Hercynite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Hercynite
Formula:
Fe2+Al2O4
Colour:
Dark blue-green, yellow, brown
Lustre:
Vitreous
Hardness:
7½
Specific Gravity:
4.39 (Calculated)
Crystal System:
Isometric
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1839 by František Xaver Maximilian Zippe from the Latin name for the Bohemian Forest, Silva Hercynia, where the species was first found.
Spinel Group, Al series. Chromite-Hercynite Series. Gahnite-Hercynite Series, Spinel-Hercynite Series.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Hercynite.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Hercynite.Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1875
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1875:9
IMA Classification of Hercynite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
First published:
1839
Classification of Hercynite
4.BB.05
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
B : Metal: Oxygen = 3:4 and similar
B : With only medium-sized cations
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
B : Metal: Oxygen = 3:4 and similar
B : With only medium-sized cations
7.2.1.3
7 : MULTIPLE OXIDES
2 : AB2X4
7 : MULTIPLE OXIDES
2 : AB2X4
7.20.14
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
20 : Oxides of Fe
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
20 : Oxides of Fe
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Hc | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Hc | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
| Hc | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
| Hc | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Hercynite
Vitreous
Transparency:
Translucent
Colour:
Dark blue-green, yellow, brown
Streak:
Dark greyish green to dark green
Hardness:
7½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Fracture:
Conchoidal
Density:
4.39 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Hercynite
Type:
Isotropic
RI values:
n = 1.80 - 1.83
Surface Relief:
Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Reflectivity:
| Wavelength | R1 (%) | R2 (%) |
|---|---|---|
| 400nm | 8.24% | 0.70% |
| 420nm | 8.17% | 0.67% |
| 440nm | 8.06% | 0.66% |
| 460nm | 7.96% | 0.65% |
| 470nm | 7.9% | 0.64% |
| 480nm | 7.84% | 0.64% |
| 500nm | 7.75% | 0.63% |
| 520nm | 7.65% | 0.62% |
| 540nm | 7.58% | 0.61% |
| 546nm | 7.56% | 0.61% |
| 560nm | 7.53% | 0.60% |
| 580nm | 7.52% | 0.61% |
| 589nm | 7.52% | 0.60% |
| 600nm | 7.53% | 0.61% |
| 620nm | 7.57% | 0.62% |
| 640nm | 7.58% | 0.62% |
| 650nm | 7.6% | 0.62% |
| 660nm | 7.59% | 0.62% |
| 680nm | 7.6% | 0.63% |
| 700nm | 7.59% | 0.63% |
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Peak reflectance is 8.24%.
R1 shown in black, R2 shown in red
Colour in reflected light:
Gray
Pleochroism:
Non-pleochroic
Comments:
Reflectance data for material from Chennimalai, Erode, Coimbatore, India, containing 14.8 wt% MgO (Criddle & Stanley, 1993).
Chemistry of Hercynite
Mindat Formula:
Fe2+Al2O4
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Chemical Analysis
Oxide wt%:
| 1 | 2 | |
|---|---|---|
| SiO2 | 0.13 % | |
| Al2O3 | 62.53 % | 61.36 % |
| Cr2O3 | 0.07 % | 0.27 % |
| FeOt | 26.22 % | |
| MnO | 0.23 % | 0.03 % |
| MgO | 9.76 % | 10.66 % |
| CaO | 0.24 % | |
| TiO2 | 0.02 % | |
| FeO | 27.52 % | |
| Total: | 99.18 % | 99.86 % |
Empirical formulas:
| Sample ID | Empirical Formula |
|---|---|
| 1 | Fe2+0.59Mg0.39Mn0.01 Ca0.01Al1.99O4 |
| 2 | Fe2+0.59Mg0.43 Cr0.01Fe3+0.04Al1.96O4 |
Sample references:
| ID | Locality | Reference | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Obidim eclogite, Bansko Municipality, Blagoevgrad Province, Bulgaria | EMPA analysis ( State Geological Institute of Dionyz Stur in Bratislava).of a spinel from a plagioclase+spinel+/-corundum symplectite after kyanite from a kyanite-eclogite | |
| 2 | Kosavankovilpatti, Madurai District, Tamil Nadu, India | Yadav, Roopali; Prakash, Divya; Kumar Rai, Swapnil; K. Yadav, Manoj; Kumar Singh, Pradip; Jaiswal, Srishti (2021) Decompression Textures in Garnet–Cordierite Gneiss from Kosavankovilpatti, Southern India: Constraints from Reaction Textures and Phase Equilibria Modelling. Geologica Carpathica, 72 (4). doi:10.31577/geolcarp.72.4.1 | Spinel subgroup mineral from a granulite facies cordierite/garnet gneiss. EMPA analysis |
Crystallography of Hercynite
Crystal System:
Isometric
Class (H-M):
m3m(4/m32/m) - Hexoctahedral
Space Group:
Fd3m
Cell Parameters:
a = 8.119 Å
Unit Cell V:
535.19 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
8
Morphology:
Crystals usually octahedral.
Twinning:
Common on {111}, (spinel law).
Comment:
Bowles et al. (2011) summarize results showing cell dimension for synthetic material depends on method of preparation and quenching temperature.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0004923 | Hercynite | Lavina B, Cesare B, Alvarez-Valero A M, Uchida H, Downs R T, Koneva A, Dera P (2009) Closure temperatures of intracrystalline ordering in anatectic and metamorphic hercynite, Fe2+Al2O4 American Mineralogist 94 657-665 | ![]() | 2009 | the Anga metamorphic complex, Lake Baikal, Russia | 0 | 293 |
| 0004922 | Hercynite | Lavina B, Cesare B, Alvarez-Valero A M, Uchida H, Downs R T, Koneva A, Dera P (2009) Closure temperatures of intracrystalline ordering in anatectic and metamorphic hercynite, Fe2+Al2O4 American Mineralogist 94 657-665 | ![]() | 2009 | the Anga metamorphic complex, Lake Baikal, Russia | 0 | 293 |
| 0004921 | Hercynite | Lavina B, Cesare B, Alvarez-Valero A M, Uchida H, Downs R T, Koneva A, Dera P (2009) Closure temperatures of intracrystalline ordering in anatectic and metamorphic hercynite, Fe2+Al2O4 American Mineralogist 94 657-665 | ![]() | 2009 | El Hoyazo, lavas of the Neogene Volcanic Province of SE Spain | 0 | 293 |
| 0004920 | Hercynite | Lavina B, Cesare B, Alvarez-Valero A M, Uchida H, Downs R T, Koneva A, Dera P (2009) Closure temperatures of intracrystalline ordering in anatectic and metamorphic hercynite, Fe2+Al2O4 American Mineralogist 94 657-665 | ![]() | 2009 | El Hoyazo, lavas of the Neogene Volcanic Province of SE Spain | 0 | 293 |
| 0004919 | Hercynite | Lavina B, Cesare B, Alvarez-Valero A M, Uchida H, Downs R T, Koneva A, Dera P (2009) Closure temperatures of intracrystalline ordering in anatectic and metamorphic hercynite, Fe2+Al2O4 American Mineralogist 94 657-665 | ![]() | 2009 | El Hoyazo, lavas of the Neogene Volcanic Province of SE Spain | 0 | 293 |
| 0004918 | Hercynite | Lavina B, Cesare B, Alvarez-Valero A M, Uchida H, Downs R T, Koneva A, Dera P (2009) Closure temperatures of intracrystalline ordering in anatectic and metamorphic hercynite, Fe2+Al2O4 American Mineralogist 94 657-665 | ![]() | 2009 | El Hoyazo, lavas of the Neogene Volcanic Province of SE Spain | 0 | 293 |
