Forsterite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Forsterite
Formula:
Mg2(SiO4)
Colour:
Green, pale yellow or white.
Lustre:
Vitreous
Hardness:
7
Specific Gravity:
3.275
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Member of:
Name:
Known in ancient times and some smaragdus and beryllos (Pliny, 79) may have been what is now called forsterite. (N.B. The Topazos of Pliny (79) is undoubtedly referring to forsterite from St. John's island, Egypt. His "chrysolithas" may have been pale forsterite, emrald, green quartz, topaz or any other golden green stone). The earliest modern name given to an undisputed olivine group species was chrysolit (chrysolite) and was named by Johan Gottschalk Wallerius in 1747, although the name chrysolite was later used by Balthasar Georges Sage in 1777 for what is now known as prehnite. In 1755, Antoine Joseph Dezallier d'Argenville called this species "peridot ordinaire", while Axel Cronstedt named it "gulgron topas" in 1758. In 1772, Rome d'Lisle renamed the mineral "chrysolite ordinaire". Wallerius's chrysolite was renamed, olivine, in 1789 by Abraham Gottlieb Werner for the usual olive green color of this mineral (N.B. chrysolite has a similar etymology.) Friedrich Walchner in 1823 gave it the name "hyalosiderite". Named forsterite in 1824 by Serve-Dieu Abailard "Armand" Lévy in honor of Adolarius Jacob Forster [April 6, 1739, Grossbreitenbach, Thuringia, Germany - May 1806 St. Petersburg, Russia], German mineral collector and mineral dealer, who variously resided in England and Russia. Boltonite was introduced in 1835 by Charles Upham Shepard, while glinkit was named in 1847 by Romanovski.
Type Locality:
Polymorph of:
Olivine Group. Fayalite-Forsterite Series, and the Forsterite-Tephroite Series.
The magnesium analogue of Fayalite, Tephroite, and Calcio-Olivine.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Forsterite.
The magnesium analogue of Fayalite, Tephroite, and Calcio-Olivine.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Forsterite.Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1584
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1584:0
IMA Classification of Forsterite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Mg2SiO4
Classification of Forsterite
9.AC.05
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
A : Nesosilicates
C : Nesosilicates without additional anions; cations in octahedral [6] coordination
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
A : Nesosilicates
C : Nesosilicates without additional anions; cations in octahedral [6] coordination
51.3.1.2
51 : NESOSILICATES Insular SiO4 Groups Only
3 : Insular SiO4 Groups Only with all cations in octahedral [6] coordination
51 : NESOSILICATES Insular SiO4 Groups Only
3 : Insular SiO4 Groups Only with all cations in octahedral [6] coordination
14.4.1
14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
4 : Silicates of Mg
14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
4 : Silicates of Mg
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Fo | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Fo | Kretz (1983) | Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277–279. |
| Fo | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
| Fo | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
| Fo | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Forsterite
Vitreous
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Green, pale yellow or white.
Streak:
White
Hardness:
7 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
Perfect on {010}
imperfect on {100}
Perfect on {010}
imperfect on {100}
Fracture:
Conchoidal
Density:
3.275 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.271 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Forsterite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.636 - 1.73 nβ = 1.65 - 1.739 nγ = 1.669 - 1.772
2V:
Measured: 74° to 90°, Calculated: 56° to 84°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.033 - 0.042
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
r > v or r < v
Pleochroism:
Non-pleochroic
Chemistry of Forsterite
Mindat Formula:
Mg2(SiO4)
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Fe
Chemical Analysis
Oxide wt%:
| 1 | |
|---|---|
| SiO2 | 41.36 % |
| FeO | 9.90 % |
| MnO | 0.16 % |
| MgO | 48.6 % |
| Total: | 100.02 % |
Sample references:
| ID | Locality | Reference | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Salem ultrabasic rocks, Tamil Nadu, India | Wet chemical analysis of a sample from an ultrmafic body. |
Crystallography of Forsterite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm(2/m2/m2/m) - Dipyramidal
Cell Parameters:
a = 4.754 Å, b = 10.1971 Å, c = 5.9806 Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.466 : 1 : 0.587
Unit Cell V:
289.92 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Euhedral to subhedral crystals
Twinning:
{100} {011} {012}
Comment:
Data for synthetic material.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0000328 | Forsterite | Smyth J R, Hazen R M (1973) The crystal structures of forsterite and hortonolite at several temperatures up to 900 C American Mineralogist 58 588-593 | ![]() | 1973 | synthetic | 0 | 298 |
