List of ethnic slurs explained

The following is a list of ethnic slurs, ethnophaulisms, or ethnic epithets that are, or have been, used as insinuations or allegations about members of a given ethnic, national, or racial group or to refer to them in a derogatory, pejorative, or otherwise insulting manner.

Some of the terms listed below can be used in casual speech without any intention of causing offense, while others may be much more offensive. The connotation of a term and prevalence of its use as a pejorative or neutral descriptor varies over time and by geography.

For the purposes of this list, an ethnic slur is a term designed to insult others on the basis of race, ethnicity, or nationality. Each term is listed followed by its country or region of usage, a definition, and a reference to that term.

Ethnic slurs may also be produced as a racial epithet by combining a general-purpose insult with the name of ethnicity. Common insulting modifiers include "dog", "pig", "dirty" and "filthy"; such terms are not included in this list.

A

Term!scope="col"

Location or origin	Targets	Meaning, origin and notes
Abbie, Abe, Abie	United States, Canada	Jewish men	Originated before the 1950s. From the proper name Abraham.
ABC	East Asia	American-born Chinese, Han or other Chinese (including Taiwanese) born and raised in the United States.	The term implies an otherness or lack of connection to their Chinese identity and (usually) Chinese language; however, it has been reappropriated by many Chinese Americans and used to convey positive connotations.	[1]
ABCD	South Asians in the US	American-Born Confused Desi, Indian Americans or other South Asian Americans, (desi) who were born in the United States.	Used chiefly by South Asian immigrants to imply confusion about cultural identity	[2] [3]
Abid / Abeed (plural)	Middle East and North Africa	Black people	Arabic word for slave	[4]
Abo / Abbo	Australia	Australian Aboriginal person	Originally, this was simply an informal term for Aborigine, and was in fact used by Aboriginal people themselves (such as in the Aboriginal-run newspaper Abo Call) until it started to be considered offensive in the 1950s. Although Abo is still considered quite offensive by many, the pejorative boong is now more commonly used when the intent is deliberately to offend, as that word's status as an insult is unequivocal.
African (or Afro or colored) engineering or nigger rigging	United States	African Americans	Shoddy, second-rate or unconventional, makeshift workmanship. Indirectly refers to black American people as worse or lower-valued than white American people when associating anything bad with them.	[5]
Ah Chah	Hong Kong	South Asian people	From ; Chinese: cy=achā; from "acchā" meaning "good" or "OK" in Hindi.	[6]
Ali Baba	United States	Iraqi people	An Iraqi suspected of criminal activity.	[7]
Alligator bait, 'gator bait	United States (chiefly southern U.S.)	Black people, especially black children	Dates from early 20th century or before; implies that African Americans are good for nothing except being used to bait alligators
AmaLawu, AmaQheya	South Africa	Khoisans and Cape Coloureds or Coloureds	Xhosa words for Hottentot	[8]
Amalek, Amalekite	Israel	Palestinians	Amalek were an ancient people, but many Israeli Jews use it as a dehumanizing term to justify the Gaza genocide.	[9]
Ang mo	Malaysia, Singapore	European people, especially the Dutch	Hokkien for "red hair" referring to Dutch people from the 17th century and expanded to encompass other Europeans by the 19th century. It has become a neutral term, though is sometimes seen as derogatory.	[10]
Ann	United States, Canada	White women, "white-acting" black women	While Miss Ann, also just plain Ann, is a derisive reference to white women, it is also applied to any black woman who is deemed to be acting as though she is white.	[11]
Annamite, mites	French, English	Vietnamese people		[12] [13] [14]
Ape	United States	Black people	Referring to outdated theories ascribing cultural differences between racial groups as being linked to their evolutionary distance from chimpanzees, with which humans share common ancestry.	[15]
Apple	United States, Canada	Native Americans	First used in the 1970s. Someone who is "red on the outside, white on the inside". Used primarily by other Native Americans to indicate someone who has lost touch with their cultural identity.
Arapis ; feminine: arapissa, arapena		Black people and Arabs	From Turkish arap for "Arab" or, colloquially, "dark-skinned-person"	[16]
Hebrew: Arabush|italic=no / Araboosh / Hebrew: Aravush|italic=no (Hebrew: ערבוש)[17]	Israel	Arabs	Arabs, derived from Hebrew "Aravi" (Arab).	[18]
Argie / Argies (plural)	United Kingdom	Argentine people	Extensively used by the British soldiers during the Falklands War in 1982.	[19]
Armo	United States	Armenian / Armenian American	Especially used in Southern California.	[20] [21]
Asing, Aseng	Indonesia	Non-Indonesian people, especially Chinese people	Insult to non-Indonesian citizen, from "[orang] asing" (foreigner) that rhymed with "Aseng" (Chinese name). This word is often directed at Chinese people due to Indonesia's relationship with the PRC.	[22]
Hebrew: Ashke-[[Nazi]]|italic=no (Hebrew: אשכנאצי)	Israel	Ashkenazi Jews	Pronounced like "AshkeNatzi". Used mostly by Mizrachi Jews.	[23] [24] [25]
Aunt Jemima / Aunt Jane / Aunt Mary / Aunt Sally	United States	Black women	A black woman who "kisses up" to whites, a "sellout", female counterpart of Uncle Tom.

B

Term!scope="col"

Location or origin	Targets	Meaning, origin and notes
Bachicha	Chile	Italian people	Possibly derived from the Italian word Baciccia, a nickname for Giambattista.
Baiano	Brazil	Northeastern Brazilian people	A person born in Bahia, one of the 9 states in the Northeast Region of Brazil. As a slur, it refers generically to any Northeastern person. Used mainly in São Paulo, the term is related to the Northeastern immigration of the second half of the 20th century.	[26]
Balija	Turkey, the Balkans	Bosnian people	An ethnic Bosniak or a member of the Bosnian diaspora. Not to be confused with Balija (Indian caste).	[27] [28]
Baluba	Northern Italy	Southern Italians and Africans	Mainly used in Lombardy region, it is derived from the name of the Luba people of Central Africa. It has been used as an insult meaning “savage” or “uncivilized”. Sometimes the word Africa is used with the same meaning.	[29] [30] [31] [32]
Bamboula	France	Black people		[33]
Bambus	Poland	Black people, sometimes Asian people	Literally it means bamboo in Polish but most probably it's derived from a popular children's poem Murzynek Bambo.	[34]
Banaan	Suriname	Black people, people of African descent	Dutch Banana. A slur that is used to refer to black people, people of African heritage. It derives from the colour of a banana's skin, which is yellow or brown, and is therefore seen as an offensive way to describe black and coloured people's skin colour.	[35]
Banana	United States, Canada	East or Southeast Asian people	"Yellow on the outside, white on the inside". Used primarily by East or Southeast Asians for other East- or Southeast Asians or Asian Americans who are perceived as assimilated into mainstream American culture. Similar to Apple.	[36] [37]
Banderite	Poland	Ukrainians	The term Banderite was originally used to refer to the ultra-nationalist wing of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, in reference to its leader Stepan Bandera. In Poland, the term "banderowiec" is used in connection with the massacres of Poles in Volhynia by the UPA. The term became a crucial element of Soviet propaganda and was used as a pejorative description of Ukrainian nationalists, or sometimes western Ukrainians or Ukrainian-speakers. Today the term is used in Russian propaganda to associate Ukrainian politics with Nazism.	[38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43]
Bangla, Pankla	Italy	Bengalis	Informal Italian slang, derived from Bangladesh, used for people of Bengali or South Asian origin and sometimes corner stores run by them. Can be offensive depending on context.	[44]
Barbarian	Greece	Non-Greek people	Someone who is perceived to be either uncivilized or primitive. βάρβαρος (barbaros pl. βάρβαροι barbaroi). In Ancient Greece, the Greeks used the term towards those who did not speak Greek and follow classical Greek customs.	[45]
Barya / Bareya	Ethiopia, Eritrea	Sub-Saharan Africans racially considered non-Ethiopian	The term Barya originally referred to the Nara people, and through centuries of slave raiding and social stratification it came to mean “slave” in Amharic and related languages.	[46]
Beaner / Beaney	United States	Hispanic or Latino people, especially Mexicans	The term originates from the use of frijoles pintos and other beans that can be generally found in Mexican food or other Hispanic and Latino foods.	[47] [48] [49]
Bimbo	German	Africans, people with very dark skin in general	The origin of this term is disputed, but experts suggest that it either derives from the Central African town of Bimbo, or from the former state of Bimbia, which was annexed by the German colony of Kamerun.	[50]
Bing / Binghi	Australia	Aboriginal Australians	"Binghi" was originally an aboriginal word for "brother". Later generalized to all Aboriginal Australians.	[51]
Bingo-Bongo	Italy	Black people		[52] [53] [54]
Black Buck, black brute, brown buck or brown brute	United States	Black men	Originating in the post-Reconstruction United States, it was used to describe black men who absolutely refused to bend to the law of white authority and were seen as irredeemably violent, rude, and lecherous.	[55]
Blackie	English	Black person		[56]
Blatte	Sweden	Foreigners with dark skin		[57]
Bluegum	United States	African Americans	An African American perceived as being lazy and unwilling to work.	[58]
French: [[Boche (slur)|Boche / bosche / bosch]]|italic=no	France United States; United Kingdom	German people	Shortened from the French term caboche dure, meaning "hard head" or "cabbage head" with the influence of German surname Bosch.	[59]
Boeotian	Athenians	Boeotian Greek people	Referring to the supposed stupidity of the inhabitants of the neighboring Boeotia region of Greece.	[60]
Boerehater / Boer-hater / Boer hater	South Africa United Kingdom	British people	Refers to a person who hates, prejudices, or criticizes the Boers, or Afrikaners – historically applied to British people who held anti-Boers sentiments.	[61] [62] [63]
Bog / Bogtrotter / Bog-trotter	United Kingdom, Ireland, United States	Irish people	A person of common or low-class Irish ancestry.	[64] [65]
Bogate	Chile	Yugoslav people	The expression is said to come from the Yugoslav interjection Boga ti!
	United States, Canada	Bohemian people	A lower-class immigrant of Central, Eastern, or Southeastern European descent. Originally referred to those of Bohemian (now Czech Republic) descent. It was commonly used toward Central European immigrants during the early 20th century. Probably from Bohemian + a distortion of Hungarian. See also hunky.	[66]
Bolita	Argentina	Bolivians		[67]
Bong	India	Bengali people		[68]
Boong / Boang / Bong / Bung	Australia	Aboriginal Australians	[First used in 1847 by JD Lang, ''Cooksland'', 430]. Boong, pronounced with ʊ (like the vowel in bull), is related to the Australian English slang word bung, meaning "dead", "infected", or "dysfunctional". From bung, to go bung "Originally to die, then to break down, go bankrupt, cease to function [Ab. ''bong'' dead]". The 1988 edition of the Australian National Dictionary gives its origin in the Wemba word for "man" or "human being". However, Frederick Ludowyk of the Australian National Dictionary Centre wrote in 2004 that bong meaning "dead" is not a Wiradjuri word, but may have been picked up or assumed from the word "bung" which was originally a Yagara word which was used in the pidgin widely spoken across Australia in colonial times.	[69] [70] [71]
Boonga / boong / bunga / boonie	New Zealand	Pacific Islanders	Likely derived from the similar Australian slur	[72] [73]
Bootlip	United States	African American people
French: Bougnoule|italic=no	France, Wolof	Arabian people, North Africans, Black people	Analogous to Wog or Raghead, originally was used against Black people but broadened to brown Arabs	[74]
Bounty bar	United Kingdom	Black people	A black person who is considered to be behaving like a white person (i.e. dark on the outside, white on the inside).	[75]
Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan: Bozgor|italic=no	Romania	Hungarian people	Used especially on ones born in Romania. Possibly derived from the Moldavian Csángó dialect pronunciation of Hungarian: bocskor meaning Opanak, a type of rustic footwear.	[76]
Brillo Pad	United States	Black People	Used to refer to the hair of a black person	[77]
Brownie	United States, New Zealand, and Australia	Brown-skinned people, an Asian	Used in the 1850s–1960s; in Australia it was used for an Aboriginal Australian or someone Japanese; in New Zealand, a Māori
Buckwheat	United States	Black people	The name of a black character that appeared in the Our Gang (Little Rascals) short films. Today it is used to refer to the curly hair of a black person.	[78] [79]
Buddhahead	United States	Asian people	Also used by mainland Japanese Americans to refer to Hawaiian Japanese Americans since World War II.	[80]
Buckra, Bakra	United States, West Indies	White people from Sub-Saharan African languages		[81]
Bulbash	Russia, Ukraine	Belarusians	Derived from Belarusian word "bulba" (potatoes), based on the fact that potatoes are a very common ingredient in Belarusian cuisine.	[82] [83]
Bule	Indonesia	White people or foreigner	Derived from an archaic Indonesian word for albino.	[84]
Bumbay	Philippines	People from India	From Bombay	[85]
Burrhead / Burr-head / Burr head	United States	Black people	Referencing Afro-textured hair.
Bushy (s.) / Bushies, Amadushie (p.)	South Africa	Khoisans	Historically used against the Khoisan people in Southern Africa, referring to their nomadic lifestyle and reliance on the bush for survival.	[86]
Buzzurro	Italy	Northern Italians and Italian-speaking Swiss	It is an Italian derogatory term historically used to label Northern Italians perceived as unsophisticated or rural. In Tuscany, it targeted Swiss-Italian chestnut and polenta sellers from the Alps, while in Rome it was primarily directed at Piedmontese migrants who arrived after the city became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy.	[87] [88] [89] [90]

C

Term!scope="col"

Location or origin	Targets	Meaning, origin and notes
Cabbage eater		German and Russian people		[91] [92]
Cacariso, Cagariso	Italy	East Asian people	Literally "rice shitter"	[93]
Canaca	Chile	Chinese and Japanese people	Canaca is a slur originating in Oceania.
Camel jockey		Middle Eastern people		[94] [95] [96]
Camel drivers	Germany	Arabs and Turks		[97] [98]
Camel riders	Israel	Arabs		[99]
Carcamano	Brazil	Italian people	Used during the early 20th century, during the Second wave of Italian immigration to Brazil.	[100]
Chakhchakh / Baboon	Israel	Mizrahi Jews	An Israeli derogatory nickname that was common in the 20th century. The term is probably based on the accent immigrants from Islamic countries spoke.	[101]
Chakma	Bangladesh	Jumma and Chinese people	The term "Chakma" comes from the name of an ethnic group known as Chakma and is used to refer to people with Mongoloid features in Bangladesh, especially Chinese, and other indigenous groups from the Chittagong Hill Tracts.	[102] [103]
Chankoro	Japan	Chinese people	ja|チャンコロ, a Japanese reference to a Chinese person. Often given as either derived from Chinese: p=Qīngguólǔ|c=清國虜 or Chinese: p=Zhōngguórén|c=中國人	[104]
Charlie	United States	White Americans	Used in the 1960s–1970s. White people as a reified collective oppressor group, similar to The Man or The System.	[105]
	United States	Vietnamese people	Vietnam War slang term used by American troops as a shorthand term for Vietnamese guerrillas, derived from the verbal shorthand for "Victor Charlie", the NATO phonetic alphabet for VC, the abbreviation for Viet Cong. The (regular) North Vietnamese Army was referred to as "Mr. Charles".	[106] [107] [108]
China Swede	United States	Finns	Derogatory term for Finnish immigrants to the United States, particularly in Minnesota and Michigan.	[109] [110]
Chee-chee, Chi-chi	South Asia	Eurasian Mixed-race people, especially Anglo-Indians	Probably derived from Hindi chi-chi fie!, literally, dirt.	[111] [112]
Cheese-eating surrender monkeys	United States	French people	The term originated with a 1995 episode of The Simpsons.	[113]
Chefur (čefur)	Slovenia	Non-Slovenian people of former Yugoslavia (Serbs, Croats, Bosniaks, Montenegrins, Macedonians)		[114]
Tsekwa / Chekwa	Philippines	Chinese Filipino people	Used in Filipino/Tagalog and other Philippine languages, which derived it from the late 19th century Cebuano Bisaya street children's limerick, ceb|[[wikt:Insik wakang, kaon, kalibang|In'''tsik, wá'''kang, káun, kalibang!]]|lit=Chinese ([[Coolie|laborer]]), I work, eat, and shit!, where "Intsik"/"Insik" is derived from the Philippine Hokkien term, Chinese: t=|poj=in chek|l=his/her/their uncle|c=[[wikt:#Chinese|]] [[wikt:叔#Chinese|叔]]|s=|p=, while "wakang"/"gwakang" is derived from the Philippine Hokkien term, Chinese: t=|poj=góa kang|l=I work|c=[[wikt:我#Chinese|我]] [[wikt:工#Chinese|工]]|s=|p=, while "kaon"/"kaun" is from the Cebuano Bisaya term, ceb|[[wikt:kaon#Cebuano|kaon]]|lit=to eat, while "kalibang" is from the Cebuano Bisaya term, ceb|[[wikt:kalibang#Cebuano|kalibang]]|lit=to defecate.	[115] [116]
Chernomazy	Russia	Black-skinned people, e.g. Africans or indigenous people from the Caucasus, e.g. from Chechnya or Azerbaijan.	черномазый, meaning "smeared in black" in Russian.
Chernozhopy	Russia	Same as, but more insulting than, "chernomazy"	черножопый, or chornaya zhopa, meaning "black-arse" in Russian.	[117] [118] [119]
Chilango	Mexico	Mexico City inhabitants		[120] [121]
Chilote	Argentina	Chilean people
Chinaman	United States, Canada	Chinese people	A calque of the Chinese 中國人. It was used in the gold rush and railway-construction eras in western United States when discrimination against the Chinese was common.	[122]
Ching chong	China, United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines	Chinese people	Mocking a person or language perceived to be of Chinese descent.	[123]
Chink	China, United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand, Australia,Philippines	East and South East Asians
Chinky / Chinky Chonky	China, United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand, Australia,Philippines	East and South East Asians		[124] [125]
Chirigüillo / Chiriwillo	Mexico	Non-White Mexican migrants	A pejorative term used in the state of Nuevo León to refer to Mexicans from white-minority regions who are singled out for their ethnicity, skin color, or rural origin.	[126] [127]
Chonky		Asian people	Refers to a person of Asian heritage with "white attributes", in either personality or appearance.	[128]
Christ-killer		Jewish people	An allusion to Jewish deicide.	[129] [130]
Choc ice		Black people	A person who is figuratively "black on the outside, white on the inside".	[131] [132]
Cholo	Latin America, Southwestern United States	Indigenous or Mestizo people	It may be derogatory depending on circumstances.	[133] [134] [135] [136]
	Chile	Bolivian people, Peruvian people		[137]
Chon / Baka-Chon	Japan	Korean people		[138]
Chow	Australia	Chinese people	Used as early as 1864, rare now	[139] [140]
Chowmein	India	Chinese people, Northeast Indians
Chuchmek (ru|чучмек) / Chechmek (ru|чечмек)	Russia / Russian-speaking regions	Middle / Central Asian people (in rare instances people from the Caucasus), in a broader sense Non-Russians, Non-European-looking people	From Chichimec,[141] a derogatory term used by the Aztecs and other Mesoamericans to describe the Chichimecs as "uncivilized, aggressive savages", similar to how the ancient Romans called Germanic tribes "barbarians". This name, with its derogatory meaning, was later adopted and brought to Europe by Spanish conquerors.	[142] [143]
Chug	Canada	Canadian aboriginal people	See Chugach for the native people.	[144]
Chukhonets (plural chukhoncy), chukhna	Russia	Finnic people		[145] [146]
Churka	Russia	Western and Central Asians	1. Chock of wood[147] 2. Ignorant person
Ciapaty, ciapak	Poland	Middle Eastern, North African, South Asian, and Caucasian people.	Derived from chapati.	[148] [149]
Cigányforma	Hungary	Persons with the combination of black hair with brown eyes, regardless of ethnicity	Used in 17th century Hungary; literal meaning is "gypsy form"	[150]
Cigány népek	Hungary	Ethnic groups or nations where the combination of black hair with brown eyes is dominant	Used in 17th century Hungary; literal meaning is "gypsy folks"	[151]
Cioară	Romania	Romani people and Black people	Means crow	[152]
Cina / Cokin	Indonesia	Chinese people	Use in media has been banned since 2014 under Keppres (Keputusan Presiden, lit. Presidential Decree) No. 12 of 2014, replaced by Tiongkok (from Zhongguo 中国) or Tionghoa (from Zhonghua 中华). The Keppres even bans use of "China" in media and formal use.	[153] [154]
Coconut	United States, United Kingdom, New Zealand, Australia	Hispanics/Latinos, South/Southeast Asians	Named after the coconut, in the American sense, it derives from the fact that a coconut is brown on the outside and white on the inside. A person of Hispanic/Latino or South/Southeast Asian descent who is seen as being assimilated into white American culture.	[155]
		South Asians	A brown person of South Asian descent is perceived as fully assimilated into Western culture.	[156] [157] [158]
		Pacific Islander		[159]
Colono	Brazil (mainly Rio Grande do Sul)	Italian Brazilians and German Brazilians	Although it is not generally considered an insult in other parts of Brazil, in Rio Grande do Sul it is considered pejorative because it is considered an offensive nickname similar to Caipira and is given to those who are native to the Rio Grande do Sul countryside (mainly Caxias do Sul and Bento Gonçalves), who are descendants of Italians or Germans and who have a strong accent compared to those who are native to the state's capital, Porto Alegre.	[160]
Coño	Chile	Spanish people	Used in to refer to Spanish people given the perception that they recurrently use the vulgar interjection coño .	[161]
Coolie	United States, Canada	Asian people, usually Chinese, and Indo-Caribbean people	Unskilled Asian laborer (originally used in the 19th century for Chinese railroad laborers). Possibly from Mandarin "苦力" ku li or Hindi kuli, "day laborer." Also racial epithet for Indo-Caribbean people, especially in Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago and South African Indians.	[162] [163]
, cooney	United States, Commonwealth	Black people	Slur popularized by Coon songs played at Minstrel show. Originally associated in the 1830s with the U.S. Whig Party who used a raccoon as their emblem. The Whigs were more tolerant towards blacks than other main parties. After the party folded the term "coon" evolved from political slang into a racial slur. Within African American communities, the word has been used to refer to a black person who is allegedly a "sellout".[164]	[165] [166] [167] [168]
	Australia	Aboriginal Australian
	New Zealand	Pacific Islander
Coonass, Coon-ass	United States	Cajun people	Not to be confused with the French connasse, meaning cunt.	[169]
Coreano	Chile	Chinese and Japanese people		[170]
Cotton picker	United States	Individuals of African descent, including African-Americans and Cape Coloureds or Coloureds	Historically referred to someone who harvested cotton by hand, often used in the context of American slavery when enslaved black people were forced to pick cotton on plantations. The phrase originally referred to the actual occupation of picking cotton on plantations in the American South, but that it later became a racial slur used to denigrate people of African descent, including African-Americans and Cape Coloureds or Coloureds.	[171] [172] [173]
Cracker	United States	White people, especially poor Appalachian and Southern people	Entered general use in the United States as a pejorative for white people, though may be used neutrally in context. Can specifically refer to white settlers, as with Florida or Georgia crackers.	[174] [175]
Crow	United States	Black people
Crucco (m.), crucca (f.)	Italy	German people	From Serbo-Croatian kruh, meaning "bread". In WWI used for Austro-Hungarian prisoners of Croatian and Slovenian ethnicity in Italian camps because, when hungry, they supposedly begged for kruh. Later the term was used to indicate the Germans.	[176]
	Ireland	Rural Irish people	Applied by townspeople or city folk as a condescending or pejorative reference to people from rural areas.	[177] [178]
Curepí	Paraguay	Argentines	A common term used by people from Paraguay for people from Argentina, it means "pig's skin".	[179] [180]
Curry-muncher	Australia, Africa, New Zealand, United States, Canada	South Asian People		[181]
Cushi, Kushi (כושי)	Israel	Dark-skinned African people	Term originated from Kushite, referring to an individual from the Ancient Kingdom of Kush. This was also mentioned in the Hebrew Bible generally used to refer to people usually of African descent. Originally merely descriptive, in present-day Israel it increasingly assumed a pejorative connotation and is regarded as insulting by Ethiopian Israelis; and by non-Jewish, Sub-Saharan African migrant workers and asylum seekers in Israel.	[182]
Czarnuch (m.), czarnucha (f.)	Poland	Black people	From "czarny" (black). Equivalent of nigger.	[183]

D

Term!scope="col"

Location or origin	Targets	Meaning, origin and notes
Dago, Dego	United States, Commonwealth	Italians, Spaniards, Greeks, Portuguese or Maltese people; in the United States, primarily used for Italians and people of Italian descent	Possibly derived from the Spanish name "Diego"	[184] [185] [186]
Dal Khor	Pakistan	Indians and Pakistanis (specifically Punjabis)	The term literally translates to "dal eater", connoting the supposedly higher emphasis on pulses and vegetables in the diet of countryside Punjabis.	[187]
Dalle, Batak Dalle	Indonesia	Batak people	Bataks who cannot speak their language or reject Batak culture.	[188] [189] [190]
Darky / Darkey / Darkie	Worldwide	Black people	According to lexicographer Richard A. Spears, the word "darkie" used to be considered mild and polite, before it took on a derogatory and provocative meaning.	[191]
DEI / DEI hire / Diversity hire	United States	Women and people of color (especially Black people)	The term is sometimes used to imply that women, non-white people, and members of the LGBTQ community are inherently unqualified for positions of power, and that they can only get jobs through tokenism.	[192] [193]
Dhoti	Nepal	Indian or Madheshi people	As reference to their indigenous clothing Dhoti worn by people of Indian subcontinent.	[194]
Dink	United States	Southeast Asian, particularly Vietnamese people.	Originated during 1965–70 Americanism. Also used as a disparaging term for a North Vietnamese soldier or guerrilla in the Vietnam War. (Note: If rendered in ALL CAPS, then DINK may be the benign lifestyle acronym for dual-income, no kids [a couple with two incomes and no child-raising expenses])	[195]
Dogan, dogun	Canada	Irish Catholics	19th century on; origin uncertain: perhaps from Dugan, an Irish surname.	[196]
Dothead, Dot	United States	Hindu women	In reference to the bindi.	[197] [198]
Dune coon	United States	Arabian people	equivalent of sand nigger (below). See also Islamophobic trope.