| 0004917 | Hercynite | Lavina B, Cesare B, Alvarez-Valero A M, Uchida H, Downs R T, Koneva A, Dera P (2009) Closure temperatures of intracrystalline ordering in anatectic and metamorphic hercynite, Fe2+Al2O4 American Mineralogist 94 657-665 | ![]() | 2009 | El Hoyazo, lavas of the Neogene Volcanic Province of SE Spain | 0 | 293 |
| 0012952 | Hercynite | Verwey E J W, Heilmann E L (1947) Physical properties and cation arrangement of oxides with spinel structures Journal of Chemical Physics 15 174-180 | 1947 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002031 | Hercynite | Harrison R J, Redfern S A T, O'Neill H St C (1998) The temperature dependence of the cation distribution in synthetic hercynite (FeAl2O4) from in-situ neutron structure refinements American Mineralogist 83 1092-1099 | ![]() | 1998 | 0 | 298 | |
| 0008938 | Hercynite | Lavina B, Princivalle F, Della Giusta A (2005) Controlled time-temperature oxidation reaction in a synthetic Mg-hercynite Spinel structure Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 32 83-88 | 2005 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0002882 | Hercynite | Andreozzi G B, Lucchesi S (2002) Intersite distribution of Fe2+ and Mg in the spinel (sensu stricto) - hercynite series by single-crystal X-ray diffraction American Mineralogist 87 1113-1120 | ![]() | 2002 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002881 | Hercynite | Andreozzi G B, Lucchesi S (2002) Intersite distribution of Fe2+ and Mg in the spinel (sensu stricto) - hercynite series by single-crystal X-ray diffraction American Mineralogist 87 1113-1120 | ![]() | 2002 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002880 | Hercynite | Andreozzi G B, Lucchesi S (2002) Intersite distribution of Fe2+ and Mg in the spinel (sensu stricto) - hercynite series by single-crystal X-ray diffraction American Mineralogist 87 1113-1120 | ![]() | 2002 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002879 | Hercynite | Andreozzi G B, Lucchesi S (2002) Intersite distribution of Fe2+ and Mg in the spinel (sensu stricto) - hercynite series by single-crystal X-ray diffraction American Mineralogist 87 1113-1120 | ![]() | 2002 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002878 | Hercynite | Andreozzi G B, Lucchesi S (2002) Intersite distribution of Fe2+ and Mg in the spinel (sensu stricto) - hercynite series by single-crystal X-ray diffraction American Mineralogist 87 1113-1120 | ![]() | 2002 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002877 | Hercynite | Andreozzi G B, Lucchesi S (2002) Intersite distribution of Fe2+ and Mg in the spinel (sensu stricto) - hercynite series by single-crystal X-ray diffraction American Mineralogist 87 1113-1120 | ![]() | 2002 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002876 | Hercynite | Andreozzi G B, Lucchesi S (2002) Intersite distribution of Fe2+ and Mg in the spinel (sensu stricto) - hercynite series by single-crystal X-ray diffraction American Mineralogist 87 1113-1120 | ![]() | 2002 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002875 | Hercynite | Andreozzi G B, Lucchesi S (2002) Intersite distribution of Fe2+ and Mg in the spinel (sensu stricto) - hercynite series by single-crystal X-ray diffraction American Mineralogist 87 1113-1120 | ![]() | 2002 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002874 | Hercynite | Andreozzi G B, Lucchesi S (2002) Intersite distribution of Fe2+ and Mg in the spinel (sensu stricto) - hercynite series by single-crystal X-ray diffraction American Mineralogist 87 1113-1120 | ![]() | 2002 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002873 | Hercynite | Andreozzi G B, Lucchesi S (2002) Intersite distribution of Fe2+ and Mg in the spinel (sensu stricto) - hercynite series by single-crystal X-ray diffraction American Mineralogist 87 1113-1120 | ![]() | 2002 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0007897 | Hercynite | Waerenborgh J C, Figueiredo M O, Cabral J M P, Pereira L C J (1994) Powder XRD structure refinements and 57Fe Mossbauer effect study of synthetic Zn1-xFexAl2O4 (o | 1994 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0007896 | Hercynite | Waerenborgh J C, Figueiredo M O, Cabral J M P, Pereira L C J (1994) Powder XRD structure refinements and 57Fe Mossbauer effect study of synthetic Zn1-xFexAl2O4 (o | 1994 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0007893 | Hercynite | Waerenborgh J C, Figueiredo M O, Cabral J M P, Pereira L C J (1994) Powder XRD structure refinements and 57Fe Mossbauer effect study of synthetic Zn1-xFexAl2O4 (o | 1994 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0007892 | Hercynite | Waerenborgh J C, Figueiredo M O, Cabral J M P, Pereira L C J (1994) Powder XRD structure refinements and 57Fe Mossbauer effect study of synthetic Zn1-xFexAl2O4 (o | 1994 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0006527 | Hercynite | Larsson L, O'Neill H St C, Annersten H (1994) Crystal chemistry of synthetic hercynite (FeAl2O4) from XRD structural refinements and Mossbauer spectroscopy European Journal of Mineralogy 6 39-51 | 1994 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0006526 | Hercynite | Larsson L, O'Neill H St C, Annersten H (1994) Crystal chemistry of synthetic hercynite (FeAl2O4) from XRD structural refinements and Mossbauer spectroscopy European Journal of Mineralogy 6 39-51 | 1994 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0006525 | Hercynite | Larsson L, O'Neill H St C, Annersten H (1994) Crystal chemistry of synthetic hercynite (FeAl2O4) from XRD structural refinements and Mossbauer spectroscopy European Journal of Mineralogy 6 39-51 | 1994 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0006524 | Hercynite | Larsson L, O'Neill H St C, Annersten H (1994) Crystal chemistry of synthetic hercynite (FeAl2O4) from XRD structural refinements and Mossbauer spectroscopy European Journal of Mineralogy 6 39-51 | 1994 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0006523 | Hercynite | Larsson L, O'Neill H St C, Annersten H (1994) Crystal chemistry of synthetic hercynite (FeAl2O4) from XRD structural refinements and Mossbauer spectroscopy European Journal of Mineralogy 6 39-51 | 1994 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0006522 | Hercynite | Larsson L, O'Neill H St C, Annersten H (1994) Crystal chemistry of synthetic hercynite (FeAl2O4) from XRD structural refinements and Mossbauer spectroscopy European Journal of Mineralogy 6 39-51 | 1994 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0006521 | Hercynite | Larsson L, O'Neill H St C, Annersten H (1994) Crystal chemistry of synthetic hercynite (FeAl2O4) from XRD structural refinements and Mossbauer spectroscopy European Journal of Mineralogy 6 39-51 | 1994 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0006520 | Hercynite | Larsson L, O'Neill H St C, Annersten H (1994) Crystal chemistry of synthetic hercynite (FeAl2O4) from XRD structural refinements and