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Brazil–United States diplomatic dispute

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Brazil–United States diplomatic dispute
Part of Foreign policy of the second Trump administration
Brazilian president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva holds talks with US President Donald Trump in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
DateFirst phase: 9 July – 12 December 2025 (5 months and 3 days)
Second phase: Since 28 May 2026
(5 months, 1 week and 6 days)
Caused by
StatusOngoing
Parties
Lead figures

The Brazil–United States diplomatic dispute is a period of increased tensions between the government of Brazil and the government of the United States that occurs since February 2025, when US president Donald Trump imposed 25% tariffs on steel and aluminum exports from Brazil.[4] The dispute developed with Trump's imposition of a 50 percent tariff on Brazilian goods, as well as imposing the Magnitsky law against Brazilian Supreme Court Justice Alexandre de Moraes, the main judge behind the trial of the individuals involved in the 8 January Brasília attacks, and those involved in a coup plot after Jair Bolsonaro lost the 2022 Brazilian presidential election to Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva.[5]

Other measures included revoking the US visas for 8 of the 11 justices of the Brazilian Supreme Court,[6][7][8] officials involved in the program "Mais Médicos" (More Doctors)—a program that brought Cuban doctors to Brazil—including Brazilian Health minister Alexandre Padilha,[9][10] as well as other Brazilian political figures.[11][12][13] The Trump administration also targeted the Pix instant payment system managed by the Brazilian Central Bank, and also investigated accusations of piracy at the Rua 25 de Março (March 25th Street).[14] It also looked into Brazil's role in BRICS.[15]

In May 2026, United States Department of State declared Comando Vermelho (CV) and Primeiro Comando da Capital (PCC) as terrorist groups, following talks with Eduardo Bolsonaro,[16] and Trump expressed support for Flávio Bolsonaro during 2026 Brazilian presidential election.[17]

History

[edit]

Background

[edit]

The US has run trade surpluses with Brazil since 2007,[18] reaching $253 million in 2024.[19] Nonetheless, Trump criticized the country as a "tremendous tariff maker" and pledged tariffs on its exports.[4] Brazilian president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva vowed to reciprocate.[20] However, following Trump's 25% tariffs on steel and aluminum, Brazilian Institutional Affairs Minister Alexandre Padilha stated that Brazil would not retaliate.[21]

On April 2, 2025, Donald Trump imposed the base 10% tariff on Brazil.[22] The reaction from Brazilian exporters was mixed. Coffee exporters saw an opportunity to send more robusta beans to the US due to international rivals being initially hit with heavier charges,[23][24] while other companies, such as Embraer, worried over rising complexity and costs for their US customers.[25][26]

On April 3, 2025, Brazil's government stated that it would explore options including involving the World Trade Organization. The Brazilian National Congress passed a "Trade Reciprocity Law", enabling the government to respond to potential unilateral trade measures imposed against Brazilian goods and services.[27] By May 2025, according to statements released by Brazilian Finance Minister Fernando Haddad, Brazil and the United States were negotiating the terms of an understanding on tariffs.[28]

On July 9, 2025, Trump announced that the United States would impose a 50% tariff on Brazilian goods. He criticized the criminal prosecution of former Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro, accused Brazil of being an unfair trading partner, and claimed the tariff was still less than what the U.S. needed for a "level playing field"—despite the US trade surplus with Brazil.[29] This led to comparisons with federal prosecution of Donald Trump involving the scandal with Stormy Daniels,[30] and Trump's eligibility after January 6 United States Capitol attack[31] versus Bolsonaro's ineligibility after 8 January Brasília attacks.[32] Several transnational newspapers,[33] such as The Guardian[34] and The New York Times,[35] published articles pointing to growing Brazilian sovereignty and democracy.[36][37]

Tariff dispute

[edit]
First page of the letter
Second page of the letter
Trump letter to Lula

In a letter to Brazil on July 9, 2025, Trump threatened a 50% tariff while denouncing charges against Jair Bolsonaro, an ally facing trial for the 2022 Brazilian coup plot.[38] On July 30, Trump declared Brazil’s actions a US "national emergency" and imposed an additional 40% tariff on top of a 10% baseline tariff, for a total tariff rate of 50%.[39] The order exempted several Brazilian exports, notably airplanes, aeronautical components, iron ore, aluminum, natural gas, orange juice, fertilizers, petroleum and lumber. Other main Brazilian exports were not exempted.[40][41]

Paul Krugman (left) criticized Donald Trump's tariff on Brazilian goods, arguing it was meant to help "another wannabe dictator", while the stance of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (center) was praised by Joseph Stiglitz (right), who stated the Brazilian president stood up to Trump and "has defended his country's sovereignty".