E

Term!scope="col"

Location or origin	Targets	Meaning, origin and notes
Eight ball, 8ball		Black people	Referring to the black ball in pool. Slang, usually used disparagingly.	[199]
Engelsman	South Africa	White South Africans of British descent whose first language is English	Afrikaans Englishman. A derogatory term used to refer to white South Africans of British descent whose first language is English. This is due to historical and cultural tensions between English-speaking and Afrikaans-speaking white South Africans, which were fueled by British colonialism and apartheid policies. Some Afrikaans-speaking people view the English-speaking minority as elitist and condescending, and the use of the term "Engelsman" reflects these attitudes.	[200]
Eyetie	United States, United Kingdom	Italian people	Originated through the mispronunciation of "Italian" as "Eye-talian". Slang usually used disparagingly (especially during World War II).	[201]

F

Term!scope="col"

Location or origin	Targets	Meaning, origin and notes
Fankui, fan-kui, fangui, gui-zi, guizi, gui	Chiefly Southeast Asia	Non-Chinese native people of Southeast Asia	These words (and any variations of them) are considered extremely derogatory, since they allege that anyone other than the Chinese have terrible attitudes and are uncivilised idiots (Gui or Guizi itself means demon).	[202] [203] [204] [205]
Fresh off the boat, off the boat		Asian Americans or immigrants in general	Referring to immigrants who have traveled to another foreign country and have yet acculturated into the nation's ethnicity or language, but still perpetuate their cultures. The slur also was the name for a sitcom named 'Fresh Off The Boat'.	[206] [207]
Farang khi nok	Thailand	Poor white people	Is slang commonly used to insult white people, equivalent to white trash, as khi means feces and nok means bird, referring to the white color of bird-droppings.	[208]
Fenian	Northern Ireland, Scotland	Irish Catholics	Derived from the Fenian Brotherhood.	[209]
Festival children	USSR (from late 1950s)	Children of mixed ancestry, usually with a father who is black or (more rarely) other non-European origins	It is believed that the first noticeable appearance of black and mixed-ancestry children in the USSR and Russia appeared after the 6th World Festival of Youth and Students of 1957. The term was often used ironically and sometimes in a mildly derogatory fashion. This term is currently not used.	[210] [211]
Feuj (verlan for juif)	France	Jewish people		[212]
Fidschi(de)	East Germany	East or Southeast Asian people, particularly Vietnamese people	German for Fiji, used to refer to anyone who looks East or Southeast Asian, particularly those of Vietnamese origin.	[213]
Filippino (m.), Filippina (f.)	Italy	Filipino people	It is used as a synonym for "domestic worker", stereotyping Filipinos as cleaners.	[214] [215]
Fjellabe	Denmark	Norwegian people	Means mountain ape. Jocularly used by Danes mostly in sports. From the 1950s. Norway is mountainous while Denmark is flat without mountains.	[216]
Flip	United States	Filipino people		[217]
Fodechincho	Spain	Non-Galician Spaniards	A derogatory term used in Galicia to refer to tourists from Spain, especially those from Madrid, although also those from other locations, but above all to those who do not respect or adapt to local customs. It comes from Galician fode (to steal) and chincho (a small Atlantic horse mackerel).	[218] [219]
Franchute	Chile, Argentina	French people
Frenk	Ashkenazi Jews	Sephardi and Mizrahi Jews	Derived from Franks (as a reference to Western Europeans), due to the fact Sephardi Jews are Judaeo-Spanish speakers.	[220]
Fritz,,,,	United Kingdom, France, Hungary, Poland, Russia, Latvia	German people	from Friedrich (Frederick).	[221]
, Froggy, Frogeater, Froschfresser	Australia, Canada, United Kingdom, United States, Germany	Dutch people (formerly) French and French Canadian people (currently)	Before the 19th century, referred to the Dutch (as they were stereotyped as being marsh-dwellers). When France became Britain's main enemy, replacing the Dutch, the epithet was transferred to them, because of the French penchant for eating frogs' legs (see comparable French term Rosbif). Also known in Slavic countries, but only towards the (mainland) French, see Polish żabojad, Ukrainian zhaboyid (жабоїд), Russian lyagushatnik (лягушатник); as well as in Basque frantximant.	[222] [223] [224]
Fuzzy-Wuzzy	United Kingdom	Hadendoa people	Term used to refer to the Hadendoa warriors in the 19th century, in reference to their elaborate hairstyles. Not applicable in Australia, see Fuzzy Wuzzy Angels.	[225]

G

Term!scope="col"

Location or origin	Targets	Meaning, origin and notes
Gabacho	Spain, Chile	French people	From Occitan gavach meaning "one who speaks wrong."	[226]
	Mexico	American people, French people	Neutral or pejorative depending on context.	[227]
Gabel	Albania, Kosovo	Romani people	Expression of disdain for someone, with the setting "Maxhup"	[228]
Gabibbo / Cabibbo	Northern Italy	Southern Italians	Mainly used in Liguria region, it derives from habib (“friend”), a nickname used by Eritrean longshoremen at the port of Massawa. It is used toward Southern Italians, especially immigrants.	[229] [230] [231]
Gadjo		Non-Romani people	Technically a term for a person who does not possess Romanipen, it usually refers to non-Romanis and Romanis who do not live within Romani culture.	[232]
Gaijin (外人)	Japan	Foreigners, especially those of non-East Asian origin		[233]
Galla	Ethiopia	Oromo people or others in Ethiopia and Somalia	Used since 1670
Gam, Gammat	South Africa	Cape Coloured or Coloured people	It means "a person who is low or of inferior status" in Afrikaans.	[234] [235]
Gans (Ганс)	USSR	German people, or more uncommonly Latvian people	The term originated among the Soviet troops in World War II, coming from Russified form of the German first name Hans.	[236] [237] [238]
Garoi	Romania	Romani people	It means crow.	[239]
Geomdung-i (검둥이)	South Korea	Black people	Korean for coon	[240]
Gexhë	Kosovo	Serbs of Šumadija	Derogatory expression for the Serbs of southern Serbia, of Šumadija.
Ghati	India		Ethnic slur for Maharashtrians living in Ghats	[241] [242]
Gin	Australia	Aboriginal woman
Gin jockey	Australia	White people	A white person having casual sex with an Aboriginal woman.
Godo	Spain	Non-Canarian Spaniards	A word used in the Canary Islands to refer disparagingly to Spaniards, provided they are non-Canary Islanders. The word godo literally means “Gothic,” originally referring to the Visigoths, which is a historical reference of the Visigothic Kingdom.	[243] [244]
Godon	France	English people	An antiquated pejorative expression. Possibly a corruption of "God-damn".	[245] [246]
Golliwog	United States, Australia, United Kingdom, New Zealand	Darkskinned people, especially African-Caribbeans	An expression which originally was a children's literature character and type of black doll but which eventually came to be used as a jibe against people with dark skin.	[247]
Gook, Gook-eye, Gooky	United States	East and Southeast Asians, but particularly Koreans	The earliest recorded example is dated 1920. Used especially for enemy soldiers. Its use has been traced to United States Marines serving in the Philippines in the early 20th century. It gained widespread notice as a result of the Korean and Vietnam wars.	[248] [249] [250]
Goombah	United States	Italian people, Italian-Americans	Initially applied to Italian or Italian-American men in general, it now also specifically carries connotations of stereotypical vulgar machismo and Italian Mafia or Italian-American Mafia involvement among ethnic Italians and Italian-Americans. However, "goombah" is also used among Italian-Americans themselves to refer to a friend or comrade; the word becomes pejorative mostly when used by a non-Italian to refer to an ethnic Italian or Italian-American in a derogatory or patronizing way rather than as a friendly term of address among Italian-Americans. Originates from the Southern Italian word cumpa or cumpari and the Standard Italian equivalent, compare, meaning "godfather" or "partner-in-crime".	[251]
Gora	South Asia	White people	From the Hindi gorā, meaning "fair, white".	[252]
Goy, Goyim, Goyum	Hebrew	Non-Jewish people	A Hebrew biblical term for "Nation" or "People". By Roman times it had also acquired the meaning of "non-Jew". In English, use may be benign, to refer to anyone who isn't Jewish, or controversial, as it can have pejorative connotations.	[253] [254]
Grago, Gragok (shrimp)		Eurasians, Kristang people	A term for Eurasians, and specifically for the Kristang people of Malaysia, many of whom were traditionally engaged in shrimp fishing. It often has pejorative connotations, especially when used by outsiders, though in recent generations members of the community have to some degree tried to reclaim the term.	[255]
Greaseball, Greaser	United States	Mediterranean / Southern European and Hispanic people, and especially Italian people.	Greaseball often generally refers to Italians or a person of Italian descent. Meanwhile, though it may be used as a shortening of greaseball to refer to Italians, greaser has been more often applied to Hispanic Americans or Mexican Americans. However, greaseball (and to a lesser extent, greaser) can also refer to any person of Mediterranean/Southern European descent or Hispanic descent, including Greeks, Spaniards, and the Portuguese, as well as Latin Americans.[256] [257] Greaser also refer to members of a 1950-1960s subculture which Italian Americans and Hispanic Americans were stereotyped to be a part of. "Greaser" in reference to the subculture has taken on a less derogatory connotation since the 1950s.	[258]
Greenhorn	United States, New England region, especially Massachusetts.	Portuguese people	Can also be used in a non-derogatory context when not referring to the Portuguese to mean anyone inexperienced at something.	[259]
Gringo	Spanish speakers, mostly Latin America	English speakers	Sometimes used by Latino Americans. In Mexico, the term means an American. Likely from the Spanish word "griego", meaning Greek (similar to the English expression "It's all Greek to me").	[260] [261] [262] [263]
	Brazil	Foreigners	A colloquial neutral term for any foreigner, regardless of race, ethnicity or origin (including Portuguese people), or for a person whose native language is not Portuguese (including people whose native language is Spanish).	[264] [265] [266] [267]
	Southern Brazil	Italian descendants	A colloquial neutral term for Italian descendants of southern Brazil, specially in Rio Grande do Sul	[268]
Groid	United States	Black people	Derived from "negroid".	[269]
Gub, Gubba	Australia	White people	Aboriginal term for white people	[270]
Guiri	Spain	Foreigners	Originally described the supporters of Queen Maria Christina. Now describes White Northern Europeans.	[271] [272]
Guizi (鬼子)	Mainland China	Non-Chinese	Basically the same meaning as the term gweilo used in Hong Kong. More often used when referring foreigners as military enemies, such as riben guizi (日本鬼子, Japanese devils, because of the Second Sino-Japanese War), and meiguo guizi (美国鬼子, American devils, because of the Korean War).	[273] [274]
Guido, Guidette	United States	Italian Americans	Derives from the Italian given name, Guido. Guidette is the female counterpart. Used mostly in the Northeastern United States as a stereotype for working-class urban Italian Americans.	[275] [276]
Guinea, Ginzo		Italian people	Most likely derived from "Guinea Negro", implying that Italians are dark or swarthy-skinned like the natives of Guinea. The diminutive "Ginzo" probably dates back to World War II and is derived from Australian slang picked up by United States servicemen in the Pacific Theater.	[277]
Gummihals	Switzerland	German people	Literally "rubber neck"	[278]
Gusano	Cuba	Cuban exiles after the revolution	Literally "worm"	[279] [280] [281]
Gweilo, gwailo, kwai lo (鬼佬)	Southern Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau	White men	Loosely translated as "foreign devil"; more literally, might be "ghost dude/bloke/guy/etc". Gwei means "ghost". The color white is associated with ghosts in China. A lo is a regular guy (i.e. a fellow, a chap, or a bloke). Once a mark of xenophobia, the word is now in general, informal use.	[282]
Gyp / Gip		Romani people	Shortened version of "gypsy"
rowspan"2"	Gypsy, Gyppo, gippo, gypo, gyppie, gyppy, gipp	United Kingdom, Australia	Egyptian people and Romani people	Derived from "Egyptian", Egypt being mistakenly considered these people's origin.

H

Term!scope="col"

Location or origin	Targets	Meaning, origin and notes
Hairyback	South Africa	Afrikaners		[283]
Hajji, Hadji, Haji	United States Military	Iraqi people	May also be used to describe anyone from a predominantly Muslim country. Derived from the honorific Al-Hajji, the title given to a Muslim who has completed the Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca).	[284] [285] [286]
Half-breed	Worldwide	Multi-ethnic people	Métis is a French term, also used in Canadian English, for a half-breed, and mestizo is the equivalent in Spanish, although these are not offensive per se.	[287] [288]
Half-caste	England, Australia	Mixed race (usually between Australian Aboriginal and white people in Australian parlance)	Originally used as a legal and social term.	[289] [290]
Hambaya, hamba	Sri Lanka	Muslims in Sri Lanka	From හම්බන්කාරයා (hambankārayā); derived from the Sinhala word for the sampan boats (hamban) used by seafarers from the Malay Archipelago, from whom Sri Lankan Malays trace partial descent. Its use as an epithet for Muslims (Moors) traces back to the late 19th century colonial period.	[291]
Haole	United States, Hawaiian	Non-Hawaiian people, almost always white people.	Can be used neutrally, dependent on context.	[292]
Heeb, Hebe	United States	Jewish people	Derived from the word "Hebrew."	[293] [294]
Heigui	China, Taiwan	Black people	Literally means "black ghost" or "black devil", used similarly to English phrases such as nigga or nigger.	[295] [296]
Heukhyeong (흑형)	South Korea	Black people	Korean Black brother. A Korean ethnic slur sometimes for black people.	[297]
Hevosmies	Finland	Romani people	From hevos- + mies, referring to Gypsy horsemanship.	[298]
Hike	United States	Italian immigrants	Sometimes used with or to distinguish from "Hunk" ("Hunky").	[299] [300]
Hillbilly	United States	Appalachian or Ozark Americans		[301]
Honky, honkey, honkie	United States	White people	Derived from an African American pronunciation of "hunky," the disparaging term for a Hungarian laborer. The first record of its use as an insulting term for a white person dates from the 1950s.	[302]
	New Zealand	European New Zealanders	Used by Māori to refer to New Zealanders of European descent.	[303]
Hori	New Zealand	Māori	From the formerly common Maorified version of the English name George.	[304]
Hottentot, Hotnot	South Africa	Khoisans and Cape Coloureds or Coloureds	A derogatory term historically used to refer to the Khoisan people of Southern Africa and their descendants, coloureds. It originated from the Dutch settlers who arrived in the region in the 17th century.	[305] [306]
Houtkop	South Africa	Black people	Literally "wooden head"	[307]
Huan-a, Huana	Taiwan and Southeast Asia	Non-Chinese native people	This word is derogatory because huan-a means "foreigner" which portrays non-Chinese natives as not human. In Taiwan, it carries the connotation of "aborigine". In Indonesia, it refers to non-Chinese native people descended from the many ethnolinguistic groups native to Indonesia commonly known by the term pribumi (e.g., Javanese, Sundanese, Batak, and Buginese).	[308] [309] [310] [311]
Huinca	Argentina, Chile	Non-Mapuche Chileans, non-Mapuche Argentines	Mapuche term dating back at least to the Conquest of Chile.	[312] [313]
Hujaa	Mongolia	Chinese people	Equivalent to the word chink.	[314]
Hun	United States, United Kingdom	German people	(United States, United Kingdom) Germans, especially German soldiers; popular during World War I. Derived from a speech given by Kaiser Wilhelm of Germany to the German contingent sent to China during the Boxer Rebellion in which he exhorted them to "be like Huns" (i.e., savage and ruthless) to their Chinese enemy.
	Ireland	Protestants and British soldiers	A Protestant in Northern Ireland or historically, a member of the British military in Ireland ("Britannia's huns").	[315] [316]
Hunky, Hunk	United States	Central European laborers	It originated in the coal regions of Pennsylvania and West Virginia, where Poles and other immigrants from Central Europe (Hungarians (Magyar), Rusyns, Slovaks) came to perform hard manual labor in the mines.	[317]
Hurri	Finland	Swedish-speaking population of Finland, Swedish people	Initially used as a derogatory term for the Swedish-speaking minority of Finland, sometimes used as a slur for any Swedish speaker	[318]
Hymie	United States	Jewish people	Derived from the personal name Hyman (from the Hebrew name Chayyim). Jesse Jackson provoked controversy when he referred to New York City as "Hymietown" in 1984. Has also been spelled "Heimie", as a reflection of popular Jewish last names ending in -heim.	[319]

I

Term!scope="col"

Location or origin	Targets	Meaning, origin and notes
Ikey / Ike / Iky: a Jew [from ''Isaac'']		Jewish people	Derived from the name Isaac, an important figure in Hebrew culture.
Ikey-mo / Ikeymo		Jewish people	Derived from the names Isaac and Moses, two important figures in Hebrew culture.
Indio / Indito		Indigenous people	Although the term indio is a demonym for the aboriginal populations of the American continent, in some countries it has acquired a derogatory connotation.	[320]
Indon	Malaysia, Singapore	Indonesian people	Clipping of Indonesia.	[321]
Indognesial / Indonesial	Malaysia	Indonesian people	Which similar to "Indon" term mixed with "Dog" and "Malay: Sial" (Malay word for "Damn").	[322]
Intsik	Philippines	Chinese Filipino people	Used in Filipino/Tagalog and other Philippine languages. Based on the Philippine Hokkien term, Chinese: t=|poj=in chek|l=his/her/their uncle|c=[[wikt:#Chinese|]] [[wikt:叔#Chinese|叔]]|s=|p=.
	Rwanda	Tutsi people	A person of the Tutsi ethnic group in Africa. Literally means "Cockroach" and reportedly derives from how Tutsi rebels would attack at night and retreat, being hard to kill, like a cockroach. Most notably came to worldwide prominence around the time of the Rwanda genocide, as it was used by the RTLM in order to incite genocide.	[323] [324] [325]
Indian Giver	United States	Native Americans	Presumes that when Native Americans give gifts they intend to take them back. It is applied to anyone who does this to paint them as performing an action akin to an "Indian".	[326]
Injun	United States	Native Americans	Corruption of "Indian"	[327]
Inselaffe	Germany	English people, British people in general	Translates to "Island monkey"	[328] [329]
Inu	Japan	Ainu people	Word literally meaning dog in Japanese. Pun of unknown origin, but used to compare the hirsute genetics of Ainu people with the fur coat of dogs. Possibly also has to do with Matagi hunters, who have Ainu ancestry, working with Akita Inu. Usually used pejoratively like bitch, another term comparing people to dogs.	[330] [331] [332]
Itor	Bangladesh	People from the Greater Cumilla region (Cumilla, Brahmanbaria and Chandpur)	The term "ITOR" borrowed from the English acronym for "Information Technology Organiser" was a title given by the British to people from the Tipperah district (now the districts of Cumilla, Brahmanbaria and Chandpur) in the Bengal province due to their quick thinking, cleverness and consistent success. It is now used as slang by Bangladeshis to refer to people from these three districts.	[333]
Itaker	Germany	Italian people	Formerly used as a nickname for Italian soldiers and the since the 1960s as a slur for Italian immigrants.	[334]

J

Term!scope="col"

Location or origin	Targets	Meaning, origin and notes
Jackeen	Ireland	Dublin people	Believed to be in reference to the Union Jack, the flag of the United Kingdom. By adding the Irish diminutive suffix -een meaning little to Jack thereby ¨meaning "Little Jack" and implying "little Englishmen". It was more commonly used to separate those of Anglo-Irish heritage from those of Gaelic heritage. While the term is applied to Dublin people alone today, it was applied in the past as a pejorative term against all city dwellers and not just those in Dublin.	[335] [336]
Jakun	Malaysia	Unsophisticated people, from the Malay name of an indigenous ethnic group.		[337]
Jamet, Jamet kuproy	Indonesia	Javanese people	Jamet stands for Jawa metal (a metalhead Javanese), while kuproy stands for kuli proyek (construction workers).	[338]
Japa	Brazil	Japanese people	Usually an affectionate way of referring to Japanese people (or, more generally, East Asian people), although it may be considered a slur. This term is never censored (as a slur typically would be) when it appears in mass media.	[339]
Jap	United States	Japanese people	Mostly found use during World War II, post-WWII.	[340]
		Jewish women	Usually written in all capital letters as an acronym for "Jewish-American princess," a stereotype of Jewish American women as materialistic or pampered.	[341]
Japie, yarpie	South Africa	White, rural South Africans	Derived from plaasjapie, "farm boy".	[342]
Jareer	Somalia	Somali Bantus	The Somali word jareer comes from a term for “hard” or “kinky” hair and gained ethnic meaning through the East African slave trade and the stigmatization of Bantu peoples.	[343] [344]
Jawir	Indonesia	Javanese people, especially Javanese people with darker skin	Comes from the words "Jawa" and "Ireng" from a Javanese word means black	[345]
Jeet	Worldwide	Indians, particularly Hindus and Sikhs	An invented term for Indian people, particularly adherents of Hinduism and Sikhism, allegedly originating on 4chan.	[346]
Jerry	Commonwealth	German people, especially soldiers	Probably an alteration of "German". Origin of Jerry can. Used especially during World War I and World War II.
Jewboy	United States, United Kingdom	Jewish boys	Originally directed at young Jewish boys who sold counterfeit coins in 18th century London.	[347] [348]
Jidan / Jidov / Jidovin(ă)	Romania	Jewish person.		[349]
, jiggerboo, niggerboo, jiggabo, jigarooni, jijjiboo, zigabo, jig, jigg, jigger	United States	Black people with stereotypical black features (e.g., dark skin, wide nose, and big lips).	From a Bantu verb tshikabo, meaning "they bow the head docilely," indicating meek or servile individuals.	[350] [351]
Jim Crow	United States	Black people
Jjangkkae	Korea	Chinese people		[352]
Jjokbari	Korea	Japanese people		[353]
Jock, jocky, jockie	United Kingdom	Scottish people	Scots language nickname for the personal name John, cognate to the English, Jack. Occasionally used as an insult, but also in a respectful reference when discussing Scottish troops, particularly those from Highland regiments. For example, see the 9th (Scottish) Division. Same vein as the English insult for the French, as Frogs. In Ian Rankin's detective novel Tooth and Nail the protagonist – a Scottish detective loaned to the London police – suffers from prejudice by English colleagues who frequently use "Jock" and "Jockland" (Scotland) as terms of insult; the book was based on the author's own experience as a Scot living in London.	[354]
Jovenlandés	Spain	Alleged criminal non-European migrants	A term used to refer to young people of foreign origin who appear in news reports, generally as (alleged) perpetrators of crimes, and whose nationality is omitted.	[355] [356]
Jungle bunny	United States, Commonwealth	Black people
Jutku, jutsku	Finland	Jewish people		[357]

K

Term!scope="col"

Location or origin	Targets	Meaning, origin and notes
Kaew (แกว)	Northeastern Thailand	Vietnamese people		[358] [359]
Kaffir, kaffer, kaffir, kafir, kaffre, kuffar	South Africa	Black and Cape Coloured or Coloured people	Also caffer or caffre. from Arabic kafir meaning "disbeliever".	[360] [361]
Kaffir boetie	South Africa	Black and Cape Coloured sympathizers during apartheid	Meaning "Kaffir brothers", it is analogous to "negro lover" in English. The term is outdated and no longer used.	[362]
Kanglu, Kangladeshi	Bangladesh, India, Pakistan	Bangladeshis	A portmanteu of the words kaṅgāl (meaning poor, broke, pauper) and Bangladeshi. It is used to refer to Bangladeshis, associating them with poverty or immigration issues.	[363]
Kalar	Myanmar	Muslim citizens who are "black-skinned", Bengali, Rohingya or any South Asian Muslim or Hindus or "undesirable aliens."	The word "Kalar" is derived from the Burmese word "ကုလား" (ku.la:). It is a word often used in Myanmar, usually in a negative way to refer to people with darker skin, especially those of South Asian descent (especially Bengalis or Rohingyas) or dark-skinned Muslims and Hindus.	[364]
Kalbit	Russian	Central Asians		[365]
Kalia, Kalu, Kallu	Indian	Darkskinned people	Literally means "blackie", generally used for black-skinned people in India. Can also have a racist overtone when referring to Africans.	[366] [367]
Katwa, Katwe	Indian	Muslim males	Word used to describe Muslim males for having a circumcised penis as mentioned in the Khitan of Islam.	[368] [369]
Kanaka	Australia	Pacific Islanders		[370] [371]
Kanake	German	Turkish people, foreigners in general	Originally used to refer to Native Polynesians. To some extent re-appropriated.	[372]
Kano	Philippines	White Americans	Usually used in Filipino (Tagalog) or other Philippine languages. Shortened from the Filipino word "Amerikano". It usually refers to Americans, especially a stereotypical male white American, which may extend to western foreigners that may fit the stereotype which the speaker is not familiar with, especially those from Europe, Australia, New Zealand, etc.	[373]
Kaouiche, Kawish	Canadian French	Native Americans		[374] [375]
Käskopp	Germany	Dutch people	Middle German slur that translates to "cheese head".
Katsap, kacap, kacapas	Ukraine, Belarus, Poland, Lithuania, Russia	Russian people	uk|кацап, lt|kacapas; self-deprecating usage by Russians.
Kebab		Muslims, usually of Arabian,Turkic or Iranian descent.	Its origin is a Serbian music video that was recorded in 1993 during the Yugoslav Wars but the phrase has spread globally amongst far-right groups and the alt-right as a meme between 2006 and 2008. Famously Turkish internet users parodied the sentiment of Serbian nationalists online, with a satirical incoherent rant that ended with the phrase "remove kebab" being repeated. Although the meme initially intended to parody racism, this meaning behind the meme was lost once it became common in alt-right discourse.	[376]
Keling, kling	Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore	Indian people	In Indonesian, the term can be applied to any person with dark complexion, not only of Indian descent, but also to native Indonesians with darker complexion and Africans. The term is derived from the ancient Indian region of Kalinga, where many immigrants to countries further east originated.	[377]
Kemosabe / Kemosahbee	United States	Native Americans	The term used by the fictional Native American sidekick Tonto as the "Native American" name for the Lone Ranger in the American television and radio programs The Lone Ranger.	[378]
Kettō	Japan	Westerners	Literally means "foreigners full of body hair". Alternative form: ketōjin	[379]
Khach, Khachik	Russia	Peoples of the Caucasus, particularly North Caucasus and Armenians	From Armenian խաչ khach, meaning cross (cf. khachkar). Khatchik is also an Armenian given name coming from the same root.	[380] [381]
Kharadim	Israel	Haredi Jews	Blend word of khara (shit in Hebrew) + Haredi	[382]
Kharkhuwa	India	Assamese people
Khawal	Egypt	Gay people		[383]
Khokhol	Russia, Poland	Ukrainian people	Derived from a term for a traditional Cossack-style haircut.	[384]
Khom	Thailand	Khmer people	Derived from Khmer Krom, popularized in the 20th century by Thai pan-nationalists to historically negate the fact that modern Khmer population is descended from the Angkorian Empire.	[385] [386]
Khựa	Vietnam	Chinese people	Variant form of "Tàu khựa"
Ikula (s.) / Amakula (p.)	South Africa	A person or people Indian heritage.
Kike	United States	Jews	Possibly from קײַקל kikel, Yiddish for "circle". Immigrant Jews who could not read English often signed legal documents with an "O" (similar to an "X", to which Jews objected because "X" also symbolizes a cross). Also known by the euphemism "K-word".[387]	[388]
Kimchi		Korean people		[389]
Kıro	Turkey	Kurdish men	A word used to describe rude and hairy men, pejoratively refers to the Kurds.	[390]
Kitayoza Russian: китаёза	Russia	East Asian people, especially the Chinese.	Derived from "kitayets". (Cyrillic: китаец)	[391] [392]
Kkamdungi (깜둥이)	South Korea	Black people	Korean for nigga or nigger.	[393]	meaning in the English-Korean Dictionary. Retrieved 6 March 2023, from https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/english-korean/nigger
Knacker	Ireland	Irish Travelers		[394] [395]
Kojaengi (Korean: 코쟁이)	South Korea	Westerners	From Korean: 코 ("nose") and Korean: -쟁이 (derogatory suffix), prevalently used during the 19th and 20th centuries to refer to White foreigners	[396]
Kolorad	Ukraine	Pro-Russian separatists and Russian invaders	In reference to Russian St. George ribbon whose coloration resembles the stripes of the Colorado beetle.	[397]
Koyotl	Mexico	Non-indigenous Mexicans and foreigners	A Nahuatl term for non-indigenous/Mestizo/White Mexicans, foreigners, or those whose lifestyle is considered urban. The word koyotl literally means “coyote,” symbolically associated with cunning, adaptability, and, in some contexts, with a predatory nature. In the modern context of Nahua communities, the term has acquired the meaning of “a person who does not belong to the indigenous community” or “who lives according to non-traditional customs,” especially in contrast to those who preserve the Nahuatl language and local cultural practices.	[398] [399] [400]
Kozojeb	Serbia	Albanians, Bosnians	Derived from local translations of "goat fucker"	[401] [402]
Krankie	England	Scottish people		[403]
Krakkemut	Denmark	Arabs, Middle Easterns	While originally being used against greenlanders, it is now mostly used against Middle Easterns and Arabs. The word comes from the greenlandic word "Qaqqamut" meaning "to the mountain, up the mountain", however, the danish people began to pick up the word as an aggressive slur, and used it against the greenlanders, and slowly, it became a slur against the more frequent Arab and Middle Eastern immigrants in Denmark.	[404]
Kraut	United States, Canada, Commonwealth	German people	Derived from sauerkraut, used most specifically during World War II.	[405]
Kūpapa Māori	New Zealand	Māori people	Term used to describe Māori people who cooperate with or who are subservient to white authority figures (similar to "Uncle Tom" qv). From historical Māori troops who sided with the colonial government in the 19th century.	[406]
Kurepi	Paraguay	Argentine people	A Guarani term used in Paraguay to refer to people from Argentina, derived from kure pire, which means "pigskin."	[407]
Kuronbō (黒ん坊)	Japan	Black people	A derogatory that literally means "darkie" or "nigga" in Japanese. The term has been used as a racial slur against black people, particularly during Japan's colonial era.	[408]

L

Term!scope="col"

Location or origin	Targets	Meaning, origin and notes
Labas	Russia	Lithuanian people	Derived from greetings: Latvian labrīt/labdien/labvakar and Lithuanian labas rytas/laba diena/labas vakaras, meaning "good morning/day/evening".	[409]
Land thief	South Africa	White South Africans	The term implies that white people stole land from black people during the Apartheid era, and are therefore responsible for the current economic and social inequalities in the country.
Landya	India (Maharashtra in specific)	Muslims	Used primarily by Marathi people; the term translates to "small penis", referring to circumcision.	[410]
Laomaozi (老毛子)	China	Russian people	Popularized from Northeastern China	[411]
Lapp	Scandinavia	Sámi people	Used mainly by Norwegians and Swedes. The word itself means "patch." "Lapland", considered non-offensive, refers to Sámi territory known as "Sápmi", Finland's northernmost county, or the province in northernmost Sweden.	[412]
Lebo, Leb	Australia	A Lebanese person, usually a Lebanese Australian.
Leupe lonko	Chile	German people	Used by some Huilliche people of southern Chile. Means "toasted heads" in reference to the fair hair of many Germans. Originated during the German colonization of Valdivia, Osorno and Llanquihue in the mid-19th century.	[413]
Limey	United States	British people	Comes from the historical British naval practice of giving sailors limes to stave off scurvy.	[414]
Locust (蝗蟲)	Hong Kong	Mainland Chinese people		[415]
Londo	Indonesia	White people	Commonly used by Javanese people. Derived from "Belanda" (Netherlands).	[416]
Lubra	Likely derived from a Tasmanian Aboriginal language.[417]	Australian Aboriginal Women		[418]
Lumbard / Lumbart	Italy	Northern Italians	It is a derogatory term directed at Northern Italians, particularly those with independentist or regionalist views. It derives from the Lombard pronunciation of "Lombard" (pronounced as /[lumˈbaːrt]/) and serves as a mockery of their language and regional pride.	[419] [420] [421]
Lundy	Northern Ireland	Irish People	A unionist that sympathises the Nationalists in Northern Ireland. The name emanates from Robert Lundy, a former Governor of Londonderry during the Siege of Derry in 1688, who is reviled as being a traitor to Protestants and as such, an effigy of him is burned each year.	[422] [423]
Lugan		Lithuanian people		[424] [425]
Lach / Lyakh	Ukraine, Russia	Polish people	Lach is a term that originally referred to a representative of Slav tribes living roughly in what is today eastern Poland and western Ukraine, more commonly known today as Lendians, but later became associated with all Polish tribes. In other languages, Lach and derived expressions are neutral.	[426] [427]

M

Term!scope="col"