Mossbauer spectroscopy European Journal of Mineralogy 6 39-51 | 1994 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0006519 | Hercynite | Larsson L, O'Neill H St C, Annersten H (1994) Crystal chemistry of synthetic hercynite (FeAl2O4) from XRD structural refinements and Mossbauer spectroscopy European Journal of Mineralogy 6 39-51 | 1994 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0006518 | Hercynite | Larsson L, O'Neill H St C, Annersten H (1994) Crystal chemistry of synthetic hercynite (FeAl2O4) from XRD structural refinements and Mossbauer spectroscopy European Journal of Mineralogy 6 39-51 | 1994 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0006517 | Hercynite | Larsson L, O'Neill H St C, Annersten H (1994) Crystal chemistry of synthetic hercynite (FeAl2O4) from XRD structural refinements and Mossbauer spectroscopy European Journal of Mineralogy 6 39-51 | 1994 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0006516 | Hercynite | Larsson L, O'Neill H St C, Annersten H (1994) Crystal chemistry of synthetic hercynite (FeAl2O4) from XRD structural refinements and Mossbauer spectroscopy European Journal of Mineralogy 6 39-51 | 1994 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0006515 | Hercynite | Larsson L, O'Neill H St C, Annersten H (1994) Crystal chemistry of synthetic hercynite (FeAl2O4) from XRD structural refinements and Mossbauer spectroscopy European Journal of Mineralogy 6 39-51 | 1994 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0006514 | Hercynite | Larsson L, O'Neill H St C, Annersten H (1994) Crystal chemistry of synthetic hercynite (FeAl2O4) from XRD structural refinements and Mossbauer spectroscopy European Journal of Mineralogy 6 39-51 | 1994 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0006513 | Hercynite | Larsson L, O'Neill H St C, Annersten H (1994) Crystal chemistry of synthetic hercynite (FeAl2O4) from XRD structural refinements and Mossbauer spectroscopy European Journal of Mineralogy 6 39-51 | 1994 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0006512 | Hercynite | Larsson L, O'Neill H St C, Annersten H (1994) Crystal chemistry of synthetic hercynite (FeAl2O4) from XRD structural refinements and Mossbauer spectroscopy European Journal of Mineralogy 6 39-51 | 1994 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0006511 | Hercynite | Larsson L, O'Neill H St C, Annersten H (1994) Crystal chemistry of synthetic hercynite (FeAl2O4) from XRD structural refinements and Mossbauer spectroscopy European Journal of Mineralogy 6 39-51 | 1994 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0006510 | Hercynite | Larsson L, O'Neill H St C, Annersten H (1994) Crystal chemistry of synthetic hercynite (FeAl2O4) from XRD structural refinements and Mossbauer spectroscopy European Journal of Mineralogy 6 39-51 | 1994 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0006509 | Hercynite | Larsson L, O'Neill H St C, Annersten H (1994) Crystal chemistry of synthetic hercynite (FeAl2O4) from XRD structural refinements and Mossbauer spectroscopy European Journal of Mineralogy 6 39-51 | 1994 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0000958 | Hercynite | Hill R J (1984) X-ray powder diffraction profile refinement of synthetic hercynite inversion parameter = .163 American Mineralogist 69 937-942 | ![]() | 1984 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002032 | Hercynite | Harrison R J, Redfern S A T, O'Neill H St C (1998) The temperature dependence of the cation distribution in synthetic hercynite (FeAl2O4) from in-situ neutron structure refinements American Mineralogist 83 1092-1099 | ![]() | 1998 | 0 | 473 | |
| 0002033 | Hercynite | Harrison R J, Redfern S A T, O'Neill H St C (1998) The temperature dependence of the cation distribution in synthetic hercynite (FeAl2O4) from in-situ neutron structure refinements American Mineralogist 83 1092-1099 | ![]() | 1998 | 0 | 673 | |
| 0002034 | Hercynite | Harrison R J, Redfern S A T, O'Neill H St C (1998) The temperature dependence of the cation distribution in synthetic hercynite (FeAl2O4) from in-situ neutron structure refinements American Mineralogist 83 1092-1099 | ![]() | 1998 | 0 | 723 | |
| 0008942 | Hercynite | Lavina B, Princivalle F, Della Giusta A (2005) Controlled time-temperature oxidation reaction in a synthetic Mg-hercynite Spinel structure Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 32 83-88 | 2005 | 0 | 773 | ||
| 0008941 | Hercynite | Lavina B, Princivalle F, Della Giusta A (2005) Controlled time-temperature oxidation reaction in a synthetic Mg-hercynite Spinel structure Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 32 83-88 | 2005 | 0 | 773 | ||
| 0008940 | Hercynite | Lavina B, Princivalle F, Della Giusta A (2005) Controlled time-temperature oxidation reaction in a synthetic Mg-hercynite Spinel structure Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 32 83-88 | 2005 | 0 | 773 | ||
| 0008939 | Hercynite | Lavina B, Princivalle F, Della Giusta A (2005) Controlled time-temperature oxidation reaction in a synthetic Mg-hercynite Spinel structure Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 32 83-88 | 2005 | 0 | 773 | ||
| 0002035 | Hercynite | Harrison R J, Redfern S A T, O'Neill H St C (1998) The temperature dependence of the cation distribution in synthetic hercynite (FeAl2O4) from in-situ neutron structure refinements American Mineralogist 83 1092-1099 | ![]() | 1998 | 0 | 773 | |
| 0002036 | Hercynite | Harrison R J, Redfern S A T, O'Neill H St C (1998) The temperature dependence of the cation distribution in synthetic hercynite (FeAl2O4) from in-situ neutron structure refinements American Mineralogist 83 1092-1099 | ![]() | 1998 | 0 | 823 | |
| 0008952 | Hercynite | Lavina B, Princivalle F, Della Giusta A (2005) Controlled time-temperature oxidation reaction in a synthetic Mg-hercynite Spinel structure Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 32 83-88 | 2005 | 0 | 873 | ||
| 0008951 | Hercynite | Lavina B, Princivalle F, Della Giusta A (2005) Controlled time-temperature oxidation reaction in a synthetic Mg-hercynite Spinel structure Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 32 83-88 | 2005 | 0 | 873 | ||
| 0008950 | Hercynite | Lavina B, Princivalle F, Della Giusta A (2005) Controlled time-temperature oxidation reaction in a synthetic Mg-hercynite Spinel structure Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 32 83-88 | 2005 | 0 | 873 | ||
| 0008949 | Hercynite | Lavina B, Princivalle F, Della Giusta A (2005) Controlled time-temperature oxidation reaction in a synthetic Mg-hercynite Spinel structure Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 32 83-88 | 2005 | 0 | 873 | ||
| 0008948 | Hercynite | Lavina B, Princivalle F, Della Giusta A (2005) Controlled time-temperature oxidation reaction in a synthetic Mg-hercynite Spinel structure Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 32 83-88 | 2005 | 0 | 873 | ||
