Provinces of Thailand explained

The provinces of Thailand are administrative divisions of the government of Thailand.^[4] The country is divided into 76 provinces (th|[[:wikt:จังหวัด|จังหวัด]],, pronounced as /th/) proper, with one additional special administrative area (the capital, Bangkok).^{[5] [6]} They are the primary local government units and act as juristic persons. They are divided into amphoe (districts) which are further divided into tambon (sub districts), the next lower level of local government.

All provinces form part of the partially devolved central government, or the regional government (ราชการส่วนภูมิภาค). Majority of public services, including police, prison, transport, public relation and others are still overseen and managed by the province on behalf of the central government. In 1938–1996, the Royal Thai Government proposed that each province should have a council, elected from people resided within that province. The council acts as an advisory and auditing body to the governor (ผู้ว่าราชการจังหวัด), who is appointed by the central government. In 1997, each province has its own provincial administrative organization (องค์การบริหารส่วนจังหวัด), presided over by the president. The PAO manages some public services related to the province. It was expected that the PAO president will become the elected governor (instead of a centrally-appointed one), but the full devolution of the government has not happened. The PAO as well as other municipalities form part of the local self-governing government (ราชการส่วนท้องถิ่น).

Bangkok, the sole special administrative area, combines the tasks of the provinces with that of a municipality, including having an elected governor. The average area of the 76 provinces of Thailand plus Bangkok is about, while its average population of all 77 divisions of Thailand is about 908,064 people.

76 provinces in Thailand

class=unsortable	Seal	Name	Name (in Thai)	Population (December 2024)	Area (km2)	Population density	Capital	HS[7]	ISO[8]	FIPS
	(special administrative area)	Thai: กรุงเทพมหานคร	5,456,000	1,564	3,488	Bangkok	BKK	TH-10	TH40
		Thai: อำนาจเจริญ	372,000	3,290	113	Amnat Charoen	ACR	TH-37	TH77
		Thai: อ่างทอง	269,000	950	283	Ang Thong	ATG	TH-15	TH35
		Thai: บึงกาฬ	419,000	4,003	105	Bueng Kan	BKN	TH-38	TH81
		Thai: บุรีรัมย์	1,566,000	10,080	155	Buriram	BRM	TH-31	TH28
		Thai: ฉะเชิงเทรา	733,000	5,169	142	Chachoengsao	CCO	TH-24	TH44
		Thai: ชัยนาท	314,000	2,506	131	Chai Nat	CNT	TH-18	TH32
		Thai: ชัยภูมิ	1,106,000	12,698	88	Chaiyaphum	CPM	TH-36	TH26
		Thai: จันทบุรี	536,000	6,415	83	Chanthaburi	CTI	TH-22	TH48
		Thai: เชียงใหม่	1,799,000	22,311	79	Chiang Mai	CMI	TH-50	TH02
		Thai: เชียงราย	1,298,000	11,503	112	Chiang Rai	CRI	TH-57	TH03
		Thai: ชลบุรี	1,636,000	4,508	363	Chonburi	CBI	TH-20	TH46
		Thai: ชุมพร	508,000	5,998	84	Chumphon	CPN	TH-86	TH58
		Thai: กาฬสินธุ์	962,000	6,936	139	Kalasin	KSN	TH-46	TH23
		Thai: กำแพงเพชร	701,000	8,512	82	Kamphaeng Phet	KPT	TH-62	TH11
		Thai: กาญจนบุรี	896,000	19,385	46	Kanchanaburi	KRI	TH-71	TH50
		Thai: ขอนแก่น	1,772,000	10,659	166	Khon Kaen	KKN	TH-40	TH22
		Thai: กระบี่	484,000	5,323	91	Krabi	KBI	TH-81	TH63
		Thai: ลำปาง	704,000	12,488	56	Lampang	LPG	TH-52	TH06
		Thai: ลำพูน	397,000	4,478	89	Lamphun	LPN	TH-51	TH05
		Thai: เลย	632,000	10,500	60	Loei	LEI	TH-42	TH18
		Thai: ลพบุรี	725,000	6,493	111	Lopburi	LRI	TH-16	TH34
		Thai: แม่ฮ่องสอน	288,000	12,765	23	Mae Hong Son	MSN	TH-58	TH01
		Thai: มหาสารคาม	930,000	5,607	165	Maha Sarakham	MKM	TH-44	TH24
		Thai: มุกดาหาร	351,000	4,126	85	Mukdahan	MDH	TH-49	TH78
		Thai: นครนายก	260,000	2,141	121	Nakhon Nayok	NYK	TH-26	TH43
		Thai: นครปฐม	926,000	2,142	432	Mueang Nakhon Pathom	NPT	TH-73	TH53
		Thai: นครพนม	711,000	5,637	125	Nakhon Phanom	NPM	TH-48	TH73
		Thai: นครราชสีมา	2,620,000	20,736	126	Nakhon Ratchasima	NMA	TH-30	TH27
		Thai: นครสวรรค์	1,014,000	9,526	106	Nakhon Sawan	NSN	TH-60	TH16
		Thai: นครศรีธรรมราช	1,535,000	9,885	154	Nakhon Si Thammarat	NRT	TH-80	TH64
		Thai: น่าน	471,000	12,130	39	Nan		NAN	TH-55	TH04
		Thai: นราธิวาส	824,000	4,491	183	Narathiwat	NWT	TH-96	TH31
		Thai: หนองบัวลำภู	504,000	4,099	123	Nong Bua Lam Phu	NBP	TH-39	TH79
		Thai: หนองคาย	512,000	3,275	156	Nong Khai	NKI	TH-43	TH17
		Thai: นนทบุรี	1,318,000	637	2,069	Nonthaburi	NBI	TH-12	TH38
		Thai: ปทุมธานี	1,236,000	1,520	813	Pathum Thani	PTE	TH-13	TH39
		Thai: ปัตตานี	741,000	1,977	375	Pattani	PTN	TH-94	TH69
		Thai: พังงา	266,000	5,495	49	Phang Nga	PNA	TH-82	TH61
		Thai: พัทลุง	519,000	3,861	135	Phatthalung	PLG	TH-93	TH66
		Thai: พะเยา	455,000	6,189	74	Phayao	PYO	TH-56	TH41
		Thai: เพชรบูรณ์	961,000	12,340	75	Phetchabun	PNB	TH-67	TH14
		Thai: เพชรบุรี	484,100	6,172	76	Phetchaburi	PBI	TH-76	TH56
		Thai: พิจิตร	517,000	4,319	120	Phichit	PCT	TH-66	TH13
		Thai: พิษณุโลก	839,000	10,589	78	Phitsanulok	PLK	TH-65	TH12
		Thai: พระนครศรีอยุธยา	823,000	2,548	323	Ayutthaya	AYA	TH-14	TH36
		Thai: แพร่	422,000	6,483	65	Phrae	PRE	TH-54	TH07
		Thai: ภูเก็ต	430,000	547	786	Phuket City	PKT	TH-83	TH62
		Thai: ปราจีนบุรี	501,000	5,026	100	Prachinburi	PRI	TH-25	TH74
		Thai: ประจวบคีรีขันธ์	552,000	6,414	87	Prachuap Khiri Khan	PKN	TH-77	TH57
		Thai: ระนอง	193,000	3,230	59	Ranong	RNG	TH-85	TH59
		Thai: ราชบุรี	864,000	5,189	167	Ratchaburi	RBR	TH-70	TH52
		Thai: ระยอง	782,000	3,666	213	Rayong	RYG	TH-21	TH47
		Thai: ร้อยเอ็ด	1,276,000	7,873	162	Roi Et	RET	TH-45	TH25
		Thai: สระแก้ว	562,000	6,831	80	Sa Kaeo	SKW	TH-27	TH80
		Thai: สกลนคร	1,138,000	9,580	118	Sakon Nakhon	SNK	TH-47	TH20
		Thai: สมุทรปราการ	1,381,000	947	1,458	Mueang Samut Prakan	SPK	TH-11	TH42
		Thai: สมุทรสาคร	591,000	866	682	Mueang Samut Sakhon	SKN	TH-74	TH55
		Thai: สมุทรสงคราม	187,000	414	452	Samut Songkhram	SKM	TH-75	TH54
		Thai: สระบุรี	639,000	3,499	182	Saraburi	SRB	TH-19	TH37
		Thai: สตูล	325,000	3,019	108	Satun	STN	TH-91	TH67
		Thai: สิงห์บุรี	200,000	817	245	Sing Buri	SBR	TH-17	TH33
		Thai: ศรีสะเกษ	1,442,000	8,936	161	Sisaket	SSK	TH-33	TH30
		Thai: สงขลา	1,431,000	7,741	185	Songkhla	SKA	TH-90	TH68
		Thai: สุโขทัย	573,000	6,671	86	Sukhothai Thani	STI	TH-64	TH09
		Thai: สุพรรณบุรี	822,000	5,410	152	Suphan Buri	SPB	TH-72	TH51
		Thai: สุราษฎร์ธานี	1,077,000	13,079	81	Surat Thani	SRT	TH-84	TH60
		Thai: สุรินทร์	1,360,000	8,854	153	Surin	SRN	TH-32	TH29
		Thai: ตาก	699,000	17,303	40	Tak	TAK	TH-63	TH08
		Thai: ตรัง	635,000	4,726	134	Trang	TRG	TH-92	TH65
		Thai: ตราด	227,000	2,866	77	Trat	TRT	TH-23	TH49
		Thai: อุบลราชธานี	1,868,000	15,626	119	Mueang Ubon Ratchathani	UBN	TH-34	TH75
		Thai: อุดรธานี	1,552,000	11,072	140	Udon Thani	UDN	TH-41	TH76
		Thai: อุทัยธานี	320,000	6,647	48	Uthai Thani	UTI	TH-61	TH15
		Thai: อุตรดิตถ์	436,000	7,906	55	Uttaradit	UTD	TH-53	TH10
		Thai: ยะลา	553,000	4,476	124	Yala	YLA	TH-95	TH70
		Thai: ยโสธร	525,000	4,131	127	Yasothon	YST	TH-35	TH72

• The total population of Thailand is 65,951,000 as of December 2024.
• The total land area of Thailand is 517,646 km² in 2013.
• The total land area of Chiang Mai province is 22,311 sq.km^[3]
• HS – Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System.
• FIPS code is replaced on 31 December 2014 with ISO 3166.

Governance

See also: List of provincial governors in Thailand. Thailand's national government organisation is divided into three types: central government (ministries, bureaus and departments), provincial government (provinces and districts) and local government (Bangkok, Pattaya, provincial administrative organisations, etc.).

A province, as part of the provincial government, is administered by a governor (ผู้ว่าราชการจังหวัด) who is appointed by the Minister of Interior. Bangkok, as part of the local government, is administered by a corporation called Bangkok Metropolitan Administration. The corporation is led by the Governor of Bangkok (ผู้ว่าราชการกรุงเทพมหานคร) who is directly elected by the citizens of Bangkok.

The provinces are named after their original main city, which may not necessarily still be the most populous city within the province today. Also, in several provinces the administration has been moved into a new building outside the city.

History

Before 1892

Many provinces date back to semi-independent local chiefdoms or kingdoms, which made up the Ayutthaya Kingdom. The provinces were created around a capital city (mueang), and included surrounding villages or satellite towns. The provinces were administered either by a governor, who was appointed by the king or by a local ruling family, who were descendants of the old kings and princes of that area and had been given this privilege by the central king. De facto the king did not have much choice but to choose someone from the local nobility or an economically strong man, as against these local power groups the administration would have become impossible. The governor was not paid by the king, but instead financed himself and his administration by imposing local taxes himself. Every province was required to send an annual tribute to Bangkok.

The provinces were divided into four different classes. The first-class were the border provinces. The second-class were those that once had their own princely house. Third-class were provinces that were created by splitting them from other provinces. Fourth-class were provinces near the capital. Additionally tributary states like the principalities of Lan Na, the Laotian kingdoms of Vientiane and Luang Prabang, Cambodia, or the Malay sultanate Kedah were also part of the country, but with more autonomy than the provinces. In this Mandala system the semi-independent countries sometimes were tributary to more than one country.

New provinces were created when the population of an area outgrew the administration, but also for political reasons. If a governor became too dominant in a region former satellite cities were elevated to provincial status, as was the case with Maha Sarakham province.

Reforms of the provincial administration started in the 1870s under increased pressure from the colonial states of the United Kingdom and France. Agents were sent, especially to border areas, to impose more control on the provinces or tributary states.

Administrative reform of 1892

At the end of the 19th century King Chulalongkorn reformed the central government. In 1892 the ministry, which previously had many overlapping responsibilities, was reorganized with clear missions as in Western administrations. Prince Damrong Rajanubhab became minister of the Ministry of the North (Mahatthai), originally responsible for the northern administration. When the Ministry of the South (Kalahom) was dissolved in 1894, Prince Damrong became Minister of the Interior, responsible for the provincial administration of the whole country.

Starting in 1893 the already existing commissionaireships in some parts of the country were renamed "superintendent commissioner" (khaluang Thesaphiban), and their area of responsibility was called a monthon. In strategically important areas the monthon were created first, while in other areas the provinces kept their independence a bit longer. Several smaller provinces were reduced in status to an amphoe (district) or even lower to a tambon (sub-district) and included in a neighboring province, sometimes for administrative reasons, but sometimes to remove an uncooperative governor.

In some regions rebellions broke out against the new administrative system, usually induced by the local nobility fearing their loss of power. The most notable was the Holy Man Rebellion in 1902 in Isan. It was initially a messianic doomsday sect, but it also attacked government representatives in the northeast. The provincial town Khemarat was even burned by the rebels. After a few months the rebellion was beaten back.^[9]

After 1916, the word changwat became common to use for the provinces, partly to distinguish them from the provincial capital city (mueang or amphoe mueang), but also to stress the new administrative structure of the provinces.^[10] When Prince Damrong resigned in 1915, the whole country was divided into 19 monthon (including the area around Bangkok, which was under the responsibility of another ministry until 1922), with 72 provinces.

In December 1915 King Vajiravudh announced the creation of regions (phak), each administered by a viceroy (upparat), to cover several monthon. Until 1922 four regions were established; however, in 1925 they were dissolved again. At the same time several monthon were merged, in an attempt to streamline administration and reduce costs.

Since 1932

The monthons were dissolved when Thailand transformed from an absolute monarchy into a constitutional monarchy in 1932, making the provinces the top level administrative division again. Several smaller provinces were also abolished at that time. During World War II, several provinces around Bangkok were merged. These changes were undone after the war. Also the occupied area from French Indochina was organized into four provinces: Phra Tabong, Phibunsongkhram, Nakhon Champasak and Lan Chang. The current province of Sukhothai was at first known as Sawankhalok. It was renamed Sukhothai in 1939 (which is why the railway system goes to Sawankhalok city and not Sukhothai city). The province, Kalasin, was reestablished in 1947 after having been dissolved in 1932.

In 1972 Phra Nakhon and Thonburi provinces were merged to form the special administrative area of Bangkok, which combines the tasks of the provinces with that of a municipality, including having an elected governor.

Starting in the second half of the 20th century some provinces were newly created by splitting them off from bigger provinces. In 1975, Yasothon province was split off from Ubon Ratchathani. In 1977, Phayao province was created from districts formerly part of Chiang Rai. In 1982, Mukdahan was split off from Nakhon Phanom. In 1993 three provinces were created: Sa Kaeo (split from Prachinburi), Nong Bua Lamphu province (split from Udon Thani), and Amnat Charoen (split from Ubon Ratchathani). The newest province is Bueng Kan, which was split off from Nong Khai effective 23 March 2011.

Former provinces and administrative areas

Former provinces merged into other provinces

Province	Capital	Merged in	Fate
Kabin Buri	Kabin Buri	1926[11]	Merged into Prachinburi province
Sukhothai (before 1932)	Sukhothai Thani	1932[12]	Merged into Sawankhalok province. However, the province's name and location of capital was changed back to Sukhothai in 1938.
Lom Sak	Lom Sak		Merged into Phetchabun province
Thanyaburi	Thanyaburi		Merged into Pathum Thani province
Kalasin	Kalasin		Merged into Maha Sarakham province, Split out again in 1947
Lang Suan	Lang Suan		Merged into Chumphon province
Takua Pa	Takua Pa		Merged into Phang Nga province
Sai Buri	Sai Buri		Merged into Pattani province (except Bacho District which was merged into Narathiwat province)
Phra Pradaeng	Phra Pradaeng		Merged into Samut Prakan province (except Rat Burana District which was merged into Thonburi province)
Min Buri	Min Buri		Merged into Phra Nakhon province (Nong Chok District was merged into Chachoengsao province first then reallocated back in 1933)
Samut Prakan (before 1943)	Samut Prakan	1943[13]	Merged into Phra Nakhon province (except Ko Sichang District which was merged into Chonburi province). The part of Phra Nakhon was split out again in 1946
Nakhon Nayok	Nakhon Nayok		Merged into Prachinburi province (except Ban Na District which was merged into Saraburi province). Split out again in 1946
Samut Sakhon	Samut Sakhon		Merged into Thonburi province. Split out again in 1946
Nonthaburi	Nonthaburi		Merged into Phra Nakhon province (except Bang Kruai District, Bang Yai District, Bang Bua Thong District which was merged into Thonburi province). Split out again in 1946
Phra Nakhon	Phra Nakhon	1971[14]	Merged to form the current Bangkok
Thonburi	Thonburi

Conceded territories (including protectorates)

Territory	Capital	Period	Fate	Today part of
Salaween Territory	Chiang Mai	1802–1892	Karenni State and Shan State, British Burma
Kawtaung Territory	Chumphon	1769–1864	Mergui British Burma	Thanintharyi Myanmar
Chiang Mai Territory	Chiang Mai	1768–1834	Thaton British Burma
Sip Song Ju Tai	none	1779–1888	4e Territoire Millitaire, Son La, Lao Kay, Yen Bay, Pho Tho, Hoa Bin French Indochina
Chiang Khaeng (Muang Sing)	Muang Sing	1892–1893	Shan State British Burma and Haut Mekong French Indochina
Luang Phrabang	Luang Phrabang	1778–1893	Luang Phrabang French Indochina
Chiang Khouang	Chiang Khouang	1828–1893	Tran Ninh French Indochina
Borikhan Nikhom	Borikhan Nikhom	1828–1893	Vientiane French Indochina
Kham Kert	Kham Kert	1828–1893	Khammouane French Indochina
Kham Meun	Kham Meun	1828–1893	Khammouane French Indochina
Nakhon Phanom	Nakhon Phanom	1893	Partitioned between Nakhon Phanom and Khammouane French Indochina
Mukdahan	Mukdahan	1893	Partitioned between Mukdahan and Savannakhet French Indochina
Khemmarat	Khemmarat	1893	Partitioned between Khemmarat and Salavan French Indochina
Nakhon Champassak	Nakhon Champassak	1780–18261829–1904	Partitioned between Det Udom and Bassac, Attapeu, Stung Treng French Indochina
Kham Thong Luang	Kham Tong Luang	1829–1893	Salavan French Indochina
Salawan	Salawan	1829–1893	Salavan French Indochina
Attapeu	Attapeu	1829–1893	Attapeu French Indochina
Sitadon	Sitadon	1829–1893	Bassac French Indochina	Champassak Cambodia
Saen Pang	Saen Pang	1829–1893	Stung Treng French Indochina	Stung Treng Cambodia
Chiang Taeng	Chiang Taeng	1829–1893	Stung Treng French Indochina	Stung Treng Cambodia
Chaiburi	Chaiburi	1893–1904	Luang Phrabang French Indochina
Khukhan	Khukhan	1907	Partitioned between Khukhan and Kampong Thom French Indochina	Sisaket Thailand and Stung Treng, Kampong Thom Cambodia
Sangkha	Sangkha	1907	Partitioned between Sangkha and Battambang French Indochina	Surin Thailand and Oddar Meanchey, Banteay Meanchey Cambodia
Siemmarat	Siemmarat	1845–1907	Siem Reap French Indochina	Siem Reap Cambodia
Phanom Sok	Phnom Srok	1845–1907	Siem Reap, Battambang French Indochina	Siem Reap, Oddar Meanchey, Banteay Meanchey Cambodia
Sisophon	Sisophon	1845–1907	Battambang French Indochina	Banteay Meanchey Cambodia
Phra Tabong	Phra Tabong	1769–1907	Battambang French Indochina	Battambang, Banteay Meanchey Cambodia
Prachankiriket[15]	Prachankiriket	1855–1904	Pursat and Kampot, French Indochina	Pursat and Koh Kong, Cambodia
Penang	Penang	1786–1867	Penang British Malaya
Lan Chang	Sama Buri	1941–1946	Luang Prabang, French Indochina	Sainyabuli and Luang Prabang,
Phra Tabong	Battambang	1941–1946	Battambang, French Indochina	Battambang and Pailin, Cambodia
Phibunsongkhram	Sisophon	1941–1946	Battambang, Siem Reap, Kompong Thom and Stung Treng, French Indochina	Banteay Meanchey, Oddar Meanchey and Siem Reap, Cambodia
Nakhon Champassak	Champasak	1941–1946	Kompong Thom, Stung Treng and Bassac, French Indochina	Preah Vihear and Stung Treng, Cambodia Champasak,
Syburi	Alor Setar	1821–1909 1943–1945	Kedah, British Malaya	Kedah,
Palit	Kangar	1839–1909 1943–1945	Perlis, British Malaya	Perlis,
Kalantan	Kota Bharu	1786–1909 1943–1945	Kelantan, British Malaya	Kelantan,
Trangkanu	Kuala Terengganu	1786 –1909 1943–1945	Terengganu, British Malaya	Terengganu,
Saharat Thai Doem	Chiang Tung	1943–1945	Karenni State and Shan State, British Burma
Tanaosi	Tanaosi	until–1767	Dawei Konbaung Dynasty	Thanintharyi Myanmar

Map of Siam in early 1893

See also

• • List of districts of Thailand
• List of Thai provinces by GPP
• Nationality, religion, and language data for the provinces of Thailand
• Organization of the government of Thailand
• Seals of the provinces of Thailand
• Administrative divisions of Thailand

Further reading

• Book: Tej Bunnag. The Provincial Administration of Siam, 1892–1915: the Ministry of the Interior under Prince Damrong Rajanubhab. 0-19-580343-4. Kuala Lumpur; New York. Oxford University Press. 1977.

External links

• Department of Provincial Administration
• Pronunciation of provinces in Thailand at www.forvo.com

Notes and References

1. Web site: Official statistics registration systems . Department of Provincial Administration (DOPA) . 10 February 2025 ., year 2024 >provincial level >ExcelFile >no.10-96.
2. Web site: ตารางที่ 2 พี้นที่ป่าไม้ แยกรายจังหวัด พ.ศ.2562 . 2019 . Royal Forest Department . Thai . Table 2 Forest area Separate province year 2019 . 6 April 2021 ., . information, Forest statistics Year 2019, Thailand boundary from Department of Provincial Administration in 2013.
3. http://www.chiangmai.go.th/managing/public/D4/4D12Dec2023134018.pdf As of 2023 total area of Chiang Mai province is 22,311 sq.km
4. Office of the Council of State of Thailand, National Administration Act 1991 and its amendments.
5. Web site: Administrative information . Department of Provincial Affairs (DOPA) . Provincial Affairs Bureau . 22 August 2019 . 21 April 2017.
6. Web site: The World Factbook: Thailand . https://web.archive.org/web/20210105030255/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/thailand/ . dead . January 5, 2021 . U.S. Central Intelligence Agency . 13 June 2018.
7. Web site: What is the Harmonized System (HS)?. World Customs Organization.
8. Web site: ISO 3166-2:TH.
9. Book: Tej Bunnag. The Provincial Administration of Siam from 1892 to 1915. 273ff. 1969.
10. Royal Gazette. 33. ก. 51–53. th:ประกาศกระทรวงมหาดไทย เรื่อง ทรงพระกรุณาโปรดเกล้า ฯ ให้เปลี่ยนคำว่าเมืองเรียกว่าจังหวัด. http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2459/A/51.PDF. https://web.archive.org/web/20080409014441/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2459/A/51.PDF. dead. April 9, 2008. 1916-05-28. th.
11. Web site: May 4, 2012 . 430 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120504101243/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2468/A/430.PDF . ratchakitcha.soc.go.th.
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15. Web site: 27 June 2018 . ร.๔ พระราชทานชื่อเมือง ประจวบคีรีขันธ์ กับ ปัจจันตคีรีเขตร ให้คู่กัน! แต่วันนี้อีกเมืองหายไปไหน!! .