Location or origin	Targets	Meaning, origin and notes
Mabuno / Mahbuno	Zimbabwe	Local European people held in contempt, commonly white Africans of European ancestry.		[428]
Macaca	Europe	African people	Originally used by francophone colonists in North Africa, also used in Europe against Immigrants from Africa.	[429] [430]
Macaronar	Romania	Italian people	Roughly means "macaroni eater/maker".	[431]
Madrasi	Northern India	South Indian people	Originally used as a demonym to refer to the people of the Madras Presidency, which included most of South India. Nowadays, the term is used mainly as a slur by some North Indian people against South Indians, and refers to a harmful stereotype of all South Indian people.	[432] [433] [434] [435]
Majus (مجوس)	Arab world	Persian people	A term meaning Zoroastrian, Magi, fire worshipper.	[436] [437] [438]
Maketo	Spain	Non-Basque Spaniards	A Basque word used to describe non-Basque migrants from other parts of Spain who have migrated into the Basque Country, especially those who cannot speak the Basque language.	[439]
Makwerekwere	South Africa	Foreign nationals from other African countries	This term has been associated with discriminatory and xenophobic behaviour, and it played a role in the xenophobic attacks in South Africa in 2008, during which over sixty people were killed and thousands were displaced.	[440] [441] [442]
Malakh-khor (ملخ خور)	Iran	Arab people	Meaning "locust eater," referring to the eating of locusts in Arab cuisine.	[443] [444] [445] [446] [447] [448]
Malau	South Africa	Khoisans and Cape Coloureds or Coloureds	A derogatory Afrikaans slang word derived from Xhosa, used to insult coloured people and Khoisans by suggesting they lack cultural and racial roots and are therefore uncivilized. Its origin can be traced back to the Xhosa word "amalawu" or "ilawu", meaning "Hottentot".	[449]
Malaun	Bangladesh	Hindus	"Malaun" is derived from Bengali মালাউন (maalaaun), which in turn was derived from Arabic "ملعون" (mal'un), which means "cursed" or deprived of God's mercy.	[450]
Malingsia / Malingsial / Malingsialan	Indonesia	Malaysian people	Used in Indonesia, derived from "maling" (Javanese for "thief") and "Malaysia". It often arises due to perceived instances of Malaysia claiming aspects of Indonesian culture	[451]
Malon	Indonesia	Malaysian people	Used as the reply to Indon word. Malon is (mostly) a short for "Malaysia Bloon" (dumb Malaysians).	[452]
Mangal / Mango / Mangasar / Mangusta	Bulgaria	Romani people	From Bulgarian "мангал" (mangal) – a type of pot. Some variants are derived from the similar-sounding loanwords "манго" (mango) – mango and "мангуста" (mangusta) – mongoose.	[453] [454] [455]
Mangiasapone	Italy	Sicilians and other southern Italians	The term literally means “soap eater” and was historically a derogatory label for Sicilians and other southern Italians, reflecting stereotypes of being dirty. According to legend, when northern Italians introduced soap to Sicily during Giuseppe Garibaldi’s dictatorship, locals supposedly mistook the bars for bread and ate them.	[456] [457] [458]
Manne	Finland	Romani men	Possibly from Swedish man or from the name Herman. It refers to Romani men, however can also refer to Romani people generally.	[459]
Hebrew: Marokaki|italic=no (Hebrew: מרוקקי)	Israel	Moroccan Jewish people	Derived from "Maroko" (Hebrew pronunciation for "Morocco") + "Kaki" (which means "shit", "crap" in Hebrew slang).	[460]
Maruta	Japan	Chinese people	Originally a term used by Unit 731 referring to its human test subjects, Nowadays used by Netto-uyoku sometimes.	[461]
Mau-Mau	United States	Black people	derived from Kenyans of the Kikuyu tribe involved in the Mau Mau Rebellion in the 1950s.	[462]
Mayate / Mayatero		Black people	Literally the Spanish colloquial name of the Figeater beetle.	[463]
Mayonnaise Monkey	United States	White people	A term commonly used by black people. A person with a "mayonnaise"-like complexion.
Mick		Irish people		[464]
Milogorac	Serbia	Montenegrins	Deriving from Milo Đukanović (former president of Montenegro), used to refer to Montenegrin nationalists/Montenegrins who don't identify as Serbs.	[465]
Mocro	Dutch	Dutch-Moroccan people		[466]
Mohamedaner	Denmark	Person adherent to Islam	Derived from Muhammad.	[467]
Mof (singular) Moffen (plural)	Dutch	German people		[468]
Momo / Momos	India	Northeast Indians and Nepalese	Based on momos, a dumpling made by northeast Indians, Nepalese and Tibetans.
Monkey	Europe	Usually people of African, Melanesian, or Indigenous Australian descent.	A universal slur, meaning it has the same meaning in different languages.	[469] [470] [471] [472]
Moskal, uk|москаль, pl|moskal, ru|москаль, de|moskowiter	Ukraine, Belarus, Poland	Russians	Historically a neutral designation for a person from Muscovy, currently refers to Russians.	[473] [474] [475] [476]
	United States	Black people	The origin is obscure. May refer to slaves singing at night as crickets chirp at dusk.	[477]
Mountain Turk	Turkey	Kurdish people	Former Turkish governments denied the Kurds their own ethnicity, calling them Mountain Turks (dağ Türkleri).	[478] [479]
MTN	South Sudan	Dinka people	This is derived from MTN's slogan, “everywhere you go". It was repurposed to suggest that the Dinka were encroaching on other groups’ territory to graze their animals everywhere.	[480]
Muklo	Philippines	Filipino Muslims, notably among Bangsamoro ethnic groups	First used by soldiers of the Armed Forces of the Philippines stationed in Mindanao as an ethnic slur towards the Muslim Moro insurgents.	[481]
Mulignan / Mulignon / Moolinyan	United States	Black people	Used by Italian-Americans. Deriving from "mulignana" the word for eggplant in some South Italian linguistic variants.[482] Also called a mouli.	[483] [484]
Munt	Rhodesia, originally military	Black people, usually men		[485]
Muso giallo	Italy	East Asian people	Literally "yellow muzzle"	[486]
Mustalainen	Finland	Romani people	Literally "blackling," "blackie," "the black people", when "romani" is the neutral term.	[487]
Maxhup	Kosovo	Romani people	Expression of contempt for someone, usually Romani people.
Mzungu	Eastern and Southern Africa, Democratic Republic of the Congo	White people	May be both pejorative and affectionate, depending on usage.

N

Term!scope="col"

Location or origin	Targets	Meaning, origin and notes
Namak Haram	Pakistan	Afghans in Pakistan	Derogatory term used for Afghan refugees in Pakistan translating to “traitors”.	[488]
Napoli, Napuli	Northern Italy	Southern Italian immigrants	Literally "Naples".	[489] [490]
Nawar	Levant	Romani people	Arab term for Romani people and other groups sharing an itinerant lifestyle.
Neftenya / Neftegna / Naftenya / Naftegna	Ethiopia/Amharic	Amhara people	Literally means "rifle-bearer", relates to 19th century Ethiopian history. Since 1975, used as inflammatory term by Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF, governing party) officials against Amharas; continued inflammatory/derogatory usage in 2020 online media two years after EPRDF loss of political power.
Němčour, nimchura (німчура), nemchura (немчура)	Slavic languages	German people		[491]
Nere	Bengali Hindus	Muslims		[492]
Niakoué	France	East or Southeast Asian people	A corrupted Vietnamese word with similar to "yokel", "country bumpkin", etc.	[493]
Niglet / Negrito		Black children
, nog, or Nignog	Commonwealth	Black people	Originally used to refer to a novice – a foolish or naive person – before being associated with black people.	[494]
Nigger / neeger (Estonian) / neekeri (Finnish) / niger / nig / nigor / nigra / nigre (Caribbean) / nigar / niggur / nigga / niggah / niggar / nigguh / niggress / nigette / negro / neger	International/Worldwide	Black people, especially African-Americans	From the Spanish and Portuguese word negro ("black"), derived from the Latin niger. The Spanish or Portuguese term, or other such languages deriving the term from it such as Filipino, may vary in its connotation per country, where some countries, the connotation may range from either positive, neutral, or negative, depending on context. For example, in Spanish and Portuguese, "negro" may simply refer to the color black. Among Spanish dialects in different countries, it may have either positive or negative connotations, such as describing someone similarly to my darling or my honey in Argentina, or describing someone to be angry in Spain. In Portuguese, the term "negro" is often preferred to the more offensive preto; however, due to the influence of US-American pop culture, the "n-word" can be found in the language as an anglicism, with identical connotations as the English term.	[495]
Niggeritis / Negroitis	Caribbean	Black people	To feel sleepy after eating is referred to in and around the Caribbean as having "niggeritis", a direct allusion to the stereotype of laziness of black Africans.	[496]
Nip	United States, Australia, New Zealand, United Kingdom	Japanese people	Someone of Japanese descent (shortened version of Nipponese, from Japanese name for Japan, Nippon).	[497]
Nitchie / neche / neechee / neejee / nichi / nichiwa / nidge / nitchee / nitchy	Canada	Native Canadians	A Native American (from the Algonquian word for "friend").
Non-Pri, Non-Pribumi	Indonesia	Indonesians of foreign descent, especially Chinese Indonesians	The term pribumi was coined after Indonesian independence to replace the derogatory Dutch term Inlander ("native"). "Non-pribumi," often simply "non-pri," was then used to refer to Indonesians of foreign descent and was generally considered to suggest that they were not full citizens. Use of both "pribumi" and "non-pribumi" by government departments was banned by President B.J. Habibie in 1998 according to Inpres (Instruksi Presiden, lit. Presidential Instruction) No. 26 of 1998, along with instruction to stop discrimination by race in government.	[498]
Northern Monkey	United Kingdom	Northern English people	Used in the south of England, relating to the supposed stupidity and lack of sophistication of those in the north of the country. See also Southern Faerie. In some cases, this has been adopted in the north of England, with a pub in Leeds even taking the name "The Northern Monkey".	[499] [500]
Nusayri	Syria and the Levant	Members of the Alawite sect of Shi'a Islam.	Once a common and neutral term derived from the name of Ibn Nusayr, the sect's founder, it fell out of favour within the community in the early decades of the 20th century due to the perception that it implied a heretical separateness from mainstream Islam. Resurgent in the context of the ongoing Syrian civil war, the term is now often employed by Sunni fundamentalist enemies of the government of Bashar al-Assad, an Alawite, to suggest that the faith is a human invention lacking divine legitimacy.	[501] [502]

O

Term!scope="col"

Location or origin	Targets	Meaning, origin and notes
Ofay	African American Vernacular	White people	First recorded in the late 19th century. Origin unknown. Suggestions include Yoruba ófé, "to disappear"; pig Latin for "foe"; and French au fait, "socially proper".	[503]
Oláh	Hungarian-speaking territories	Romanian people	Evolved to a pejorative term, originates from the historical designation of Romanians earlier the 19th century.	[504]
Orc	Ukraine	Russian soldiers	Orc (Cyrillic: орк, romanised: ork), plural orcs (Russian and uk|орки, Russian romanisation: orki, Ukrainian: orky), is a pejorative used by Ukrainians[505] to refer to an invading Russian soldier[506] [507] during the Russo-Ukrainian War. It comes from the name of the fictional humanoid monsters of the same name from J. R. R. Tolkien's fantasy novel The Lord of the Rings.
Oreo	United States	Black people	Used as early as the 1960s. Refers to a black person who is perceived as acting white, and therefore black on the outside and white on the inside like an Oreo cookie.	[508] [509] [510]
Oven Dodger		Jewish people	Implying that one or one's ancestors avoided dying in the Holocaust and so avoid the crematorium ovens.
Overner	United Kingdom, Isle of Wight	Mainland United Kingdom Residents	A term used by residents of the Isle of Wight, sometimes pejoratively, to refer to people from the mainland United Kingdom.	[511]

P

Term!scope="col"

Location or origin	Targets	Meaning, origin and notes
Paddy	United Kingdom	Irish people	Derived from Pádraig/Patrick. Often derogatory; however, the sister of Lord Edward FitzGerald, a major leader of the United Irishmen of 1798, proclaimed that he was "a Paddy and no more" and that "he desired no other title than this".	[512] [513]
Paddy wagon		Irish people	As a reference to a police van, is seen by Irish people as insulting.	[514]
Pajeet	Worldwide	Indians, particularly Hindus and Sikhs	An invented term for Indian people, particularly adherents of Hinduism and Sikhism, allegedly originating on 4chan.	[515] [516] [517]
Pākehā	New Zealand	New Zealanders of non-Māori origin.	A Te Reo Māori term for New Zealanders with no Polynesian ancestry. The origins of the word is unknown, but there are two common interpretations, "light skin" and "pale, imaginary beings resembling men". It is likely pre-colonial Māori believed Europeans were mythical beings from Māori mythology. The word Pākehā is now commonly used as a word interchangeable with "white" or "European". Language experts and government departments alike do not believe the word has derogatory origins, but some New Zealanders of European decent consider it a derogatory term.	[518] [519] [520] [521] [522]
Paki, Pakkis	United Kingdom, Ireland, Canada, Norway	Pakistanis, other South Asians	A contemptuous term for a person from Pakistan or South Asia by birth or descent, especially one living in Britain.	[523] [524] [525]
Palagi	Pacific Islands	White people	A Samoan term for a white person, found throughout the Pacific islands. Not usually derogatory unless used in reference to a local to imply they have assimilated into Western culture.	[526]
Paleface	Native Americans	White people		[527]
Pancake Face / Pancake		Asian people		[528]
Panchito	Spain	Latin American people		[529] [530]
Papoose	United States, Canada	Native American children		[531]
Paraíba	Brazil	Northeastern Brazilian people	One of the 9 states in the Northeast Region of Brazil. As a slur, it refers generically to any Northeastern person. Used mainly in Rio de Janeiro, the term is related to the Northeastern immigration of the second half of the 20th century.
Parsubang / Parsolam	Indonesia (North Sumatra)	Batak people or non-Batak people	Batak Dalle and non-Batak people who refuse to consume pork, canine meat, blood, or alcoholic beverages. All are considered haram in Islam. Parsolam itself is a wordplay of solam/silom/selam, an old epithet for Islam and Muslims.	[532] [533]
Pastel de flango	Brazil	East Asian people	Used mostly to refer to people of Chinese and Japanese origin. Pastel is Portuguese for any pastry and so is used for wonton in Brazil. Flango is eye dialect of frango (Portuguese for chicken) ridiculing Asian pronunciation.	[534] [535] [536]
Paša	Serbs	Bosniaks	Literally meaning Pasha, used by Serbs originated during the Bosnian war to generally mock Bosniak Muslims who wanted keep Ottoman titles and place-names. The modern term is used to refer to old Bosniak men who were pictured in wartime cartoons as being "fat as a pasha."	[537]
Payo	Spain	Non-Romani people	A Caló term for a person who does not possess Romanipen. It usually refers to non-Romanis in Spain.	[538]
Peckerwood	Southern African American people and Upper-class White people	Poor, rural White people		[539] [540]
Peenoise	English-speaking Southeast Asia	Filipinos	Usually used in English or sometimes in Filipino (Tagalog) and other Philippine languages. Compound of pee + noise, likened to Pinoy, the colloquial diminutive demonym for Filipinos. The implication makes fun of their high-pitched voice and tendency to scream when speaking online, especially in online gaming and esports.	[541]
Perker	Denmark	Arabs, Middle Eastern	Portmanteau of "perser" (Persian) and "tyrker" (Turk). The use of it is commonly used towards Middle Eastern immigrants	[542] [543]
Pepper or Pepsi	Canada	French Canadians or Québécois.		[544] [545]
Pickaninny		African American or West Indies child		[546] [547]
Piefke	Austria	Prussians and Germans
Pikey / Piky / Piker	United Kingdom	Irish Travellers, Romani people, and vagrant lower-class/poor people	19th century on; derived from "turnpike".
Pindos / Pendos	Russia	Americans	Universal disparaging term to refer to all Americans. Related slur terms can refer to the United States ─ such as Pindosiya, Pindostan and United States of Pindosiya.	[548] [549]
Pilak	Sabahans	Filipinos	Regional word for "silver" or "money". Particularly targets immigrants.	[550] [551]
Pink pig	South Africa	White people		[552]
Plastic Paddy	Ireland	Estranged Irish People	Someone who knows little of Irish culture, but asserts their 'Irish' identity. Can refer to foreign nationals who claim Irishness based solely on having Irish relatives. Often used in the same sense as poseur and wannabe.	[553] [554]
Plouc	France	Bretons	Used to mean Breton immigrants that came to Paris and extended to mean hillbillies. The term comes from the prefix "plou" found in many Breton city names and toponyms.	[555]
Pocho / Pocha	Southwest United States, Mexico		Adjective for a person of Mexican heritage who is partially or fully assimilated into United States culture (literally, "diluted, watered down (drink); undersized (clothing)"). See also "Chicano".	[556]
Pocahontas	United States	Native Americans	Refers to a distorted narrative of Pocahontas, a Native American woman, in which the 17th-century daughter of Powhatan who negotiated with the English at Jamestown, married an English colonist and converted to Christianity.	[557] [558] [559]
Polack, Polacke, Polak, Polock		Polish or Slavic people	From the Polish endonym, Polak (see Name of Poland). Note: the proper Swedish demonym for Polish people is polack, and the Norwegian equivalent is polakk.	[560] [561] [562] [563]
Polaco	Spain	Catalan people		[564]
Polaca	Brazil	Prostitutes	In Brazilian Portuguese the word (meaning "Polish woman") became synonymous to "prostitute".	[565]
Polentone	Italy	Northern Italians	Referring to them as a "polenta eater".	[566]
Pom, Pohm, Pommy, Pommie, Pommie Grant	Australia, New Zealand, South Africa	British	Usually non-derogatory, but may be derogatory depending on context.	[567]
Porch Monkey		Black people		[568]
Pork chop	United States	Portuguese people and Portuguese Americans	Slang referring to Portuguese people.	[569]
Porridge wog		Scots
Portagee	United States	Portuguese people and Portuguese Americans	Slur for Portuguese Americans immigrants.
Potet	Norway	Ethnic Norwegians	Means "potato" in Norwegian and is mostly used negatively among non-Western immigrants when talking about or trying to offend ethnic Norwegians. Means "light skin like a potato".	[570]
Prairie nigger		Native American		[571]
Prindapan	Indonesia	Indian people	From the city of Vrindavan, popularized in Indonesia as the setting of the Indian animated show Little Krishna which aired in Indonesia during the 2010s.	[572] [573]
Prod	Northern Ireland	Northern Irish Protestants		[574]
Promdi	Philippines	Filipinos from countryside (understood as provinces) who have limited or no knowledge about Metro Manila or other big cities by the time they first arrive	From a pronunciation spelling of English "from the (province)". This term can be offending or stereotypical, as it is often used to make fun of people who first arrive in a big city and wear unfashionable clothes or speak in a rural-like accent, common stereotypes of people coming from the countryside. It is being reclaimed as a symbol of pride. It is often synonymous with the word probinsyano/probinsyana.	[575]
Pshek	Russian	Polish males

Q

Term!scope="col"

Location or origin	Targets	Meaning, origin and notes
, Quashi	Caribbean	Black people	Often used on those who were often gullible or unsophisticated. From the West African name Kwazi, often given to a child born on a Sunday.	[576] [577] [578]

R

Term!scope="col"

Location or origin	Targets	Meaning, origin and notes
Raghead	Worldwide	Arabs, Indian Sikhs, etc.	Derived from those people wearing traditional headdress such as turbans or keffiyehs. See towel head. Sometimes used generically for all Islamic nations.	[579] [580]
Ramasamy	British-ruled Southern Africa	Indians,	Ramasamy is a common name used mostly by Tamil people. The racially divided southern Africa was inhabited by a large number of indentured labourers from India of whom Tamils were the majority.	[581] [582]
Rastus	United States	African Americans	A stereotypical term.	[583]
Razakars	Bengali		Akin to the western term Judas.	[584]
Redleg	Barbados	White people	Used to refer to the islands' laborer-class, given how pale skin tends to burn easily.	[585]
Redneck	United States	White Americans	Applied to working-class white people perceived to be crass, unsophisticated, and reactionary; closely associated with rural whites of the Southern United States.	[586]
Redskin	United States	Native Americans	Often used in the names of sports teams, such as the Washington Redskins, now known as the Washington Commanders. See Native American name controversy.	[587]
Remove Kebab	Serbia	Muslims, usually of Arabian or Turkic descent.	Its origin is a Serbian music video that was recorded in 1993 during the Yugoslav Wars but the phrase has spread globally amongst far-right groups and the alt-right as a meme between 2006 and 2008. Famously Turkish internet users parodied the sentiment of Serbian nationalists online, with a satirical incoherent rant that ended with the phrase "remove kebab" being repeated. Although the meme initially intended to parody racism, this meaning behind the meme was lost once it became common in alt-right discourse.
Risorse boldriniane	Italy	Maghrebi Arabs	Literally "Boldrini's resources". Used for the first time in 2015 by Matteo Salvini, as a slur for North-African immigrants, who had been unironically called "resources" by Laura Boldrini.	[588]
Rital	France	Italian immigrants	Originally derived from the "R.ital" abbreviation used on the identity papers of Italian immigrants in the early 20th century.	[589] [590] [591]
Rockspider, rock	South Africa	Afrikaners		[592]
Rootless cosmopolitan (ru|безродный космополит)	Russia	Jews	Soviet epithet, originated in the official parlance, as an accusation of lack of full allegiance to the Soviet Union.	[593]
Rosuke, Roske	Japan	Russians	"suke/ske" is a Japanese general-purpose derogatory suffix.	[594] [595]
Rooinek	South Africa	British people	Slang for a person of British descent.	[596]
Roto	Peru, Bolivia	Chilean people	Used to refer disdainfully. The term roto ("tattered") was first applied to Spanish conquerors in Chile, who were badly dressed and preferred military strength over intellect.	[597]
Roundeye	English-speaking Asians	Non-Asians, especially White people
Russki, ruski (Polish), Ryssä (Finnish)	United States, Europe	Russians	From the Russian word Русский Russkiy, meaning "Russian".	[598] [599]

S

Term!scope="col"

Location or origin	Targets	Meaning, origin and notes
Safavid	Iraq	Feyli Kurds	Mainly used by higher class Sunni Arabs during Ba'athist Iraq to insult Feyli Kurds for their belief in Shia Islam.	[600]
Sambo	United States	African Americans or black people in general		[601]
, Sandnigger	United States	Arabs or Muslims in general	Mainly used against Muslims due to the desert environment of most Arab countries. Equivalent of dune coon (above).	[602] [603]
Sangokujin	Japan	Korean and Taiwanese people	Originally used to refer the various former colonial subjects of the Empire of Japan in the aftermath of World War II.	[604]
Sardegnolo, Sardignolo, Sardignuolo, Sardagnolo	Italy	Sardinian people		[605] [606] [607]
Sarong Party Girl	Singapore	Asian women	Used to ridicule Asian women who exclusively dates, marries, or socializes with White men for ulterior motives (especially for sexual, social status, and monetary purpose).	[608] [609] [610]
Sassenach	Scottish, Gaelic	English people		[611]
Savage	England	Indigenous people, non-Christians	Used to describe a person or people considered primitive/uncivilized. Sometimes a legal term. Targets include indigenous tribes and civilizations in North America, South America, Asia, Oceania, and Africa. US examples include 1776 Declaration of Independence ("merciless Indian Savages") and 1901 Supreme Court DeLima v. Bidwell ruling describing Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines as "savage tribes"	[612] [613] [614] [615]
Sawney	England	Scottish people	Archaic term. Local variant of Sandy, short for "Alasdair".
Scandihoovian		Scandinavian people living in the United States	Somewhat pejorative term for people of Scandinavian descent living in the United States, now often embraced by Scandinavian descendants.	[616] [617] [618] [619]
Scopa pecore, Scopapecore	Italy	Sardinian people	Sheep shagger	[620] [621] [622]
Schluchtenscheißer	Germany	Austrian people	Translates to somebody defecating in a cave (word-for-word translation: gorge shitter) and alludes to the mountainous landscape of Austria.	[623]
Schvartse, Schwartze	Yiddish or German speakers	African people (in the United States) Mizrahi Jews (in Israel)	Literally translates to "black".	[624]
Schwartze Khayeh	Ashkenazi Jews	Mizrahi Jews	Literally translates to "black animal".	[625]
Seppo, Septic	Australia, New Zealand, United Kingdom	American people	Cockney rhyming slang (septic), Australian rhyming slang (seppo): Septic tank – Yank.	[626]
Shankella, Shangalla	Ethiopia	Nilotic peoples	began as an exonym for various Nilotic-speaking groups on Ethiopia’s western frontier but shifted through centuries of slave raiding and racialized social hierarchies into a pejorative term denoting “black” peoples associated with servility and slavery.	[627]
	United States	Black women		[628]
Sheeny / Sheenie	United States	Jewish people	A 19th-century term for an "untrustworthy Jew".	[629]
Sheepshagger	Australia	New Zealanders		[630]
	United Kingdom	Welsh people		[631]
Shelta	Ireland	Irish Travellers	Derived from siúilta, which means "The Walkers" in Irish.
Shiksa (female), Sheigetz (male)	Yiddish speakers	Non-Jewish people	From Yiddish שייגעץ (sheygets) from Hebrew שֶׁקֶץ (shékets), 'abomination'.
Shina (支那)	Japan	Chinese people	The Chinese term "Zhina" was orthographically borrowed from the Japanese "shina". Variant form of this term: Shinajin/Zhinaren (支那人)	[632]
Zhina (支那)	Taiwan, Hong Kong
Shine	United States	Black people	Derived from shoeshiner, a lowly job many black people had to take.
Shitskin / Shitlip	North America, United Kingdom	Muslims, Black people	A racial and religious slur hurled at Muslims and other black people as well, for their extremely dark, "shit-colored" skin complexions	[633]
Shiptar	Former Yugoslavia	Albanian people	From misspelled Albanian endonym "Shqiptar".	[634]
Shka i Velikës	Gheg Albanians	Montenegrins from Velika	Derogatory terms for Montenegrins named after the place Velika in Montenegro.
Shkije		South Slavs, in particular Serbs, Macedonians, Montenegrins, Bosniaks	Derived from the Latin word "Sclavus" or from the Venetian word "Schiavone", which means Slav.	[635]
Shkinulkë		South Slavs, in particular Serbs, Macedonians, Montenegrins, Bosniaks	Same as Shkije but targeted towards women.
Shkutor Croatian: Škutor	Croatia	West-Herzegovinan Croatian people	Primarily used to refer to ethnic Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as to majority of Croats who are not natives of the modern-day Croatia (i.e. Croats of Hungary, Croats of Vojvodina etc.).	[636] [637]
	Ireland	Irish People	Irish Person who imitates English Customs. It means "Little John" in Irish language, referring to John Bull, a national personification of the British Empire in general and more specifically of England.	[638] [639]
Shumo	Guatemala	Indigenous Guatemalans		[640]
Shylock / Shyster		Jewish people perceived as greedy or usurious	From the antagonistic character of Shylock, a Jewish money-lender, in William Shakespeare's play The Merchant of Venice.	[641]
Sí-a-la̍k	Taiwan	Chinese people	Literally means "damned mainlanders". The homophonic numerical form of this phrase (426) is also frequently used.	[642]
Siamtue (th|เซียมตือ, nan|暹豬)	Bangkoker (Thai Chinese)	Central Thai people (usually include Mons)	Literally Siamese pig; "low and vile like pigs, easy to fatten and slaughter, easy money"; mostly refers to Central Thais who migrated to Bangkok.	[643]
Sideways vagina/pussy/cooter		Asian women, particularly Chinese women.		[644]
Skip, Skippy	Australia	An Australian, especially one of British descent	Derived from the children's television series Skippy the Bush Kangaroo.	[645]
Skopčák, szkop	Czech republic, Poland	German people	Derived from "kopec" (hill), at a time when ethnic Germans lived in higher regions of Sudetenland. The terms were especially popular when used for Wehrmacht soldiers during World War II.	[646] [647] [648]
Skopianoi	Greece	Ethnic Macedonians	Derived from Skopje, the capital city of North Macedonia.	[649] [650]
Skævøjet	Denmark	East Asian people	Skævøjet, literally meaning "with crooked eyes", is a reference to their appearance.	[651]
Slant, slant–eye		East Asian people	In reference to the appearance of the eyes.	[652]
Slobo	Finland	Russians or Slavs	From the Slavic word sloboda ("freedom") through some means, probably through some form of Russian слобода́ (slobodá).	[653]
Slope, slopehead, slopy, slopey, sloper	Australia, United Kingdom, and United States	Asian people (especially Vietnamese in Australia; especially Chinese in America)	Also slant, slant-eye.	[654]
Snowflake	United States	White people	Mostly used in this context in the 19th and 20th centuries.	[655]
Smoked Irish / Smoked Irishman		Black people	A 19th-century term intended to insult both blacks and Irish but used primarily for black people.
Somdeang (โสมแดง)	Thailand	North Koreans	Literally "red ginseng" (see also Somkhao).	[656] [657]
Somkhao (โสมขาว)		South Koreans	Literally "white ginseng" (see also Somdeang).
Soosmar-khor: (سوسمار خور)	Persia	Arabian people	Persian for "lizard eater," referring to the eating of lizards in Arab cuisine.	[658] [659] [660]
Sooty	United States	Black people	Originated in the 1950s.
Southern Faerie, Southern Fairy	United Kingdom	Southern English people	Used in the North of England to refer to someone from the South, alluding to their supposed mollycoddled ways. (see also Northern Monkey.)	[661]
Soutpiel	South Africa	White English speakers	An Afrikaans term abbreviated as "Soutie" and translates as "Salt-penis," it derives from the Boer Wars where it was said that British soldiers had one foot in the United Kingdom, one foot in South Africa, and their penis dangled in the Atlantic Ocean (filled with saltwater).	[662]
Spade		Black people	Recorded since 1928 (OED), from the playing cards suit.	[663]
Spearchucker		African Americans or people of African descent in general	Derived from the idea that people of African descent were primitive.
Spic, spick, spik, spig, or spigotty	United States	Hispanic people	First recorded use in 1915. Believed to be a play on a Spanish-accented pronunciation of the English word speak. May apply to Spanish speakers in general and originally applied to Italians and Italian immigrants as well.	[664] [665] [666] [667]
Spook		Black people	Attested from the 1940s.	[668]
Squarehead		Nordic people, such as Scandinavians or Germans.	Refers to either the stereotyped shape of their heads, or to the shape of the Stahlhelm M1916 steel helmet, or to its owner's stubbornness (like a block of wood).	[669]
Squaw	United States and Canada	Native American women	Derived from lower East Coast Algonquian (Massachusett: ussqua), which originally meant "young woman".	[670]
Sudaca	Spain, Mexico	Latin American people	In spite of its etymology (sudamericano, "South American"), is a derogative term used in Spain for all Latin Americans, South American or Central American in origin. In Mexico, the term is solely used to refer to people from South America.	[671]
Suedi	Sweden	Swedes	Derived from the Arabic word sūēdī (“Swede”), the term emerged in Swedish multiethnic suburban youth slang and refers to ethnic Swedes. It has mainly been used by immigrant and minority youth communities, often in a mocking or distancing context.	[672] [673]
Svartskalle		People with dark hair or dark skin	From svart (“black”) +‎ skalle (“skull”).	[674]
Svenne / Svenne banan / Svennebög		Swedes	A slang form of the word “svensk,” meaning “Swede” in Swedish, mostly used negatively among non-Western immigrants when referring to or attempting to offend ethnic Swedes. A related variant combines svenne (“ethnic Swede”) with bög (“gay male”)	[675]
Szmatogłowy	Poland	Middle Eastern people, Arabs	Polish translation of "Raghead".	[676]
Szwab		German people	Derived from Swabia. See also: Fritz.	[677]