| 0008947 | Hercynite | Lavina B, Princivalle F, Della Giusta A (2005) Controlled time-temperature oxidation reaction in a synthetic Mg-hercynite Spinel structure Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 32 83-88 | 2005 | 0 | 873 | ||
| 0008946 | Hercynite | Lavina B, Princivalle F, Della Giusta A (2005) Controlled time-temperature oxidation reaction in a synthetic Mg-hercynite Spinel structure Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 32 83-88 | 2005 | 0 | 873 | ||
| 0008945 | Hercynite | Lavina B, Princivalle F, Della Giusta A (2005) Controlled time-temperature oxidation reaction in a synthetic Mg-hercynite Spinel structure Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 32 83-88 | 2005 | 0 | 873 | ||
| 0008944 | Hercynite | Lavina B, Princivalle F, Della Giusta A (2005) Controlled time-temperature oxidation reaction in a synthetic Mg-hercynite Spinel structure Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 32 83-88 | 2005 | 0 | 873 | ||
| 0008943 | Hercynite | Lavina B, Princivalle F, Della Giusta A (2005) Controlled time-temperature oxidation reaction in a synthetic Mg-hercynite Spinel structure Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 32 83-88 | 2005 | 0 | 873 | ||
| 0002037 | Hercynite | Harrison R J, Redfern S A T, O'Neill H St C (1998) The temperature dependence of the cation distribution in synthetic hercynite (FeAl2O4) from in-situ neutron structure refinements American Mineralogist 83 1092-1099 | ![]() | 1998 | 0 | 873 | |
| 0002038 | Hercynite | Harrison R J, Redfern S A T, O'Neill H St C (1998) The temperature dependence of the cation distribution in synthetic hercynite (FeAl2O4) from in-situ neutron structure refinements American Mineralogist 83 1092-1099 | ![]() | 1998 | 0 | 923 | |
| 0002039 | Hercynite | Harrison R J, Redfern S A T, O'Neill H St C (1998) The temperature dependence of the cation distribution in synthetic hercynite (FeAl2O4) from in-situ neutron structure refinements American Mineralogist 83 1092-1099 | ![]() | 1998 | 0 | 973 | |
| 0002040 | Hercynite | Harrison R J, Redfern S A T, O'Neill H St C (1998) The temperature dependence of the cation distribution in synthetic hercynite (FeAl2O4) from in-situ neutron structure refinements American Mineralogist 83 1092-1099 | ![]() | 1998 | 0 | 1023 | |
| 0002041 | Hercynite | Harrison R J, Redfern S A T, O'Neill H St C (1998) The temperature dependence of the cation distribution in synthetic hercynite (FeAl2O4) from in-situ neutron structure refinements American Mineralogist 83 1092-1099 | ![]() | 1998 | 0 | 1073 | |
| 0002042 | Hercynite | Harrison R J, Redfern S A T, O'Neill H St C (1998) The temperature dependence of the cation distribution in synthetic hercynite (FeAl2O4) from in-situ neutron structure refinements American Mineralogist 83 1092-1099 | ![]() | 1998 | 0 | 1123 | |
| 0002043 | Hercynite | Harrison R J, Redfern S A T, O'Neill H St C (1998) The temperature dependence of the cation distribution in synthetic hercynite (FeAl2O4) from in-situ neutron structure refinements American Mineralogist 83 1092-1099 | ![]() | 1998 | 0 | 1173 | |
| 0002044 | Hercynite | Harrison R J, Redfern S A T, O'Neill H St C (1998) The temperature dependence of the cation distribution in synthetic hercynite (FeAl2O4) from in-situ neutron structure refinements American Mineralogist 83 1092-1099 | ![]() | 1998 | 0 | 1223 | |
| 0002045 | Hercynite | Harrison R J, Redfern S A T, O'Neill H St C (1998) The temperature dependence of the cation distribution in synthetic hercynite (FeAl2O4) from in-situ neutron structure refinements American Mineralogist 83 1092-1099 | ![]() | 1998 | 0 | 1273 | |
| 0002046 | Hercynite | Harrison R J, Redfern S A T, O'Neill H St C (1998) The temperature dependence of the cation distribution in synthetic hercynite (FeAl2O4) from in-situ neutron structure refinements American Mineralogist 83 1092-1099 | ![]() | 1998 | 0 | 1323 | |
| 0002047 | Hercynite | Harrison R J, Redfern S A T, O'Neill H St C (1998) The temperature dependence of the cation distribution in synthetic hercynite (FeAl2O4) from in-situ neutron structure refinements American Mineralogist 83 1092-1099 | ![]() | 1998 | 0 | 1373 | |
| 0002048 | Hercynite | Harrison R J, Redfern S A T, O'Neill H St C (1998) The temperature dependence of the cation distribution in synthetic hercynite (FeAl2O4) from in-situ neutron structure refinements American Mineralogist 83 1092-1099 | ![]() | 1998 | 0 | 1423 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 2.459 Å | (100) |
| 2.884 Å | (58) |
| 1.442 Å | (50) |
| 1.570 Å | (41) |
| 0.8324 Å | (22) |
| 2.039 Å | (17) |
| 1.665 Å | (17) |
Comments:
Synthetic
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation and alteration | 4.566-4.550 |
| 5 : Primary asteroid phases | 4.566–4.560 |
| 6 : Secondary asteroid phases | 4.566-4.560 |
| Stage 3a: Earth’s earliest Hadean crust | >4.50 |
| 7 : Ultramafic igneous rocks | |
| 8 : Mafic igneous rocks | |
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 23 : Subaerial aqueous alteration by non-redox-sensitive fluids (see also #47) | |
| Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
| 40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies) | |
| Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
| 50 : Coal and/or oil shale minerals | <0.36 |
| Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
| 54 : Coal and other mine fire minerals (see also #51 and #56) |
Type Occurrence of Hercynite
Synonyms of Hercynite
Other Language Names for Hercynite
Varieties of Hercynite
| Chromohercynite | A chromian variety of Hercynite. Compare with Alumochromite. |
| Chrompicotite | A variety of 'Picotite' (= Hercynite). |
| Cobaltochrompicotite | A cobaltian variety of Chrompicotite. |
| Picotite | Mg- and Cr-bearing hercynite. |
Relationship of Hercynite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Spinel Subgroup:
| Chihmingite | NiAl2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Chromite | Fe2+Cr3+2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Cochromite | CoCr2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Coulsonite | Fe2+V3+2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Cuprospinel | Cu2+Fe3+2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Dellagiustaite | V2+Al2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Deltalumite | (Al0.67◻0.33)Al2O4 | Tet. 42m : P4m2 |
| Franklinite | Zn2+Fe3+2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Gahnite | ZnAl2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Galaxite | Mn2+Al2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Guite | Co2+Co3+2O4 | Iso. |
| Hausmannite | Mn2+Mn3+2O4 | Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : I41/amd |
| Hetaerolite | ZnMn2O4 | Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : I41/amd |