| 0004938 | Forsterite | Hushur A, Manghnani M H, Smyth J R, Nestola F, Frost D J (2009) Crystal chemistry of hydrous forsterite and its vibrational properties up to 41 GPa American Mineralogist 94 751-760 | ![]() | 2009 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0004937 | Forsterite | Hushur A, Manghnani M H, Smyth J R, Nestola F, Frost D J (2009) Crystal chemistry of hydrous forsterite and its vibrational properties up to 41 GPa American Mineralogist 94 751-760 | ![]() | 2009 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0004936 | Forsterite | Hushur A, Manghnani M H, Smyth J R, Nestola F, Frost D J (2009) Crystal chemistry of hydrous forsterite and its vibrational properties up to 41 GPa American Mineralogist 94 751-760 | ![]() | 2009 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0000886 | Forsterite | Nord A G, Annersten H, Filippidis A (1982) The cation distribution in synthetic Mg-Fe-Ni olivines sample H4 American Mineralogist 67 1206-1211 | ![]() | 1982 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0000885 | Forsterite | Nord A G, Annersten H, Filippidis A (1982) The cation distribution in synthetic Mg-Fe-Ni olivines sample H2 American Mineralogist 67 1206-1211 | ![]() | 1982 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0000801 | Forsterite | Francis C A, Ribbe P H (1980) The forsterite-tephroite series: I. Crystal structure refinements American Mineralogist 65 1263-1269 | ![]() | 1980 | Langban, Sweden | 0 | 293 |
| 0000276 | Forsterite | Baur W H (1972) Computer-simulated crystal structures of observed and hypothetical Mg2SiO4 polymorphs of low and high density American Mineralogist 57 709-731 | ![]() | 1972 | hypothetical | 0 | 293 |
| 0000329 | Forsterite | Smyth J R, Hazen R M (1973) The crystal structures of forsterite and hortonolite at several temperatures up to 900 C American Mineralogist 58 588-593 | ![]() | 1973 | synthetic | 0 | 573 |
| 0000330 | Forsterite | Smyth J R, Hazen R M (1973) The crystal structures of forsterite and hortonolite at several temperatures up to 900 C American Mineralogist 58 588-593 | ![]() | 1973 | synthetic | 0 | 873 |
| 0000331 | Forsterite | Smyth J R, Hazen R M (1973) The crystal structures of forsterite and hortonolite at several temperatures up to 900 C American Mineralogist 58 588-593 | ![]() | 1973 | synthetic | 0 | 1173 |
| 0020327 | Forsterite | Finkelstein G J, Dera P K, Jahn S, Oganov A R, Holl C M, Meng Y, Duffy T S (2014) Phase transitions and equation of state of forsterite to 90 GPa from single-crystal X-ray diffraction and molecular modeling American Mineralogist 99 35-43 | 2014 | Synthetic | 45.3 | 293 | |
| 0000325 | Forsterite | Brown G E, Prewitt C T (1973) High-temperature crystal chemistry of hortonolite American Mineralogist 58 577-587 | ![]() | 1973 | 0 | 297 | |
| 0000324 | Forsterite | Brown G E, Prewitt C T (1973) High-temperature crystal chemistry of hortonolite American Mineralogist 58 577-587 | ![]() | 1973 | 0 | 297 | |
| 0000323 | Forsterite | Brown G E, Prewitt C T (1973) High-temperature crystal chemistry of hortonolite American Mineralogist 58 577-587 | ![]() | 1973 | 0 | 297 | |
| 0002722 | Forsterite | Henderson C M B, Redfern S A T, Smith R I, Knight K S, Charnock J M (2001) Composition and temperature dependence of cation ordering in Ni-Mg olivine solid solutions: A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction and EXAFS study American Mineralogist 86 1170-1187 | ![]() | 2001 | 0 | 298 | |
| 0002704 | Forsterite | Henderson C M B, Redfern S A T, Smith R I, Knight K S, Charnock J M (2001) Composition and temperature dependence of cation ordering in Ni-Mg olivine solid solutions: A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction and EXAFS study American Mineralogist 86 1170-1187 | ![]() | 2001 | 0 | 298 | |
| 0002703 | Forsterite | Henderson C M B, Redfern S A T, Smith R I, Knight K S, Charnock J M (2001) Composition and temperature dependence of cation ordering in Ni-Mg olivine solid solutions: A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction and EXAFS study American Mineralogist 86 1170-1187 | ![]() | 2001 | 0 | 298 | |
| 0002680 | Forsterite | Henderson C M B, Redfern S A T, Smith R I, Knight K S, Charnock J M (2001) Composition and temperature dependence of cation ordering in Ni-Mg olivine solid solutions: A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction and EXAFS study American Mineralogist 86 1170-1187 | ![]() | 2001 | 0 | 298 | |