Nobelist Paul Krugman criticized the tariff, stating that the tariff was reason enough to impeach the president.[42] Fellow Nobelist Joseph Stiglitz stated that Brazilian president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, by refusing to submit to US intimidation, had "defended his country's sovereignty" in trade and in the regulation of American-controlled tech platforms.[43] In the aftermath of the announcement, Brazilians adopted the phrase Trump Always Chickens Out (TACO) to mock the American president; the acronym became one of the seven most-used terms on X that week.[44][45]

In August 2025, China authorized 183 Brazilian companies to export coffee under a five-year agreement, aiming to boost imports amid rising domestic demand. The move followed the US imposition of a 50% coffee tariff covering about 30% of US imports. Prices rose sharply for American roasters.[46][47]

Faced with the tariffs, Lula attempted to diversify Brazil’s international partnerships and strengthening BRICS.[48] In November 2025, Trump signed Executive Order 14361, "Modifying the Scope of Tariffs on the Government of Brazil", which exempts coffee, beef and certain other agricultural imports from the 40% tariff on imports from Brazil.[49][50] On November 24, 2025, The New York Times published an article stating that "Brazil defied Trump and won",[51] and that, five months after Trump's "furious letter",[52] the American president "had pretty much admitted defeat" when he merely called the arrest of Jair Bolsonaro "a pity".[53][54] The piece also argued that Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva came out of the episode "politically stronger" than when he entered.[55][56]

On 17 September 2026, O Estado de S. Paulo revealed that, on 16 October 2025, the United States government attempted to impose a list of 21 demands on Brazil in exchange for removing the 50% tariff: These included, among other demands, a demand to free "political dissidents" (a thinly-veiled reference to Jair Bolsonaro),[57] demands for unilateral commercial concessions and a demand for Brazil to not apply sanctions on U.S. citizens. These demands were considered unacceptable by the Brazilian government. On 9 January 2026, the United States government reduced the number of demands to 14, but these were also rejected. New negotiations started in late August 2026, and are expected to continue on 30 September 2026 at a G20 Ministerial meeting in Milwaukee, United States.[58][59]

Pix dispute

[edit]

In July 2025, the Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR) launched an investigation focused on electronic payment services, preferential tariffs, and anti-corruption interference by Brazil. It alleged unfair advantaging of Brazilian payment service Pix over US competitors, such as Visa Inc. and Mastercard.[60] Lula accused Trump of being "bothered by Pix" because it "will put an end to credit cards". Lula's administration has planned to launch a "massive" media campaign in defense of Pix, with the slogan "O Pix é do Brasil" [The Pix is Brazil's], in an effort to associate the system with national sovereignty.[61]

Members of the Brazilian government accused the investigation of being born of lobbying by U.S. credit card companies and big tech firms.[62] Economist Paul Krugman accused the U.S. of being pressured by the financial sector into the investigation.[63] According to Fundação Getulio Vargas finance professor Fabio Gallo, Pix is inspiring other countries to develop their own solutions, thereby weakening the dollar and threatening the "end of the Western financial monopoly", in which the U.S. is no longer able to track, tax, or block transactions.[64] Opinion polls indicate a 92% approval rating for the payment system among Brazilians. Furthermore, proposed alterations (flexibilização) to the system in response to United States pressure have faced significant opposition. A survey conducted before the imposition of tariffs found that 72% of the population favored maintaining the current system without changes, despite the threat of US tariffs.[65]

On 15 July 2026, following the conclusion of the USTR investigation, the Trump administration imposed 25% tariffs on a range of Brazilian imports.[66]

On 3 August 2026, Pix launched in 8 new countries: Argentina, Chile, France, Paraguay, Portugal, Spain, the United States, and Uruguay.[67][68][69]

Trump administration sanctions

[edit]

I understand that for American culture it is harder to grasp the fragility of democracy because there has never been a coup there. [...] But Brazil had years of dictatorship under [President Getúlio] Vargas, another 20 years of military dictatorship and innumerable coup attempts. When you're much more attacked by a disease, you form tougher antibodies, and you seek out a preventive vaccine.