| Jacobsite | Mn2+Fe3+2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| 'Jacobsite-Q' | Mn2+(Fe3+,Mn3+)2O4 | Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : I41/amd |
| Maghemite | (Fe3+0.67◻0.33)Fe3+2O4 | Iso. 432 : P4132 |
| Magnesiochromite | MgCr2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Magnesiocoulsonite | MgV2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) |
| Magnesioferrite | MgFe3+2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Magnetite | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Manganochromite | Mn2+Cr2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| 'Nichromite' | (Ni,Co,Fe)(Cr,Fe,Al)2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Spinel | MgAl2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Thermaerogenite | CuAl2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Titanomaghemite | (Ti4+0.5◻0.5)Fe3+2O4 | Iso. 432 : P4332 |
| Trevorite | Ni2+Fe3+2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| 'UM1994-06-O:AlCo' | CoAl2O4 | |
| Vuorelainenite | Mn2+V3+2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Zincochromite | ZnCr2O4 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 8 photos of Hercynite associated with Spinel | MgAl2O4 |
| 6 photos of Hercynite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 5 photos of Hercynite associated with Hibonite | CaAl12O19 |
| 5 photos of Hercynite associated with Grossular | Ca3Al2(SiO4)3 |
| 4 photos of Hercynite associated with 'Sapphire' | Al2O3 |
| 4 photos of Hercynite associated with Magnetite | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 3 photos of Hercynite associated with Chromite | Fe2+Cr3+2O4 |
| 3 photos of Hercynite associated with Native Iron | Fe |
| 3 photos of Hercynite associated with Troilite | FeS |
| 3 photos of Hercynite associated with 'Metamudstone' |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 4.BB. | Chenmingite | FeCr2O4 |
| 4.BB. | Thermaerogenite | CuAl2O4 |
| 4.BB. | Chukochenite | LiAl5O8 |
| 4.BB. | Elgoresyite | (Mg5Si2)O9 |
| 4.BB. | Jianmuite | ZrTi4+Ti3+5Al3O16 |
| 4.BB. | Dellagiustaite | V2+Al2O4 |
| 4.BB. | Garpenbergite | Mn6◻AsSbO10(OH)2 |
| 4.BB. | Magnéliite | Ti3+2Ti4+2O7 |
| 4.BB. | Jordanówite | Zr(Ti3+Zr)Ti3+4AlO16 |
| 4.BB.05 | Qandilite | (Mg,Fe3+)2(Ti,Fe3+,Al)O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Chromite | Fe2+Cr3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Filipstadite | (Fe3+0.5Sb5+0.5)Mn2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Jacobsite | Mn2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Wernerkrauseite | Ca(Fe3+,Mn3+)2Mn4+O6 |
| 4.BB.05 | Harmunite | CaFe2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Zincochromite | ZnCr2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Deltalumite | (Al0.67◻0.33)Al2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Franklinite | Zn2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Cochromite | CoCr2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | 'Nichromite' | (Ni,Co,Fe)(Cr,Fe,Al)2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Gahnite | ZnAl2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Galaxite | Mn2+Al2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Guite | Co2+Co3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Coulsonite | Fe2+V3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Vuorelainenite | Mn2+V3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Spinel | MgAl2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Cuprospinel | Cu2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Manganochromite | Mn2+Cr2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Magnesiocoulsonite | MgV2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Trevorite | Ni2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Magnesiochromite | MgCr2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Magnesioferrite | MgFe3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Magnetite | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Ulvöspinel | TiFe2+2O4 |
| 4.BB.10 | Hausmannite | Mn2+Mn3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.10 | Hetaerolite | ZnMn2O4 |
| 4.BB.10 | Manganostibite | (Mn,Fe)7SbAsO12 |
| 4.BB.15 | Titanomaghemite | (Ti4+0.5◻0.5)Fe3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.15 | Maghemite | (Fe3+0.67◻0.33)Fe3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.20 | Tegengrenite | (Mn3+0.5Sb5+0.5)Mg2O4 |
| 4.BB.25 | Xieite | Fe2+Cr2O4 |
| 4.BB.30 | Carmeltazite | ZrAl2Ti4O11 |
| 4.BB.35 | Feiite | Fe2+2(Fe2+Ti4+)O5 |
| 4.BB.40 | Maohokite | MgFe2O4 |
| 4.BB.45 | Tschaunerite | (Fe2+)(Fe2+Ti4+)O4 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Hercynite in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
Internet Links for Hercynite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1875.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Hercynite
Reference List:
Verwey, E. J. W., Heilmann, E. L. (1947) Physical Properties and Cation Arrangement of Oxides with Spinel Structures I. Cation Arrangement in Spinels. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 15 (4) 174-180 doi:10.1063/1.1746464
Hill, Roderick J. (1984) X-ray powder diffraction profile refinement of synthetic hercynite. American Mineralogist, 69 (9-10) 937-942
Waters, David J. (1991) Hercynite-quartz granulites: phase relations, and implications for crustal processes. European Journal of Mineralogy, 3 (2) 367-386 doi:10.1127/ejm/3/2/0367
Criddle, A. J., Stanley, C. J. (1993) Quantitative Data File for Ore Minerals. Springer Netherlands.
Larsson, Lena, O'neill, Hugh St.C., Annersten, Hans (1994) Crystal chemistry of synthetic hercynite (FeAl2O4) from XRD structural refinements and Mössbauer spectroscopy. European Journal of Mineralogy, 6 (1) 39-52 doi:10.1127/ejm/6/1/0039
Waerenborgh, J.C.; Figueiredo, M.O.; Cabral, J.M.P.; Pereira, L.C.J. (1994) Powder XRD structure refinements and 57Fe Mössbauer effect study of synthetic Zn1-xFexAl2O4 (0 < x ≦ 1) spinels annealed at different temperatures. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 21 (7). 460-468 doi:10.1007/bf00202276
Andreozzi, Giovanni B., Lucchesi, Sergio (2002) Intersite distribution of Fe2+and Mg in the spinel (sensu stricto)–hercynite series by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. American Mineralogist, 87 (8) 1113-1120 doi:10.2138/am-2002-8-908
Nestola, F., Periotto, B., Anzolini, C., Andreozzi, G. B., Woodland, A. B., Lenaz, D., Alvaro, M., Princivalle, F. (2015) Equation of state of hercynite, FeAl2O4,
and high-pressure systematics of Mg-Fe-Cr-Al spinels. Mineralogical Magazine, 79 (2) 285-294 doi:10.1180/minmag.2015.079.2.07
Bromiley, G. D., Gatta, G. D., Stokes, T. (2015) Manganese incorporation in synthetic hercynite. Mineralogical Magazine, 79 (3) 635-647 doi:10.1180/minmag.2015.079.3.09
Localities for Hercynite
Showing 730 localities.