| 0002677 | Forsterite | Henderson C M B, Redfern S A T, Smith R I, Knight K S, Charnock J M (2001) Composition and temperature dependence of cation ordering in Ni-Mg olivine solid solutions: A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction and EXAFS study American Mineralogist 86 1170-1187 | ![]() | 2001 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002676 | Forsterite | Henderson C M B, Redfern S A T, Smith R I, Knight K S, Charnock J M (2001) Composition and temperature dependence of cation ordering in Ni-Mg olivine solid solutions: A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction and EXAFS study American Mineralogist 86 1170-1187 | ![]() | 2001 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002675 | Forsterite | Henderson C M B, Redfern S A T, Smith R I, Knight K S, Charnock J M (2001) Composition and temperature dependence of cation ordering in Ni-Mg olivine solid solutions: A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction and EXAFS study American Mineralogist 86 1170-1187 | ![]() | 2001 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002674 | Forsterite | Henderson C M B, Redfern S A T, Smith R I, Knight K S, Charnock J M (2001) Composition and temperature dependence of cation ordering in Ni-Mg olivine solid solutions: a time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction and EXAFS study American Mineralogist 86 1170-1187 | ![]() | 2001 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002604 | Forsterite | Merli M, Oberti R, Caucia F, Ungaretti L (2001) Determination of site population in olivine: Warnings on X-ray data treatment and refinement Fo92Fa08 American Mineralogist 86 55-65 | ![]() | 2001 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002603 | Forsterite | Merli M, Oberti R, Caucia F, Ungaretti L (2001) Determination of site population in olivine: Warnings on X-ray data treatment and refinement Fo92Fa08 American Mineralogist 86 55-65 | ![]() | 2001 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002602 | Forsterite | Merli M, Oberti R, Caucia F, Ungaretti L (2001) Determination of site population in olivine: Warnings on X-ray data treatment and refinement Fo92Fa08 American Mineralogist 86 55-65 | ![]() | 2001 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002601 | Forsterite | Merli M, Oberti R, Caucia F, Ungaretti L (2001) Determination of site population in olivine: Warnings on X-ray data treatment and refinement Fo92Fa08 American Mineralogist 86 55-65 | ![]() | 2001 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002600 | Forsterite | Merli M, Oberti R, Caucia F, Ungaretti L (2001) Determination of site population in olivine: Warnings on X-ray data treatment and refinement Fo92Fa08 American Mineralogist 86 55-65 | ![]() | 2001 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0001718 | Forsterite | Artioli G, Rinaldi R, Wilson C C, Zanazzi P F (1995) High-temperature Fe-Mg cation partitioning in olivine: In-situ single-crystal neutron diffraction study Atomic parameters obtained from the ICSD American Mineralogist 80 197-200 | ![]() | 1995 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0005399 | Forsterite | Liang J, Hawthorne F C (1994) Characterization of fine-grained mixtures of rock-forming minerals by Rietveld structure refinement: olivine + pyroxene The Canadian Mineralogist 32 541-552 | ![]() | 1994 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0005398 | Forsterite | Liang J, Hawthorne F C (1994) Characterization of fine-grained mixtures of rock-forming minerals by Rietveld structure refinement: olivine + pyroxene The Canadian Mineralogist 32 541-552 | ![]() | 1994 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0005397 | Forsterite | Liang J, Hawthorne F C (1994) Characterization of fine-grained mixtures of rock-forming minerals by Rietveld structure refinement: olivine + pyroxene The Canadian Mineralogist 32 541-552 | ![]() | 1994 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0005396 | Forsterite | Liang J, Hawthorne F C (1994) Characterization of fine-grained mixtures of rock-forming minerals by Rietveld structure refinement: olivine + pyroxene The Canadian Mineralogist 32 541-552 | ![]() | 1994 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0005395 | Forsterite | Liang J, Hawthorne F C (1994) Characterization of fine-grained mixtures of rock-forming minerals by Rietveld structure refinement: olivine + pyroxene The Canadian Mineralogist 32 541-552 | ![]() | 1994 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0001220 | Forsterite | Ottonello G, Della Giusta A, Molin G M (1989) Cation ordering in Ni-Mg olivines sample Ni.30A, heated to 800 C, then quenched Mg1.4Ni.6SiO4 American Mineralogist 74 411-421 | ![]() | 1989 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0001219 | Forsterite | Ottonello G, Della Giusta A, Molin G M (1989) Cation ordering in Ni-Mg olivines sample Ni.30A, synthesized at 902 C, then quenched Mg1.4Ni.6SiO4 American Mineralogist 74 411-421 | ![]() | 1989 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0001218 | Forsterite | Ottonello G, Della Giusta A, Molin G M (1989) Cation ordering in Ni-Mg olivines sample Ni.30B, heated at 1300 C, then quenched Mg1.4Ni.6SiO4 American Mineralogist 74 411-421 | ![]() | 1989 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0001217 | Forsterite | Ottonello G, Della Giusta A, Molin G M (1989) Cation ordering in Ni-Mg olivines sample Ni.30B, heated at 1150 C, then quenched Mg1.4Ni.6SiO4 American Mineralogist 74 411-421 | ![]() | 1989 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0001216 | Forsterite | Ottonello G, Della Giusta A, Molin G M (1989) Cation ordering in Ni-Mg olivines sample Ni.30B, synthesized at 902 C, then quenched Mg1.4Ni.6SiO4 American Mineralogist 74 411-421 | ![]() | 1989 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0001120 | Forsterite | Bostrom D (1987) Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies of synthetic Ni-Mg olivine solid solutions