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Coulsonite

A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered

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Photos of Coulsonite (8)Discuss Coulsonite

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Edit Coulsonite Add Synonym Edit CIF structures Clear Cache

Coulsonite

Bihar, India

Coulsonite, etc.

Pyrrhotite gorge, Lovchorr Mt, Murmansk Oblast, Russia

Coulsonite, etc.

Buena Vista Mine, Churchill County, Nevada, USA

Coulsonite

Bihar, India

Coulsonite, etc.

Pyrrhotite gorge, Lovchorr Mt, Murmansk Oblast, Russia

Coulsonite, etc.

Buena Vista Mine, Churchill County, Nevada, USA

Coulsonite

Bihar, India

Coulsonite, etc.

Pyrrhotite gorge, Lovchorr Mt, Murmansk Oblast, Russia

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About CoulsoniteHide

Arthur L. Coulson

Formula:

Fe²⁺V³⁺₂O₄

Colour:

Bluish gray; light gray in reflected light

Lustre:

Metallic

Hardness:

4½ - 5

Specific Gravity:

5.17 - 5.20

Crystal System:

Isometric

Member of:

Spinel Subgroup > Oxyspinel Group > Spinel Supergroup

Name:

Named in honor of Dr. Arthur Lennox Coulson (25 January 1898, Elsternwick, Victoria, Australia - 1955, Melbourne, Australia), Geological Survey of India.

Type Locality:

ⓘ Buena Vista Mine, Churchill County, Nevada, USA

Initially described from Bihar, India in 1936 as vanado-magnetite, renamed the following year as coulsonite (these specimens contain up to 4.84% vanadium). Species was redefined in 1962 on Nevada material.

The Fe²⁺ analogue of vuorelainenite.

Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:

1142

Long-form identifier:

mindat:1:1:1142:2

Similar NamesHide

Cleusonite

A valid IMA mineral species

(Pb,Sr)(U⁴⁺,U⁶⁺)(Fe²⁺,Zn)₂(Ti,Fe²⁺,Fe³⁺)₁₈(O,OH)₃₈

IMA Classification of CoulsoniteHide

IMA status:

Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)

Classification of CoulsoniteHide

Strunz-mindat (2026):

4.BB.05

4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
B : Metal: Oxygen = 3:4 and similar
B : With only medium-sized cations

Dana 8th ed.:

7.2.4.2

7 : MULTIPLE OXIDES
2 : AB₂X₄

Hey's CIM Ref.:

7.12.19

7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
12 : Oxides of V, Nb and Ta

Mineral SymbolsHide

As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.

Symbol	Source	Reference for Standard
Cou	IMA–CNMNC	Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
Cou	The Canadian Mineralogist (2019)	The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download

Physical Properties of CoulsoniteHide

Lustre:

Metallic

Transparency:

Opaque

Colour:

Bluish gray; light gray in reflected light

Streak:

Dark brown to black

Hardness:

4½ - 5 on Mohs scale

Tenacity:

Brittle

Density:

5.17 - 5.20 g/cm³ (Measured) 5.15 g/cm³ (Calculated)

Optical Data of CoulsoniteHide

Reflectivity:

Wavelength	R₁ (%)
0nm	6.64 (400%
0nm	6.44 (420%
0nm	6.28 (440%
0nm	6.21 (460%
0nm	6.18 (480%
0nm	6.18 (500%
0nm	6.23 (520%
0nm	6.3 (540%
0nm	6.38 (560%
0nm	6.46 (580%
0nm	6.54 (600%
0nm	6.67 (620%
0nm	6.83 (640%
0nm	7.03 (660%
0nm	7.26 (680%
0nm	7.5 (700%

Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Peak reflectance is 7.5 (700%.

Comments:

Isotropic, but locally slightly anisotropic.

The type description gives a higher reflectivity, with a mean value of ~23.5%.