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Algeria | |
| [var: Picotite] Lorand et al. (1987) |
| [var: Picotite] Boukaoud et al. (2021) |
| Hejny et al. (2002) |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
| [var: Picotite] M. Guiraud |
Antarctica | |
| Crozaz et al. (1988) |
| [var: Picotite] Waters (1991) |
| Waters (1991) |
| Waters (1991) |
| Grew et al. (2007) | |
| Brearley et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| Mikouchi et al. (1996) |
| Waters (1991) +2 other references |
Argentina | |
| Zaccarini et al. (2004) |
| Zappettini (1999) |
Australia | |
| Sheppard et al. (1995) |
| Birch (1999) |
| |
| Am Min 93:283-299 +1 other reference | |
| Teertstra et al. (1999) |
| Buckley et al. (2010) |
| Sutherland |
| Keller et al. (1992) |
| Ciobanu et al. (2019) |
| Verdugo-Ihl et al. (2021) |
| McGee (2005) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Parbhakar-Fox et al. (2019) |
| MinMag 66 (6) |
| Downes et al. (2002) | |
| Barnes et al. (2020) +1 other reference |
| Fetherston et al. (2013) |
Austria | |
| U. Kolitsch et al. (2009) |
| [var: Picotite] J. E. Zirkl: Der Karinthin 43/44:175-188 (1961) |
| Kolitsch (2019) |
| Kolitsch (2015) |
| Kolitsch (2015) |
| [var: Picotite] Carswell (1991) |
| Siddiqi (1971) |
| Neschen (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| [var: Picotite] Richter et al. (1975) |
| [var: Picotite] Plöchinger (1967) |
| [var: Picotite] Exel (1993) |
| [var: Picotite] Richter et al. (1975) |
| [var: Picotite] Strasser (1989) |
| [var: Picotite] Exel (1993) |
| Bojar (2021) |
| [var: Picotite] Aufschluss 1972 (SB) |
| [var: Picotite] Exel (1993) +1 other reference |
| Postl et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
| Brandstetter (1998) |
| [var: Picotite] E.Reiter (Oberösterreichs 1930 – 1982) |
Belgium | |
| Ottenburgs et al. (1998) |
Brazil | |
| Foo et al. (2012) |
| Soares et al. (2025) |
| Overstreet (1967) |
| E.P. Oliveira (1995) |
| Kaminsky et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
| Delinardo-Silva et al. (2025) |
| [var: Picotite] Washington (1929) |
| Rosa et al. (2018) |
| [var: Picotite] Massuda et al. (2020) +1 other reference |
Bulgaria | |
| Janák et al. (2011) |
| [Picotite var: Chrompicotite] I. Kostov et al. (1964) |
Burkina Faso | |
| Schaeneman (1994) |
Cambodia | |
| [var: Picotite] Eldridge M. Moores (1997) |
| [var: Picotite] Eldridge M. Moores (1997) |
Canada | |
| Bristol et al. (1989) |
| Bernier (1990) | |
| Berg et al. (1976) |
| Li et al. (2001) | |
| Vale SA |
| Pe-Piper et al. (2024) |
| Lougheed +3 other references |
| Kitsul et al. (2000) |
| Grew et al. (2010) |
| Petersen et al. (1989) |
| SIGEOM systeme d'information geominiere ... |
| GOLD (1972) |
| GOLD et al. (1986) | |
| HORVÁTH et al. (2000) +1 other reference |
| Arguin et al. (2018) |
| Sabina (2003) |
| Horváth collection - XRD |
| Steadman et al. (2015) |
Cape Verde | |
| Zaccarini et al. (2024) |
Chile | |
| [var: Picotite] Lemanski (n.d.) |
China | |
| [var: Picotite] Yi-Li et al. (2023) |
| [var: Picotite] Gupta +1 other reference |
| [var: Picotite] Zhang Wusheng and Chen Jie (1996) |
| [var: Picotite] Geological Society of America Abstracts ... |
| Gao et al. (2019) |
| Fuwen Chen (1990) |
| Zhang et al. (2018) |
| Changbi Li (1991) | |
| [var: Picotite] Liu et al. (2024) |
| [var: Picotite] Liu et al. (2024) |
| [var: Picotite] Liu et al. (2024) | |
| [var: Picotite] C. Lemanski (re-entry lost Mindat data) |
| [var: Picotite] Yushan Wang (1990) |
| Tang (2005) |
| Cao et al. (2019) |
| [var: Picotite] Yuan Li (1998) |
Colombia | |
| Betancur-Figueroa et al. (2020) |
Cuba | |
| [var: Picotite] Hill (1958) |
Czech Republic | |
| [var: Picotite] Kratochvíl |
| Gadas et al. (2011) |
| [var: Picotite] Lukas Jankaj specimen |
| [var: Picotite] Scharm +7 other references | |
| Jirásek J. (2018) |
| [var: Chromohercynite] Zimák et al. (2001) |
| Bohuslav Bures collection |
| [AM 69 (1984) +1 other reference |
| [Picotite var: Chrompicotite] Svoboda J. |
| Fiala |
| Čopjaková R. |
| [var: Picotite] Locality description |
| Žáček V |
| Ackerman et al. (2025) |
| Mísař (1969) |
| [var: Picotite] Němec et al. (monografie hadce) |
| Keck et al. (2010) |
Czech Republic/Poland | |
| Lis et al. (1986) | |
Ecuador | |
| Ricardo D Escobar et al. (2012) |
Egypt | |
| Methot et al. (1974) |
| [var: Picotite] Eur. J. Mineral. |
Ethiopia | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
Europe | |
| Berbain et al. (2012) | |
Finland | |
| Ilkka Mikkola data |
| Hytönen (1999) |
| Burke et al. (1981) |
| Väisänen et al. (1999) | |
| Niskanen (2014) |
| Pérez del Villar et al. (386) |
| Goryunov et al. (2023) |
France | |
| [var: Picotite] Leblanc et al. (1987) |
| [var: Picotite] Pélisson (1989) |
| [var: Picotite] Forestier (1964) |
| [var: Picotite] Forestier (1964) | |
| [var: Picotite] | |
| [var: Picotite] Forestier (1964) +1 other reference |
| [var: Picotite] Leblanc et al. (1987) |
| [var: Picotite] Forestier et al. (1969) |
| [var: Picotite] |
| [var: Picotite] Leblanc et al. (1987) |
| [var: Picotite] Forestier (1964) |
| [var: Picotite] Leblanc et al. (1987) |
| Brearley et al. (1998) |
| Périnet (n.d.) |
| [var: Picotite] Azias (1968) |
| [var: Picotite] Azias (1968) |
| [var: Picotite] Azias (1968) |
| [var: Picotite] | |
| [var: Picotite] | |
| [var: Picotite] Azias (1968) | |
| [var: Picotite] | |
| [var: Picotite] Azias (1968) |
| [var: Picotite] Azias (1968) |
| [var: Picotite] Azias (1968) | |
| [var: Picotite] Azias (1968) |
| [var: Picotite] Azias (1968) | |
| [var: Picotite] | |
| [var: Picotite] | |
| [var: Picotite] Azias (1968) | |
| [var: Picotite] | |
| [var: Picotite] | |
| [var: Picotite] | |
| [var: Picotite] |
| [var: Picotite] | |
| [var: Picotite] | |
| [var: Picotite] | |
| |
| Cluzel et al. (2024) |
| [var: Picotite] A.B. Woodland et al. (30) +2 other references |
| [var: Picotite] A.B. Woodland et al. (30) +2 other references |
| Boutry et al. (1986) |
| R.C. Maury and P. Picot : "Conditions ... |
| Berbain et al. (2012) |
| Berbain et al. (2012) |
| Guitard (2010) |
| [var: Picotite] Mari et al. (1979) |
Germany | |
| [var: Picotite] Weiß (1990) |
| Walenta (1960) |
| Obermüller (1993) |