American Mineralogist 72 965-972 | ![]() | 1987 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0001119 | Forsterite | Bostrom D (1987) Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies of synthetic Ni-Mg olivine solid solutions American Mineralogist 72 965-972 | ![]() | 1987 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0001118 | Forsterite | Bostrom D (1987) Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies of synthetic Ni-Mg olivine solid solutions American Mineralogist 72 965-972 | ![]() | 1987 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0001088 | Forsterite | Miyake M, Nakamura H, Kojima H, Marumo F (1987) Cation ordering in Co-Mg olivine solid-solution series American Mineralogist 72 594-598 | ![]() | 1987 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0001087 | Forsterite | Miyake M, Nakamura H, Kojima H, Marumo F (1987) Cation ordering in Co-Mg olivine solid-solution series American Mineralogist 72 594-598 | ![]() | 1987 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0001086 | Forsterite | Miyake M, Nakamura H, Kojima H, Marumo F (1987) Cation ordering in Co-Mg olivine solid-solution series American Mineralogist 72 594-598 | ![]() | 1987 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0000552 | Forsterite | Hazen R M (1976) Effects of temperature and pressure on the crystal structure of forsterite olivine American Mineralogist 61 1280-1293 | ![]() | 1976 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0000551 | Forsterite | Hazen R M (1976) Effects of temperature and pressure on the crystal structure of forsterite olivine American Mineralogist 61 1280-1293 | ![]() | 1976 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0000550 | Forsterite | Hazen R M (1976) Effects of temperature and pressure on the crystal structure of forsterite olivine American Mineralogist 61 1280-1293 | ![]() | 1976 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0000546 | Forsterite | Hazen R M (1976) Effects of temperature and pressure on the crystal structure of forsterite olivine American Mineralogist 61 1280-1293 | ![]() | 1976 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0000172 | Forsterite | Birle J D, Gibbs G V, Moore P B, Smith J V (1968) Crystal structures of natural olivines American Mineralogist 53 807-824 | ![]() | 1968 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0000171 | Forsterite | Birle J D, Gibbs G V, Moore P B, Smith J V (1968) Crystal structures of natural olivines American Mineralogist 53 807-824 | ![]() | 1968 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002705 | Forsterite | Henderson C M B, Redfern S A T, Smith R I, Knight K S, Charnock J M (2001) Composition and temperature dependence of cation ordering in Ni-Mg olivine solid solutions: A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction and EXAFS study American Mineralogist 86 1170-1187 | ![]() | 2001 | 0 | 473 | |
| 0002681 | Forsterite | Henderson C M B, Redfern S A T, Smith R I, Knight K S, Charnock J M (2001) Composition and temperature dependence of cation ordering in Ni-Mg olivine solid solutions: A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction and EXAFS study American Mineralogist 86 1170-1187 | ![]() | 2001 | 0 | 473 | |
| 0000545 | Forsterite | Hazen R M (1976) Effects of temperature and pressure on the crystal structure of forsterite olivine American Mineralogist 61 1280-1293 | ![]() | 1976 | 0 | 77 | |
| 0002721 | Forsterite | Henderson C M B, Redfern S A T, Smith R I, Knight K S, Charnock J M (2001) Composition and temperature dependence of cation ordering in Ni-Mg olivine solid solutions: A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction and EXAFS study American Mineralogist 86 1170-1187 | ![]() | 2001 | 0 | 573 | |
| 0002706 | Forsterite | Henderson C M B, Redfern S A T, Smith R I, Knight K S, Charnock J M (2001) Composition and temperature dependence of cation ordering in Ni-Mg olivine solid solutions: A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction and EXAFS study American Mineralogist 86 1170-1187 | ![]() | 2001 | 0 | 573 | |
| 0002682 | Forsterite | Henderson C M B, Redfern S A T, Smith R I, Knight K S, Charnock J M (2001) Composition and temperature dependence of cation ordering in Ni-Mg olivine solid solutions: A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction and EXAFS study American Mineralogist 86 1170-1187 | ![]() | 2001 | 0 | 573 | |
| 0002702 | Forsterite | Henderson C M B, Redfern S A T, Smith R I, Knight K S, Charnock J M (2001) Composition and temperature dependence of cation ordering in Ni-Mg olivine solid solutions: A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction and EXAFS study American Mineralogist 86 1170-1187 | ![]() | 2001 | 0 | 623 | |
| 0000547 | Forsterite | Hazen R M (1976) Effects of temperature and pressure on the crystal structure of forsterite olivine American Mineralogist 61 1280-1293 | ![]() | 1976 | 0 | 623 | |
| 0000326 | Forsterite | Brown G E, Prewitt C T (1973) High-temperature crystal chemistry of hortonolite American Mineralogist 58 577-587 | ![]() | 1973 | 0 | 648 | |