T

Term!scope="col"

Location or origin	Targets	Meaning, origin and notes
Taffy or Taff	United Kingdom	Welsh people	Originating as a corruption of the name Dafydd (pronounced as /cy/) Davy or David, and equivalent of other historic English pejoratives Paddy and Jock. Known since at least the 17th century when life-sized effigies of Welshmen were symbolically lynched in London, and the 18th-century custom of baking "taffies", gingerbread figures made in the shape of a skewered Welshman.	[678] [679] [680]
Taig (also Teague, Teg and Teig)	United Kingdom (primarily Northern Ireland)	Irish nationalists	Used by loyalists in Northern Ireland for members of the nationalist/Catholic/Gaelic community. Derived from the Irish name Tadhg, often mistransliterated as Timothy.	[681] [682]
Tai Ke	Taiwan	Taiwanese people of lower socio-economic status	Literally means "Taiwan person". Now reclaimed.	[683]
Talebano	Italy	People from Muslim-majority countries	Literally "Taliban", it is used towards people from Muslim-majority countries, regardless of their religion.	[684] [685]
Tanka	China	Tanka people	A name for a distinct ethnic group traditionally living in boats off the shore of South China. Originally descriptive ("Tan"/"Tang" is a Cantonese term for boat or junk and "ka" means family or peoples, Chinese: c=[[wikt:蜑家|蜑家]]|cy=Daahn gā / Dahng gā|l=), the term Tanka is now considered derogatory and no longer in common use. The people concerned prefer to call themselves by other names, such as 'Nam Hoi Yan' (Chinese: c=南海人|cy=Nàamhóiyàn|l=People of The Southern Sea) or 'Sui Seung Yan' (Chinese: c=水上人|p=shuǐshàng rén|cy=Séuiseuhngyàn|l=People Born on The Waters), and other more polite terms.	[686] [687] [688] [689] [690] [691] [692] [693] [694]
Tar-Baby	United States	Black children	Also used to refer without regard to race to a situation from which it is difficult to extricate oneself. See tar baby.
Tàu	Vietnam	Chinese people	Variant form of "Tàu khựa"	[695]
Teabag	South Africa	Black and Cape Coloured or Coloured individuals who have a light skin
Teapot		Black people	Originates from the 19th century.
Terrone	Northern Italy	Southern Italian people	Derived from terra, meaning land, ground, or dirt. It is used by some Northern Italians as a derogatory insult directed at people from Southern Italy, especially towards immigrants.	[696] [697]
Terrone del Nord		Venetian people	Literally "Northern Terrone", used towards Venetian immigrants in Triangolo Industriale.	[698]
Teuchter	Southern Scotland	Northern Scottish people	Used to refer to somebody from the north of Scotland or rural Scottish areas.	[699]
Thambi, thambiya	Sri Lanka	Muslims, especially Sri Lankan Moors	From the Tamil word (tambi) meaning "younger brother." The anglicization "Tamby" was used to refer to Moors in British Ceylon at the turn of the 20th century.
Thicklips	United Kingdom	Black people
Tibla	Estonia	Russian or Soviet people	In widespread use by the Estonian War of Independence, this word was forbidden under the Soviet occupation of Estonia. It may be a shortened corruption of Vitebski, workers from the Vitebsk Governorate during World War I who were seen as dumb. It may also come from the Russian profane addressing "ty, blyad," "ты, блядь" ("you bitch", and the like [a]) or, truncated, "ty, blya," "ты, бля.	[700] [701]
Tiko	Indonesia	Native Indonesian people	Tiko stands for Tikus kotor (Dirty rat). It may also derive from Hokkien 猪哥 (ti-ko), which means "brother of a pig", referring to their majority Muslim heritage.	[702]
Tikur	Ethiopia	Black people	Tikur (Amharic for "black") it functions as a racialized descriptor for ethnic groups historically associated with slavery in Ethiopia and is opposed to qey (Amharic for "red") which refers to the Ethiopians themselves.	[703]
Timber nigger		Native Americans	Refers to the Native Americans on the East coast living in areas that were heavily forested.	[704]
Timur		Syrian people from Damascus	Refers to the children born of the mass rapes that the Turco-Mongol Tatar soldiers of Timur committed against the Syrian women of Damascus in the Siege of Damascus (1400).	[705]
Ting tong	United Kingdom	Chinese people or East Asians.		[706]
Tinker / tynekere / tinkere / tynkere, -are / tynker / tenker / tinkar / tyncar / tinkard / tynkard / tincker	Britain and Ireland	Lower-class people	An inconsequential person (typically lower-class) (note that in Britain, the term "Irish Tinker" may be used, giving it the same meaning as example as directly below).
	Scotland and Ireland	Romani people	Origin unknown – possibly relating to one of the "traditional" occupations of Romanis as traveling "tinkerers" or repairers of common household objects.
	Scotland	Native Scottish people	A member of the native community; previously itinerant (but mainly now settled); who were reputed for their production of domestic implements from basic materials and for repair of the same items, being also known in the past as "travelling tinsmiths", possibly derived from a reputation for rowdy and alcoholic recreation. Often confused with Romani people.
Toad	United States	Black people	Prison slang.
Toku-A	Japan	Chinese and Korean people	Literally means "specific Asia", A term used by netto-uyoku referring to the only specific part of Asia with strong Anti-Japanese sentiment in their countries (China and North/South Korea).	[707]
	United States	Native Americans	Native American character in the American television and radio programs The Lone Ranger. Spanish for "Idiot".	[708] [709]
Touch of the tar brush	Commonwealth	White people with suspected non-white ancestry	Phrase for a person of predominantly European ancestry with real or suspected African or Asian distant ancestry.	[710]
Towel head		Turban wearers	Often refers specifically to Sikhs, or Arabs and Muslims—based on the traditional keffiyeh headdress. However, in British English, the term is only used to refer to Arabs. Americans use the term 'rag-head' to apply to wearers of turbans as well, because the cloth that makes a turban could be described as a rag, but in British English the term towel-head solely refers to Arabs because the traditional, Middle Eastern keffiyeh, such as the red and white Saudi one or the black and white Palestinian keffiyeh worn by Yasser Arrafat, resemble the most common styles of British tea-towels – dishcloth in American – while Sikh turbans do not.	[711] [712] [713] [714]
Tumba-Yumba	Post-Soviet countries	Africans and by extension any culture perceived as uncivilized	From "Mumbo-Jumbo" .	[715] [716] [717]
Tourk-alvanos (el|Τουρκαλβανοσ, "Turco-Albanian")	Greece	Muslim Albanians	Ethnographic, religious, and derogatory term used by Greeks for Muslim Albanians.	[718]
Turco	Argentina, Brazil, Chile	Syrians, Palestinians, Lebanese, Jews, Armenians	Meaning "Turk" in Portuguese and Spanish. The term originated in the late 19th century to refer those who came to Brazil, Argentina and Chile from the Ottoman Empire. Since Jews (both Sephardic and Ashkenazi) frequently occupied the same roles as peddlers as Syrians and Lebanese (who were the majority of those with Ottoman passports in Brazil), they were also called "turcos" in Brazil.There was no relevant immigration of ethnic Turks to Brazil.	[719] [720] [721]
Turčin, Poturčin	Serbs	Bosniaks	In reference to the supposed ambiguity of Bosniaks and their ethnic origins; referring to their acceptance of the Muslim faith as them becoming "Turkified" or "Poturčin"	[722]
Turk	South Wales	Llanelli residents	The origin of this term is uncertain; some theories suggest it due to Llanelli's popularity with Turkish sailors in the late 19th to early 20th century or possibly when Turkish migrants heading for the United States stopped in Llanelli and decided to settle due to there being jobs available. However, most likely it's due to the fact that during World War One there was a trade embargo in place during Gallipoli, but Llanelli continued to trade tin with the Turkish; this led to people from neighbouring Swansea and other surrounding areas referring to them as Turks.	[723]
Turkentrekker	The Netherlands	Turkish people	A combination of the word "Turk" and "kurkentrekker" (corkscrew).	[724]
Turko	Sephardic Jews	Ashkenazi Jews	Ladino word meaning "Turk". The exact history of the term is uncertain, but possibly refers to the Khazar hypothesis of Ashkenazi ancestry.	[725]
should not be confused with Twink (gay slang).	United States	European Americans, Asian Americans	European Americans with few or no social or genealogical links to an indigenous tribe, who claims to be Native American, particularly a New Age practitioner purporting to be a spiritual leader, healer, or medicine man/woman . Also an Asian American who has become assimilated into mainstream American culture .	[726] [727] [728]
Type C	Malaysia	Chinese people	Type C was another name for USB-C before being used as a slur referring to Chinese people, its proclaimed meaning is 'Type Chinese'.	[729] [730]

U

Term!scope="col"

Location or origin	Targets	Meaning, origin and notes
Ukro-Nazi, Ukronazi, Ukrofascist	Russia	Ukrainians	Label used to link self-identifying Ukrainians during the Russo-Ukrainian War to Nazism, evoke Soviet victory in WWII, and justify Russian atrocities in Ukraine.,[731] [732] .	[733] [734] [735]
Ukrop	Russians	Ukrainians	A disparaging term which means "dill" in Russian, itself derived from "Ukrainian" ↔ Ukrop.	[736] [737]
Uncle Tom	United States	Black people	Refers to black people perceived as behaving in a subservient manner to white authority figures. In South Africa, the term "Uncle Tom" has been used as a derogatory slur against coloreds who were perceived as collaborating with the apartheid regime or being subservient to white people. In South Africa, the use of the term "Uncle Tom" by black people against coloureds or vice versa is considered racist and discriminatory according to the Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act.	[738]
Unta	Indonesia	Arab Indonesians	Meaning "Camel".	[739]
UPAina / UPAińcy / UPAiniec, UPAinka	Poland	Ukrainians	Portmanteau word Ukraine + UPA (Ukrayins'ka Povstans'ka Armiia) responsible for Volhynia genocide.	[740] [741]
Uppity		Black people	Refers to black people who are perceived as being insolent.	[742] [743]
Ustaša (also spelled Ustaše, plural: Ustaši; anglicized as Ustasha, Ustashe, or Ustashi)	Serbia, and (to a lesser extent) Bosnia, Montenegro, Slovenia	Croatians	Became a derogatory slur used primarily by Serbian nationalists in reference to the Independent State of Croatia and the fascist Ustaša movement during World War II in Yugoslavia. In contemporary Serbia, both politicians and media outlets have used the slur "Ustaše" to negatively refer to Croatia as being a fascist nation, or to the Croatian people as being inherently evil.	[744] [745] [746]
Uzkoglazyj	Russia	Asian people, in particular East and Central Asians.	Narrow-eyed	[747]

V

Term!scope="col"

Location or origin	Targets	Meaning, origin and notes
Vanja	Finland	Russian people	Synonym of ryssä, referring to Russians or Slavs broadly.	[748]
Veneco	South America	Venezuelans		[749]
Viting	Sweden	White people	Derives from the Swedish word vit (“white”) combined with the diminutive suffix -ing. It developed as Swedish slang in informal speech and is used to refer to white people or ethnic Europeans. The term has mainly been used by minority or non-white speakers.	[750] [751]
Vrindavan, Prindapan	Indonesia	Indian people	Indonesian version of pajeet. Originated from Little Krishna animated series.	[752]
Vucumprà, Vu cumprà, Vù cumprà	Italy	non-European immigrants	It originated in the 1980s-1990s and comes from a mocking distortion of the phrase “vuoi comprare?” (“do you want to buy?”), which street sellers commonly use.	[753] [754]
Vuzvuz	Sephardi and Mizrahi Jews	Ashkenazi Jews	Onomatopoeia of the Yiddish word for "What", which Judaeo-Spanish speaking Sephardi Jews and Judaeo-Arabic speaking Mizrahi Jews did not understand.	[755]

W

Term!scope="col"

Location or origin	Targets	Meaning, origin and notes
Waach	Mexico	Non-Yucatec Mexicans	A Yucatec Maya word used by the inhabitants of the Yucatán Peninsula to refer to non-Yucatec Mexicans, specially migrants who come from other parts of the country.	[756] [757]
Wagon burner		Native American people	A reference to when Native American tribes would attack wagon trains during the wars in the eastern American frontier.
Wasi'chu, Wasichu	Lakota people, Dakota people	Non-Native white people	Word for a non-Native white person, meaning "the one who takes the best meat for himself".	[758]
West Brit	Ireland	Irish people	Directed at Irish people perceived as being insufficiently Irish or too Anglophilic.	[759] [760]
Wetback	United States	Undocumented immigrants (of mostly Hispanic descent)	Refers to undocumented immigrants residing in the United States. Originally applied specifically to undocumented Mexican migrant workers who had crossed the United States border via the Rio Grande river to find work in the United States, the word's meaning has since broadened to any undocumented person who enters the United States via the southern border.	[761]
White ape, White chimpanzee	Britain, United States	Irish people	Irish people were often portrayed as apes in cartoon and newspaper illustrations and also in conversation, most notably by Charles Kingsley who referred to the Irish as "White chimpanzees" after his stay in County Sligo	[762] [763]
White ears	Nauru	White people		[764]
White interloper		White people	Refers to a white person who becomes involved in a place or situation where they are not wanted or are considered not to belong.	[765]
White nigger, Nigger wop	United States	Southern Italians	From the 1800s, inferring such Italians were not "white" enough to be allowed citizenship.	[766] [767]
White trash	United States	Poor white people	Common usage from the 1830s by black house slaves against white servants.	[768]
Whitexican	Mexico	White Mexicans	A pejorative term used in Mexico to refer to white-skinned Mexicans who usually have social and economic advantages, and who allegedly "are not aware of the prevailing system of inequalities in Mexico and believe that all Mexican citizens have the same opportunities."	[769]
Whitey		White people		[770]
Wigger / Whigger / Wigga / Whigga (meaning white nigger)	United States	Irish people	Used in 19th-century United States to refer to the Irish. Sometimes used today in reference to white people in a manner similar to white trash or redneck. Also refers to white youth that imitate urban black youth by means of clothing style, mannerisms, and slang speech. Also used by radical Québécois in self-reference, as in the seminal 1968 book White Niggers of America.	[771]
Wog	Commonwealth	Dark-skinned foreigners	Any swarthy or dark-skinned foreigner. Possibly derived from "golliwogg." In Western nations, it usually refers to dark-skinned people from Asia or Africa, though some use the term to refer to anyone outside the borders of their own country.	[772]
	Australia	Southern Europeans, Mediterraneans	Usually used to refer to Southern Europeans and Mediterraneans (Italians, Croatians, Greeks, Albanians, Maltese, Macedonians, Turks, Lebanese). It has become reappropriated by the cultures that it is commonly used to describe, but may be considered by some as controversial.	[773]
Wop	United States, Canada, United Kingdom	Italian people	Derived from the Italian dialectism, "guappo", close to "dude, swaggerer" and other informal appellations, a greeting among male Neapolitans.

X

Term!scope="col"

Location or origin	Targets	Meaning, origin and notes
Xarnego / Xarnec	Spain	Non-Catalan Spaniards	A Catalan term with a meaning that has varied over time, from the son of a Catalan person and a non-Catalan, especially a French one, to a Spanish-speaking person living in Catalonia, a Spanish-speaking immigrant in Catalonia or a person whose language is Spanish and who has not linguistically adapted to Catalan.	[774] [775]
Xiǎo Rìběn	China	Japanese people	Literally translated, it means "little Japan". It is often used with "guizi" or ghost/devil, such as "xiao Riben guizi", or "little Japanese devil".
Xing Ling	Brazil	Chinese people	Chinese products or low-quality products in general. Sometimes used to refer to Chinese people as well. Etymologically, this term is said to be derived from Mandarin 星零 xing ling ("zero stars").	[776]

Y

Term!scope="col"

Location or origin	Targets	Meaning, origin and notes
Yam yam	United Kingdom	Black Country residents	Term used by people from Birmingham.	[777]
Yanacona	Chile	Mapuche people	Term used by modern Mapuche as an insult for Mapuches considered to be subservient to non-indigenous Chileans, "sellout." Use of the word "yanacona" to describe people have led legal action in Chile.	[778]
Yaposhka	Russia	Japanese people	Derived from "yaponets" (Cyrillic: японец)	[779] [780]
Yellow		Asian people	An East or southeast Asian person, in reference to those who have a yellowish skin color.
		Mixed Ethnic people	Anyone of mixed heritage, especially black or white people; a light-skinned black person, or a dark-skinned white person.
Yellow bone / High yellow	United States	A light-skin black person Equivalent of yellow (above).
Yid		Jewish people	Derived from its use as an endonym among Yiddish-speaking Jews. In the United Kingdom, "yid" is also used to refer to supporters of the Tottenham Hotspur football club, whose fans refer to themselves and players as "yids" (or the derivative form "yiddo"), regardless of whether or not they are Jewish, as part of a reclamation attempt centered around the club's significant historic Jewish following. The latter sense is common and well-established enough to be found under the word's Oxford English Dictionary entry, though its use has become controversial and a matter of debate in the 21st century, with opinions from both Jews and non-Jews, Tottenham fans and non-fans, running the gamut.	[781] [782]
Yuon	Cambodia	Vietnamese people	The Khmer word "yuon" or "youn" (yuôn) យួន /juən/ comes from the Chinese 越, in modern times pronounced "Yue". The same character is the root of the "Viet" in "Vietnam". During the Khmer Rouge era, a folk etymology was pushed that placed the term yuon as being descended from the Sanskrit "Yavana", which initially referred to the Ionians but later referred to Greeks in general and later foreigners. The folk etymology was used to push the narrative that Khmer and Kinh people have always been enemies.	[783] [784] [785] [786]

Z

Term!scope="col"

Location or origin	Targets	Meaning, origin and notes
Zanj, Zang, Zenj, Zinj, and Zang	Persian and Arabic	Black people	Zanj Rebellion	[787]
Zip / Zipperhead	United States	Asian people	Used by American military personnel during the Korean War and Vietnam War. Also used in the films Apocalypse Now (1979), Platoon (1986), Full Metal Jacket (1987), Romeo Must Die (2000), Gran Torino (2008), and Premium Rush (2012).	[788] [789] [790]
Zuca / Brazuca	Portugal	Brazilians	Short for Brazuca, derived from "Brasil", used by Portuguese people to refer to Brazilians living in Portugal.	[791] [792]
Zhyd, zhid, zhydovka, zhidovka	East Slavic language speakers	Jewish people	Originally neutral (as in other Slavic languages), but became pejorative as debate over the Jewish question and the antisemitism in the Russian Empire intensified in the end of the 19th century. While still in official use during the Ukrainian War of Independence and the short-lived Belarusian Democratic Republic, its use was banned by the Soviet authorities, which had previously been campaigning against its usage, in the 1930s. The usage of the word "żyd" in Polish depends on capitalisation and grammatical form: upper-case Żyd is neutral and denotes Jews in general or Jews as a nationality; the lower-case form (żyd, plural: żydzi) denotes a follower of Judaism; both are neutral. Related terms are considered offensive: alternative plural "żydy" or diminutive "żydek" (plural: żydki).	[793] [794]
Zingaro	Italy	Romani people		[795] [796] [797]

See also

• • • Graphic pejoratives in written Chinese
    • List of disability-related terms with negative connotations
• List of ethnic group names used as insults
• List of ethnic slurs and epithets by ethnicity
• List of racist idioms
• List of regional nicknames
• List of religious slurs
• List of terms used for Germans
• Lists of pejorative terms for people
  • • • • • • Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic
  • Xenophobia in the United States

References

Bibliography

• Book: Ayto . John . John . Simpson . John Simpson (lexicographer) . 2010 . Oxford Dictionary of Modern Slang . Oxford University Press . 978-0-19-923205-5.
• Book: Dalzell, Tom . The Routledge Dictionary of Modern American Slang and Unconventional English . 2018 . 2nd . Taylor & Francis . 978-1-351-76520-6.
• Book: Doane . Ashley W. . Bonilla-Silva . Eduardo . 2003 . White Out: The Continuing Significance of Racism . Routledge . New York . 978-0-415-93583-8 . registration.
• Book: Green, Jonathon . Jonathon Green . 2005 . 2nd . Cassell's Dictionary of Slang . Weidenfeld & Nicolson . London . 978-0-304-36636-1.
• Book: Herbst . Philip . The Color of Words: An Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Ethnic Bias in the United States . 1997 . Intercultural Press . Yarmouth, Maine . 978-1-877864-42-1 . registration.
• Book: Moore . Bruce . 2004 . The Australian Oxford Dictionary . Oxford University Press . 978-0-19-551796-5.
• Book: Partridge, Eric . Dalzell, Tom . Victor, Terry . 2006a . The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English, Volume I: A–I . Routledge . 978-0-415-25937-8.
• Book: Partridge, Eric . Dalzell, Tom . Victor, Terry . 2006b . The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English, Volume II: J–Z . Routledge . 978-0-415-25938-5 . registration.
• Book: Rawson, Hugh . 1989 . Wicked Words: A Treasury of Curses, Insults, Put-downs, and Other Formerly Unprintable Terms from Anglo-Saxon Times to the Present . Crown Publishers . New York . 978-0-517-57334-1 . registration.
• South Africa Lexicon 2019. Available at: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/54257189e4b0ac0d5fca1566/t/5cc0a0682be8f70001f10300/1556127851372/SouthAfricaLexicon2019_v3.pdf
• Book: Spears, Richard A. . Forbidden American English . Passport Books . Lincolnwood, Ill. . 1990 . 978-0-8442-5152-3.
• Book: Spears, Richard A. . Slang and Euphemism: A Dictionary of Oaths, Curses, Insults, Ethnic Slurs, Sexual Slang and Metaphor, Drug Talk, College Lingo, and Related Matters . 2001 . 3rd revised & abridged . Signet . New York . 978-0-451-20371-7.
• Book: Wilkes, G. A. . 1978 . A Dictionary of Australian Colloquialisms . Sydney . Fontana/Collins . 978-0-00-635719-3 . registration.

Further reading

• Adhikari, Mohamed, editor. Burdened by Race: Coloured Identities in Southern Africa. UCT Press, 2013, pp. 69, 124, 203 ISBN 978-1-92051-660-4 https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/c0a95c41-a983-49fc-ac1f-7720d607340d/628130.pdf.
• Burchfield, Robert. "Dictionaries and Ethnic Sensibilities." In The State of the Language, ed. Leonard Michaels and Christopher Ricks, University of California Press, 1980, pp. 15–23.
• Croom, Adam M. "Racial Epithets: What We Say and Mean by Them". Dialogue 51 (1):34–45 (2008)
• Henderson, Anita. "What's in a Slur?" American Speech, Volume 78, Number 1, Spring 2003, pp. 52–74 in Project MUSE
• Kennedy, Randall. Nigger: The Strange Career of a Troublesome Word (Pantheon, 2002)
• Mencken, H. L. "Designations for Colored Folk." American Speech, 1944. 19: 161–74.
• Mathabane, M. (1986). Kaffir Boy: The True Story of a Black Youth's Coming of Age in Apartheid South Africa. Simon & Schuster. (Chapter 2)
• Wachal, Robert S. "Taboo and Not Taboo: That Is the Question." American Speech, 2002. vol. 77: 195–206.

Dictionaries

• Erin McKean, ed. The New Oxford American Dictionary, second edition. (Oxford University Press, 2005)
• Eric Partridge, A Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English (2002)
• John A. Simpson, Oxford English Dictionary Additions Series.
• Catherine Soanes and Angus Stevenson, ed. The Concise Oxford English Dictionary. (Oxford University Press, 2004)