| Pfaffl et al. (1992) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Pöllmann et al. (2007) |
| [var: Picotite] Weiß (1990) |
| [var: Picotite] Wedepohl (1954) |
| [var: Picotite] Moreva-Perekalina (1985) |
| [var: Picotite] Frechen (1976) |
| Vogelsang (1890) |
| Brauns |
| Brauns (1922) | |
| Hentschel (1983) |
| Juroszek et al. (Ti 5 Fe) |
| Brauns (1922) |
| Brauns +1 other reference | |
| Brauns | |
| Brauns |
| Brauns |
| Blaß et al. (2004) |
| [var: Picotite] Brauns (1922) |
| Guth (2000) |
| Haardt |
| [var: Picotite] Köster (1960) |
| Gottesmann et al. (2004) |
| [var: Picotite] Rose (1868) |
| Paul (1995) |
Greece | |
| Uwe Kolitsch and Branko Rieck analyses (see also http://lavrion.gr/Minerals/Updates.html) |
| [var: Picotite] Wang et al. (2017) |
| Zaccarini et al. (2025) | |
| Zaccarini et al. (2025) |
Greenland | |
| Contrib.Mineral Petrol (1981) |
| Petersen et al. (1993) |
Hungary | |
| Sándor et al. (2005) |
| Sándor et al. (2005) |
| [var: Picotite] C. Szabó et al. |
| [var: Picotite] EGU / EGS - AGU - EUG Joint Assembly et al. (Bakony-Balaton Highland) |
| [var: Picotite] XVI ECROFI European Current Research On Fluid Inclusions et al. (Eds F. Noronha, A. Dória and A. Guedes) |
| Sándor et al. (2005) |
India | |
| Waters (1991) |
| Treiman (1985) |
| Noonan et al. (1976) |
| Jonnalagadda et al. (2022) |
| Krishnamurthy (1985) +1 other reference |
| Dharma Rao et al. (2012) |
| Yadav et al. (2021) |
| Grew et al. (1987) |
| Sharma et al. (2006) |
Indonesia | |
| [var: Picotite] Lianshun Feng (1996) |
Iran | |
| Alehashem et al. (2021) |
| Nezafati et al. (2017) |
Ireland | |
| B. P. Atkin (1978) +1 other reference |
Italy | |
| Toffolo (2012-13) |
| Tumiati et al. (2005) |
| Hålenius et al. (2016) +1 other reference |
| Mondillo N. et al. (2011) |
| Maruyama et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| [var: Picotite] Bertacchini et al. (1999) |
| [var: Picotite] Galli (1963) |
| Schingaro et al. (2001) |
| |
| Parodi et al. (1989) |
| [var: Picotite] Antofilli et al. (1983) |
| [var: Picotite] Galli M. (1970) |
| [var: Picotite] Galli M. (1970) | |
| Zaccarini et al. (2025) |
| [var: Picotite] Vinci (1964) | |
| Marchesini et al. (2025) |
| - (n.d.) |
| [var: Picotite] Sanero (1932) |
| [var: Picotite] Sanero (1932) | |
| The Canadian Mineralogist |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| [var: Picotite] Cossa (1877) +1 other reference |
| Natale et al. (1976) | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| [var: Picotite] S. Tonarini et al. |
| Rotolo et al. (2006) |
| [var: Picotite] 86 (in German) +1 other reference |
| Martins da Pedra collection |
| Costagliola et al. (2008) |
| Benvenuti et al. (2000) |
| Prosperi et al. (2013) |
| [Picotite var: Chrompicotite] Manasse E. (1922) |
| Meli et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
Ivory Coast | |
| Gouedji et al. (2014) |
| [var: Chromohercynite] Pouclet A. et al. (2004) |
Japan | |
| Shimazaki et al. (1984) |
| [var: Picotite] Masaru Yamaguchi (1964) |
| Osakabe et al. (1983) |
| [var: Picotite] M. Yamaguchi (1961) |
| Takahata +1 other reference |
| Takahata +1 other reference | |
| [var: Picotite] Tokiko Tiba (1989) |
| [var: Picotite] Katou (1925) |
| - (n.d.) |
| [var: Picotite] Katou (1925) | |
| Matsueda (1980) |
| [var: Picotite] Masaru Yamaguchi (1964) |
| [var: Picotite] Masaru Yamaguchi (1964) | |
| [var: Picotite] Masaru Yamaguchi (1964) |
| [var: Picotite] Masaru Yamaguchi (1964) |
| [var: Picotite] Masaru Yamaguchi (1964) |
| Petrov (n.d.) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Hwang et al. (2006) |
| [Picotite var: Chrompicotite] Korobkin et al. (2022) |
| |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| Kievlenko et al. (2003) |
Lesotho | |
| [var: Picotite] Mathias et al. (1970) |
Libya | |
| Bukovanská et al. (2003) |
Lithuania | |
| Prušinskienė et al. (2017) |
Madagascar | |
| Lacroix (1922) |
| Lacroix (1939) |
| Eur. J. Minéral +1 other reference |
| Holder et al. (2018) |
| Holder et al. (2018) | |
| [var: Chromohercynite] Behier (1963) |
| Tang et al. (2019) |
Malawi | |
| H.G. Dill |
| Haslam (1983) +1 other reference |
Mauritius | |
| Baxter et al. (1985) | |
Mexico | |
| León et al. (2016) |
| Brearley et al. (1998) +2 other references |
Middle East | |
| Gross (1977) | |
Mongolia | |
| Savina et al. (2020) |
| Peretyazhko et al. (2017) |
| Peretyazhko et al. (2017) +1 other reference |
| Peretyazhko et al. (2018) | |
Morocco | |
| Kuehner et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| Riches et al. (2012) |
New Zealand | |
| [var: Picotite] Searle (1961) |
| [var: Picotite] Searle (1961) | |
| [Picotite var: Chrompicotite] Appendix to the 5th ed. of Dana's ... |
| [var: Picotite] Mason (1968) |
Nigeria | |
| Mücke et al. (2015) |
North Korea | |
| [var: Picotite] Hideo Tsuda (1969) |
North Macedonia | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2018) |
Northwest Africa Meteorites | |
| Jambon A. et al. (2008) | |
| Caltech | |
| Baghdadi et al. (2012) | |
Norway | |
| [var: Picotite] Brickwood (1986) |
| Kihle et al. (1992) |
| Ohta (1968) |
| Kihle (1989) |
| Touret et al. (1971) |
| Battey et al. (1977) |
| Griffin (1971) |
| Hermans et al. (1976) |
| Laurent (2016) | |
| Grew et al. (1998) |
| Ohta (1968) |
| Brickwood (1986) |
| Brickwood (1986) | |
| [var: Picotite] Griffin (1973) |
| Robins (1984) |
| Robins et al. (1979) | |
| Ihlen et al. (2014) |
| [var: Picotite] Barth (1927) |
| Elvevold et al. (1996) |
| Cempírek J. et al. (2010) |
Oman | |
| The Meteoritical Bulletin 84 (Aug.2000) |
Pacific Ocean | |
| [var: Picotite] Hékinian et al. (1985) |
| Peretyazhko et al. (2022) |
Peru | |
| Liipo et al. (1994) |
Poland | |
| Włodyka et al. (2015) |
| [var: Picotite] Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| [var: Picotite] Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) | |
| Kruszewski et al. (2014) |
| Kruszewski et al. (2014) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Adamczyk Z. (2008) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Kardymowicz (1967) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| [var: Picotite] Manecki (Polish Geological Institute) |
| Pierwoła |
| Ciesielczuk et al. (2014) |
Portugal | |