| 0002707 | Forsterite | Henderson C M B, Redfern S A T, Smith R I, Knight K S, Charnock J M (2001) Composition and temperature dependence of cation ordering in Ni-Mg olivine solid solutions: A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction and EXAFS study American Mineralogist 86 1170-1187 | ![]() | 2001 | 0 | 673 | |
| 0002683 | Forsterite | Henderson C M B, Redfern S A T, Smith R I, Knight K S, Charnock J M (2001) Composition and temperature dependence of cation ordering in Ni-Mg olivine solid solutions: A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction and EXAFS study American Mineralogist 86 1170-1187 | ![]() | 2001 | 0 | 673 | |
| 0002708 | Forsterite | Henderson C M B, Redfern S A T, Smith R I, Knight K S, Charnock J M (2001) Composition and temperature dependence of cation ordering in Ni-Mg olivine solid solutions: A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction and EXAFS study American Mineralogist 86 1170-1187 | ![]() | 2001 | 0 | 723 | |
| 0002684 | Forsterite | Henderson C M B, Redfern S A T, Smith R I, Knight K S, Charnock J M (2001) Composition and temperature dependence of cation ordering in Ni-Mg olivine solid solutions: A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction and EXAFS study American Mineralogist 86 1170-1187 | ![]() | 2001 | 0 | 723 | |
| 0002709 | Forsterite | Henderson C M B, Redfern S A T, Smith R I, Knight K S, Charnock J M (2001) Composition and temperature dependence of cation ordering in Ni-Mg olivine solid solutions: A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction and EXAFS study American Mineralogist 86 1170-1187 | ![]() | 2001 | 0 | 773 | |
| 0002685 | Forsterite | Henderson C M B, Redfern S A T, Smith R I, Knight K S, Charnock J M (2001) Composition and temperature dependence of cation ordering in Ni-Mg olivine solid solutions: A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction and EXAFS study American Mineralogist 86 1170-1187 | ![]() | 2001 | 0 | 773 | |
| 0002710 | Forsterite | Henderson C M B, Redfern S A T, Smith R I, Knight K S, Charnock J M (2001) Composition and temperature dependence of cation ordering in Ni-Mg olivine solid solutions: A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction and EXAFS study American Mineralogist 86 1170-1187 | ![]() | 2001 | 0 | 823 | |
| 0002701 | Forsterite | Henderson C M B, Redfern S A T, Smith R I, Knight K S, Charnock J M (2001) Composition and temperature dependence of cation ordering in Ni-Mg olivine solid solutions: A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction and EXAFS study American Mineralogist 86 1170-1187 | ![]() | 2001 | 0 | 823 | |
| 0002686 | Forsterite | Henderson C M B, Redfern S A T, Smith R I, Knight K S, Charnock J M (2001) Composition and temperature dependence of cation ordering in Ni-Mg olivine solid solutions: A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction and EXAFS study American Mineralogist 86 1170-1187 | ![]() | 2001 | 0 | 823 | |
| 0002711 | Forsterite | Henderson C M B, Redfern S A T, Smith R I, Knight K S, Charnock J M (2001) Composition and temperature dependence of cation ordering in Ni-Mg olivine solid solutions: A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction and EXAFS study American Mineralogist 86 1170-1187 | ![]() | 2001 | 0 | 873 | |
| 0002687 | Forsterite | Henderson C M B, Redfern S A T, Smith R I, Knight K S, Charnock J M (2001) Composition and temperature dependence of cation ordering in Ni-Mg olivine solid solutions: A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction and EXAFS study American Mineralogist 86 1170-1187 | ![]() | 2001 | 0 | 873 | |
| 0002712 | Forsterite | Henderson C M B, Redfern S A T, Smith R I, Knight K S, Charnock J M (2001) Composition and temperature dependence of cation ordering in Ni-Mg olivine solid solutions: A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction and EXAFS study American Mineralogist 86 1170-1187 | ![]() | 2001 | 0 | 923 | |
| 0002700 | Forsterite | Henderson C M B, Redfern S A T, Smith R I, Knight K S, Charnock J M (2001) Composition and temperature dependence of cation ordering in Ni-Mg olivine solid solutions: A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction and EXAFS study American Mineralogist 86 1170-1187 | ![]() | 2001 | 0 | 923 | |
| 0002688 | Forsterite | Henderson C M B, Redfern S A T, Smith R I, Knight K S, Charnock J M (2001) Composition and temperature dependence of cation ordering in Ni-Mg olivine solid solutions: A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction and EXAFS study American Mineralogist 86 1170-1187 | ![]() | 2001 | 0 | 923 | |
| 0000548 | Forsterite | Hazen R M (1976) Effects of temperature and pressure on the crystal structure of forsterite olivine American Mineralogist 61 1280-1293 | ![]() | 1976 | 0 | 948 | |
| 0002713 | Forsterite | Henderson C M B, Redfern S A T, Smith R I, Knight K S, Charnock J M (2001) Composition and temperature dependence of cation ordering in Ni-Mg olivine solid solutions: A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction and EXAFS study American Mineralogist 86 1170-1187 | ![]() | 2001 | 0 | 973 | |
| 0002689 | Forsterite | Henderson C M B, Redfern S A T, Smith R I, Knight K S, Charnock J M (2001) Composition and temperature dependence of cation ordering in Ni-Mg olivine solid solutions: A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction and EXAFS study American Mineralogist 86 1170-1187 | ![]() | 2001 | 0 | 973 | |