Notes and References

1. Book: Woo, Emma. Chinese American Names: Tradition and Transition. McFarland. 2008. 978-0-7864-3877-8. 66. [Translated Electronically] Not surprisingly, Chinese Americans who do not speak Chinese may be told that they are 'not really Chinese'. This message is found in the term ABC which stands for 'American-born Chinese'. It implies that the native-born who cannot speak Chinese has either rejected or lost his Chinese heritage. Yet many native-born Chinese Americans cheerfully use for themselves.. 15 July 2013.
2. Encyclopedia: Radhakrishnan. Rajagopalan. R. Radhakrishnan (literary critic). Ghosh-Schellhorn. Martina. Alexander. Vera. Peripheral Centres, Central Peripheries: India and Its Diaspora(s). Diaspora, Hybridity, Pedagogy. 11 April 2015. 24 February 2006. LIT Verlag Münster. 978-3-8258-9210-4. 116.
3. Book: Kanigel . Rachele . The Diversity Style Guide . 14 January 2019 . John Wiley & Sons . 978-1-119-05515-0 . 305 . en . 11 April 2023 . 27 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230427113209/https://books.google.com/books?id=MZlxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA305 . live .
4. Book: Deng, Francis. War of Visions: Conflict of Identities in the Sudan. 409.
5. Book: Poteet. Jim. Car & Motorcycle Slang. Poteet. Lewis. 1992. iUniverse . 978-0-595-01080-6. p. 14, Afro engineering.
6. News: 15 January 2018. Where do you stand in racist Hong Kong? Here's something to chew over. South China Morning Post. 31 July 2020. 6 October 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201006235327/https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/community/article/2128326/where-do-you-stand-racist-hong-kong-heres-something-chew. live.
7. Book: Tripp, Elise Forbes. Surviving Iraq: Soldiers' Stories. Interlink Publishing. 22.
8. Web site: HOW THE WEST WAS LOST. Dikeni. Sandile. Chimurenga | now-now, a pan African gazette - in print quarterly and online . 6 November 2019. Chimurenga. 5 March 2023. 5 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230305165527/https://chimurengachronic.co.za/how-the-west-was-lost/. live.
9. Omer . Atalia . 2025-05-22 . Turning Palestine into a Terra Nullius : On Amalek and “Miracles” . Journal of Genocide Research . EN . 1–22 . 10.1080/14623528.2025.2504737 . 1462-3528 . http://web.archive.org/web/20250529211312/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14623528.2025.2504737 . 2025-05-29. subscription .
10. Book: Khambhaita . Priya . Willis . Rosalind . Leonard . Pauline . Walsh . Katie . British Migration: Privilege, Diversity and Vulnerability . 2018 . Routledge . 978-1-134-99255-3 . https://books.google.com/books?id=yKp-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT117 . en . British-born Indian second-generation 'return' to India . 10.4324/9781315537016-7 . 199289305 . 25 December 2019 . 25 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240225013121/https://books.google.com/books?id=yKp-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT117#v=onepage&q&f=false . live .
11. Book: Smitherman, Geneva. Geneva Smitherman. Talkin and Testifyin: The Language of Black America. 15 July 2018. 1986. Wayne State University Press. 978-0-8143-1805-8. 68. 25 February 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240225013146/https://books.google.com/books?id=HXD7pYv80bUC&pg=PA68#v=onepage&q&f=false. live.
12. Book: Sue Peabody. The Color of Liberty: Histories of Race in France. 30 June 2003. Duke University Press. 978-0-8223-3117-9. 188–. 30 November 2020. 25 February 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240225013146/https://books.google.com/books?id=P0W6pIcu1f8C&q=annamite+derogatory&pg=PA188#v=snippet&q=annamite%20derogatory&f=false. live.
13. Book: Martin Scott Catino. The Aggressors: Ho Chi Minh, North Vietnam, and the Communist Bloc. May 2010. Dog Ear Publishing. 978-1-60844-530-1. 7–. 30 November 2020. 25 February 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240225013152/https://books.google.com/books?id=EL4wX0AFVJEC&q=annamite+derogatory&pg=PA7#v=snippet&q=annamite%20derogatory&f=false. live.
14. News: Baker . Katie . 24 September 2013 . Searching for Madame Nhu . The Daily Beast . 23 December 2015 . 22 December 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151222124535/http://www.thedailybeast.com/witw/articles/2013/09/24/finding-the-dragon-lady-in-search-of-vietnam-s-infamous-madame-nhu.html . live .
15. Web site: The ape insult: a short history of a racist idea . Bradley . James . 30 May 2013 . . 11 April 2015 . 26 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230826104455/https://theconversation.com/the-ape-insult-a-short-history-of-a-racist-idea-14808 . live .
16. Book: Efthymiou . Angeliki . Gavriilidou . Zoe . Papadopoulou . Eleni . Labeling of Derogatory Words in Modern Greek Dictionaries . Major Trends in Theoretical and Applied Linguistics Volume 2 . 8 January 2014 . 30 . 10.2478/9788376560885.p12. 978-83-7656-088-5 .
17. Web site: αράπης . Dictionary of Standard Modern Greek . 11 December 2024.
18. News: השר אהרונוביץ' לסוכן מלוכלך: "ערבוש אמיתי" – חדשות . Y-net News . 16 June 2009 . he . Minister of Public Security apologizes for using the offensive term 'Arabush' . 1 November 2013 . Ynet . וייס . אבי כהן ואפרת . 4 November 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131104081333/http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3732440,00.html . live .
19. Web site: Radar. Pagina12.com.ar. 27 May 2021. 27 May 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210527113547/https://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/suplementos/radar/9-4279-2007-11-25.html. live.
20. Book: Dalton . C.H. . Sam Means (writer) . 27 December 2007. A Practical Guide to Racism . . 139 . 978-1-59240-348-6 . 12 April 2015.
21. Book: Samkian . Artineh . 2007 . Constructing Identities, Perceiving Lives: Armenian High School Students' Perceptions of Identity and Education . 129 . University of California, Los Angeles . 978-0-549-48257-4 . 12 April 2015.
22. News: Di Acara Relawan, Jokowi Bantah Jadi Antek Asing dan Aseng . id . Stefanie . Christie . CNN Indonesia . 3 November 2018 . 10 February 2019 . 30 January 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190130220411/https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20181103153237-32-343729/di-acara-relawan-jokowi-bantah-jadi-antek-asing-dan-aseng . live .
23. https://www.maariv.co.il/journalists/Article-628018 "The Ashkenazi haters are an existential danger to the State of Israel", says Nathan Zehavi
24. https://www.makorrishon.co.il/nrg/online/1/ART/930/683.html "The Language Front: 'You're a Nazi!'", by language expert Rubik Rosental
25. News: Leshem . Eitan . A Popular New Curse Word in Israel: 'Ashkenazi' . 17 November 2021 . . 1 October 2021 . en . 13 November 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211113011345/https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-in-israel-ashkenazi-has-become-a-dirty-word-1.10259184 . live .
26. News: Magalhães. Guilherme. Faria. Flávia. Termo 'paraíba' usado por Bolsonaro reflete preconceito ao Nordeste, e cabe punição. 14 June 2022. Folha de S.Paulo. 23 July 2019. pt. 14 June 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220614150018/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2019/07/termo-paraiba-usado-por-bolsonaro-reflete-preconceito-ao-nordeste-e-cabe-punicao.shtml. live.
27. Book: Mulasmajic . Nusret . Bosnian-English Dictionary: Turcisms, Colloquialisms, Islamic Words and Expressions . 2011 . 978-1-4634-0179-5 . 20 . AuthorHouse . en . 3 October 2019 . 25 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240225013207/https://books.google.com/books?id=wOtQDbFrr2wC&pg=PA20#v=onepage&q&f=false . live .
28. Graham . Florence . Turkish loanwords in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Bosnian and Bulgarian Franciscan texts . 2015 . University of Oxford . 232 . en . 3 October 2019 . 3 October 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191003044807/https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:2e237b05-c803-4278-a93a-ccc519ea4eac . live .
29. Web site: tartamella . vito . 2019-05-20 . Lesbica, mongolo, portoghese… Quando un Paese diventa un insulto Parolacce . 2026-02-13 . www.parolacce.org . it-IT.
30. Web site: Ilona Fried . Cultura e costruzione del culturale .
31. Web site: Magno . Michele . 2024-11-16 . Dizionario dei termini dell'odio e dell'intolleranza . 2026-02-13 . Startmag . it-IT.
32. Web site: Ragusa . di Stefania . 2020-09-09 . Meraf Villani: «Baluba è un’etnia che vive in Congo» . 2026-02-13 . Rivista Africa . it-IT.
33. News: Bamboula, rentre chez toi, sale nègre. DH.be. 2 September 2017. fr. 2 August 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170802040606/http://www.dhnet.be/actu/faits/bamboula-rentre-chez-toi-sale-negre-51b74449e4b0de6db97777c4. live.
34. News: Słownik Języka Polskiego PWN. 4 January 2025. pl.
35. "Banaan etymology" Etymologeek, https://etymologeek.com/nld/banaan . Accessed 7 March 2023.
36. Book: Nagayama Hall, Gordon C. . Multicultural Psychology: Third Edition . 2018 . Routledge . 978-1-134-99080-1 . 3rd . 22 August 2020 . 25 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240225013204/https://books.google.com/books?id=szFDDwAAQBAJ&q=banana+coconut#v=snippet&q=banana%20coconut&f=false . live .
37. Book: Tu, Dawn Lee . Lee . Jonathan H.X. . Nadeau . Kathleen M. . Encyclopedia of Asian American folklore and folklife . 2011 . ABC-CLIO . Santa Barbara, Calif. . 978-0-313-35066-5 . https://books.google.com/books?id=-0sEJ_0vV1QC&q=twinkie+banana+coconut . 'Twinkie,' 'Banana,' 'Coconut' . 88–89 . 22 August 2020 . 25 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240225013155/https://books.google.com/books?id=-0sEJ_0vV1QC&q=twinkie+banana+coconut . live .
38. Fyłypec . Olga . 6 November 2020 . Jak studenci nazywają Ukraińca i Polaka (na materiale danych ankietowych z ośmiu polskich uniwersytetów) . Słowo. Studia językoznawcze . 11 . 100 . 2082-6931 . 21 November 2022 . 21 November 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221121233030/https://repozytorium.ur.edu.pl/bitstream/handle/item/6752/6%20fy%C5%82ypec-jak%20studenci%20nazywaj%C4%85%20ukrai%C5%84ca%20i%20polaka.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y .
39. Web site: Czechowski . Paweł . UPA jak AK? Mitologizacja banderowców na Ukrainie . 21 November 2022 . histmag.org . 21 November 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221121233028/https://histmag.org/UPA-jak-AK-Mitologizacja-banderowcow-na-Ukrainie-14087 . live .
40. Book: Rossolinski, Grzegorz . Stepan Bandera: The Life and Afterlife of a Ukrainian Nationalist: Fascism, Genocide, and Cult . Columbia University Press . 2014 . 978-3-8382-6684-8 . 112, 234–235, 236 . The OUN-B organized a militia, which both collaborated with the Germans and killed Jews independently....Because the term "Banderites" was colloquial rather than official, and because of the violence employed by OUN-B, the term soon acquired a negative connotation, especially among Jews and Poles. (page 159)...The survivors of these attacks frequently described the perpetrators as "Banderites" and considered them to be Ukrainian nationalists.(page 241)...Two years later however, the word "Banderites" was known to everyone in western Ukraine and was frequently used to describe the OUN-B activists, UPA partisans, and apparently, other Ukrainian perpetrators (page 248)...The term "Banderites" had appeared in Soviet secret documents for the first time in late 1940 ... (page 249) . Grzegorz Rossoliński-Liebe . 21 March 2023 . 25 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240225013803/https://books.google.com/books?id=SFH_BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA235#v=onepage&q&f=false . live .
41. Book: Wylegała . Anna . The Burden of the Past: History, Memory, and Identity in Contemporary Ukraine . Głowacka-Grajper . Małgorzata . 11 February 2020 . Indiana University Press . 978-0-253-04673-4 . 96 . en . 21 March 2023 . 21 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230321141107/https://books.google.com/books?id=AZ3SDwAAQBAJ&dq=Banderites&pg=PA96 . live .
42. Book: Fedor, Julie . Journal of Soviet and Post-Soviet Politics and Society: 2015/2: Double Special Issue: Back from Afghanistan: The Experiences of Soviet Afghan War Veterans and: Martyrdom & Memory in Post-Socialist Space . 5 January 2016 . Columbia University Press . 978-3-8382-6806-4 . en .
43. Web site: Portnov . Andrii . Andrii Portnov . 22 June 2016 . Bandera mythologies and their traps for Ukraine . 23 August 2022 . openDemocracy . en . The common noun "Banderivtsi" ("Banderites") emerged around this time, and it was used to designate all Ukrainian nationalists, but also, on occasion, western Ukrainians or even any person who spoke Ukrainian. Even today, the term "Banderivtsi" in public debate is never neutral — it can be used pejoratively or proudly. . 23 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220823170403/https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/odr/bandera-mythologies-and-their-traps-for-ukraine/ . live .
44. Web site: Slengo Cosa significa pankla? . 2026-02-15 . Slengo . it.
45. Book: The Triple Package: How Three Unlikely Traits Explain the Rise and Fall of Cultural Groups in America . Penguin Press HC . Amy Chua, Jed Rubenfeld . 2014 . 121. 978-1-59420-546-0.
46. Web site: sewasew . Barya (ባርያ) .
47. News: The Mouth of Mencia. Booth. William. 28 September 2005. The Washington Post. 12 April 2015. 13 February 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230213112236/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/09/27/AR2005092701875.html. live.
48. News: San Diego's top Latino cop retires. Soto. Hiram. 1 September 2005. The San Diego Union-Tribune. 12 April 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20160305210708/http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/uniontrib/20050901/news_7m1chief.html. 5 March 2016.
49. News: You are what you eat ... arguably. Sutherland. John. 31 July 2000. The Guardian. 12 April 2015. 20 January 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160120110538/http://www.theguardian.com/g2/story/0,,348802,00.html. live.
50. Web site: ein Bimbo - Redensarten-Index. www.redensarten-index.de. 8 December 2023. 8 December 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231208202714/https://www.redensarten-index.de/suche.php?suchbegriff=ein+Bimbo&bool=relevanz&sp0=rart_ou. live.
51. Book: J. Baker . Sidney . The Australian Language . English . . 1945 . 225 . ((0-908-00106-1)) .
52. Web site: Is Bingo-Bongo a Slur? . 2026-02-15 . slurs.info.
53. Web site: 2013-07-14 . Calderoli di lotta e di governo: dalla t-shirt con la vignetta di Maometto al "Maiale day" . 2026-02-15 . Il Fatto Quotidiano . it-IT.
54. Web site: Segio . Sergio . 2011-11-06 . Dentro la società «multirazzista» • Diritti Globali . 2026-02-15 . Diritti Globali . it-IT.
55. Book: Laufs, Stefanie. Fighting a Movie with Lightning: "The Birth of a Nation" and the Black Community. October 2013. Diplomica Verlag. 978-3-95489-151-1. 56.
56. 28 August 2024.
57. Web site: 2015–2021 . Blatte . Svenska Akademiens Ordböcker.
58. News: Thomas . Hedley . 20 March 2010 . "Operation Blue Gum" for Barack Obama Gets the Chainsaw . . 12 April 2015 . 19 March 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140319041045/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/archive/politics/operation-blue-gum-for-barack-obama-visit-gets-the-chainsaw/story-e6frgczf-1225843035250 . live .
59. Buffum . Douglas L. . 1916 . Origin of the Word "Boche" . . 4 . 3 . 525 . 10.1525/curh.1916.4.3.525 . 251529838 . 12 April 2015. 0011-3530 .
60. Book: The Merriam-Webster New Book of Word Histories. registration. 22 April 2015. 1 January 1991. Merriam-Webster. 978-0-87779-603-9. 360.
61. News: Hope. Christopher. Books: Hairybacks and white kaffirs. 14 June 2014. The Independent. 9 November 1996. https://web.archive.org/web/20140614103034/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/books-hairybacks-and-white-kaffirs-1351381.html. 14 June 2014. live. whenever English speakers objected to living in a racial zoo designed to protect the mythical purity of Afrikaner nationalists, they were accused by their masters of giving way to Boerehaat (hatred of the Boers).
62. Book: HAT. 2000. Perskor. Johannesburg. 978-0-628-03769-5. 104. Someone who hates Afrikaners and tries to harm or prejudice them. Handwoordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal.
63. Book: du Preez. Max. Pale Native: Memories of a Renegade Reporter. 2004. Zebra Press. Cape Town. 978-1-86872-913-5. 65,143. 13 June 2014. a Boerehater, someone who hated Afrikaners.
64. News: Power . Bairbre . 5 October 1998 . Fur flies as clothes king sneers at 'bog' Irish . . 12 April 2015 . 25 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150925030426/http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/fur-flies-as-clothes-king-sneers-at-bog-irish-26170558.html . live .
65. Web site: A life more ordinary . Benson . Marius . Expatica . 1 November 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120925003212/http://www.expatica.com/de/leisure/arts_culture/a-life-more-ordinary--1370.html . 25 September 2012.
66. Web site: Bohunk . 2000 . Fourth Edition . The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language . https://web.archive.org/web/20080111055342/http://www.bartelby.com/61/5/B0370500.html . 11 January 2008 . 1 November 2013.
67. News: Candia . J.Alexis . «Bolita», el término xenófobo usado para denigrar a la comunidad boliviana en Argentina . 6 April 2025 . Bolivia Verifica . 19 April 2023 . es.
68. Web site: Indian Slangs and Terms . Learningindia.in . 18 May 2020 . 31 May 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200531160510/http://learningindia.in/references/indian-english-dictionary/ . live .
69. Book: Lang, John Dunmore. John Dunmore Lang. Cooksland in North-eastern Australia: The Future Cottonfield of Great Britain: Its Characteristics and Capabilities for European Colonization. With a Disquisition on the Origin, Manners, and Customs of the Aborigines. 15 July 2018. 1847. Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans. 430. 25 February 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240225013638/https://books.google.com/books?id=iMwNAAAAQAAJ&q=bung&pg=PA430#v=snippet&q=bung&f=false. live.
70. Book: Australian National Dictionary. Oxford University Press. W. S. Ramson. 0-19-554736-5. 1988.
71. Aussie Words: Of Billy, Bong, Bung, & 'Billybong'. October 2004. 11. 2. Ozwords. 7. Ludowyk. Frederick. Frederick Ludowyk. Australian National University. Australian National Dictionary Centre. 13 February 2024. 12 February 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240212081808/https://slll.cass.anu.edu.au/sites/default/files/andc/Ozwords%20Oct.%202004.pdf. live. Also here
72. "boonga" Book: The New Zealand Oxford dictionary . Deverson . Tony . Kennedy . Graeme D. . 2004 . . 978-0-19-558451-6.
73. Web site: Boonga definition and meaning Collins English Dictionary . Collinsdictionary.com . 14 May 2021 . en . 26 April 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210426210511/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/boonga . live .
74. Web site: Définition de Bougnoule. Cnrtl.fr. fr. 2 September 2017. 28 September 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170928073024/http://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/bougnoule. live.
75. News: Don't blame Uncle Tom. Younge. Gary. 30 March 2002. 23 October 2007. The Guardian. London. 26 August 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130826004036/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/mar/30/race.society. live.
76. Book: Brubaker, Rogers. Rogers Brubaker . Nationalist Politics and Everyday Ethnicity in a Transylvanian Town . 28 May 2017 . 2006 . Princeton University Press . 978-0-691-12834-4 . 307 .
77. Brillo pad . Dictionary of American slang . 2007 . Collins . New York, NY . 978-0-06-117646-3 . 4. .
78. News: Colorado GOP lawmaker who used racist term is reprimanded. 6 May 2021. Associated Press. JAMES. Anderson. 9 May 2022. 19 October 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211019234727/https://apnews.com/article/co-state-wire-colorado-1ca584f8044a54e1a64838b1a7e98f01. live.
79. News: Colorado GOP lawmaker reprimanded after calling colleague 'Buckwheat'. NBC News. 7 May 2021. Dareh Gregorian. 9 May 2022. 9 May 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220509092129/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/amp/ncna1266686. live.
80. Book: . Niiya . Brian . Japanese American History: an A-to-Z Reference from 1868 to the Present . registration. New York, NY . Facts on File . 114 . October 1993 . 978-0-8160-2680-7 . 12 April 2015.
81. Buckra . https://web.archive.org/web/20200322184430/https://www.lexico.com/definition/buckra . 22 March 2020 . Lexico UK English Dictionary . Oxford University Press.
82. Web site: Таварныя знакі і нацыянальныя пачуцьці. Садоўскі, Пётра. ARCHE . 10 March 2012. 11 January 2023. 11 January 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230111171755/https://news.arche.by/by/page/works/natatki-tvory/7532. live.
83. Web site: Kodėl baltarusiai vadinami bulbašiais. Why belarusians are called bulbashy. culturehatti.com. lt.
84. Web site: Don't Call Me bule! Or how expatriates experience a word . Fechter . Anne-Meike . July 2003 . Expat.or.id . 12 April 2015 . 10 September 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170910215520/http://www.expat.or.id/info/dontcallmebule.html . live .
85. News: Lacuata . Rose Carmelle . Why Pinoys call Indians 'Bumbay'—and other Indian stereotypes . ABS CBN News . 24 January 2018 . 13 January 2023 . 11 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230111104813/https://news.abs-cbn.com/focus/01/24/18/why-pinoys-call-indians-bumbayand-other-indian-stereotypes . live .
86. Web site: bushy. https://web.archive.org/web/20230304070757/https://dsae.co.za/entry/bushy/e01406. 4 March 2023. Dictionary of South African English. 2 March 2023.
87. Web site: sapere.it . buzzurro .
88. Web site: Bużżurro - Significato ed etimologia - Vocabolario . 2026-02-13 . Treccani . it.
89. Web site: Buzzurro - Wikiquote . 2026-02-13 . it.wikiquote.org . it.
90. Web site: Crusca . Accademia della . 2020-01-11 . Quesiti linguistici Da dove vengono i “buzzurri”? Risponde la Crusca . 2026-02-13 . Linkiesta.it . it-IT.
91. Book: Susan R. Friedland. Food and Morality: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery 2007. 2008. Oxford Symposium. 978-1-903018-59-0. 79.
92. Book: Keith Allan. Kate Burridge. Forbidden Words: Taboo and the Censoring of Language. 5 October 2006. Cambridge University Press. 978-1-139-45760-6. 189.
93. Web site: Cagariso - Brutta Storia . 2026-02-15 . www.bruttastoria.it.
94. Book: Cassidy, Frederic. Dictionary of American Regional English. registration. 1991 . 521. 978-0-674-20519-2.
95. News: Landham reiterates anti-Arab sentiment on talk show: 'I said no Arabs into this country'. Pollard, Trey. 24 December 2008. 25 July 2008 . Politicker. en-US. 3 August 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080803174427/http://www.politickerky.com/treypollard/1126/landham-reiterates-anti-arab-sentiment-talk-show-i-said-no-arabs-country.
96. Web site: Independent Political Report. Libertarians drop Sonny Landham. 28 July 2008. 12 October 2009. 29 May 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170529035729/http://independentpoliticalreport.com/2008/07/libertarians-drop-sonny-landham/.
97. Web site: German cycling director sent home over racial slur during Tokyo time trial. Sean Ingle. 29 Jul 2021. The Guardian.
98. Web site: German Turks plan to sue far-right AfD for 'camel driver' slur. February 15, 2018. Reuters.
99. News: Aides feared Netanyahu would collapse after hearing Smotrich's 'Saudi camel riders' slur. The New Arab. 27 October 2025.
100. News: A mão culinária do carcamano. Dias Lopes. 14 November 2012. O Estado de S. Paulo. 2 June 2019. 25 February 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240225013719/https://www.estadao.com.br/paladar/comida/a-mao-culinaria-do-carcamano/. live.
101. Web site: צ'חצ'חים . https://web.archive.org/web/20060305194239/http://www.betar.org.il/ideology/chachahim.htm . 2006-03-05 . 2025-06-30 . www.betar.org.il.
102. Web site: A Catalyst for Social Change. The Daily Star. 20 September 2013 . 12 February 2025.
103. https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/why-are-we-insulted-every-704792.html Deccan Herald, Why Are We Insulted Every Election?
104. Book: Kasschau. Anne. Eguchi. Susumu. Using Japanese Slang: This Japanese Phrasebook, Dictionary and Language Guide Gives You Everything You Need To Speak Like a Native!. 1 February 2018. 8 December 2015. Tuttle Publishing. 978-1-4629-1095-3. 60.
105. News: Theater: 'Blues for Mister Charlie' . Taubman . Howard . 24 April 1964 . . 12 April 2015 . 28 March 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140328023454/http://www.nytimes.com/books/98/03/29/specials/baldwin-charlie.html . live .
106. Web site: The Language of War, on the American Experience/Vietnam Online . . 1 November 2013 . 19 March 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170319114845/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/vietnam/trenches/language.html . live .
107. Book: Cerasini, Marc. The Complete Idiot's Guide to the United States Special Ops Forces. Penguin. 2002. 2 May 2015. 978-0-02-864373-1. 91.
108. Book: Peavey, Robert E.. Praying for Slack: A Marine Corps Tank Commander in Viet Nam. Zenith Imprint. 2 May 2015. 978-1-61673-745-0. 264.
109. Web site: MPR: Finland Was a Poor Country . News.minnesota.publicradio.org . 10 June 1997 . 25 April 2022 . 30 May 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150530152931/http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/199706/10_losurem_finnpoor/finnpoor2.htm . live .
110. Web site: Nybergh . Thomas . How Finnish immigrants battled racism to help build America . Inktank.fi . 27 September 2015 . 25 April 2022 . 28 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150928150341/http://inktank.fi/china-swedes-forest-finns-and-the-great-migration-how-finnish-immigrants-helped-build-america/ . live .
111. Book: Hotten, John Camden. John Camden Hotten. The Slang Dictionary; Or, The Vulgar Words, Street Phrases, and "fast" Expressions of High and Low Society: Many with Their Etymology and a Few with Their History Traced. 11 April 2014. 1870. J.C. Hotten. London. 98.
112. Book: Henry Yule