Chemistry of CoulsoniteHide

Mindat Formula:

Fe²⁺V³⁺₂O₄

Element Weights:

Element	% weight
V	45.950 %
O	28.863 %
Fe	25.187 %

Calculated from ideal end-member formula.

Elements listed:

Fe, O, V - search for minerals with similar chemistry

Crystallography of CoulsoniteHide

Crystal System:

Isometric

Class (H-M):

m3m(4/m32/m) - Hexoctahedral

Space Group:

Fd3m

Cell Parameters:

a = 8.297 Å, b = 2 Å

Unit Cell V:

571.17 Å³ (Calculated from Unit Cell)

Morphology:

As subhedral crystals, less than 1 mm in size. Also as exsolution lamellae along
{111} in magnetite.

Crystal StructureHide

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Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4

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CIF File Best | x | y | z | a | b | c

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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure

ID	Species	Reference	Link	Year	Locality	Pressure (GPa)	Temp (K)
0015774	Coulsonite	Reuter B, Riedel E, Hug P, Arndt D, Geisler U, Behnke J (1969) Zur kristallchemie der vanadin(III)-spinelle Zeitschrift fur Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie 369 306-312		1969		0	293

CIF Raw Data - click here to close

data_global
_chemical_name_mineral 'Coulsonite'
loop_
_publ_author_name
'Reuter B'
'Riedel E'
'Hug P'
'Arndt D'
'Geisler U'
'Behnke J'
_journal_name_full 'Zeitschrift fur Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie'
_journal_volume 369 
_journal_year 1969
_journal_page_first 306
_journal_page_last 312
_publ_section_title
;
 Zur kristallchemie der vanadin(III)-spinelle
;
_database_code_amcsd 0015774
_chemical_formula_sum 'Fe V2 O4'
_cell_length_a 8.453
_cell_length_b 8.453
_cell_length_c 8.453
_cell_angle_alpha 90
_cell_angle_beta 90
_cell_angle_gamma 90
_cell_volume 603.994
_exptl_crystal_density_diffrn      4.877
_symmetry_space_group_name_H-M 'F d 3 m'
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loop_
_atom_site_label
_atom_site_fract_x
_atom_site_fract_y
_atom_site_fract_z
Fe   0.00000   0.00000   0.00000
V   0.62500   0.62500   0.62500
O   0.38600   0.38600   0.38600

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

Powder Diffraction Data:

d-spacing	Intensity
2.50 Å	(100)
1.466 Å	(95)
1.597 Å	(91)
2.07 Å	(78)
2.93 Å	(58)
4.79 Å	(35)
1.693 Å	(28)

Comments:

Buena Vista Hills, Nevada, USA. Data from Radtke (1962).

Geological EnvironmentHide

Paragenetic Mode(s):

Paragenetic Mode	Earliest Age (Ga)
Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation and alteration	4.566-4.550
6 : Secondary asteroid phases	4.566-4.560
Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics	<3.5-2.5
40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies)

Type Occurrence of CoulsoniteHide

Type Locality:

ⓘ Buena Vista Mine, Churchill County, Nevada, USA

General Appearance of Type Material:

Occurs along octahedral planes in magnetite and less commonly as subhedral isolated crystals.

Geological Setting of Type Material:

Metamorphosed igneous rocks. Hornblende andesite.

Associated Minerals at Type Locality:

Amphibole Supergroup	'Apatite'	Chlorite Group	'Hornblende'	Magnetite
Muscovite	Pyroxene Group	'Scapolite'	Titanite

Other Language Names for CoulsoniteHide

Dutch:Coulsoniet

German:Coulsonit

Russian:Кулсонит

Simplified Chinese:钒磁铁矿

Spanish:Coulsonita

Relationship of Coulsonite to other SpeciesHide

Member of:

Spinel Subgroup > Oxyspinel Group > Spinel Supergroup

Other Members of Spinel Subgroup:

Chihmingite	NiAl₂O₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
Chromite	Fe²⁺Cr³⁺₂O₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
Cochromite	CoCr₂O₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
Cuprospinel	Cu²⁺Fe³⁺₂O₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
Dellagiustaite	V²⁺Al₂O₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
Deltalumite	(Al_0.67◻_0.33)Al₂O₄	Tet. 42m : P4m2
Franklinite	Zn²⁺Fe³⁺₂O₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
Gahnite	ZnAl₂O₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
Galaxite	Mn²⁺Al₂O₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
Guite	Co²⁺Co³⁺₂O₄	Iso.
Hausmannite	Mn²⁺Mn³⁺₂O₄	Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : I4₁/amd
Hercynite	Fe²⁺Al₂O₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
Hetaerolite	ZnMn₂O₄	Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : I4₁/amd
Jacobsite	Mn²⁺Fe³⁺₂O₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
'Jacobsite-Q'	Mn²⁺(Fe³⁺,Mn³⁺)₂O₄	Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : I4₁/amd
Maghemite	(Fe³⁺_0.67◻_0.33)Fe³⁺₂O₄	Iso. 432 : P4₁32
Magnesiochromite	MgCr₂O₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
Magnesiocoulsonite	MgV₂O₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m)
Magnesioferrite	MgFe³⁺₂O₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
Magnetite	Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₂O₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
Manganochromite	Mn²⁺Cr₂O₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
'Nichromite'	(Ni,Co,Fe)(Cr,Fe,Al)₂O₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
Spinel	MgAl₂O₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
Thermaerogenite	CuAl₂O₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
Titanomaghemite	(Ti⁴⁺_0.5◻_0.5)Fe³⁺₂O₄	Iso. 432 : P4₃32
Trevorite	Ni²⁺Fe³⁺₂O₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
'UM1994-06-O:AlCo'	CoAl₂O₄
Vuorelainenite	Mn²⁺V³⁺₂O₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
Zincochromite	ZnCr₂O₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m

Common AssociatesHide

Associations Based on Photo Data:

5 photos of Coulsonite associated with Pyrrhotite	Fe_1-xS
5 photos of Coulsonite associated with Magnetite	Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₂O₄
4 photos of Coulsonite associated with Mukhinite	(CaCa)(AlAlV³⁺)O[Si₂O₇][SiO₄](OH)
2 photos of Coulsonite associated with Diopside	CaMgSi₂O₆
1 photo of Coulsonite associated with 'Scapolite'
1 photo of Coulsonite associated with Byrudite	(Be,◻)(V³⁺,Ti,Cr)₃O₆
1 photo of Coulsonite associated with Senaite	Pb(Mn,Y,U)(Fe,Zn)₂(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)₁₈(O,OH)₃₈