| 0000327 | Forsterite | Brown G E, Prewitt C T (1973) High-temperature crystal chemistry of hortonolite American Mineralogist 58 577-587 | ![]() | 1973 | 0 | 983 | |
| 0002714 | Forsterite | Henderson C M B, Redfern S A T, Smith R I, Knight K S, Charnock J M (2001) Composition and temperature dependence of cation ordering in Ni-Mg olivine solid solutions: A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction and EXAFS study American Mineralogist 86 1170-1187 | ![]() | 2001 | 0 | 1023 | |
| 0002699 | Forsterite | Henderson C M B, Redfern S A T, Smith R I, Knight K S, Charnock J M (2001) Composition and temperature dependence of cation ordering in Ni-Mg olivine solid solutions: A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction and EXAFS study American Mineralogist 86 1170-1187 | ![]() | 2001 | 0 | 1023 | |
| 0002690 | Forsterite | Henderson C M B, Redfern S A T, Smith R I, Knight K S, Charnock J M (2001) Composition and temperature dependence of cation ordering in Ni-Mg olivine solid solutions: A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction and EXAFS study American Mineralogist 86 1170-1187 | ![]() | 2001 | 0 | 1023 | |
| 0002715 | Forsterite | Henderson C M B, Redfern S A T, Smith R I, Knight K S, Charnock J M (2001) Composition and temperature dependence of cation ordering in Ni-Mg olivine solid solutions: A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction and EXAFS study American Mineralogist 86 1170-1187 | ![]() | 2001 | 0 | 1073 | |
| 0002691 | Forsterite | Henderson C M B, Redfern S A T, Smith R I, Knight K S, Charnock J M (2001) Composition and temperature dependence of cation ordering in Ni-Mg olivine solid solutions: A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction and EXAFS study American Mineralogist 86 1170-1187 | ![]() | 2001 | 0 | 1073 | |
| 0002716 | Forsterite | Henderson C M B, Redfern S A T, Smith R I, Knight K S, Charnock J M (2001) Composition and temperature dependence of cation ordering in Ni-Mg olivine solid solutions: A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction and EXAFS study American Mineralogist 86 1170-1187 | ![]() | 2001 | 0 | 1123 | |
| 0002698 | Forsterite | Henderson C M B, Redfern S A T, Smith R I, Knight K S, Charnock J M (2001) Composition and temperature dependence of cation ordering in Ni-Mg olivine solid solutions: A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction and EXAFS study American Mineralogist 86 1170-1187 | ![]() | 2001 | 0 | 1123 | |
| 0002692 | Forsterite | Henderson C M B, Redfern S A T, Smith R I, Knight K S, Charnock J M (2001) Composition and temperature dependence of cation ordering in Ni-Mg olivine solid solutions: A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction and EXAFS study American Mineralogist 86 1170-1187 | ![]() | 2001 | 0 | 1123 | |
| 0001719 | Forsterite | Artioli G, Rinaldi R, Wilson C C, Zanazzi P F (1995) High-temperature Fe-Mg cation partitioning in olivine: In-situ single-crystal neutron diffraction study Atomic parameters obtained from the ICSD American Mineralogist 80 197-200 | ![]() | 1995 | 0 | 1153 | |
| 0002717 | Forsterite | Henderson C M B, Redfern S A T, Smith R I, Knight K S, Charnock J M (2001) Composition and temperature dependence of cation ordering in Ni-Mg olivine solid solutions: A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction and EXAFS study American Mineralogist 86 1170-1187 | ![]() | 2001 | 0 | 1173 | |
| 0002693 | Forsterite | Henderson C M B, Redfern S A T, Smith R I, Knight K S, Charnock J M (2001) Composition and temperature dependence of cation ordering in Ni-Mg olivine solid solutions: A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction and EXAFS study American Mineralogist 86 1170-1187 | ![]() | 2001 | 0 | 1173 | |
| 0002718 | Forsterite | Henderson C M B, Redfern S A T, Smith R I, Knight K S, Charnock J M (2001) Composition and temperature dependence of cation ordering in Ni-Mg olivine solid solutions: A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction and EXAFS study American Mineralogist 86 1170-1187 | ![]() | 2001 | 0 | 1223 | |
| 0002694 | Forsterite | Henderson C M B, Redfern S A T, Smith R I, Knight K S, Charnock J M (2001) Composition and temperature dependence of cation ordering in Ni-Mg olivine solid solutions: A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction and EXAFS study American Mineralogist 86 1170-1187 | ![]() | 2001 | 0 | 1223 | |
| 0001720 | Forsterite | Artioli G, Rinaldi R, Wilson C C, Zanazzi P F (1995) High-temperature Fe-Mg cation partitioning in olivine: In-situ single-crystal neutron diffraction study Atomic parameters obtained from the ICSD American Mineralogist 80 197-200 | ![]() | 1995 | 0 | 1233 | |
| 0002719 | Forsterite | Henderson C M B, Redfern S A T, Smith R I, Knight K S, Charnock J M (2001) Composition and temperature dependence of cation ordering in Ni-Mg olivine solid solutions: A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction and EXAFS study American Mineralogist 86 1170-1187 | ![]() | 2001 | 0 | 1273 | |