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113. News: Wimps, weasels and monkeys – the United States media view of 'perfidious France' . Younge . Gary . Henley . Jon . 11 February 2003 . . 12 April 2015 . 12 March 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210312044305/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/feb/11/pressandpublishing.usa . live .
114. News: Kdo je čefur?. 26 March 2009. Mladina.si. 18 November 2018. 19 November 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181119091910/https://www.mladina.si/46643/kdo-je-cefur/. live.
115. Web site: Ocampo. Ambeth R.. 19 August 2020. Reclaiming 'Intsik'. 8 August 2021. Inquirer.net. en. 22 October 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201022134656/https://opinion.inquirer.net/132826/reclaiming-intsik. live.
116. Book: Wolff, John U.. A Dictionary of Cebuano Visayan. Southeast Asia Program of Cornell University & Linguistic Society of the Philippines. 1972. New York. 4 November 2021. 28 October 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211028193825/https://www.gutenberg.org/files/40074/40074-h/40074-h.htm. live.
117. Web site: How To Spot A Chechen . Dadaev . alanbek . 19 April 2013 . Exiledonline.com . 12 November 2016 . 16 November 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161116043342/http://exiledonline.com/spot-the-chechen/ . live .
118. Book: Helen M. Faller. Nation, Language, Islam: Tatarstan's Sovereignty Movement. 2011. Central European University Press. 978-963-9776-84-5. 219–.
119. Book: Henderson, William Darryl. Cohesion, the human element in combat: leadership and societal influence in the armies of the Soviet Union, the United States, North Vietnam, and Israel. 27 December 2015. February 1985. DIANE Publishing. 978-1-4289-8208-6. 90–91.
120. Web site: Blancas . Emma . 2019-06-26 . Chilango: origen y significado de la palabra . 2025-10-30 . Grupo Milenio . es.
121. Web site: Zaid . Gabriel . 2016-05-10 . Chilango como gentilicio . 2025-10-30 . Letras Libres . es.
122. Web site: Peak of Controversy – A resident of Calgary, wrote to the Minister of Community Development strongly objecting to the name Chinaman's Peak . 23 August 2010 . 23 May 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070523081918/http://www.abheritage.ca/albertans/articles/peaks_2.html . live .
123. News: Asian Leaders Angered by Rosie O'Donnell's 'Ching Chong' Comments . https://web.archive.org/web/20131111053954/http://www.foxnews.com/story/2006/12/11/asian-leaders-angered-by-rosie-odonnell-ching-chong-comments/ . 11 November 2013 . 11 December 2006 . FOXNews.com . 1 November 2013.
124. News: Golmei . Alana . Let's talk about racism Don't call us 'chinky, momo, chowmein,' says a Northeastern woman . hindustantimes . HT Media Limited . 16 May 2017 . en . 19 May 2019 . 31 July 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190731065332/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/let-s-talk-about-racism-don-t-call-us-chinki-momo-chowmien-asks-a-northeastern-woman/story-SJckp4InptNV6Te29dlItJ.html . live .
125. Samson . Kamei . North-east and Chinky: Countenances of Racism in India . The Journal of Development Practice . 20 June 2017 . 3 . en . 2394-0476 . 20 May 2019 . 6 August 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190806143936/http://journals.dbuniversity.ac.in/ojs/index.php/jdp/article/view/307 . live .
126. Web site: 2024-10-15 . El 'chirigüillo' y la cultura regiomontana: un debate sobre Identidad y clasismo . 2025-10-30 . El Mañana de Nuevo Laredo . es.
127. Web site: 2021-01-01 . Madre denuncia acoso a hijo en escuela, le dicen 'Chiriwillo', ¿qué significa? . 2025-10-30 . PostaMx . es.
128. Book: Fontes, Lisa Aronson . 23 May 2008 . Interviewing Clients across Cultures: A Practitioner's Guide . Guilford Press . 222 . 978-1-60623-405-1 . 12 April 2015.
129. Book: Prentiss, Craig R.. Religion and the Creation of Race and Ethnicity: An Introduction. 142. NYU Press.
130. Book: F. Sternberg, Larry. Why Jews Should Not Be Liberals. 67. Pelican Publishing.
131. Dilichi Onuzo (17 July 2012). "Is choc ice the new N-word?" .
132. News: Rio Ferdinand fined for Ashley Cole 'choc ice' tweet. 17 August 2012. BBC Sport. 13 February 2018. 27 August 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170827073750/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/18847477. live.
133. cholo. Oxford English Dictionary. 2 July 2013. 8 August 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140808032423/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/cholo.
134. Web site: cholo. Random House Dictionary. 1 June 2013. 24 March 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130324142754/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cholo. live.
135. Book: Hendrickson, Robert. The Facts on File Dictionary of American Regionalisms. 978-1-4381-2992-1. 2000. Infobase .
136. Book: Rodríguez González, Félix . 1 January 1996 . Spanish Loanwords in the English Language: A Tendency Towards Hegemony Reversal . Walter de Gruyter . 113 . 978-3-11-014845-9 . 12 April 2015.
137. Web site: cholo, -a. «Diccionario de la lengua española» – Edición del Tricentenario. es. 27 February 2022. 13 February 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230213120518/https://www.asale.org/damer/cholo. live.
138. Book: 小林, 健治 . 「『バカチョン』『チョン』という言葉」『差別語・不快語』にんげん出版〈ウェブ連動式 管理職検定02〉 . 2011 . にんげん出版 . 978-4-931344-31-0 . ja.
139. Green . Jonathon . Chow . Chambers slang dictionary . 2008 . Chambers . 978-0-550-10439-7 . 283 .
140. Ayto . John . Chow . The Oxford dictionary of slang . 1999 . Oxford University Press . 978-0-19-280104-3 . 35 . English.
141. Web site: Степушова . Любовь . 2011-03-06 . Золотая лихорадка в Гватемале . 2025-10-30 . www.pravda.ru . ru.
142. Web site: Новосибирский государственный педагогический университет — Институт филологии, массовой информации и психологии (Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University — Institute for Philology, Mass Information and Psychology) . Слово Чечмек (Чучмек) . The word Chechmek (Chuchmek) . ru . 4 November 2023 . 4 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231104142412/http://spmsl.ipmip.nspu.ru/?action=word&id=228 . live .
143. Gradie . Charlotte M. . Discovering the Chichimecas . The Americas . 51 . 1 . July 1994 . 68 . 10.2307/1008356 . Cambridge University Press . 1008356 . 145002405.
144. Warman v. Beaumont. CHRT. Canadian Human Rights Commission. 2007. http://www.chrt-tcdp.gc.ca/search/view_html.asp?doid=874&lg=_e&isruling. I haven't seen the new $50 bills, but the $20s and $100s I have seen. I have talked with a few people about them (who aren't WN) but they don't like the fact that there is native stuff on the bills. I mean, who wants to pay for something and be reminded of a chug? Not me!. 23 September 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150923203131/http://www.chrt-tcdp.gc.ca/search/view_html.asp?doid=874&lg=_e&isruling. dead.
145. Book: Mack. Glenn Randall. Surina. Asele. Food Culture in Russia and Central Asia. 10 October 2018. 2005. Greenwood Publishing Group. 978-0-313-32773-5. 103. 25 February 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240225013735/https://books.google.com/books?id=j7MTx_zcIR0C&q=Chukhontsy&pg=PA103. live.
146. Book: Bakich, Olga. Valerii Pereleshin: The Life of a Silkworm. 10 October 2018. 2015. University of Toronto Press. 978-1-4426-4892-0. 216. 25 February 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240225013725/https://books.google.com/books?id=8NBtBwAAQBAJ&q=Chukhontsy&pg=PA216#v=snippet&q=Chukhontsy&f=false. live.
147. Book: И . Даль В. . Толковый словарь живого великорусского языка . 10 November 2014 . Directmedia . 978-5-4475-0719-0 . 7415 . ru . 20 February 2024 . 20 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240220084816/https://books.google.com/books?id=nVBoCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA7415 . live .
148. Book: Garapich, Michal. London's Polish Borders: Transnationalizing Class and Ethnicity among Polish Migrants in London. 4 January 2017. 26 July 2016. ibidem-Verlag. 978-3-8382-6607-7. 311.
149. Web site: "Ci cholerni ciapaci". Gdyby polscy rasiści wiedzieli, skąd wzięło się słowo "ciapaty", raczej nigdy by go nie użyli. pl. naTemat.pl. "Those damn ciapatys". If only Polish racists new where the word "ciapaty" came from, they would never have used it.-->. 29 August 2016. 10 February 2017. 11 February 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170211080157/http://natemat.pl/188643,rasizm-jak-chleb-powszedni-skad-sie-wzielo-slowo-ciapaci. live.
150. Magyar etymologiai szótár: lexicon critico-etymologicum linguae Hungaricae, A Magyar Tudományos Akadémia megbizásából, Volumes 1–5, Page: 251 (1930)
151. Magyar etymologiai szótár: lexicon critico-etymologicum linguae Hungaricae, A Magyar Tudományos Akadémia megbizásából, Volumes 1–5, Page: 252 (1930)
152. Web site: Dexonline. Dexonline.ro. 2 July 2022. 28 September 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220928231626/https://dexonline.ro/intrare/cioar%C4%83/10448. live.
153. News: Rastika. Icha. 19 March 2014. Presiden SBY Ganti Istilah "China" Menjadi "Tionghoa". President SBY changes term "China" into "Tionghoa". id. Kompas.com. Jakarta. 11 June 2018. 12 July 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180712005904/https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2014/03/19/1458446/Presiden.SBY.Ganti.Istilah.China.Menjadi.Tionghoa.. live.
154. Chinese in Indonesia: A Background Study . Hermanto . Lim . David . Mead . SIL International . 2011 . 5 . SIL Electronic Survey Reports . 2011-028 . 9 August 2020 . 11 July 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210711210923/https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/42/18/93/42189372626348570380267654218017959519/silesr2011_028.pdf . live .
155. López-Rodríguez . Irene . Are We What We Eat? Food Metaphors in the Conceptualization of Ethnic Groups . Linguistik Online . 2014 . 69 . 7 . 21 . 10.13092/lo.69.1655 . 1615-3014 . 10.1.1.997.9717.
156. News: Many Asians 'do not feel British' . https://web.archive.org/web/20070808051518/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6921534.stm. live. 30 July 2007. 8 August 2007. 29 January 2014. BBC.
157. News: The rules of speech crime. https://web.archive.org/web/20100701045124/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/8771721.stm. live. Coleman. Clive. 29 June 2010. 1 July 2010. 29 January 2014. BBC.
158. News: Hideously diverse Britain: Understanding the 'coconut' row. https://web.archive.org/web/20130915012927/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2010/jun/29/coconut-row-racial-identity. live. Muir. High. 29 June 2010. 15 September 2013. 29 January 2014. The Guardian.
159. Book: Orsman, H. W.. The Dictionary of New Zealand English. Oxford University Press. 1999. Auckland. 978-0-19-558347-2.
160. Web site: A brasilidade dos colonos. Gazeta do Povo. 7 December 2021. 30 April 2025. pt-br.
161. Book: Plath, Oreste . Folklore chileno . Editorial Nascimiento . 1979 . Santiago, Chile . 58–59 . Spanish . Oreste Plath.
162. Web site: Etymology of Selected Words of Indian Language Origin . 1 November 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140220033539/http://www.wmich.edu/dialogues/themes/indianwords.htm . 20 February 2014 .
163. Book: Bayor, Ronald H. . 31 July 2011 . Multicultural America: An Encyclopedia of the Newest Americans . 2 . Greenwood . 882 . 978-0-313-35786-2 . 12 April 2015 . 25 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240225013736/https://books.google.com/books?id=bJW79Rlu-igC&q=indo%20guyanese%20coolie&pg=PP1 . live .
164. Web site: 27 November 2019 . Van Jones on being called a 'sellout': 'I'm more worried about outcomes than outrage' . 10 March 2022 . TheGrio . en-US . 27 January 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220127020909/https://thegrio.com/2019/11/27/heres-how-van-jones-feels-about-being-called-a-sellout-over-his-criminal-justice-politicking/ . live .
165. Book: Staging Race — Karen Sotiropoulos . 9 March 2022 . 15 March 2008 . Harvard University Press . 978-0-674-02760-2 . en . 27 May 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220527132707/https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674027602 . live .
166. Web site: Slavery in America . https://web.archive.org/web/20080213145902/http://www.slaveryinamerica.org/scripts/sia/gallery.cgi?collection=slavetrade . 13 February 2008 . 1 November 2013.
167. Book: Hughes, Geoffrey . 26 March 2015 . An Encyclopedia of Swearing: The Social History of Oaths, Profanity, Foul Language, and Ethnic Slurs in the English-speaking World . Routledge . 978-0-7656-1231-1 . 12 April 2015 . 25 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240225014226/https://books.google.com/books?id=O3-sBwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false . live .
168. "Not Tainted by the Past": Re-Constructions and Negotiations of Coloured Identities Among University Coloured Students in Post-Apartheid South Africa . Nikolaeva . Sardana . 2013 . University of Pittsburgh . 3 March 2023.
169. Web site: Coonass . Encyclopedia of Cajun Culture . https://web.archive.org/web/20070813001331/http://www.cajunculture.com/Other/coonass.htm . 13 August 2007 . 1 November 2013 .
170. Book: Plath, Oreste . Folklore chileno . Editorial Nascimiento . 1979 . Santiago, Chile . 60–61 . Spanish . Oreste Plath.
171. Web site: More racism allegations at Curro school. https://web.archive.org/web/20221206012727/https://www.heartfm.co.za/news/more-racism-allegations-at-curro-school/. 6 December 2022. Heart FM. 1 March 2023.
172. Web site: Cotton Picking, Cotton Picker. Word Origins. 19 March 2020. 1 March 2023. 24 February 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230224085155/https://www.wordorigins.org/big-list-entries/cotton-picking-cotton-picker. live.
173. Web site: The Cape Coloureds are a mix of everything. Discover Magazine. 1 March 2023. 24 February 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230224085152/https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/the-cape-coloureds-are-a-mix-of-everything. live.
174. Cash W. J. The Mind of the South (Knopf, 1941).
175. Ste. Claire, Dana (2006). Cracker: Cracker Culture in Florida History. University Press of Florida.
176. Web site: crucco in Vocabolario – Treccani. Enciclopedia Treccani. 24 May 2020. it. 31 July 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200731024307/http://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/crucco/. live.
177. Dolan . T. P. . Culchie . A Dictionary of Hiberno-English: The Irish Use of English . 2006 . Gill & Macmillan . 978-0-7171-4039-8.
178. News: Beresford . Jack . Irish term 'culchie' may be banned from Scrabble for being 'offensive or derogatory' . 11 June 2023 . The Irish Post . 12 July 2020 . 8 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230608191833/https://www.irishpost.com/news/irish-term-culchie-may-be-banned-from-scrabble-for-being-offensive-or-derogatory-188935 . live .
179. News: Paraguay: por qué a los argentinos les dicen "curepíes" . Infobae . 9 September 2009 . es-ES . 23 July 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190722225252/https://www.infobae.com/2009/09/09/471283-paraguay-que-los-argentinos-les-dicen-curepies/ . 22 July 2019 . live .
180. Web site: Diccionario Latinoamericano de la Lengua Española; curepí . National University of Tres de Febrero . 23 July 2019 . 30 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200730205750/http://untref.edu.ar/diccionario/buscar.php?q=218&p=curep%C3%AD . live .
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182. News: Winer . Stuart . 23 December 2012 . Israeli boss who mistreated, demeaned Ethiopian-born worker ordered to pay up . . 12 April 2015 . Court awards NIS 71,000 in compensation to Awaka Yosef, whose employer cut his salary and called him 'kushi' . 3 January 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150103200648/http://www.timesofisrael.com/israeli-boss-who-mistreated-demeaned-ethiopian-born-worker-ordered-to-pay-up/ . live .
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267. Web site: Cameroon gringos. MigraMundo . 9 June 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141202181131/http://migramundo.com/2014/06/09/camaroes-conquista-copa-gringos-mas-o-futebol-e-os-migrantes-saem-como-vencedores/. 2 December 2014. 10 February 2015. Migra Mundo. Black immigrants from Cameroon play the "Copa Gringos" in Brazil..
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293. Web site: Founder of 'Hip to be Heeb' magazine speaks to students. https://web.archive.org/web/20101208185413/http://media.www.thetriangle.org/media/storage/paper689/news/2004/05/28/News/Founder.Of.hip.To.Be.Heeb.Magazine.Speaks.To.Students-683529.shtml. 8 December 2010 . Madresh . Marjorie . The Triangle Online . 28 May 2004 . 14 February 2007.
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296. Web site: 奥巴马竟说禁词"黑鬼" 美国人惊了!--美国频道--人民网 . 20 February 2024 . usa.people.com.cn . zh . 20 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240220090119/http://usa.people.com.cn/n/2015/0624/c241376-27197947.html . live .
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331. Web site: 1987-11-01 . Aborigines 'Rising Up, Though a Little Late' : Japan's Ainu Discover New Pride in Their Heritage . 2025-09-27 . Los Angeles Times . en-US.
332. Web site: 2010-04-02 . Japan's Ainu seek help to preserve their native culture Cultural Survival . 2025-09-27 . www.culturalsurvival.org . en.
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335. McMahon . Seán . Jackeen . Brewer's dictionary of Irish phrase & fable . 2004 . Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
336. News: Fallon . Donal . Jackeen: 'A fellow who does very little for a living, and wants to do less' . 11 June 2023 . The Journal . 17 December 2017 . en.
337. Parker . Jonathan . Ashencaen Crabtree . Sara . Crabtree Parker . Miranda . Crabtree Parker . Isabel . 2019 . 'Behaving like a Jakun!' A case study of conflict, 'othering' and indigenous knowledge in the Orang Asli of Tasik Chini . Journal of Sociology and Development . 3 . 1 . 23.
338. Web site: Mengulik Penyebab Munculnya Istilah Peyoratif Jamet, Kuproy, dan Pembantu Jawa. Hastanto. Ikhwan. 29 May 2020. Vice.com. Vice Indonesia. 11 December 2021.
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341. Starkman . Rebecca . 2010 . Revisiting the Jewish American Princess: Jewish Girls, The J.A.P. Discursive Stereotype, and Negotiated Identity . https://dr.library.brocku.ca/bitstream/handle/10464/3374/Brock_Starkman_Rebecca_2011.pdf?sequence=1 . 2 . . 13 December 2022.
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346. Web site: The rise of anti-South Asian content online . . 11 February 2025 . English . 25 September 2024 . And like, I guess it's just a newer sort of theme that I've been seeing in this, like, recent wave of online hate towards South Asians. Another thing that I've been seeing is, I guess they have a new slur for us. Uh, ‘Pajeets’? RUMNEEK JOHAL: Yeah. 'Jeet' or 'Pajeet.' Um. This, this kind of originated to make fun of Indian names -- which often have suffixes, '-jeet' being one of them -- but it then became, like, this trope of a quintessential Indian man. And again, like you said, some of these AI images or memes paint, paint them as very sinister, very scary looking, very unclean, very dirty. Often I've seen, even on social media, of saying the 'Jeets' or the 'Pajeets' need to go home. Or in, in a more horrible scenario I've seen even, you know, a news article be posted where a South Asian or Sikh man has died in a car crash or something. And the replies on social media are horrible. And we see, again, almost just a vocal and visible, bold celebration of this. And again, this deployment of the term 'Jeets' and 'Pajeets.'.
347. News: Shalev . Chemi . Israeli anti-Semites and American Jewboys, From Dan Shapiro to Wyatt Earp . 26 August 2018 . Haaretz.com . Elul 15, 5778 . Amos Schocken, M. DuMont Schauberg . 22 January 2016.
348. Book: Stone, Bryan Edward. The Chosen Folks: Jews on the Frontiers of Texas. 28 August 2018. 1 May 2013. University of Texas Press. 978-0-292-75612-0. 17.
349. Web site: jidan - definiție și paradigmă. Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române. 24 May 2020. ro.
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351. Book: Africanisms in American Culture: jiggabo . 13 July 2005 . Indiana University Press . 978-0-253-21749-3 . Holloway, Joseph E . 1 November 2013.
352. Web site: 9 December 2021 . 세상을 차별하는 데이터인가? 차별하는 세상을 반영하는 데이터인가? . MIT Technology Review . Korean.
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354. Web site: Blake . Aled . 'If boyo is racist so is Jock . Western Mail and Echo Limited . 26 August 2005 . 22 December 2006 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090324042454/http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/tm_objectid%3D15897870%26method%3Dfull%26siteid%3D50082%26headline%3D-if-boyo-is-racist-then-you-should-not-say-jock---it-s-puzzling--name_page.html . 24 March 2009.
355. Web site: Ondarra . Marcos . 2024-03-06 . La RAE explica qué son los jóvenes de «Jovenlandia»: «Extranjeros autores de delitos» . 2025-10-31 . The Objective . es.
356. Web site: Miguel . Por . 2023-10-16 . 'Jovenlandés', el término con el que se oculta información sobre migrantes delincuentes . 2025-10-31 . Publimetro México . es.
357. Web site: Kielitoimiston sanakirja . 14 February 2024 . www.kielitoimistonsanakirja.fi.
358. Book: แกว คือคำว่า แกว ๆ มีความหมายถึงเสียงดังแซดแต่ไม่ได้ศัพท์ ซึ่งจิตร ภูมิศักดิ์มองว่าน่าจะเป็นการล้อเลียนเสียงพูดในภาษาเวียดนามที่มีเสียงสูงต่ำตัดกันชัดเจนกว่าภาษาไทย-ลาว นอกจากนี้ยังมีคำลาวในวรรณคดีเรื่องท้าวฮุ่งเรียกชาวเวียดนามอย่างเหยียดหยามว่า แย้, แกวแย้ และแกวม้อย. Phumisak, Chit. th. ความเป็นมาของคำสยาม, ไทย ลาว และขอม และลักษณะทางสังคมของชื่อชนชาติ. Bangkok. Chonniyom. 2013. 242–243.
359. Book: Kapur-Fic . Alexandra R. . Thailand: Buddhism, Society, and Women . 1998 . Abhinav Publications . 978-81-7017-360-1 . 64 . en.
360. 3 June 2018.
361. Book: Featherstone, Donald . Victorian Colonial Warfare: Africa . Blandford . 1993 . United Kingdom . 85–102 . 978-0-7137-2256-7.
362. Web site: Taunts unbearable, says Test tourist. The Age. 22 December 2005. 12 February 2025.
363. Mohammad Mamun Or Rashid . 1 Textual Toxicity in Social Media: Understanding the Bangla Toxic Language Expressed in Facebook Comment . 2023 . 4, 9 . cs.CL . 2312.05467 . 'kanglu ra' (kanglu ra:Bangladeshis), etc... [pg 4], it is difficult for an annotator to distinguish which class some of the words in a hate speech, such as ‘kanglu’ (Bangladeshi)... [pg 9].
364. Web site: Intolerance, Islam and the Internet in Burma . Latt . Sai . 10 June 2012 . New Mandala . 12 April 2015.
365. Web site: "Мамбет" и "калбит": о каких еще запрещенных словах предупредили в МИД РФ Об этом сообщает "Рамблер".. Latt . Sai . 27 March 2017 . Rambler . 29 April 2024.
366. News: Opinion India's Lethal Race Problem. Masih. Niha. 17 April 2017. The New York Times. 4 April 2019. en-US. 0362-4331.
367. Web site: Daruwalla . Reena . Racist Slurs Indians Use – Consciously or Subconsciously . TheStoryPedia.com . 6 April 2019 . en.
368. Web site: They Took Down Their Pants, Pointed Their Genitals at Us, and Said, 'Yeh Lo Azaadi'.
369. Web site: BBC - Religions - Islam: Circumcision of boys .
370. Macquarie Dictionary (Fourth Edition), 2005, p. 774
371. Web site: Kanaka dictionary definition – Kanaka defined. Yourdictionary.com. 6 September 2017.
372. Book: Finkbeiner . Rita . Meibauer . Jörg . Wiese . Heike . 2016 . Pejoration . . . 213–215 . 978-90-272-6736-8.
373. Book: Dalton, David. The Philippines: Edition en langue anglaise. 24 February 2019. 6 September 2007. Rough Guides Limited. 978-1-84353-806-6. 53.
374. News: Pratt . Alexandre . Ton crisse de kawish . 3 March 2019 . La Presse+ . 28 February 2019 . fr.
375. News: Gruda . Agnès . Édith Cloutier, la rassembleuse de Val-d'Or . 3 March 2019 . La Presse+ . 20 June 2009 . fr.
376. Web site: Mosque shooter brandished material glorifying Serb nationalism. Al Jazeera English. 15 March 2019. 16 March 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190315215856/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/03/zealand-mosque-gunman-inspired-serb-nationalism-190315141305756.html. 15 March 2019. live.
377. News: 'Keling' and proud of it . M. Veera Pandiyan . The Star online . 10 August 2016 .
378. News: Highest court asked to rule on old Lone Ranger term . CBC News. 22 December 2004.
379. Book: Kenji . Shuzui . Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei 50: Chikamatsu Jōruri Shū: Ge, Tōkyō . Tadakuni . Ōkubo . 1959 . 岩波書店 . ((4-0006-0050-8)).
380. Вахобовна. Быкова Гульчера. 2008. Оскорбительны ли слова "Хачик", "Хач"?. Юрислингвистика. 9. 295–300.
381. В.и. Макаров. 2015. Национальные прозвища в зеркале контекста. Вестник Новгородского Государственного Университета Им. Ярослава Мудрого. 7. 90. 141–145. 2076-8052.
382. Web site: 2018-11-18 . מה שחילונים לא יבינו: אין מחיר לחילול שבת . 2025-06-30 . ynet . he.
383. Book: Watch (Organization) . Human Rights . In a Time of Torture: The Assault on Justice in Egypt's Crackdown on Homosexual Conduct . Long . Scott . Watch (Organization) . Human Rights . 2004 . Human Rights Watch . en.
384. Book: Laitin, David D. . 1998 . Identity in Formation: The Russian-speaking Populations in the Near Abroad . Cornell University Press . 175 . 978-0-8014-8495-7 . registration . khokhol. .
385. Vail . Peter . Thailand's Khmer as 'invisible minority': Language, ethnicity and cultural politics in north-eastern Thailand . Asian Ethnicity . June 2007 . 8 . 2 . 111–130 . 10.1080/14631360701406247 . en . 1463-1369. News: Kasetsiri . Charnvit . Thailand and Cambodia: A Love-Hate Relationship . Kyoto Review of Southeast Asia . 3 . 16 March 2003. cited in ibid.
386. Web site: 2012-09-23 . Fry . Gerald W . Complex relations between Thais,Khmers . 2023-11-13 . . en . First, many Thais think that Khom and Khmer are different peoples – with the Khom being the people who built the great Angkor empire and magnificent architecture and who are now extinct. They see the Khmer as a different people who now control Cambodia and who committed the atrocities of the Khmer Rouge. In fact, the Khom and Khmer are the same people..
387. Book: Garber . Zev . Teaching the Shoah: Mandate and Momentum . Hanson . Kenneth L. . 16 November 2022 . Cambridge Scholars Publishing . 978-1-5275-9121-9 . 10 . en.
388. Web site: Kike . Wolarsky, Eric . Interactive Dictionary of Racial Language . 2001 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080602102925/http://kpearson.faculty.tcnj.edu/Dictionary/kike.htm . 2 June 2008 . 1 November 2013.
389. Book: Everett, Anna. Learning Race and Ethnicity: Youth and Digital Media. 2008. limited. MIT press. 167.
390. Web site: kıro – Nişanyan Sözlük . Nişanyan, Sevan . 11 July 2021.
391. News: Дарья . L . "Они назвали его "китаёза"": ресторан принес свои извинения Ченлэ из NCT за сотрудников, использовавших расистские и уничижительные выражения в его адрес . 14 March 2024 . YesAsia . 1 September 2023 . ru-RU.
392. Shli︠a︡khov . Vladimir Ivanovich . китаёза . Dictionary of Russian slang & colloquial expressions . 1999 . Hauppauge, N.Y. : Barron's . 978-0-7641-1019-1 .
393. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. (n.d.). nigger
394. Web site: Dáil Éireann – Volume 183 – 29 June, 1960 . 29 June 1960 . Dáil Éireann . 6 December 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131005004242/http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/D/0183/D.0183.196006290006.html . 5 October 2013.
395. Mulcahy. Aogán. 'Alright in their own place': Policing and the spatial regulation of Irish Travellers. Criminology & Criminal Justice . 12 . 3 . 2012 . 307–327. 1748-8958. 10.1177/1748895811431849. 10.1.1.840.4010. 145291626.
396. Web site: 코쟁이 뜻: 코가 크다는 뜻에서 서양 사람을 놀림조로 이르는 말. . Korean.
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399. Web site: Milanezi . Gabriela . 2013 . El diablo en la tradición mesoamericana: Un estudio de narrativas maseuales .
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401. Web site: Kozojeb meaning in English . 2025-11-08 . DictZone . en.
402. Web site: What does Kozojeb mean? . 2025-11-08 . www.youswear.com.
403. News: No 10 denies Boris Johnson made Nicola Sturgeon 'Krankie' slur. . 6 February 2020.
404. Web site: Krakkemut — den Danske Ordbog .
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406. Web site: Moorfield . John C. . John Moorfield . kūpapa . Te Aka Māori Dictionary . en.
407. Web site: 2024-11-12 . ¿Por qué llamamos kurepi a los argentinos? . 2025-10-31 . Última Hora . es.
408. Web site: Maruhan's Pachinko Empire Rocked by Racism; Did Founder Say 'Kuronbo'?. Shockya.com. 25 November 2020 . 4 March 2023.
409. https://os.colta.ru/music_modern/events/details/17653/ "Алина Орлова: «Я не знаю, кто я»"
410. Web site: Sena chief's uneasy relationship with the media. Hindustan Times. 18 November 2012. 18 September 2025.
411. Web site: 为何东北人，会喊俄罗斯人"老毛子"？ . Sina. 16 July 2019. 5 May 2025.
412. Web site: International Peer-Reviewed Journal of Humanities and Academic Science. PDF. 125. It is notable that the status of the Sami people and minority groups in Sweden was neglected for a long time. In the framework of the multiculturalist policy in the mid-1970s the Swedish government recognised the Sami as indigenous in 1977.. Guvenplus.com.tr. 2 July 2022.
413. Gallito Catrilef: Colonialismo y defensa de la tierra en San Juan de la Costa a mediados del siglo XX. Rumian Cisterna. Salvador. 17 September 2020. M.Sc.. University of Los Lagos. Spanish.
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415. News: Sala . Ilaria Maria . Don't call them "locusts": They may one day be proud Hong Kong locals . 17 April 2019 . Quartz . 7 July 2017 . en.
416. Web site: Londo Apa itu?. itu?. Apa. Apaitu.web.id. 25 July 2016 . id-ID. 8 May 2020.
417. Web site: No Sunlight Singing - glossary of Australian expressions .
418. Macquarie Dictionary, Fourth Edition (2004), p. 850.
419. Web site: Lumbàrd - Significato ed etimologia - Vocabolario . 2026-02-13 . Treccani . it.
420. Web site: Garzanti Linguistica - Lumbard . 2026-02-13 . Garzanti Linguistica . it.
421. Web site: tartamella . vito . 2011-01-26 . Terrone, burino e polentone: le parole dell’Italia (dis)unita Parolacce . 2026-02-13 . www.parolacce.org . it-IT.
422. Wall . Richard . Lundy . An Irish Literary Dictionary and Glossary . 2001 . Colin Smythe . 978-0-86140-442-1.
423. News: Carolan . Mary . Those who do not conform with 'loudest groups' more likely called 'shoneen', 'lundy', says Taoiseach . 11 June 2023 . The Irish Times . 1 December 2022 . en.
424. Book: Bailey, Richard W.. Speaking American a History of English in the United States.. 2012. Oxford University Press, USA. Oxford. 978-0-19-991340-4. 30 August 2012. 144.
425. Book: Kockel . Ullrich . Craith . Máiréad Nic . Communicating Cultures, Volume 1 of European Studies in Culture and Policy . 2004 . LIT Verlag Münster . Münster . 978-3-8258-6643-3 . 48 . 1 November 2013.
426. Попова. Елена Александровна. Аль-Хамдани Сура. 2017. ru:Вероисповедание Как Фактор Формирования Оценочности Семантики Этнонимов В Русской Языковой Картине Мира . ЗАДОНСКИЕ СВЯТО-ТИХОНОВСКИЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНЫЕ ЧТЕНИЯ . https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=30007583. ru. Липецкий государственный педагогический университет имени П.П. Семенова-Тян-Шанского. 125–131.
427. Book: Tkachivska, Maria. Філологія (мовознавство): збірник наукових праць. Mykhailo Kotsiubynskyi State University. 2017. 978-966-2337-89-1. Vinnytsia. 50. uk. Етнофолізми як перекладацька проблема. Ethnic names as a translation issue.
428. Book: Stiff, Peter . Cry Zimbabwe: Independence – Twenty Years On . Johannesburg . Galago Publishing . June 2000 . 978-1-919854-02-1.
429. Book: Frantzich, Stephen . O.O.P.S.: Observing Our Politicians Stumble: The Worst Candidate Gaffes and Recoveries in Presidential Campaigns. 140. ABC-CLIO.
430. Book: American Public Service: Constitutional and Ethical Foundations. 244.
431. Web site: 'macaronar' on DEXonline . . 2010 . Dexonline.ro. 13 July 2021.
432. Web site: Storytrails . 1 February 2022 . Why Are South Indians Called Madrassis? . 23 May 2025 . Storytrails . en-US.
433. Web site: Courier . Madras . 5 November 2016 . What does it mean to be Madrasi? Madras Courier . 23 May 2025 . en-US.
434. Web site: Bag . Ahana . 18 October 2021 . It's Time To End The 'Madrasi' Stereotype Madras Courier . 23 May 2025 . en-US.
435. News: 6 March 2024 . Shah Rukh Khan's 'idli vada' joke backfires but this isn't the only time he's spread stereotypes against South Indians . https://web.archive.org/web/20240923091359/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khans-idli-vada-joke-backfires-but-this-isnt-the-only-time-hes-spread-stereotypes-against-south-indians-101709702459418.html . 23 September 2024 . 23 May 2025 . Hindustan Times . en-us.
436. Book: Hunter, Shireen T. . Arab-Iranian Relations: Dynamics of Conflict and Accommodation . 22 April 2019 . Rowman & Littlefield . 978-1-78661-208-3 . 11 . en.
437. Book: Vertovec, Steven . Routledge International Handbook of Diversity Studies . 2014 . Routledge . 978-1-317-60068-8 . 1971 . en.
438. Book: Ottaway . David . A Tale of Four Worlds: The Arab Region After the Uprisings . Ottaway . Marina . 2019 . Oxford University Press . 978-0-19-006171-5 . 55 . en.
439. Web site: ASALE . RAE- . RAE . maqueto, maqueta Diccionario de la lengua española . 2025-10-30 . «Diccionario de la lengua española» - Edición del Tricentenario . es.
440. Web site: makwerekwere - DSAE . 2026-02-07 . dsae.co.za.
441. Web site: What is Makwerekwere IGI Global Scientific Publishing . http://web.archive.org/web/20251231101617/https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/mind-the-violent-afrophobic-language-gap-and-its-impact-on-anti-immigration-in-post-apartheid-south-africa/112555 . 2025-12-31 . 2026-02-07 . www.igi-global.com . en-us.
442. Mario Matsinhe . David . 2011 . Africa's Fear of Itself: the ideology of Makwerekwere in South Africa . Third World Quarterly . en . 32 . 2 . 295–313 . 10.1080/01436597.2011.560470 . 0143-6597. subscription .
443. Web site: b . Hooman Majd on the Difference Between Sunnis, Shias, Arabs, and Persians | The Bully Pulpit . Jrbenjamin.com . 5 June 2014. 7 January 2016.
444. Book: Nasrin Rahimieh. Iranian Culture: Representation and Identity. 27 August 2015. Routledge. 978-1-317-42935-7. 133–.
445. News: 5 May 2012 . Persians v Arabs Same old sneers Nationalist feeling on both sides of the Gulf is as prickly as ever . The Economist .
446. Web site: بازار داغ ملخ خوری در ماه رمضان + تصاویر . Zohur12.ir . 3 July 2014 . 8 January 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160111173035/http://www.zohur12.ir/118842/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%BA-%D9%85%D9%84%D8%AE-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87-%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1 . 11 January 2016 .
447. Web site: ماه رمضان با خوردن ملخ آغاز شد!+عکس . Jamejamonline.ir . 30 June 2014. 8 January 2016.
448. Web site: ماه رمضان و افزایش مصرف ملخ در کشور وهابیت | پرسمان دانشجويي – وهابيت . Vahabiat.porsemani.ir . 8 January 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160111173037/http://www.vahabiat.porsemani.ir/content/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87-%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%81-%D9%85%D9%84%D8%AE-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1-%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA . 11 January 2016 .
449. Web site: Popular Racial Stereotyping in South Africa: Historical Overview . Adhikari . Mohamed . 2006 . 12–13.
450. Book: The Micro-politics of Microcredit: Gender and Neoliberal Development in Bangladesh. 78. Routledge. 978-1-317-43085-8. 1 May 2015.
451. Web site: Kedubes Malaysia Diserang Hujatan 'Malingsia'. 27 August 2009.
452. News: Bendera RI terbalik: perseteruan dari Ganyang Malaysia ke 'Malingsia'. CNN Indonesia. id. 22 August 2017. 21 June 2018.
453. Book: Romanucci-Ross . Lola . Vos . George A. De . Tsuda . TakeyUnited Kingdomi . Ethnic Identity: Problems and Prospects for the Twenty-first Century . 2006 . Rowman Altamira . 978-0-7591-0973-5 . 297 . en.
454. News: Isaev . Ognyan . Analysis from Bulgaria: Anti-Gypsyism is the enemy at the gates . romea.cz . 9 June 2016.
455. Book: Horvath . Julia . Wexler . Paul . Paul Wexler (linguist) . Relexification in Creole and Non-Creole Languages: With Special Attention to Haitian Creole, Modern Hebrew, Romani, and Rumanian . 1997 . Otto Harrassowitz Verlag . 978-3-447-03954-3 . 110 . en.
456. Web site: Mangiasapone > significato - Dizionario italiano De Mauro . 2026-02-13 . Internazionale . it.
457. Web site: Settimana della lingua italiana nel mondo: l’italiano parlato in Eritrea - Orizzonti culturali italo-romeni . 2026-02-13 . www.orizzonticulturali.it.
458. Web site: ILMIOLIBRO - Divisi dalla lingua. Terroni, burini e polentoni il federalismo dell'inventiva - catalogo - 3461 . 2026-02-13 . ILMIOLIBRO: Pubblicare libri, e-book – Stampare, leggere libri online . it-IT.
459. Web site: Kielitoimiston sanakirja . 10 February 2024 . www.kielitoimistonsanakirja.fi.
460. https://news.walla.co.il/item/3057571 "The Baboons are celebrating"
461. Web site: 「丸太」の何が問題なのか - 赤木智弘｜論座アーカイブ . 20 February 2024 . webronza.asahi.com . ja.
462. Book: Fair Employment Practice Cases – Volume 20. 723. 1979. Bureau of National Affairs.
463. Book: Allen, Irving L.. The Language of Ethnic Conflict: Social Organization and Lexical Culture. registration. 16 February 2019. 1983. Columbia University Press. 978-0-231-05557-4. 49.
464. Web site: Mick . Princeton WordNet listing . 16 August 2015.
465. News: Počela kampanja na društvenim mrežama: Il' si Srbin ili milogorac . 16 December 2024 . Sandzacke.rs . 29 September 2020 . bs-BA.
466. Book: Gazzah . Miriam . Rhythms and Rhymes of Life: Music and Identification Processes of Dutch-Moroccan Youth . 2008 . Amsterdam University Press . 978-90-8964-062-8 . 206 . en.
467. Web site: 25 November 2024 . muhamedaner - Gammeldags kaldenavn - Læs om betydning . 13 January 2025 . Lex . da.
468. Book: Lefevere . André . André Lefevere . Translation, Rewriting, and the Manipulation of Literary Fame . 2016 . Taylor & Francis . 978-1-315-45848-9 . en.
469. Web site: The ape insult: a short history of a racist idea . Bradley . James . 30 May 2013 . . 11 April 2015.
470. Web site: Comparing black people to monkeys has a long, dark simian history . Theconversation.com . 28 February 2016 . 4 May 2022.
471. Web site: Why 'Monkey' Is Racist . Outlookindia.com.
472. Web site: Mahasiswa Papua di Jerman: Jangan Panggil Kami Monyet, Kami Bukan Budak di Negeri Sendiri | Indonesia: Laporan topik-topik yang menjadi berita utama . . 20 June 2020 . 4 May 2022.
473. Book: Alexander Mikaberidze. Ilya Radozhitskii's Campaign Memoirs. 2011. Lulu. 978-1-105-16871-0. 10. Alexander Mikaberidze.
474. Web site: Moskal – Słowniki PWN . sjp.pwn.pl . 8 January 2025.
475. Web site: Толковый словарь Ушакова - МОСКАЛЬ . ic.academic.ru . 8 January 2025.
476. Web site: Словарь забытых и трудных слов из произведений русской литературы ХVIII-ХIХ веков - москаль . difficult_words_ru.academic.ru . 8 January 2025.
477. Web site: moon crickets Meaning & Origin . Dictionary.com . 28 December 2023 . 14 August 2018.
478. Book: Özcan, Kemal Ali. Turkey's Kurds. limited. Routledge. 2006. 978-0-415-36687-8. 4-5.
479. Book: Jongerden, Joost. The Settlement Issue in Turkey and the Kurds: An Analysis of Spatical Policies, Modernity and War. limited. 1 January 2007. BRILL. 978-90-04-15557-2. 53. en.
480. Web site: Dinka called "MTN," in South Sudan . 2025-07-29 . www.dangerousspeech.org . en.
481. Book: Sterkens . Carl . Ethno-religious Identification and Latent Conflict: Support of Violence among Muslim and Christian Filipino Children and Youth . 2016 . Conflict, Violence and Peace . 1–16 . Harker . Christopher . Singapore . Springer . en . 10.1007/978-981-4585-98-9_12-1 . 978-981-4585-98-9 . Camacho . Agnes Zenaida . Scheepers . Peer . Hörschelmann . Kathrin . Skelton . Tracey.
482. Web site: Moolinyan . https://web.archive.org/web/20211001074225/https://www.lexico.com/definition/moolinyan. 1 October 2021. Lexico . Oxford.
483. "Se infatti gli italiani chiamano i neri 'mulignan', accomunandoli appunto alle 'melanzane' per il colore della pelle, sono essi stessi definiti storicamente come 'guinea'", Simona Cappellari, Giorgio ColomboFiorini, Letteratura italoamericana, 2008, p. 79.
484. Richard Greene, Peter Vernezze,The Sopranos and Philosophy: I Kill Therefore I Am, Open Court Publishing, 2004, p. 162.
485. Book: Nyarota . Geoffrey . Against the grain: memoirs of a Zimbabwean newsman . 2006 . Zebra . 978-1-77007-112-4 . 63.
486. Web site: TecaLibri: Fabio Giovannini: Musi gialli . 2026-02-15 . www.tecalibri.info.
487. Book: Kielitoimiston sanakirja . Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus ja Kielikone Oy . 2004 . 952-5446-11-5 . Helsinki.
488. News: North . Andrew . 19 December 2023 . Afghans fled the Taliban in droves. Now Pakistan wants to send them back . The Economist . 0013-0613 . 17 March 2025.
489. Web site: Guitto . Rita . 2015-01-26 . Enciclopedia Treccani: "nàpoli" è una parola offensiva . 2026-02-13 . ROAD TV ITALIA . it-IT.
490. Web site: Forgione . Angelo . 2015-01-02 . Aldo Masullo: «’napoli’ non può stare sul vacabolario come termine razzista» . 2026-02-13 . il Blog di ANGELO FORGIONE . it-IT.
491. Авагян. К. К.. 2014. ru:Концепт "Враг" Во Фразеологизмах Русского И Сербского Языков . РАЦИОНАЛЬНОЕ И ЭМОЦИОНАЛЬНОЕ В РУССКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ . https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=22848424. ru . Московский государственный областной университет. 7–10.
492. Book: Siraj. Sayad Mustafa. Chakravarty. Sudeshna. Muthical Man. 2005. Sahitya Akademi. 978-81-260-2114-7. 80. 10 February 2016.
493. Book: Michaud, Alexis. Alexis Michaud. Tone in Yongning~Na: Lexical tones and morphotonology. 2 September 2017. 26 April 2017. Language Science Press. 978-3-946234-86-9. 355.
494. 3 June 2018.
495. Web site: Nigger . 23 September 2024 . Marriam-Webstar .
496. News: 5 Everyday Phrases That Actually Have Racist Origins. Mic. 18 April 2016. PHILIP LEWIS.
497. Nip . https://web.archive.org/web/20200731025839/https://www.lexico.com/definition/nip . 31 July 2020 . Lexico UK English Dictionary . Oxford University Press.
498. Web site: Pribumi: making sense of a troubled term. Denny. Indrayana . Indonesia at Melbourne.
499. Web site: Northern Monkey . 1 November 2013.
500. Web site: The Northern Monkey . 1 November 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131103130608/http://www.northernmonkey-leeds.co.uk/ . 3 November 2013.
501. Web site: Anti-Islamism in an Islamic Civil War . al-Tamimi . Aymenn Jawad . The American Spectator . 24 January 2013 . 4 November 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130925174813/http://spectator.org/archives/2013/01/24/anti-islamism-in-an-islamic-ci . 25 September 2013.
502. Web site: Zahran Alloush: His Ideology and Beliefs. Landis. Joshua. 15 December 2013. Syria Comment. 24 December 2013. 25 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160325123621/http://www.joshualandis.com/blog/zahran-alloush/.
503. Book: Dalzell . Tom . Victor . Terry . The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English: J-Z . 2006 . . 978-0-415-25938-5 . 1402 . en.
504. Web site: Barta . Gábor . Bóna . István . Köpeczi . Béla . Makkai . László . Mócsy . András . Szász . Zoltán . History of Transylvania . 2001 . Atlantic Research and Publications . 23 August 2018.
505. Web site: Что такое Украина? Репортаж писателя Джонатана Литтелла. Он съездил в Бучу и другие города под Киевом — и своими глазами увидел последствия российской оккупации . 21 June 2023 . Meduza . ru.
506. Web site: In 'Ukrainian military Oscars,' Ukraine promotes army and mocks Russia . 21 June 2023 . . 29 March 2022 . en-US . 0792-822X.
507. Web site: 21 March 2022 . Life Under Russian Occupation: Hunger, Fear and Abductions . 21 June 2023 . VOA . en.
508. Book: Wilmore, Gayraud S.. Gayraud Wilmore. African American Religious Studies: An Interdisciplinary Anthology. registration. 30 May 2014. 1989. Duke University Press. 978-0-8223-0926-0. 441.
509. Book: Spitzberg. Irving J.. Thorndike. Virginia V.. Creating Community on College Campuses: Beyond the Cultural Politics of Enjoyment. 30 May 2014. 1992. SUNY Press. 978-0-7914-1005-9. 35.
510. Book: Boggs, Grace Lee. Grace Lee Boggs. Living for Change: An Autobiography. registration. 30 May 2014. 1998. University of Minnesota Press. 978-1-4529-0330-9. 117.
511. Book: Henry Long. William. A Dictionary of the Isle of Wight dialect, and of provincialisms used in the island; to which is appended the Christmas Boys' play, an Isle of Wight "Hooam Harvest," and songs sung by the peasantry; forming a treasury of insular manners and customs of fifty years ago.. 1886. Reeves and Turner . London . 53 . 9 December 2017.
512. Web site: AskOxford: Paddy . https://web.archive.org/web/20070929101919/http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/paddy?view=uk . 29 September 2007 . 1 November 2013 .
513. Book: Campbell, Gerald. Edward and Pamela Fitzgerald: being some account of their lives. 21 August 2016. 1904. Edward Arnold. 183–4.
514. News: 1 August 2017. President Trump's reference to 'paddy wagon' insults Irish Americans like me. James Mulvaney. The Washington Post.
515. Web site: Hinduphobia and Anti-Hindu Hate Glossary . 7 June 2025 . Hindu American Foundation . Pajeet: An ethno-religious slur referring to Indians, and more specifically Hindus..
516. Web site: Baltimore bridge collapse: Racist online attacks on Indian crew of MV Dali . . 19 November 2024 . en . 27 March 2024 . Pajeet is a racist slur in the West to mock Sikhs who often have names ending with "jeet".
517. Book: Sudhakar . Prasiddha . Anti-Hindu Disinformation: A Case Study of Hinduphobia on Social Media . Rutgers University . First seen on 4Chan, The term “pajeet” is an ethnic slur, coined as a derisive imitation of Indian names. Typically, pajeet is used to describe Indians on the Internet — and, by default — Hindus. John Earnest, the white supremacist shooter of the Chabad Synagogue in San Diego, 2019, had referenced “pajeets” in this manifesto. This slur has also been used by white supremacists in white nationalist podcasts in reference to violent, murderous fantasies about Indians..
518. News: Ensor . Jamie . Lynch . Jenna . Deputy Labour leader rings Māori ACT MP to apologise for 'Pākehā world' comment . https://web.archive.org/web/20220929001056/https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/politics/2022/09/deputy-labour-leader-kelvin-davis-rings-m-ori-act-mp-karen-chhour-to-apologise-for-p-keh-world-comment.html . dead . 29 September 2022 . Newshub . en.
519. Web site: Scotty Morrison explains meaning of word Pākehā after it was labelled a racist term . 20 February 2025 . 1News . en.
520. Web site: McLintock . Alexander Hare . John Sidney Gully . M. A. . Taonga . New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu . The Word Pakeha . 20 February 2025 . An encyclopaedia of New Zealand, edited by A. H. McLintock, 1966. . en.
521. Web site: Marcetic . Branko . 3 March 2018 . A history of outrage over the word 'Pākehā' . 20 February 2025 . The Spinoff . en.
522. Web site: www.dynamo6.com . pakeha - Te Aka Māori Dictionary . 20 February 2025 . pakeha - Te Aka Māori Dictionary . en.
523. Web site: Online Racism Targeting South Asians Skyrockets . Global Project Against Hate and Extremism . 25 September 2024 . 8 May 2024. “Pajeet” is also used, referring to a derogatory made-up Indian name originating on 4chan in 2015, along with several other similar, though sometimes lesser known, racist terms. Plenty of commenters resented “pajeet immigrants,” described as “barely literate third worlder[s],” for “replac[ing]” striking workers in the tech industry. One Canadian user on the /pol/ board claimed the “jeet situation” in Canada was bad, and that they planned to “leave this dump” because of South Asian immigrants. Gab, a “free speech” platform with a similar interface to Twitter, saw hate speech against South Asians rise from 197 posts in January 2023 to 691 the next year, representing a staggering 251 percent increase. Comments include calling South Asians “pajeet chimps” and “paki scum” while leaning into derogatory stereotypes such as saying “pajeet still smell.”.
524. 4 April 2006.
525. News: After the N-word, the P-word . BBC News . 11 June 2007 . 1 November 2013 . Rajni . Bhatia.
526. Book: Hoëm, Ingjerd. Languages of Governance in Conflict: Negotiating democracy in Tokelau. 25 April 2017. 20 March 2015. John Benjamins Publishing Company. 978-90-272-6892-1. 92.
527. Book: Lehmann, Herman. Herman Lehmann. Nine Years among the Indians. 26 October 2016. 1 November 2010. Great Texas Books. 978-1-932801-05-7. 29.
528. Web site: Racial and Ethnic Identity Formation of Midwestern Asian-American children . Susan Matoba Adler . University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign . 1 November 2013 . 9 January 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150109100449/http://www.wwwords.co.uk/pdf/freetoview.asp?j=ciec&vol=2&issue=3&year=2001&article=Adler_CIEC_2_3 .
529. Web site: ASALE . RAE- . RAE . panchito, panchita Diccionario de la lengua española . 2025-10-31 . «Diccionario de la lengua española» - Edición del Tricentenario . es.
530. Web site: 2024-05-17 . Explica su terrible primera vez saliendo con un español y la gente alucina . 2025-10-31 . La Vanguardia . es.
531. Web site: Reading Racism: Or, How I'm Learning to Wrestle with "Little House on the Prairie" | James M. Noonan, Ed.D . Scholar.harvard.edu . 24 May 2020 . 2 May 2022.
532. Web site: Noviyanti. Adinda Zahra. 29 August 2020 . Merayakan Perbedaan Lewat Parsubang . Celebrating Diversity through Parsubang and Parsolam. 9 May 2023 . MedanHeadlines . id.
533. Book: Hasibuan, Thompson. 1 January 2019. Sisingamangaraja: Pemersatu Batak Di Toba. Sisingamangaraja: Batak Unifier In Toba. Sumatran Archeological Association, an Indonesian Ministry of Education and Cultural company. 77. 978-602-17680-6-8.
534. News: Mori . Letícia . 'Não toleramos mais': por que velhas piadas estão inflamando debate sobre racismo entre descendentes de asiáticos no Brasil . BBC . 4 August 2017.
535. Book: Blazes . Marian . The Everything Brazilian Cookbook: Includes Tropical Cobb Salad, Brazilian BBQ, Gluten-Free Cheese Rolls, Passion Fruit Mousse, Pineapple Caipirinha...and Hundreds More! . 2014 . Simon and Schuster . 978-1-4405-7939-4 . 16–17 . en.
536. Book: Rendeiro . Margarida . Lupati . Federica . Challenging Memories and Rebuilding Identities: Literary and Artistic Voices that undo the Lusophone Atlantic . 2019 . Routledge . 978-1-00-054687-3 . 160 . en.
537. Book: Hinton, Alexander . Annihilating Difference: The Anthropology of Genocide . 15 August 2002 . University of California Press . 9780520230286 . Chapter 8: "Averted Gaze: Genocide in Bosnia-Herzegovina, 1992–1995".
538. Web site: Gómez Berrocal . C. . 2009 . Lenguaje, procesos psicosociales y prejuicio contra los gitanos en España .
539. Book: Mezzrow, Mezz . Really the Blues . 1946 . Kensington . New York . 978-0-8065-1205-1 . 16.
540. Book: Killens, John Oliver . Sippi . 1967 . Trident Press . New York . 67016400 .
541. Web site: 5 October 2016. In case you didn't know: 'Peenoise' is a nasty term for Pinoys. 5 November 2021. Coconuts Manila.
542. News: Det er umuligt at tale neutralt om indvandrere . 4 May 2022 . videnskab.dk . 3 September 2014 . da.
543. Web site: Perker — Den Danske Ordbog . Ordnet.dk . 4 May 2022.
544. Review of Spoken Here: Travels Among Threatened Languages by Mark Abley . David Williams . The Oxonian Review of Books . 4 . 2 . usurped . 1 November 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130404062634/http://www.oxonianreview.org/issues/3-3/3-3-4.htm . 4 April 2013.
545. News: In a Quebecer's Heart, Pepsi Occupies a Special Place . Austen . Ian . New York Times . 30 July 2009 . 1 November 2013.
546. Book: Bernstein, Robin. Racial Innocence: Performing American Childhood from Slavery to Civil Rights. 34. NYU press. 978-0-8147-8709-0. 2011.
547. Book: Literacy in America: N-Z. 2002. limited. 373. ABC-CLIO. 978-1-57607-358-2 .
548. Web site: 17 September 2003. Уэсли Кларк едва не разжег Третью мировую войну, утверждает британский генерал. 31 January 2022. NEWSru.com. ru.
549. Web site: 26 October 2013 . Про пони и кино – Журнал "Компьютерра" . 31 January 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131026043657/http://old.computerra.ru/offline/2004/559/35857/ . 26 October 2013 .
550. News: Sabah MP in Twitter rumpus over 'racist' slur on Filipino immigrants . 23 June 2024 . Malay Mail . 10 December 2014 . en.
551. Book: Crawfurd . John . A grammar and dictionary of the Malay language: with a preliminary dissertation . 1852 . Smith, Elder & Co. . London . ccxxx .
552. Ferroggiaro . Will . Social Media, Discrimination and Intolerance in South Africa: A Lexicon of Hateful Terms . 2019 . Media Monitoring Africa . 4 March 2023.
553. Web site: plastic Paddy . . 9 June 2019.
554. News: Flanagan . Damian . The Japanese lessons of a 'plastic Paddy' . 9 June 2019 . . 14 March 2018.
555. Web site: Plouc et Bécassine: quand Paris dénigrait la Bretagne . Le Courrier Indépendant. 16 March 2021 . 4 April 2023.
556. Collins Spanish Dictionary 5th ed. (HarperCollins: 2003). p. 773.
557. News: How Pocahontas — the myth and the slur — props up white supremacy. The Washington Post. Honor Sachs. 16 October 2018.
558. News: Is 'Pocahontas' a racial slur? Eric Trump defends his dad, but Native Americans say otherwise. 28 November 2017. USA TODAY. Josh Hafner.
559. News: Trump Warns He Could Revive "Pocahontas" Slur at Any Time. Vanity Fair. ALISON DURKEE. 15 August 2019.
560. Book: Allen, Irving L.. The Language of Ethnic Conflict: Social Organization and Lexical Culture. registration. 23 August 2018. 1983. Columbia University Press. 978-0-231-05557-4. 64.
561. Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture, Longman Group United Kingdom Limited, 1992,
562. Svenska Akademiens ordlista över svenska språket (The Swedish Academy's word list of the Swedish language), 10th edition (Stockholm: Norstedt, 1984),, p. 377.
563. Bokmålsordboka (The Bokmål dictionary), 2nd edition (Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 1997),, p. 398.
564. Web site: López . Alfred . 2008-06-02 . ¿Por qué a los catalanes se les llama 'polacos'? . 2025-10-30 . www.20minutos.es - Últimas Noticia . es.
565. Jeff Lesser, Welcoming the Undesirables: Brazil and the Jewish Question, p.34
566. News: Sampson . Susan . Pleasing polenta The Star . 24 September 2018 . . 22 December 2007 . en.
567. Book: Human Rights Internet Reporter, Volumes 8–9. 502. 1982.
568. Web site: Why "Porch Monkey" Is A Slur . Dictionary.com . 8 December 2024 . 16 September 2020.
569. https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=pork+and+chop&page=2 Pork chop - Urban Dictionary
570. News: Annonserte etter "potet" – beskyldt for rasisme. 27 September 2006. ABC Nyheter. Oslo. 24 November 2019. no. 4 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230404215011/https://www.abcnyheter.no/nyheter/2006/09/27/32242/annonserte-etter-potet-beskyldt-for-rasisme. dead.
571. News: 3 veterans agree US deprived them of victory but not of heroism. Weist. Larry. 28 April 1985. The Deseret News. A1, A5 . Salt Lake City . 10 November 2009.
572. News: Sejarah Kenapa India Disebut Vrindavan . 3 May 2025 . KOMPAS.com . 12 November 2022 . id.
573. News: Andrian . Lucky Reza . Konten Prindapan: Sebuah Garis Tipis Antara Hiburan dan Hinaan . 3 May 2025 . Mojok . 4 November 2022 . id.
574. Book: Share . Bernard . Slanguage: A Dictionary of Slang and Colloquial English in Ireland . 2005 . Gill & Macmillan . 978-0-7171-3959-0 . en. 253.
575. Book: R. David Zorc . Rachel San Miguel . Annabel M. Sarra . Patricia O. Afable . 1994 . Tagalog Slang Dictionary . Manilla . De La Salle University Press .
576. Web site: Quashi . Collins English Dictionary . 15 July 2018.
577. Book: Brewer, Ebenezer Cobham. E. Cobham Brewer. Dictionary of Phrase and Fable: Giving the Derivation, Source, Or Origin of Common Phrases, Allusions, and Words that Have a Tale to Tell. 15 July 2018. 1895. Cassell. 1025.
578. Bartle . Philip F. W. . Forty Days; The Akan Calendar . Africa: Journal of the International African Institute . 48 . 1 . 80–84 . January 1978 . 10.2307/1158712 . 15 July 2018 . 1158712. 143751434 . subscription .
579. Book: Horn . Michiel . Becoming Canadian: Memoirs of an Invisible Immigrant . 1997 . University of Toronto Press . 978-0-8020-7840-7 . 60 . registration . en.
580. Web site: My life in a turban. Vishavjit Singh. salon.com. 11 September 2012.
581. Book: Guha, Ramachandra. Gandhi before India. 15 October 2014. Penguin Books Limited. 978-93-5118-322-8. en. Ramasamy [a pejorative term for an Indian] in or near town is all very well as a grower or purveyor.
582. Web site: Indian South Africans South African History Online. 22 December 2021. Sahistory.org.za.
583. Web site: Connotations of the Names Rastus and Liza . FAST-US-7 (TRENAK 15) Introduction to American English. Reference File, 04-16-2007 . 1 November 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131102201850/http://www15.uta.fi/FAST/US7/NAMES/rastliza.html . 2 November 2013.
584. Book: Mookherjee, Nayanika. Denunciatory Practices and the Constitutive Role of Collaboration in the Bangladesh War. Traitors: Suspicion, Intimacy, and the Ethics of State-Building . 2009. University of Pennsylvania Press. 978-0-8122-4213-3. Sharika Thiranagama . Tobias Kelly. 49.
585. Book: Sheppard, Jill . The "Redlegs" of Barbados, their origins and history . KTO Press . 1977 . Millwood, N.Y. . 18 . 978-0-527-82230-9.
586. 1 November 2013.
587. 9 September 2024.
588. News: 8 December 2020. Laura Boldrini fa causa a Salvini per la campagna d'odio sulle "risorse boldriniane" . Next Quotidiano.
589. Web site: RITAL : Etymologie de RITAL . 2026-02-15 . www.cnrtl.fr.
590. Web site: rital - Définitions, synonymes, prononciation, exemples . 2026-02-15 . Dico en ligne Le Robert . fr.
591. Web site: Larousse . Éditions . Définitions : rital - Dictionnaire de français Larousse . 2026-02-15 . www.larousse.fr . fr.
592. Web site: rockspider . A Dictionary of South African English - DSAE . Dictionary Unit for South African English . 15 November 2023.
593. Book: Figes, Orlando . Orlando Figes . The Whisperers: Private Life in Stalin's Russia . 2007 . Metropolitan Books . New York City . 978-0-8050-7461-1 . registration . 494.
594. Book: Yasunosuke Satō. Sino-Japanese problems – Volume 3 of Japanese papers, Institute of Pacific Relations Conference. 4 June 2018. 1931. Japan Council of the Institute of Pacific Relations. 35.
595. Book: MacWilliams, Mark W.. Japanese Visual Culture: Explorations in the World of Manga and Anime. 4 June 2018. 18 December 2014. Taylor & Francis. 978-1-317-46699-4. 239.
596. Book: Dodson. Stephen. Vanderplank. Robert. Uglier Than a Monkey's Armpit: Untranslatable Insults, Put-Downs, and Curses from Around the World. 4 June 2018. 7 July 2009. Penguin Publishing Group. 978-1-101-16292-7. 109.
597. Book: Larraín, Jorge . Identidad Chilena . 2001 . Santiago, Chile . 148 . LOM . 978-956-282-399-9 . 21 January 2013.
598. Russki . https://web.archive.org/web/20210815114207/https://www.lexico.com/definition/Russki . 15 August 2021 . Lexico UK English Dictionary UK English Dictionary . Oxford University Press.
599. Web site: Kielitoimiston sanakirja . 10 February 2024 . www.kielitoimistonsanakirja.fi.
600. Web site: 6 November 2017 . Faili kurds . 27 October 2022 . Minority Rights Group . en-GB.
601. Boskin, Joseph (1986) Sambo, New York: Oxford University Press
602. Book: The Arab-American Handbook: A Guide to the Arab, Arab-American & Muslim Worlds . Nawar Shora . Cune Press . 2009 . 978-1-885942-47-0 . 1 November 2013.
603. Book: Richey, Johnny . I Blame You, You and You: The Lost and Found Kids. 3 May 2013. 20 March 2012. AuthorHouse. 978-1-4685-6364-1. 162.
604. "'There's No Need For an Apology': Tokyo's boisterous governor is back in the headlines," TIME Asia, 24 April 2000.
605. Web site: Redazione . 2015-11-11 . Trent'anni dopo, riecco il razzismo antisardo. Alla sbarra otto carabinieri . 2026-02-13 . sardiniapost . it-IT.
606. Web site: Sardegnòlo - Significato ed etimologia - Vocabolario . 2026-02-13 . Treccani . it.
607. News: Itri, 4 luglio 1911 quando i «negri» erano gli operai sardi - La Nuova Sardegna . https://web.archive.org/web/20200810223542/https://ricerca.gelocal.it/lanuovasardegna/archivio/lanuovasardegna/2010/01/12/SL4PO_SL401.html . 2020-08-10 . 2026-02-13 . Archivio - La Nuova Sardegna . it.
608. Ho . Hannah . Ho . Debbie . 1 January 2019 . Identity in Flux: The Sarong Party Girl's Pursuit of a "Good Life" . Asiatic: IIUM Journal of English Language and Literature . 13 . 146. 10.31436/asiatic.v13i2.1674 . free .
609. Web site: Dissecting the Sarong Party Girl . 3 June 2022 . Todayonline.com . en.
610. Web site: 21 September 2015 . Here's the reason why Sarong Party Girls are called Sarong Party Girls . 3 June 2022 . Goodyfeed.com . en-US .
611. Web site: the definition of Sassenach. Dictionary.com. 12 January 2016.
612. Book: Can . Can the independent chiefs of savage tribes cede to any private individual the whole or a part of their states, together with the sovereign rights which belong to them in conformity with the traditional customs of the country? . 1884 . en.
613. Web site: Jefferson and American Indians . 10 March 2024 . Monticello . en.
614. Web site: Brady . Cheyenne . 4 July 2020 . "Merciless Indian Savages" . 10 March 2024 . Center for Native American Youth . en-US.
615. Web site: DeLima v. Bidwell, 182 U.S. 1 (1901) . 10 March 2024 . Justia Law . en.
616. Book: Dalzell. Tom. Victor. Terry. The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English. 4 June 2018. 26 June 2015. Taylor & Francis. 978-1-317-37251-6.
617. 1 November 2013. "disparaging: a Scandinavian individual esp. living in the United States"
618. Book: Leary . James P. . James P. Leary . UW Department of Scandinavian Studies Alumni Newsletter . 2001 . University of Washington . Seattle, WA . 4.
619. Book: Anderson. Philip J.. Blanck. Dag. Norwegians and Swedes in the United States: Friends and Neighbors. 4 June 2018. 2012. Minnesota Historical Society. 978-0-87351-841-3. 120.
620. Web site: 2012-01-10 . I sardi copulano con le pecore . 2026-02-13 . Forum Quattroruote . it-IT.
621. Web site: «I sardi si accoppiano con le pecore». Villaggio fa esplodere un caso in tv . 2026-02-13 . La Nuova Sardegna . it.
622. Web site: Girardi . Michela . 2024-11-28 . Da Grillo a Morgan: quando i VIP hanno reso la Sardegna bersaglio di insulti e stereotipi . 2026-02-13 . cagliari.vistanet.it . it-IT.
623. Web site: Schluchtenscheißer - Wortbedeutung.info. Wortbedeutung.
624. Encyclopedia: shvartse . Encarta World English Dictionary . https://web.archive.org/web/20110507133734/http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_1861732947/definition.html . 7 May 2011 . 1 November 2013.
625. Book: Shohat . Ella . Israeli cinema: East/West and the politics of representation . 1989 . Austin : University of Texas Press . 978-0-292-73847-8 . 134 .
626. Web site: Dictionary of Australian Slang . Australia Travel Search . 1 November 2013.
627. Donald Donham, "Old Abyssinia and the new Ethiopian empire: themes in social history", in The Southern Marches of Imperial Ethiopia (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), pp. 12f
628. News: Federal judge awards over $700,000 to former American University student targeted in neo-Nazi 'troll storm' . Samantha . Schmidt . . 10 August 2019 . 27 February 2020.
629. Book: Rockaway, Robert A. . But He Was Good to His Mother: The Lives and Crimes of Jewish Gangsters . Gefen Publishing House Ltd. . 2000 . 978-965-229-249-0 . 95 .
630. Web site: Long. Richard. Is Anzac Day the right national day?. https://web.archive.org/web/20110427112140/http://www.stuff.co.nz/dominion-post/comment/columnists/richard-long/4927943/Is-Anzac-Day-the-right-national-day. 27 April 2011. The Dominion Post. 26 April 2011.
631. News: Man fined for racism after Welsh sheep slur . https://web.archive.org/web/20130429022833/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/10023732/Man-fined-for-racism-after-Welsh-sheep-slur.html . 29 April 2013 . London . The Daily Telegraph . 28 April 2013.
632. Joshua A. Fogel, "New Thoughts on an Old Controversy: Shina as a Toponym for China", Sino-Platonic Papers, 229 (August 2012)
633. Green . Jonathon . shitskin . Chambers Slang Dictionary . 2009 . Chambers . 978-0-550-10563-9 .
634. Web site: 22 October 2018 . Serbia: L'Alta corte emette sentenza storica. "Šiptar", un termine offensivo . Serbia: High Court issues historic ruling. "Šiptar", an offensive term . https://web.archive.org/web/20210419174700/https://www.albanianews.it/notizie/serbia/alta-corte-belgrado-siptar . 19 April 2021 . 7 July 2021 . Albanianews.it . it.
635. Gjergj Fishta; Robert Elsie; Janice Mathie-Heck (2005). The Highland Lute. I.B.Tauris. p. 459. .
636. Web site: Znate li što su Škutori i Šperci?. Brotnjo.info. 22 March 2019. 2 July 2022.
637. Web site: Do you know what Scooters and Pinschers are? . 22 March 2019 . Brotnjo.info . Google Translate.
638. Black . Duncan . Shoneen . Collins Dictionary . 2009 .
639. 'Bull, John (supp. fl. 1712–)' . Miles . Taylor . 2004. 10.1093/ref:odnb/68195.
640. González Ponciano . Jorge Ramón . 2006 . Blancura, cosmopolitismo y representación en Guatemala . Estudios de Cultura Maya . es . 27 . 125–147 . 0185-2574.
641. News: When Did 'Shylock' Become a Slur? . Rothman . Lily . 17 September 2014 . . 12 April 2015.
642. http://www.want-daily.com/portal.php?mod=view&aid=53348 旺报：從426看一些台灣人的狹隘政治觀
643. Web site: ก่อนถึงยุคแร็พ'ประเทศกูมี' ย้อนฟังเพลงเพื่อชีวิต'กระแทกใจ'ผู้มีอำนาจ. Naewna. 28 October 2018. Naewna. 12 April 2022.
644. Book: Edwardes. Allen. Cradle of Erotica: Study of Afro-Asian Sexual Expression and an Analysis of Erotic Freedom in Social Relationships. 1970. Odyssey Press Ltd.. London. 978-0-85095-000-7. Masters. R. E. L.. 26 May 2012. 44.
645. Web site: Meanings and origins of Australian words and idioms. Australian National Dictionary Centre. Australian National University. 19 December 2016. en. https://web.archive.org/web/20161220162551/http://andc.anu.edu.au/australian-words/meanings-origins/s. 20 December 2016.
646. Web site: Skopčák . http://web.archive.org/web/20200203034707/https://bara.ujc.cas.cz/psjc/search.php?heslo=skop%25C4%258D%25C3%25A1k&zobraz_ps=ps&zobraz_cards=cards&pocet_karet=50 . 2020-02-03 . 2026-01-10 . Příruční slovník a databáze lexikálního archivu.
647. Web site: szkop – definicja, synonimy, przykłady użycia . 19 February 2022 . Sjp.pwn.pl . pl.
648. Web site: skopčák . 2026-01-11 . Internetová jazyková příručka . cs.
649. Book: Fields of Wheat, Hills of Blood: Passages to Nationhood in Greek Macedonia, 1870–1990. limited. Anastasia N. Karakasidou. Anastasia Karakasidou. 1997. Chicago & London. University of Chicago Press. 265. the terms Skopia and Skopians, derived from the name of that country's capital and principal city, Skopje, have been employed in a demeaning and derogatory manner to refer to the FYROM, its government, and its population..
650. Philip Carabott. The Politics of Constructing the Ethnic "Other": The Greek State and Its Slav-speaking Citizens, ca. 1912 – ca. 1949. Jahrbücher für Geschichte und Kultur Südosteuropas. 2003. 5. 159. [...] the seemingly neutral but hardly non-derisive Skopianoi..
651. Web site: skævøjet — Den Danske Ordbog. ordnet.dk.
652. News: Chow. Kat. The Slants: Fighting For The Right To Rock A Racial Slur. 26 May 2018. NPR.org. 19 January 2017. en.
653. Web site: Kielitoimiston sanakirja . 14 February 2024 . www.kielitoimistonsanakirja.fi.
654. Web site: Blog: My slant on The Slants and other Asian American "N" words – AALDEF. aaldef.org. 4 April 2011.
655. News: Stone. Brianna. Been called a 'snowflake'? The 'it' new insult. 4 April 2017. USA Today. 1 February 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170404221340/http://college.usatoday.com/2017/02/01/the-origin-of-the-term-snowflake-may-surprise-you/. 4 April 2017. live.
656. Web site: โสมแดงประณามวาทกรรมโสมขาว. Thairath. 4 April 2022. Thairath. 12 April 2022.
657. News: ผู้นำโสมขาวแย้มถึงเวลาคนเกาหลีต้องเลิกกิน 'เนื้อสุนัข'. Reuters. 28 September 2021. Manager. 12 April 2022.
658. Book: Terence O'Donnell. Garden of the brave in war. 1980. Ticknor & Fields. 978-0-89919-016-7. 19.
659. News: Arabs Rise, Tehran Trembles. The New York Times. 5 March 2011 . 7 January 2016. Sadjadpour . Karim .
660. Book: Elaine Sciolino. Persian Mirrors: The Elusive Face of Iran. 25 September 2001. Simon and Schuster. 978-0-7432-1779-8. 170–.
661. Book: Collins, Tim. The Northern Monkey Survival Guide: How to Hold on to Your Northern Cred in a World Filled with Southern Jessies. 25 February 2014. Michael OMara. 978-1-78243-283-8. 120.
662. Book: Philip Hummel. My Life Growing up White during Apartheid in South Africa. 4 April 2017. 25 January 2011. Author House. 978-1-4567-1801-5. 63.
663. Spade . American Heritage Dictionary . https://web.archive.org/web/20071212145544/http://www.bartleby.com/61/96/S0599600.html . 12 December 2007 . 1 November 2013 .
664. Web site: SPIC . 7 November 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081012234617/http://kpearson.faculty.tcnj.edu/Dictionary/spic.htm . 12 October 2008 . Interactive Dictionary of Language. Accessed 12 April 2007.
665. Web site: Spic. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000. . 13 April 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20071118225946/http://www.bartleby.com/61/53/S0635300.html . 18 November 2007 . The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Accessed 12 April 2007.
666. Santiago, Esmeralda. When I Was Puerto Rican. New York: Vintage Books, 1993.
667. citing as an etymology Amer. Speech XIII. 311/1 (1938)
668. spook . Dictionary.com . 1 November 2013.
669. Web site: Well-Known Nicknames . 1 November 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151118202338/http://www.westernfrontassociation.com/the-great-war/great-war-on-land/britain-allies/410-nick-names-well-known.html . 18 November 2015.
670. 1 November 2013.
671. Web site: ASALE . RAE- . RAE . sudaca Diccionario de la lengua española . 2025-10-31 . «Diccionario de la lengua española» - Edición del Tricentenario . es.
672. Web site: SUEDI Definition, Betydelse & Synonymer Svenska ordet . 2026-02-13 . www.kryssakuten.se.
673. Web site: Nyheter . S. V. T. . 2015-11-10 . Erik Lundin: ”Suedi var ett skällsord när jag växte upp” . 2026-02-13 . SVT Nyheter . sv.
674. Web site: Svartskalle . Svenska Akademiens Ordlista.
675. Web site: svenne SO svenska.se . 17 August 2024 . sv-SE.
676. Web site: "szmatogłowy" po angielsku — Słownik polsko-angielski. 7 January 2025. diki.pl. pl.
677. Web site: Szwab – definicja, synonimy, przykłady użycia. 19 February 2022. Sjp.pwn.pl. pl.
678. Web site: Taffy, n.2. Oxford English Dictionary. 19 September 2024.
679. Web site: Samuel Pepys' Diary 1667 . Pepys.info . 19 September 2024 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20130128170746/http://www.pepys.info/1667/1667mar.html . 28 January 2013 .
680. Book: Simpson . Jacqueline . Steve . Roud . 2000 . Oxford Dictionary of English Folklore . Oxford . . 307–8.
681. Web site: taig . In Belfast, Joblessness And a Poisonous Mood . Bernard Wienraub . . 2 June 1971 . https://web.archive.org/web/20041104064549/http://www.doubletongued.org/index.php/dictionary/taig/ . 4 November 2004 . 1 November 2013.
682. News: taig . On Belfast's Walls, Hatred Rules . Paul Majendie . Sydney Morning Herald . 29 November 1986 . https://web.archive.org/web/20041104064549/http://www.doubletongued.org/index.php/dictionary/taig/ . 4 November 2004 . 1 November 2013.
683. Web site: To be 'taike' is to be a Taiwanese. Jerome Keating . . 10 May 2006 .
684. Web site: Rinaldi . Niccolò . 2023-02-05 . Una storia personale e 2 libri per capire se 'talebano' è un insulto . 2026-02-15 . ReWriters . it-IT.
685. Web site: Acquaviva . Mariano . Dire talebano a qualcuno è reato? .
686. Farewell to Peasant China: Rural Urbanization and Social Change in ... – Page 75 Gregory Eliyu Guldin – 1997 "In Dongji hamlet, most villagers were originally shuishangren (boat people) [Also known in the West by the pejorative label, "Tanka" people. — Ed.] and settled on land only in the 1950s. Per-capita cultivated land averaged only 1 mu ..."
687. Book: Cornelius Osgood . The Chinese: a study of a Hong Kong community, Volume 3 . registration . 1975 . University of Arizona Press . 1212 . 978-0-8165-0418-3 . shii leung (shu lang) shii miu (shu miao) shui fan (shui fen) shui kwa (shui kua) sui seung yan (shui shang jen) Shui Sin (Shui Hsien) shuk in (shu yen) ShunTe Sian Sin Ku (Hsien Ku) sin t'it (hsien t'ieh) Sin Yan (Hsien Jen) sing.
688. Book: Great Britain. Colonial Office, Hong Kong. Government Information Services . Hong Kong . 1962 . Govt. Press . 37 . The Tanka are boat dwellers who very seldom settle ashore. They themselves do not much use this name, which they consider derogatory, but usually call themselves 'Nam Hoi Yan (people of the southern sea) or 'Sui Seung Yan.
689. Book: National Physical Laboratory (Great Britain) . Report for the year ... . 1962 . H.M.S.O. . 37.
690. Book: Hong Kong: report for the year ... . 1961 . Government Press . 40.
691. Book: Hong Kong, Great Britain. Foreign and Commonwealth Office . Hong Kong annual report . 1962 . H.M.S.O. . 37.
692. Book: Great Britain. Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Hong Kong. Government Information Services . Hong Kong . 1960 . Govt. Press . 40.
693. Book: Martin Hürlimann . Hong Kong . 1962 . Viking Press . 17 . 978-3-7611-0030-1 . The Tanka are among the earliest of the region's inhabitants. They call themselves 'Sui Seung Yan', signifying 'those born on the waters'; for they have been a population afloat as far back as men can remember—their craft jostle each other most closely in the fishing port.
694. Book: Valery M. Garrett . Traditional Chinese clothing in Hong Kong and South China, 1840–1980 . 1987 . Oxford University Press . 0-19-584174-3 . 2 . The Tanka dislike the name and prefer 'Sui seung yan', which means 'people who live on the water'..
695. Book: . 1895 . Khai Trí . 349 . người Annam thấy tàu khách qua lại nhiều, lấy đó mà gọi là nước Tàu, người Tàu..
696. 6 January 2023.
697. News: Fattorusso . Francesco . The Insulting Story Behind the Word 'Terroni' . 6 January 2023 . AKA Italy magazine . 31 August 2019.
698. Web site: 2009-10-07 . Terroni del nord . 2026-02-13 . Italiano . IT.
699. Book: Robinson. Mairi. The Concise Scots dictionary. 1985. Aberdeen University Press. 978-0-08-028491-0.
700. Book: Roos, Aarand . Words for understanding ethnic Estonians . 1994 . Kommunaalprojekt . 49 .
701. https://www.eki.ee/dict/qs2006/index.cgi?Q=tibla "Tibla"
702. Web site: 16 April 2017 . Begitu Tahu Arti 'Tiko' Langsung Rapat, Komunitas Tionghoa Minta Steven Ditangkap . 23 October 2022 . redaksi.duta.co . id.
703. Girke . Felix . 2014 . Ethiopian Images of Self and Other . Universitätsverlag Halle-Wittenberg.
704. Who Can Say "Nigger"? And Other Considerations. Randall L.. Kennedy. The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education. 26. Winter 1999–2000. 86–96 [87].
705. News: Antrim . Zayde . Tamerlane in Damascus . Jadaliyya . 7 January 2013.
706. News: ukip MEP apologises for calling Thai party member a 'ting tong'. https://web.archive.org/web/20140819102358/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/ukip/11042218/Ukip-MEP-apologises-for-calling-Thai-party-member-a-ting-tong.html. 19 August 2014. Telegraph.co.uk. 2 September 2017. en.
707. Tanabe . Shunsuke . Japanese Perspectives on "Asia": Analyses of JGSS-2006 . JGSS Research Series . https://web.archive.org/web/20111008010706/http://jgss.daishodai.ac.jp/research/monographs/jgssm8/jgssm8_2.pdf . 8 October 2011 . 11 December 2022 . On the contrary, the Japanese place a special attention to China, South Korea, and also North Korea. Parallel to the term "Tokutei Asia (specific-Asia)" on the Internet bulletin board systems, the majority of Japanese may regard these three countries as different from other Asian countries..
708. Web site: Tonto. The Racial Slur Database.
709. News: A survey explores how Native Americans feel about the name Washington Redskins. No, it's not that survey. This one is new.. . 9 August 2019. Theresa Vargas.
710. John Akomfrah 1991 A Touch of the Tarbrush (TV Documentary) 1991
711. Web site: Harleen Kaur: Michigan Sikh Youth Responds to 'Towel Head' Comments. Sikh24.com. 10 September 2014 .
712. Web site: towelhead . https://web.archive.org/web/20121226115830/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/towelhead . 26 December 2012 . Oxford University Press . Oxford Dictionaries . 12 July 2014.
713. Web site: TOWELHEAD | Meaning & Definition for UK English . https://web.archive.org/web/20200805075058/https://www.lexico.com/definition/towelhead . 5 August 2020 . Lexico.com . 9 January 2022.
714. Web site: Raghead – definition of raghead by The Free Dictionary . Thefreedictionary.com . 4 June 2010 . 9 January 2022.
715. Shli︠a︡khov . V. I. (Vladimir Ivanovich) . тумба-юмба. Dictionary of Russian slang & colloquial expressions = Russkiĭ sleng . 1999 . Hauppauge, N.Y. : Barron's . 978-0-7641-1019-1 .
716. Web site: тумба-юмба . Словари и энциклопедии на Академике . 12 May 2024 . ru.
717. Web site: Тумба-юмба . gramota.ru . 12 May 2024 . ru.
718. Millas, Iraklis (2006). "Tourkokratia: History and the image of Turks in Greek literature." South European Society & Politics. 11. (1): 50. "The 'timeless' existence of the Other (and the interrelation of the Self with this Other) is secured by the name used to define him or her. Greeks often name as 'Turks' various states and groups—such as the Seljuks, the Ottomans, even the Albanians (Turkalvanoi)".
719. Web site: Jorge Amado: São turcos ou árabes?. Brasilturquia.com.br.
720. Web site: Por causa dos passaportes otomanos, libaneses são chamados de turcos no Brasil. Internacional.estadao.com.br. 2 July 2022.
721. La "Turcofobia". Discriminación anti-Árabe en Chile. Historia. Rebolledo Hernández. Antonia. 28. 249–272. 1994. Spanish.
722. Book: Mandić . Marija . Imagining Bosnian Muslims in Central Europe . Chapter 10. The Serbian Proverb Poturica gori od Turčina (A Turk-Convert Is Worse Than a Turk): Stigmatizer and Figure of Speech . Berghahn Books . 2022 . 978-1-78920-775-0 . 170–193 . 10.1515/9781789207750-012.
723. Book: Waller. Robert. Robert Waller (pundit). Criddle. Byron. The Almanac of British Politics. 1999. Psychology Press. 978-0-415-18541-7. 326.
724. Web site: Turkentrekker. Ensie. 27 November 2024.
725. Book: Funk, Kevin . Rooted Globalism: Arab–Latin American Business Elites and the Politics of Global Imaginaries . 20 . 2022 . Indiana University Press . 978-0-253-06256-7.
726. Book: Wren, James Allan . Fee . Christopher R. . Webb . Jeffrey B. . American Myths, Legends, and Tall Tales: An Encyclopedia of American Folklore, Volume 1 . 2016 . ABC-CLIO . Santa Barbara, Calif. . 978-1-61069-568-8 . 74–76 . https://books.google.com/books?id=kXnEDAAAQBAJ&q=banana+coconut+twinkie . Banana, Coconut, and Twinkie.
727. Book: Johansen, Bruce Elliott . The Praeger Handbook on Contemporary Issues in Native America, Volume 2: Legal, Cultural, and Environmental Revival . 2007 . Praeger . Westport, Conn. . 978-0-275-99140-1 . 340 . The usual Native name for New Age fakers is Twinkie..
728. Book: Mihesuah, Devon A. . Devon A. Mihesuah . American Indians: stereotypes & realities . 2009 . Clarity Press . Atlanta, Ga. . 978-0-9328-6395-9 . updated . It's little wonder that Indians are closed-mouthed about their spirituality. Non-Indians claiming to be 'spiritual leaders,' 'healers,' and 'medicine men and women' abound in this country, and these 'crystal twinkies' (as a former Hopi student likes to call them) make a pretty decent living at deceiving the public..
729. News: Under fire for racist 'Type C' comment, fried chicken brand blames FB admin and reassigns her . 14 May 2024.
730. News: 7 May 2024 . DarSA Fried Chicken Apologizes For Racist 'Type C' Comment, Highlighting Malaysia's Struggle With Racial Harmony . 14 May 2024.
731. Web site: Pomerantsev . Sergei . 23 April 2022 . How to Get Away with War: a corpus-driven study on Russian news media and the war in Ukraine in 2022 . 6 November 2023 . University of Eastern Finland.
732. Rudnytska . Nataliia . 2022 . Contesting Ukrainian Nationhood: Literary Translation and the Russian-Ukrainian Conflict . Respectus Philologicus . 42 . 47 . 94–109 . 10.15388/respectus.2022.42.47.111 . 6 November 2023 . free .
733. Web site: Dack . Mikkel . 15 September 2022 . Russia's harsh purge against alleged 'Nazis' in occupied Ukraine follows Soviet playbook for rooting out real Nazis from Germany after WWII . 6 November 2023 . The Conversation . en-US.
734. News: 14 February 2023 . The Ukraine war, from Azovstal to 'Z' . ABS-CBN News . Agence France-Presse .
735. Dudko . Oksana . 3 July 2022 . A conceptual limbo of genocide: Russian rhetoric, mass atrocities in Ukraine, and the current definition's limits . Canadian Slavonic Papers . en . 64 . 2–3 . 133–145 . 10.1080/00085006.2022.2106691 . 252316182 . 0008-5006. subscription .
736. http://www.kyivpost.com/content/kyiv-post-plus/putin-unapologetic-uncompromising-on-war-against-Ukraine-375567.html Putin unapologetic, uncompromising on war against Ukraine
737. News: Berdy. Michele A.. Talking Smack About Ukrainians and Russians. 1 February 2018. The Moscow Times. 24 July 2014. en.
738. Web site: Oakes. Dougie. 14 March 2021. His daughter called him an Uncle Tom, but Abdullah Abdurahman fought for his principles. The Books Page. 3 March 2023.
739. Web site: 15 October 2019. Pernah Diolok Onta, Gen Arab Najwa Hanya 3,4 Persen. Historia - Majalah Sejarah Populer Pertama di Indonesia . Historia. 16 June 2023.
740. Web site: Krysztopa w PR24: "Ukry! Rezuny! UPAina!" - To nie jest racjonalne, to jest głupie. 30 November 2017. TYSOL.PL.
741. Web site: Wyborcza.pl. rzeszow.wyborcza.pl.
742. News: 9 racist and offensive phrases that people still use all the time. 7 January 2015 . Christina Sterbenz. Business Insider.
743. News: Yep, 'Uppity' Is Racist. The Atlantic. 22 November 2011 . Elspeth Reeve.
744. Web site: Đorđević . Jelena . 2019-02-11 . Kako Informerova matematika "dokazuje" da su skoro svi Hrvati ustaše . 2025-11-08 . Raskrikavanje . en-US.
745. Web site: Croatian journalists continue to face threats and vilification . 2025-11-08 . Civicus Monitor . en.
746. Web site: Sage . Adam . 2013-12-03 . Bob Dylan charged with hate crime after Croatia 'fascist slur' . 2025-11-08 . www.thetimes.com . en.
747. Web site: узкоглазый | это... Что такое узкоглазый? .
748. Web site: Kielitoimiston sanakirja . 10 February 2024 . www.kielitoimistonsanakirja.fi.
749. News: Cawthorne . Andrew . Venezuela demands apology over Colombia VP's 'xenophobic' remarks . Reuters . 27 January 2017 . en.
750. Web site: Vad betyder viting . 2026-02-13 . Synonymer.se . sv-se.
751. Web site: Synonymer till viting . 2026-02-13 . Ordguru . sv.
752. Web site: Arti Warga Vrindavan atau Prindapan yang Viral di Tiktok dan Sering Dipakai di Instagram. Octavia. Suzy Ratnasari. 18 March 2022. Pikiranrakyat.com. Media Blitar by Pikiran Rakyat. 3 June 2022.
753. Web site: DE-BIAS: Vocabulario – Italiano .
754. Web site: Il rapporto tra mass-media e immigrazione .
755. Web site: Vuzvuz. Grant. Barrett. 15 March 2005. A Way with Words, a fun radio show and podcast about language. Waywordradio.org. 2 July 2022.
756. Web site: Yucatán: Identidad y Cultura Maya - Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán . 2025-10-30 . www.mayas.uady.mx.
757. Web site: Díaz Güemez . Marco . 2015 . Texto Expuesto 01 .
758. News: McGirt . Ellen . Welcome to Whitopia . . 2 July 2019 . 3 July 2019 . "Wasichu" is the Lakota term for non-Indian white person, but it also means "the one who takes the best meat for himself." . https://web.archive.org/web/20230404111544/https://fortune.com/2019/07/02/welcome-to-whitopia/ . 4 April 2023 . live.
759. News: All kinds of things can get you called a West Brit these days. Donald. Clarke. The Irish Times. 10 May 2019.
760. Web site: Would you take offence at being called a West Brit? The term has a muddled history. Michael Sheils. McNamee. TheJournal.ie. 26 September 2015 .
761. Book: Rio Grande Wetbacks: Mexican Migrant Workers . Education Resources Information Center . 1 November 2013 . The University of New Mexico Press . Albuquerque, New Mexico . 1972 . Norquest . Carrol .
762. Web site: Irish Stereotype . 9 August 2025 . Illustrating Chinese Exclusion . 24 February 2014 .
763. Book: Michie . Elsie B. . 1976 . Outside the Pale: Cultural Exclusion, Gender Difference, and the Victorian Woman Writer (Reading Women Writing) . . 49 . The Simianization of the Irish . 978-0801480850 . https://archive.org/details/outsidepalecultu00mich/page/49.
764. News: Abuse of Nauru judicial process continuing – Judge warns. 12 November 2019. 11 November 2019. Radio New Zealand.
765. Sharpton's Victory . Rich . Lowry . Rich Lowry . National Review . 3 December 2003 . 12 October 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070416024237/http://www.nationalreview.com/lowry/lowry200312030840.asp . 16 April 2007 . live.
766. News: Staples . Brent . How Italians became 'white' . bdnews24.com . 22 October 2019 . en.
767. Book: Jacobson . Matthew Frye . Whiteness of a different color: European immigrants and the alchemy of race . 1998 . Harvard University Press . 978-0-674-06371-6 . 56–57 .
768. Fannie Kemble, Journal (1835), p. 81
769. Web site: Guillen . Joel . 2023-06-19 . Los whitexicans y el racismo inverso . 2025-10-30 . Goooya . es.
770. Web site: Whitey . Princeton WordNet listing . 1 November 2013.
771. Generations of Youth: Youth Cultures and History in Twentieth-Century America. Joe Austin, New York University Press, 1998. p360.
772. Web site: Wog . The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language . 2004 . Fourth Edition . Houghton Mifflin Company . 1 November 2007.
773. Web site: It's Not Okay To Call Me A Wog. 27 January 2022. HuffPost. 14 September 2016 .
774. Web site: Diccionari de la llengua catalana . 2025-10-30 . dlc.iec.cat.
775. Web site: 2016-03-08 . ¿Qué es un charnego? . 2025-10-30 . La Vanguardia . es.
776. Web site: O que realmente significa 'Xing Ling'? . TecMundo . 21 June 2020. 9 January 2022.
777. News: 16 Birmingham and Black Country slang terms explained. Time Out Birmingham. 2 September 2017. en.
778. News: Audiencia en caso Mapuexpress: Querellante pidió censurar al medio a cambio de retirar la demanda. El Desconcierto. 27 July 2017. 4 September 2019. es.
779. Web site: Перевод япошка с русского на все языки .
780. Web site: Национальный корпус русского языка: поиск .
781. Web site: Yid . 1 November 2013.
782. News: Why Tottenham have condemned the Oxford English Dictionary's new definition of the 'Y-word' . Evan . Bartlett . 1 February 2020 . 13 February 2020 . . London.
783. News: 4 July 2003 . From Ionia to Vietnam . The Phnom Penh Post . unfit . https://web.archive.org/web/20130804064719/http://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/ionia-vietnam . 4 August 2013.
784. Web site: Pejorative Terms "Yuon" and "Mien" . 2008 . University Libraries University of Washington . Vietnam Studies Group . https://web.archive.org/web/20140321022429/http://www.lib.washington.edu/SouthEastAsia/vsg/elist_2009/Yuan%20and%20Mien.html . 21 March 2014.
785. Web site: The word 'yuon' and its origins . 30 June 2023 . m.phnompenhpost.com.
786. News: 29 April 2014 . Investors wary as anti-Vietnamese feeling grows in Cambodia . en . Reuters . 30 June 2023.
787. Book: Black people in the Muslim world . 978-1-317-58939-6 . El-Azhari . Taef . 31 March 2016 . Routledge .
788. Book: Dickson, Paul. War Slang: American Fighting Words and Phrases Since the Civil War . Potomac Books Inc.. 2003. 978-1-57488-710-5.
789. Book: Friendly Fire: American images of the Vietnam War . registration . 5 . zips in the wire vietnam war. . Katherine Kinney . 2000 . Oxford University Press . 7 December 2011. 978-0-19-802758-4 .
790. Web site: Glossary of Military Terms & Slang from the Vietnam War . 1 November 2013.
791. News: Queiroga . Louise . Brasileiros protestam contra xenofobia após ofensas na Universidade de Lisboa. O Globo . 2 May 2019.
792. News: Estudantes portugueses oferecem pedras para atirar em alunos brasileiros . Exame . 30 April 2019 .
793. Klier . John D. . "Zhid": Biography of a Russian Epithet . The Slavonic and East European Review . 1982 . 60 . 1 . 1–15 . 4208429 . 0037-6795.
794. Web site: żyd i Żyd – Poradnia językowa PWN . 3 March 2022 . Sjp.pwn.pl . pl.
795. Web site: Carlo . 2019-02-13 . “Zingaro”, parola comune che diventa offesa . 2026-02-13 . Associazione 21 Luglio . it-IT.
796. Web site: Il nome: Rom? Sinto? Zingaro? USC Shoah Foundation . 2026-02-13 . sfi.usc.edu.
797. Web site: France-Presse . Agence . 2016-01-25 . Italian FA told to punish Roma's De Rossi over gypsy slur . 2026-02-13 . theScore.com . en.