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping Hide

4.BB.	Chenmingite	FeCr₂O₄	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnma
4.BB.	Thermaerogenite	CuAl₂O₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
4.BB.	Chukochenite	LiAl₅O₈	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Imma
4.BB.	Elgoresyite	(Mg₅Si₂)O₉	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
4.BB.	Jianmuite	ZrTi⁴⁺Ti³⁺₅Al₃O₁₆	Tet. 4 : I4
4.BB.	Dellagiustaite	V²⁺Al₂O₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
4.BB.	Garpenbergite	Mn₆◻AsSbO₁₀(OH)₂	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m)
4.BB.	Magnéliite	Ti³⁺₂Ti⁴⁺₂O₇	Tric. 1 : P1
4.BB.05	Qandilite	(Mg,Fe³⁺)₂(Ti,Fe³⁺,Al)O₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
4.BB.05	Chromite	Fe²⁺Cr³⁺₂O₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
4.BB.05	Filipstadite	(Fe³⁺_0.5Sb⁵⁺_0.5)Mn₂O₄	Iso.
4.BB.05	Jacobsite	Mn²⁺Fe³⁺₂O₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
4.BB.05	Wernerkrauseite	Ca(Fe³⁺,Mn³⁺)₂Mn⁴⁺O₆	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnma
4.BB.05	Harmunite	CaFe₂O₄	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pbcm
4.BB.05	Zincochromite	ZnCr₂O₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
4.BB.05	Deltalumite	(Al_0.67◻_0.33)Al₂O₄	Tet. 42m : P4m2
4.BB.05	Franklinite	Zn²⁺Fe³⁺₂O₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
4.BB.05	Cochromite	CoCr₂O₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
4.BB.05	'Nichromite'	(Ni,Co,Fe)(Cr,Fe,Al)₂O₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
4.BB.05	Hercynite	Fe²⁺Al₂O₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
4.BB.05	Gahnite	ZnAl₂O₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
4.BB.05	Galaxite	Mn²⁺Al₂O₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
4.BB.05	Guite	Co²⁺Co³⁺₂O₄	Iso.
4.BB.05	Vuorelainenite	Mn²⁺V³⁺₂O₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
4.BB.05	Spinel	MgAl₂O₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
4.BB.05	Cuprospinel	Cu²⁺Fe³⁺₂O₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
4.BB.05	Manganochromite	Mn²⁺Cr₂O₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
4.BB.05	Magnesiocoulsonite	MgV₂O₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m)
4.BB.05	Trevorite	Ni²⁺Fe³⁺₂O₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
4.BB.05	Magnesiochromite	MgCr₂O₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
4.BB.05	Magnesioferrite	MgFe³⁺₂O₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
4.BB.05	Magnetite	Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₂O₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
4.BB.05	Ulvöspinel	TiFe²⁺₂O₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
4.BB.10	Hausmannite	Mn²⁺Mn³⁺₂O₄	Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : I4₁/amd
4.BB.10	Hetaerolite	ZnMn₂O₄	Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : I4₁/amd
4.BB.10	Manganostibite	(Mn,Fe)₇SbAsO₁₂	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m)
4.BB.15	Titanomaghemite	(Ti⁴⁺_0.5◻_0.5)Fe³⁺₂O₄	Iso. 432 : P4₃32
4.BB.15	Maghemite	(Fe³⁺_0.67◻_0.33)Fe³⁺₂O₄	Iso. 432 : P4₁32
4.BB.20	Tegengrenite	(Mn³⁺_0.5Sb⁵⁺_0.5)Mg₂O₄	Trig. 3 : R3
4.BB.25	Xieite	Fe²⁺Cr₂O₄	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m)
4.BB.30	Carmeltazite	ZrAl₂Ti₄O₁₁	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnma
4.BB.35	Feiite	Fe²⁺₂(Fe²⁺Ti⁴⁺)O₅	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Cmcm
4.BB.40	Maohokite	MgFe₂O₄	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnma
4.BB.45	Tschaunerite	(Fe²⁺)(Fe²⁺Ti⁴⁺)O₄	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Cmcm

Other InformationHide

Health Risks:

No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

Internet Links for CoulsoniteHide

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Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project

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Handbook of Mineralogy page PDF

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References for CoulsoniteHide

Reference List:

Dunn, J.A. (1937) Coulsonite. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India: 69: 21-21.

Dunn and Dey (1937) Mining Geol. Institute of India, Transactions: 31: 131.

Wyckoff, R.W.G. (1951) Crystal Structures, Vol 2. New York: Interscience Publishers, pg 43.

Richardson, H.M., Ball, F., Rigby, G.R. (1954) The preparation and properties of vanadium spinels. Transactions of the British Ceramic Society, 53, 376-387.

Radtke, Arthur S. (1962) Coulsonite, FeV2O4, a spinel-type mineral from Lovelock, Nevada. American Mineralogist, 47 (11-12) 1284-1291

Fleischer, Michael (1963) New Mineral Names. American Mineralogist, 48 (3-4) 433-436

Perry, J. Kent (1963) Discussion of "Coulsonite" by Arthur S. Radtke, Am. Mineral. 47, 1284-1291. American Mineralogist, 48 (7-8) 948-951

Radtke, Arthur S. (1963) Reply to "Discussion of 'Coulsonite'.". American Mineralogist, 48 (7-8). p.952.