| 0002695 | Forsterite | Henderson C M B, Redfern S A T, Smith R I, Knight K S, Charnock J M (2001) Composition and temperature dependence of cation ordering in Ni-Mg olivine solid solutions: A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction and EXAFS study American Mineralogist 86 1170-1187 | ![]() | 2001 | 0 | 1273 | |
| 0000549 | Forsterite | Hazen R M (1976) Effects of temperature and pressure on the crystal structure of forsterite olivine American Mineralogist 61 1280-1293 | ![]() | 1976 | 0 | 1273 | |
| 0001721 | Forsterite | Artioli G, Rinaldi R, Wilson C C, Zanazzi P F (1995) High-temperature Fe-Mg cation partitioning in olivine: In-situ single-crystal neutron diffraction study Atomic parameters obtained from the ICSD American Mineralogist 80 197-200 | ![]() | 1995 | 0 | 1303 | |
| 0002696 | Forsterite | Henderson C M B, Redfern S A T, Smith R I, Knight K S, Charnock J M (2001) Composition and temperature dependence of cation ordering in Ni-Mg olivine solid solutions: A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction and EXAFS study American Mineralogist 86 1170-1187 | ![]() | 2001 | 0 | 1323 | |
| 0001722 | Forsterite | Artioli G, Rinaldi R, Wilson C C, Zanazzi P F (1995) High-temperature Fe-Mg cation partitioning in olivine: In-situ single-crystal neutron diffraction study Atomic parameters obtained from the ICSD American Mineralogist 80 197-200 | ![]() | 1995 | 0 | 1333 | |
| 0002720 | Forsterite | Henderson C M B, Redfern S A T, Smith R I, Knight K S, Charnock J M (2001) Composition and temperature dependence of cation ordering in Ni-Mg olivine solid solutions: A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction and EXAFS study American Mineralogist 86 1170-1187 | ![]() | 2001 | 0 | 1373 | |
| 0002697 | Forsterite | Henderson C M B, Redfern S A T, Smith R I, Knight K S, Charnock J M (2001) Composition and temperature dependence of cation ordering in Ni-Mg olivine solid solutions: A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction and EXAFS study American Mineralogist 86 1170-1187 | ![]() | 2001 | 0 | 1373 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 5.15 Å | (20) |
| 3.916 Å | (40) |
| 3.744 Å | (10) |
| 3.516 Å | (30) |
| 3.481 Å | (10) |
| 3.030 Å | (10) |
| 3.014 Å | (10) |
| 2.791 Å | (100) |
| 2.601 Å | (10) |
| 2.578 Å | (5) |
| 2.533 Å | (60) |
| 2.475 Å | (60) |
| 2.391 Å | (5) |
| 2.370 Å | (20) |
| 2.330 Å | (5) |
| 2.285 Å | (30) |
| 2.270 Å | (30) |
| 2.173 Å | (10) |
| 2.048 Å | (5) |
| 1.962 Å | (5) |
| 1.894 Å | (10) |
| 1.823 Å | (5) |
| 1.807 Å | (10) |
| 1.761 Å | (50) |
| 1.754 Å | (10) |
| 1.743 Å | (10) |
| 1.684 Å | (10) |
| 1.654 Å | (10) |
| 1.644 Å | (5) |
| 1.631 Å | (20) |
| 1.604 Å | (10) |
| 1.586 Å | (10) |
| 1.523 Å | (5) |
| 1.513 Å | (5) |
| 1.508 Å | (20) |
| 1.494 Å | (20) |
| 1.407 Å | (10) |
| 1.397 Å | (10) |
| 1.359 Å | (10) |
Comments:
ICDD 31-795 for composition Fo64 ; See also ICDD 33-657 (ferroan forsterite); and ICDD 34-189 (synthetic)
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Geological Setting:
In mafic and ultramafic igneous rocks, metamorphosed impure dolomites
Type Occurrence of Forsterite
Synonyms of Forsterite
Other Language Names for Forsterite
Dutch:Forsteriet
Russian:Форстерит
Simplified Chinese:镁橄榄石
Spanish:Boltonita
Forsterita
Forsterita
Traditional Chinese:鎂橄欖石
Varieties of Forsterite
| Jian forsterite jade | Forsterite (Fo 99.8), serpentine, as well as minor brucite, spinel, phlogopite, dolomite, calcite, magnesite, and magnetite. The Jian forsterite jade consists mainly of forsterite (50–55 %), serpentine (30–45 %). Originates from magnesium-rich dolomi... |
| Peridot | A green gem variety of forsterite. |
Relationship of Forsterite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Olivine Group:
| Calcio-olivine | Ca2SiO4 | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) |
| Fayalite | Fe2+2(SiO4) | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) |
| Glaucochroite | CaMn2+(SiO4) | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) |
| Hinokageite | MnMg(SiO4) | Orth. mm2 |
| Kirschsteinite | CaFe2+(SiO4) | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnma |
| Laihunite | (Fe3+,Fe2+,◻)2(SiO4) | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| Liebenbergite | Ni2(SiO4) | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) |
| Monticellite | CaMg(SiO4) | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) |
| Tephroite | Mn2+2(SiO4) | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnma |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 148 photos of Forsterite associated with Spinel | MgAl2O4 |
| 125 photos of Forsterite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 44 photos of Forsterite associated with Pseudobrookite | Fe3+2Ti4+O5 |
| 44 photos of Forsterite associated with Hematite | Fe2O3 |
| 38 photos of Forsterite associated with Magnetite | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 30 photos of Forsterite associated with Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 26 photos of Forsterite associated with Fluorapatite | Ca5(PO4)3F |
| 22 photos of Forsterite associated with 'Kamacite' | (Fe,Ni) |
| 20 photos of Forsterite associated with Enstatite | Mg2Si2O6 |