| Dias et al. (2006) |
Republic of the Congo | |
| [var: Picotite] Bull. Soc. Franç. Minéralo. ... |
Romania | |
| Szakáll |
| Szakáll et al. (2010) | |
| HÎRTOPANU et al. (2014) |
| Pál Molnár (2000) |
| [var: Picotite] Szakáll et al. (2010) | |
Russia | |
| [var: Picotite] Kovalev et al. (2006) |
| [var: Picotite] Kiseleva +3 other references |
| [var: Picotite] Kislov +1 other reference |
| Cesnokov et al. (1998) |
| Victor Grigorievich Korinevsky et al. (16) | |
| Ma et al. (2016) |
| [var: Picotite] Kaminsky et al. (2016) |
| Коноваленко et al. (2012) |
| Frank K. Mazdab collection (see https://www.rockptx.com/fkm-226-to-fkm-250/#FKM-226 for normalized analyses) +1 other reference |
| Ryabov et al. (2013) |
| Vishnevsky et al. (1999) | |
| Erokhin et al. (2017, December) |
| Goryunov et al. (2023) |
| [World of Stones 95:5-6 |
| Arzamastsev et al. (2008) | |
| Barkov et al. (2026) |
| Ivanyuk et al. (2007) | |
| Olga Yakovleva et al. (2009) | |
| Goryunov et al. (2023) |
| Goryunov et al. (2023) | |
| Menshikov et al. (2015) | |
| Shlyukova Z.V. (1986) +1 other reference | |
| Orsoev et al. (1985) | |
| [Picotite var: Chrompicotite] Mokrushin et al. (2021) |
| [Picotite var: Chrompicotite] Rudashevskii N S et al. (1982) |
| Shlyukova Z.V. (1986) +1 other reference | |
| Ivanyuk et al. (2007) | |
| Serov et al. (2024) |
| Ivanyuk et al. (2007) | |
| Ivanyuk et al. (2007) | |
| Sklyarov +5 other references | |
| [Picotite var: Chrompicotite] Rakhimov et al. (2022) |
| Kazachenko et al. (2013) |
| Barkov et al. (2001) |
| Barkov et al. (2004) | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Trunilina et al. (2021) |
| [var: Picotite] M. Kamenetsky et al. +6 other references |
| Africano et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
| Mikhailov et al. (2021) |
| [var: Picotite] Shabutdinov et al. (2024) | |
| Prokof’ev et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
Saudi Arabia | |
| Abuamarah et al. (2023) |
Serbia | |
| [Picotite var: Chrompicotite] Milojkovic (1977) |
Slovakia | |
| Reato et al. (2022) |
| [var: Picotite] Koděra et al. (1986) | |
| [var: Picotite] Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| [var: Picotite] Koděra et al. (1986) | |
| Grecula (1995) | |
| [var: Picotite] Pauliš et al. (2002) |
| [Picotite var: Chrompicotite] Háber et al. (Dankova, SGR Mnts) | |
| [Picotite var: Chrompicotite] Pauliš et al. (2002) | |
| Myšľan et al. (2024) |
| Myšľan et al. (2024) |
| Myšľan et al. (2024) |
| [var: Picotite] Koděra et al. (1986) |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| McCreesh et al. (2018) |
| [var: Picotite] Armitage et al. (2002) |
| Grobler et al. (2019) |
| Moore et al. (1990) |
| Paper No. 132–134. +2 other references |
| [var: Picotite] Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
Spain | |
| Stefan Schorn specimen (Groebner analysis) +1 other reference |
| [var: Picotite] Alejandro Sánchez Jiménez |
| [var: Picotite] Romero Silva (2003) |
| [var: Picotite] Romero Silva (2003) |
| Portillo-Blanco +5 other references |
| Abad +3 other references |
| [var: Picotite] Salvioli-Mariani et al. (1996) |
| [var: Picotite] J. Kornprobst: "Petrographical study of ... |
| Pascual +1 other reference |
| Waters (1991) |
| [var: Picotite] Salvioli-Mariani et al. (1996) |
Sri Lanka | |
| Müller et al. (2006) |
| King (n.d.) | |
Sweden | |
| |
| [var: Picotite] |
| [var: Picotite] Eichstädt (1884) |
| Damman (1989) |
| Johan Söderhielm |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) | |
| [var: Picotite] Stalder et al. (1998) |
| [var: Picotite] Stalder et al. (1998) | |
| Weiβ et al. (2007) |
| Ansermet (2012) |
| Ansermet (2012) | |
Taiwan | |
| [var: Picotite] Zhengzhang Tao (1992) |
Tajikistan | |
| Sharygin et al. (2009) |
Tanzania | |
| Frank K. Mazdab collection |
| [var: Picotite] Yang +2 other references |
| [var: Picotite] DAWSON (2002) |
| [var: Picotite] Lee et al. (2000) | |
| Maaskant et al. (1980) |
Thailand | |
| Färber (n.d.) |
Turkey | |
| Goryunov et al. (2023) |
| Günay et al. (2016) |
Uganda | |
| Waters (1991) |
UK | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| [var: Picotite] Ford et al. (1993) |
| Helmers et al. (1988) |
Ukraine | |
| Gornostayev et al. (2002) |
USA | |
| Toland (2004) |
| [var: Picotite] - (2008) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Uchida et al. (2005) |
| Jesse Crawford |
| Berger et al. (2009) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:109. +1 other reference | |
| [var: Picotite] Diller (1891) +2 other references |
| Page (1967) +3 other references |
| [var: Picotite] Hanks (1884) +2 other references |
| Carpenter et al. (1966) |
| Jahns et al. (1951) |
| [var: Picotite] - (2005) |
| [var: Picotite] Murdoch (1966) |
| [var: Picotite] Wadsworth (1882) +4 other references |
| [var: Picotite] - (2005) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| [var: Picotite] Cook (1978) |
| [var: Picotite] Van Gosen (2005) |
| GEOLOGY +4 other references |
| [var: Picotite] - (2005) |
| Carlson et al. (2021) |
| www.lpi.usra.edu (n.d.) |
| Rainville et al. (1976) |
| keck.wooster.edu (n.d.) | |
| W. B. Thompson et al. (2005) |
| [var: Picotite] Anderson |
| Gilman |
| [var: Picotite] Gobla (2012) |
| Rumble et al. (1988) |
| |
| Betancourt (The Picking Table, Vol. 27) +2 other references |
| Dunn (1995) | |
| Dunn et al. (1990) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Yale Peabody Museum |
| Petersen et al. (1989) |
| [var: Picotite] Jensen (1978) |
| Waters (1991) |
| Manchester (1931) +1 other reference |
| |
| McSween et al. (1984) |
| EL-Shazley et al. (2011) |
| McSween et al. (1984) |
| McSween et al. (1984) |
| Russell et al. (1987) |
| Tomlinson (1942) |
| Audétat (2010) |
| Caillet et al. (1995) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| serc.carleton.edu (n.d.) |
| [var: Picotite] Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Dana 7:694 |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Farquhar et al. (8) |
Vietnam | |
| Khoi et al. (2011) |
Zimbabwe | |
| Grew et al. (1997) |
The Moon | |
| [var: Picotite] El Goresy et al. (1971) |
| Mokhov et al. (2018) |
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The
Laacher See Volcanic Complex, Germany