Reuter, B., Riedel, E., Hug, P., Arndt, D., Geisler, U., Behnke, J. (1969) Zur kristallchemie der vanadin(III)-spinelle. Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie: 369: 306-312.

(2005) Coulsonite. Handbook of Mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America

Karpov, S. M., Voloshin, A. V., Savchenko, Ye. E., Selivanova, E. A., Polekhovskii, Yu. S. (2012) Coulsonite in the pyrrhotite canyon deposit (Kola Peninsula): The first find in Russia. Doklady Earth Sciences, 446 (1) 1064-1066 doi:10.1134/s1028334x12070136

Sinclair, R.; Ma, J.; Cao, H. B.; Hong, T.; Matsuda, M.; Dun, Z. L.; Zhou, H. D. (2015) Evolution of the magnetic and structural properties of Fe1−xCoxV2O4. Physical Review B, 92 (13). 134410 doi:10.1103/physrevb.92.134410

Kompanchenko, Alena A. (2020) Coulsonite FeV2O4—A Rare Vanadium Spinel Group Mineral in Metamorphosed Massive Sulfide Ores of the Kola Region, Russia. Minerals, 10 (10) 843 doi:10.3390/min10100843

Localities for CoulsoniteHide

Showing 21 localities.

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the

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Locality ListHide

- This locality has map coordinates listed.

- This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.

- Good crystals or important locality for species.

- World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). ~~Struck out~~ - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.


Finland
North Ostrobothnia Raahe ⓘ Vihanti deposit (Lampinsaari deposit; Isoaho deposit)	Sergeeva et al. (2011, February) +1 other reference

India
ⓘ Bihar	Dunn (1937) +2 other references
Rajasthan Bhilwara District ⓘ Rampura-Agucha Zn-(Pb) deposit	Reznitsky +6 other references

Kazakhstan
Pavlodar Region Pavlodar District ⓘ Efremovka meteorite	Brearley et al. (1998)

Mexico
Chihuahua Pueblito de Allende ⓘ Allende meteorite	Ma et al. (2016, March) +1 other reference

Mozambique
Zambezia Province Alto Mólocuè District ⓘ Namacotche LCT pegmatites	Gomes et al. (2022)

Portugal
Portalegre Alter do Chão ⓘ Cabeço de Vide ultramafic complex	Dias et al. (2006)

Russia
Amur Oblast Zeysky District Dambuki ore cluster ⓘ Strelka U ore occurrence	Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.)
Irkutsk Oblast Slyudyansky District Slyudyanka ⓘ Pereval marble quarry	Reznitsky et al. (2013)
Murmansk Oblast Lovchorr Mt ⓘ Pyrrhotite gorge	Karpov S.M. et al. (2012) +3 other references
Pechengsky District Pechenga Ni-Cu ore field ⓘ Bragino ore occurrence	Компанченко А.А. +1 other reference

Spain

Canary Islands Santa Cruz de Tenerife Province Tenerife Candelaria Barranco Hondo ⓘ ~~Lava flow~~	Dill et al. (2023)
ⓘ ~~Playa de Enramada~~	Dill et al. (2023)
Catalonia Tarragona Conca de Barberà Vimbodí i Poblet ⓘ Bosc de Poblet	Canet et al. (2003)

Switzerland
Valais Goms Binn Fäld ⓘ Lengenbach Quarry	Stalder et al. (1998)

USA
Alaska Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area Innoko Mining District ⓘ Colorado Creek Mine	- (2008)
ⓘ Colorado Creek Mines	- (2008)
California Fresno County Archer Camp ⓘ Unnamed V-Fe occurrence [1]	Pemberton (1983) +1 other reference
Nevada Churchill County ⓘ Buena Vista Mine (TL)	Radtke (1962)
Pershing County ⓘ Buena Vista Hills	Castor et al. (2004)

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Coulsonite

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