| 20 photos of Forsterite associated with Diopside | CaMgSi2O6 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 9.AC. | Poirierite | Mg2SiO4 |
| 9.AC. | Ahrensite | SiFe2O4 |
| 9.AC.05 | Laihunite | (Fe3+,Fe2+,◻)2(SiO4) |
| 9.AC.05 | Tephroite | Mn2+2(SiO4) |
| 9.AC.05 | Hinokageite | MnMg(SiO4) |
| 9.AC.05 | Liebenbergite | Ni2(SiO4) |
| 9.AC.05 | Kirschsteinite | CaFe2+(SiO4) |
| 9.AC.05 | Glaucochroite | CaMn2+(SiO4) |
| 9.AC.05 | Fayalite | Fe2+2(SiO4) |
| 9.AC.10 | Monticellite | CaMg(SiO4) |
| 9.AC.15 | Brunogeierite | Ge4+Fe2+2O4 |
| 9.AC.15 | Ringwoodite | (Mg,Fe2+)2SiO4 |
| 9.AC.20 | Chesnokovite | Na2[SiO2(OH)2] · 8H2O |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Forsterite in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
Internet Links for Forsterite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1584.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
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Mineral Dealers:
References for Forsterite
Reference List:
Mason, Brian (1963) Olivine composition in chondrites. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 27 (10) 1011-1023 doi:10.1016/0016-7037(63)90062-0
Hohler, V.; Funck, E. (1969) Infrarot-Spektrum von Sinhalit und Olivin. Die Naturwissenschaften, 56 (9). 459 doi:10.1007/bf00601064
Burns, Roger G. (1970) Crystal field spectra and evidence of cation ordering in olivine minerals. American Mineralogist, 55 (9-10) 1608-1632
Finch, C.B., Clark, G.W. (1971) Czochralski growth of single-crystal Mg2SiO4 (forsterite). Journal of Crystal Growth, 8 (3). 307-308 doi:10.1016/0022-0248(71)90079-0
Runciman, W. Alan, Sengupta, Dipankar, Gourley, and J. Terry (1973) The polarized spectra of iron in silicates. II. Olivine. American Mineralogist, 58 (5-6) 451-456
Runciman, W. Alan, Sengupta, Dipankar, Gourley, and J. Terry (1974) The polarized spectra of iron in silicates: II. Olivine. A reply. American Mineralogist, 59 (5-6) 630-631
Hazen, Robert M. (1976) Effects of temperature and pressure on the crystal structure of forsterite. American Mineralogist, 61 (11-12) 1280-1293
Fujino, K., Sasaki, S., Takéuchi, Y., Sadanaga, R. (1981) X-ray determination of electron distributions in forsterite, fayalite and tephroite. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry, 37 (3) 513-518 doi:10.1107/s0567740881003506
Francis, Carl A. (1985) New data on the forsterite-tephroite series. American Mineralogist, 70 (5-6) 568-575
Chopelas, A. (1991) Single crystal Raman spectra of forsterite, fayalite, and monticellite. American Mineralogist, 76 (7-8) 1101-1109
Brodholt, John (1997) Ab initio calculations on point defects in forsterite (Mg2SiO4) and implications for diffusion and creep. American Mineralogist, 82 (11) 1049-1053 doi:10.2138/am-1997-11-1201
Yamazaki, S.; Toraya, H. (1999) Rietveld refinement of site-occupancy parameters of Mg2−xMnxSiO4 using a new weight function in least-squares fitting. Journal of Applied Crystallography, 32 (1). 51-59 doi:10.1107/s0021889898010206
Brodholt, John P., Refson, Keith (2000) An ab initio study of hydrogen in forsterite and a possible mechanism for hydrolytic weakening. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 105. 18977-18982 doi:10.1029/2000jb900057
Kolesov, B. A.; Geiger, C. A. (2004) A Raman spectroscopic study of Fe-Mg olivines. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 31 (3). 142-154 doi:10.1007/s00269-003-0370-y
Kirfel, A.; Lippmann, T.; Blaha, P.; Schwarz, K.; Cox, D. F.; Rosso, K. M.; Gibbs, G. V. (2005) Electron density distribution and bond critical point properties for forsterite, Mg2SiO4, determined with synchrotron single crystal X-ray diffraction data. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 32 (4). 301-313 doi:10.1007/s00269-005-0468-5
Kuebler, Karla E., Jolliff, Bradley L., Wang, Alian, Haskin, Larry A. (2006) Extracting olivine (Fo–Fa) compositions from Raman spectral peak positions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 70 (24) 6201-6222 doi:10.1016/j.gca.2006.07.035
Trots, D. M., Kurnosov, A., Ballaran, T. B., Frost, D. J. (2012) High-temperature structural behaviors of anhydrous wadsleyite and forsterite. American Mineralogist, 97 (10) 1582-1590 doi:10.2138/am.2012.3992
Revheim, Olav (2014) Peridot from St. John's / Zabargad Island. https://www.mindat.org/article.php/2053/Peridot+from+St.+John%27s+_+Zabargad+Island
Xue, Xianyu, Kanzaki, Masami, Turner, Doreen, Loroch, Dominik (2017) Hydrogen incorporation mechanisms in forsterite: New insights from 1H and 29Si NMR spectroscopy and first-principles calculation. American Mineralogist, 102 (3). 519-536 doi:10.2138/am-2017-5878
Shchipalkina, Nadezhda V., Pekov, Igor V., Zubkova, Natalia V., Koshlyakova, Natalia N., Sidorov, Evgeny G. (2019) Natural forsterite strongly enriched by arsenic and phosphorus: chemistry, crystal structure, crystal morphology and zonation. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 46 (9) 889-898 doi:10.1007/s00269-019-01048-8
Localities for Forsterite
Showing 1,830 localities.
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
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The
Sapat Gali, Naran, Kaghan Valley, Mansehra District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan