en/internacional-afro-descendant-womens-day/ . 2023-01-30 . 2023-07-15 . Unesco Chair on Education for Social Justice.
58. Book: Melton . J. Gordon . Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations . 2011 . 1 . ABC-CLIO . Santa Barbara . 978-1-59884-205-0 . 851.