— Justice Moraes to The Washington Post[70][71]

On 18 July 2025, after authorizing an operation against Jair Bolsonaro, who was required to wear an electronic tag and be confined to his home at night and on weekends, Alexandre de Moraes was attacked by the Trump administration over his visa. The decision was announced by Secretary of State Marco Rubio and would have consequences for Moraes's family and "allies". According to Rubio, "the political prosecution of Brazilian judge Alexandre de Moraes against Jair Bolsonaro has created a complex of persecution and censorship so widespread that it not only violates the fundamental rights of Brazilians, but also transcends Brazil's borders and targets Americans." The American diplomat concluded the text by stating that he "ordered the immediate suspension of the visas of Alexandre de Moraes and his allies, as well as those of their immediate family members."[72][73][74][75]

On 30 July 2025, Moraes was added to the sanctions list established by the US government under the Magnitsky Act, despite the fact that he has no accounts, investments, or assets in the US.[76] As a result, the minister might even have difficulty receiving his salary, despite being paid by Banco do Brasil. Despite being a Brazilian institution, the bank maintains operational and financial ties to the international system, which could lead to certain services being restricted to avoid fines.[77]

The leader of the campaign for the passage of the Magnitsky Act, Bill Browder, criticized the sanction against Moraes, calling it a "shameful moment" and stating the judge does not fit the criteria for such a measure,[78][79][80] and claimed that the situation is the "first clear abuse" of Magnitsky.[81] Browder argued Trump was attempting to address domestic political issues through legislation, while ignoring that the Magnitsky Act was meant to punish human rights abuses.[78] Transparency International also criticized the application of the Magnitsky Act to Moraes, calling it "alarming and unacceptable", viewing it as politically motivated and warning of the risk of institutional instability in Brazil due to such "interference by a foreign government" that disrespects "national sovereignty and the separation of powers".[82] The American non-governmental organization Human Rights First stated the enforcement of the Magnitsky Act shows Trump is seeking "impunity for close political allies"; according to a senior director of the organization, Trump would be willing to start a trade war and other "extreme" measures to protect Bolsonaro from proceedings related to the 8 January coup d'état attempt.[83]

British magazine The Economist criticized the American decision, stating they were overreacting and highlighting the unprecedented nature of applying the Magnitsky Act in this case, arguing that it could backfire. According to the article, the measure would strengthen Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva's narrative that Bolsonaro and his allies are "traitors" to the nation. The Economist also noted Moraes acts within Brazilian law and portrayed the justice as "unshakable" in the face of pressure—having flown to São Paulo to watch a match of his team on the very same day the sanctions were announced.[84] According to Fundação Getulio Vargas researcher and Ibmec professor Leonardo Paz Neves, the sanction against Moraes was a strategy by Trump to once again avoid the expression "Trump Always Chickens Out", since on the same day a decree was published listing nearly 700 items exempted from the tariff hike on Brazilian goods.[85]

On 1 August, during the reopening session of the Supreme Federal Court, Moraes declared the Magnitsky Act would be ignored in his case and that he would remain the rapporteur of the criminal case regarding the coup d'état attempt in Brazil. Justices Luís Roberto Barroso and Gilmar Mendes also criticized the sanction and defended their colleague. Moraes stated that "pseudo-patriotic Brazilians" act "in a cowardly and treacherous manner" with the aim of subjecting the functioning of the Supreme Court "to the scrutiny of a foreign state", adding that these individuals "think they are dealing with people of their own kind, also militia members".[86] On 4 August, justice Edson Fachin declared the application of the Magnitsky Act represents "undue interference" and a "threat" to judicial independence.[87]

In an interview to The Washington Post, Moraes said: "we'll do what's right" and expressed his admiration for the constitutional history of the United States, but remained firm in upholding judicial decisions.[88] He defends the legitimacy of his actions, stating that there is no need for adjustments in his conduct or in the way he carries out his work, and argued that the "accelerated pace of certain processes", such as the criminal action involving the coup plot, is justified by the presence of defendants in prison.[89]

On 28 August, The Economist praised the Brazilian judiciary's performance in the Jair Bolsonaro case and highlighted the Donald Trump administration's numerous recent actions against Brazil in an attempt to free the "Trump of the Tropics" (Bolsonaro) from prosecution. Among the actions against the country, the newspaper highlighted the imposition of 50% tariffs on Brazilian products and the application of the Magnitsky Act against Minister Alexandre de Moraes. It concluded:

"Brazil offers a lesson in democracy for an America that is becoming more corrupt, protectionist, and authoritarian. [...] This recalls an ugly bygone era when the United States habitually destabilised Latin American countries. Fortunately, Mr Trump's interference is likely to backfire. [...] Unlike their counterparts in the United States, many of Brazil's mainstream politicians from all parties want to play by the rules and make progress through reform. Those are the hallmarks of political maturity. Temporarily at least, the role of the Western hemisphere's democratic adult has moved south."[90]

On 12 December 2025, the US government lifted the sanctions it placed on Moraes and his wife.[91]

United States Department of State report

[edit]

On 12 August 2025, the Trump administration stated that the human rights situation in Brazil had deteriorated and accused the Judiciary of adopting measures that would undermine freedom of expression. Published by the United States Department of State, the report—which assesses the human rights situation worldwide—specifically named justice Alexandre de Moraes: "Court records reveal that he personally ordered the suspension of more than 100 user accounts on the social media platform X (formerly Twitter), disproportionately suppressing the speech of supporters of former president Jair Bolsonaro, instead of adopting narrower measures to penalize content that incited imminent illegal action or harassment".[92][93]

The same report, which also mentioned a deterioration of human rights in South Africa, ignored the anti-democratic efforts of Hungary's government, omitted the humanitarian crisis in the Gaza Strip caused by Israel, and softened its tone on Nayib Bukele's El Salvador, ignoring accusations of human rights violations in that country.[94][95][96] Critics claimed it was politically motivated; among them, former Department of State official Josh Paul, who noted that the document "demonstrates what happens when political agendas take precedence over facts". The previous year's report had found no significant changes in the human rights situation in either Brazil or South Africa.[95] Established democracies in Europe were also criticized in this report by the Trump administration; according to the document, France and Germany had "credible reports of serious restrictions on freedom of expression".[97]

The non-governmental organization Human Rights Watch accused the United States government of political manipulation and lies in the document; according to the organization, by ignoring violations in allied countries, there was an "exercise in cover-up and deception", turning the report into "a weapon that makes autocrats appear palatable and downplays the abuses that occur in those places". Human Rights Watch considered that the 2025 edition of the document undermined its credibility, also accusing Trump of manipulation in the case of Brazil.[96]

Red Command and PCC

[edit]

On June 1, 2026, the United States Trade Representative announced the conclusion of the investigation into Brazilian commercial practices considered unfair to American interests. As a result of the investigation, it was proposed the application of 25% tariffs on Brazilian goods. The agency included a list of exceptions for products considered strategic by the U.S., such as meat, fruit, coffee, aircraft, rare earths, among others. Before they came into effect, a series of public consultations must be held.[98]

On May 26, 2026, the senator and presidential candidate Flávio Bolsonaro had a series of meetings with Donald Trump, JD Vance and Marco Rubio.[99] During the meetings the senator asked that the U.S. not apply fees to Brazilian companies. The senator also requested that the criminal organizations Red Command and First Command of the Capital be designated as foreign terrorist organizations by the US.[100] According to Flávio Bolsonaro, Donald Trump replied that he would analyze this classification.[101] And, in May 28, the U.S. Department of State published the designation,[102] generating speculation of possible military action or foreign intervention.[16]

The U.S. government has again attacked Pix, saying it is a public system that favors Brazil over American companies such as Visa and Mastercard. In the midst of the crisis, Flávio Bolsonaro, who became known on social media as "Tariflávio",[103] said he had asked Trump to back down from taxes, while his brother, Eduardo Bolsonaro, suggested the adoption of the American private system Zelle as an alternative, generating strong controversy and accusations of "vassage" and subordination to foreign interests.[104][105] After the repercussion, the former deputy denied having suggested replacement of the Pix.[106]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ "Trump welcomes Flávio Bolsonaro to White House to endorse his candidacy - EFE". EFE Noticias. May 26, 2026.
  2. ↑ "Trump ally Bolsonaro flees to US after losing Brazil election". October 27, 2026. Retrieved October 29, 2026.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  3. ↑ "Após vitória de Lula, Rubio diz que EUA vão manter diálogo com o Brasil e cobra aprovação de indicado a embaixador". g1 (in Portuguese). November 9, 2026. Event occurs at 20-12.
  4. 1 2 "Trump calls China, India, and Brazil "tremendous tariff-makers," vows to protect US interests". The Economic Times. January 28, 2025. ISSN 0013-0389. Archived from the original on April 9, 2025. Retrieved April 9, 2025.
  5. ↑ "Crise Brasil-EUA: Separação não se reflete na sociedade, diz analista". August 11, 2025. Archived from the original on August 25, 2025. Retrieved November 22, 2025.
  6. ↑ "Governo Trump revoga visto de Messias e outras autoridades brasileiras". Migalhas (in Brazilian Portuguese). September 22, 2025. Archived from the original on October 12, 2025. Retrieved December 20, 2025.
  7. ↑ "EUA suspendem vistos de Moraes, de outros sete ministros do STF e do PGR". G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). July 19, 2025. Archived from the original on October 2, 2025. Retrieved December 20, 2025.
  8. ↑ "EUA suspenderam vistos de oito ministros do STF e do PGR, dizem fontes". CNN Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). July 19, 2025. Archived from the original on September 10, 2025. Retrieved December 20, 2025.
  9. ↑ "Governo Trump: EUA revogam visto de brasileiros ligados ao programa Mais Médicos". BBC News Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). August 14, 2025. Archived from the original on April 16, 2026. Retrieved December 20, 2025.
  10. ↑ "EUA cancelam vistos da filha e da esposa do ministro Alexandre Padilha". Agência Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). August 15, 2025. Archived from the original on March 13, 2026. Retrieved December 20, 2025.
  11. ↑ "Governo Trump revoga visto do advogado-geral da União, Jorge Messias". G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). September 22, 2025. Archived from the original on February 4, 2026. Retrieved December 20, 2025.
  12. ↑ Cicco, Beatriz de (September 22, 2025). "Governo Trump revoga visto de Jorge Messias, advogado-geral da União". JOTA Jornalismo (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on October 9, 2025. Retrieved December 20, 2025.
  13. ↑ "Veja os brasileiros que tiveram seus vistos para os EUA cancelados". G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). September 22, 2025. Archived from the original on November 23, 2025. Retrieved December 20, 2025.
  14. ↑ "Pix, 25 de Março, pirataria: entenda por que governo Trump investiga o Brasil". VEJA (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on April 6, 2026. Retrieved December 20, 2025.
  15. ↑ "Sanção de Trump contra Brasil é chantagem política e mira o Brics". Agência Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). July 10, 2025. Archived from the original on March 8, 2026. Retrieved December 20, 2025.
  16. 1 2 "Brazil's Foreign Ministry Says U.S. Terror Designation of PCC and Comando Vermelho Could Open Door to Military Action in Brazil". Folha de S.Paulo. July 7, 2026. Archived from the original on July 26, 2026. Retrieved October 20, 2026.
  17. ↑ "Trump welcomes Flávio Bolsonaro to White House to endorse his candidacy - EFE". EFE Noticias. May 26, 2026.
  18. ↑ Buchwald, Elisabeth (July 9, 2025). "Trump threatens 50% tariffs on Brazil if it doesn't stop the Bolsonaro 'witch hunt' trial". CNN. Archived from the original on July 26, 2025. Retrieved July 31, 2025.
  19. ↑ Ayres, Marcela. "Brazil's trade surplus shrinks by nearly a quarter in 2024 on rising imports". Archived from the original on May 24, 2025. Retrieved March 19, 2026.
  20. ↑ Lisandra Paraguassu; Gabriel Araujo. "Brazil's Lula vows to reciprocate potential Trump tariffs, makes market-friendly remarks". Reuters.
  21. ↑ Murakawa, Fabio; Amorim, Ruan; Pimenta, Guilherme; Fontes, Stella (February 12, 2025). "Government rejects trade war, says U.S. isn't aiming a Brazil". Valor International. Archived from the original on April 17, 2025. Retrieved April 16, 2025.
  22. ↑ Ayres, Marcela (April 3, 2025). "Brazil may emerge as winner from sweeping US tariffs, economists say". Reuters. Archived from the original on April 4, 2025. Retrieved March 19, 2026.
  23. ↑ Samora, Roberto (April 9, 2025). "Brazil coffee exporters glimpse opportunity amidst US tariffs". The Economic Times. ISSN 0013-0389. Archived from the original on April 9, 2025. Retrieved April 9, 2025.
  24. ↑ "Brazilian coffee, beef and tropical fruit will still be tariffed 40%, says Brazil's vice president". AP News. November 15, 2025. Archived from the original on February 4, 2026. Retrieved March 25, 2026.
  25. ↑ "MSN". www.msn.com. Archived from the original on April 9, 2025. Retrieved April 27, 2025.
  26. ↑ "Brazil coffee exporters glimpse opportunity amidst U.S tariffs". Reuters. April 8, 2025.
  27. ↑ "Brazil adopts reciprocity law in response to Trump's trade war". Agência Brasil. April 14, 2025. Archived from the original on April 15, 2025. Retrieved April 17, 2025.
  28. ↑ Atungwu, Matthew (May 5, 2025). "Tariffs: Brazil, US negotiating terms of understanding". Daily Post Nigeria. Archived from the original on December 23, 2025. Retrieved March 19, 2026.
  29. ↑ Staff, Al Jazeera. "Trump singles out Brazil for 50 percent tariffs, citing political motives". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on March 13, 2026. Retrieved July 10, 2025.
  30. ↑ Salvador, Susana (July 11, 2025). "Trump volta a defender Bolsonaro: "um homem bom"". Diário de Notícias (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on July 11, 2025. Retrieved October 20, 2026.
  31. ↑ "Trump volta a defender Bolsonaro nas redes sociais: 'Caça às bruxas'". G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). July 9, 2025. Archived from the original on July 10, 2025. Retrieved October 20, 2026.
  32. ↑ "Lula diz que Bolsonaro deve assumir responsabilidade porque concorda com tarifas de Trump". Folha de S.Paulo (in Brazilian Portuguese). July 10, 2025. Archived from the original on July 12, 2025. Retrieved October 20, 2026.
  33. ↑ "Where does democracy end and theocracy begin for Brazil?". The Guardian. September 10, 2024. ISSN 0261-3077.
  34. ↑ "Brazil has become a cautionary tale for the world's democracies". The Guardian. December 18, 2019. ISSN 0261-3077.
  35. ↑ "Opinion | Lula: Brazilian Democracy and Sovereignty Are Non-Negotiable". The New York Times. September 14, 2025. Archived from the original on October 26, 2025. Retrieved April 25, 2026.
  36. ↑ Campante, Filipe; Levitsky, Steven (September 12, 2025). "Opinion | Brazil Just Succeeded Where America Failed". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 30, 2025. Retrieved April 25, 2026.
  37. ↑ "Brazil's Lula hits back at Trump over Bolsonaro trial and tariffs". www.bbc.com. September 15, 2025. Archived from the original on September 16, 2025. Retrieved October 20, 2026.
  38. ↑ Breuninger, Kevin (July 9, 2025). "Brazil will respond to Trump's 50% tariff with 'reciprocity,' says da Silva". CNBC. Retrieved July 10, 2025.
  39. ↑ Samuels, Brett (July 30, 2025). "Brazil faces 50 percent tariff from Trump linked to Bolsonaro trial". The Hill. Archived from the original on July 30, 2025. Retrieved July 30, 2025.
  40. ↑ "Tarifaço de Trump: os produtos brasileiros que escaparam de novas taxas". BBC News Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). July 30, 2025. Archived from the original on March 11, 2026. Retrieved March 19, 2026.
  41. ↑ "A Flurry of Tariff Announcements". Council on Foreign Relations. July 31, 2025. Archived from the original on March 11, 2026. Retrieved March 25, 2026.
  42. ↑ Krugman, Paul (July 9, 2025). "Trump's Dictator Protection Program". Substack. Archived from the original on July 16, 2025.
  43. ↑ Pugliese Vellani, Isabella (July 29, 2025). "Brasil se recusa à intimidação dos EUA e reafirma compromisso com democracia, diz Nobel de Economia" [Brazil refuses United States intimidation and reaffirms commitment to democracy, says Nobel Prize–winning economist]. Estadão (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on July 30, 2025.
  44. ↑ Sampaio, Henrique (July 31, 2025). "Sabe o que é 'TACO'? Entenda o meme que brasileiros adotaram para ironizar recuos de Trump" [Do you know what 'TACO' is? Understand the meme Brazilians adopted to mock Trump's backdowns]. Estadão (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on July 31, 2025.
  45. ↑ Granchi, Giulia (July 31, 2025). "Como surgiu o meme do 'TACO', usado agora por brasileiros para provocar Trump" [How did the 'TACO' meme originate, now used by Brazilians to mock Trump?]. BBC News Brasil (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on August 1, 2025.
  46. ↑ Diaz, Jaclyn (July 21, 2025). "U.S. coffee drinkers and businesses will pay the price for Trump's Brazil tariffs". NPR. Retrieved August 27, 2025.
  47. ↑ "China opens door to Brazilian coffee as US slaps on new tariff". South China Morning Post. August 5, 2025. Archived from the original on February 15, 2026. Retrieved August 27, 2025.
  48. ↑ Wintour, Patrick (August 27, 2025). "Trump tariffs are reshaping old alliances as the global south plots its own path". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved August 27, 2025.
  49. ↑ Hanrahan, Ryan (November 21, 2025). "Trump Removes Tariffs on Brazil Beef & Coffee". Illinois State University Farm Policy News. Archived from the original on February 5, 2026. Retrieved March 25, 2026.
  50. ↑ "Trump cuts more tariffs with eye toward grocery prices". POLITICO. November 20, 2025. Archived from the original on April 6, 2026. Retrieved March 25, 2026.
  51. ↑ Campante, Filipe; Levitsky, Steven (September 12, 2025). "Opinion | Brazil Just Succeeded Where America Failed". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 30, 2025. Retrieved April 25, 2026.
  52. ↑ Silva, Luiz Inácio Lula da (September 14, 2025). "Opinion | Lula: Brazilian Democracy and Sovereignty Are Non-Negotiable". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 26, 2025. Retrieved April 25, 2026.
  53. ↑ Nicas, Jack; Ionova, Ana (August 29, 2025). "Brazil's Democratic Quandary: How to Prosecute a President". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 29, 2025. Retrieved April 25, 2026.
  54. ↑ "New York Times: Brazil serves as example of democracy to US". Agência Brasil. September 15, 2025. Archived from the original on April 26, 2026. Retrieved April 25, 2026.
  55. ↑ Diniz, Iara (November 24, 2025). "'Lula sai do confronto com Trump mais forte do que entrou' em caso Bolsonaro, diz New York Times". BBC News Brasil. Archived from the original on November 26, 2025. Retrieved November 26, 2025.
  56. ↑ Saad, Caio (November 24, 2025). "'Brasil desafiou Trump e venceu', diz New York Times". VEJA. Archived from the original on November 26, 2025. Retrieved November 26, 2025.
  57. ↑ Nunes, Vinícius (September 17, 2026). "Brasil rechaçou exigências dos EUA e isolou pressão eleitoral em negociações sobre o tarifaço" [Brazil rejected US demands and saw electoral pressure in negotiations over the tariff wave] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Carta Capital. Retrieved September 17, 2026.
  58. ↑ Frazão, Felipe (September 17, 2026). "Governo Trump fez 21 exigências ao Brasil para negociar tarifaço em 2025; veja cada uma" [Trump Administration made 21 demands to Brazil in exchange for tariff negotiations in 2025; Read each one] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Estado de São Paulo. Archived from the original on October 8, 2026. Retrieved September 17, 2026.
  59. ↑ Frazão, Felipe (September 2, 2026). "Ministros de Lula vão aproveitar reunião do G-20 para nova discussão com governo Trump" [Lula's Ministers will use G20 meeting for a new discussion with the Trump Administration] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Estado de São Paulo. Archived from the original on September 18, 2026. Retrieved September 17, 2026.
  60. ↑ Liu, John (July 17, 2025). "US launches probe into Brazil's trade practices". CNN. Archived from the original on April 20, 2026. Retrieved July 25, 2026.
  61. ↑ Bergamo, Mônica (July 25, 2025). "Governo Lula lançará campanha em defesa do Pix como reação a ameaças de Trump" [Lula government will launch campaign in defense of Pix as reaction to Trump's threats]. Folha de S.Paulo (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on July 26, 2025.
  62. ↑ Santos, José Matheus (July 17, 2025). "Trump está incomodado porque o Pix vai acabar com o cartão de crédito, diz Lula" [Trump is bothered because Pix is going to put an end to the credit card, says Lula]. Folha de S.Paulo (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on July 26, 2025.
  63. ↑ "Krugman elogia o Pix e explica por que ele assusta tanto Trump e os bancos americanos" [Krugman praises Pix and explains why it scares Trump and American banks so much]. O GLOBO (in Portuguese). July 22, 2025. Archived from the original on July 26, 2025.
  64. ↑ Gallo, Fabio (July 25, 2025). "Trump tem medo do Pix" [Trump is afraid of Pix]. Estadão (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on July 26, 2025.
  65. ↑ "Por que o Pix virou alvo de Trump em investigação comercial contra o Brasil". G1 (in Portuguese). June 2, 2026. Archived from the original on July 22, 2026. Retrieved July 2, 2026.
  66. ↑ "Brazil's beloved payments system has drawn Donald Trump's ire". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on July 19, 2026. Retrieved July 23, 2026.
  67. ↑ "Pagamentos via PIX chegam a estabelecimentos de oito países".
  68. ↑ "Pix passa a valer em 8 países e vira alternativa mais barata que cartão para turistas". ICL Notícias (in Brazilian Portuguese). August 1, 2026. Archived from the original on August 24, 2026.
  69. ↑ "Em junho, uma nova conexão com a Europa". Valor Econômico (in Brazilian Portuguese). May 17, 2021. Archived from the original on August 23, 2026.
  70. ↑ Venturini, Lilian (August 19, 2025). "Washington calls Justice Moraes "toxic," deepening Brazil-U.S. rift". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 12, 2026. Retrieved August 31, 2025.
  71. ↑ "Alexandre de Moraes nega ter 'poder demais' e diz que aplica 'vacina' contra 'doença' do autoritarismo que atinge o Brasil". O Globo (in Brazilian Portuguese). August 18, 2025. Archived from the original on September 1, 2025. Retrieved October 5, 2025.
  72. ↑ "Treasury Sanctions Alexandre de Moraes". U.S. Department of the Treasury. February 8, 2025. Archived from the original on December 14, 2025. Retrieved July 31, 2025.
  73. ↑ "PF faz operação contra Bolsonaro". CNN Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). July 18, 2025. Archived from the original on December 5, 2025. Retrieved July 18, 2025.
  74. ↑ "Moraes derruba sigilo de decisão sobre tornozeleira em Bolsonaro". CNN Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). July 18, 2025. Archived from the original on August 7, 2025. Retrieved July 18, 2025.
  75. ↑ Nicas, Jack; Ionova, Ana (July 18, 2025). "Bolsonaro, Brazil's Former President, Ordered to Wear Ankle Monitor Before Trial". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 15, 2025. Retrieved July 18, 2025.
  76. ↑ "US sanctions Brazil's Supreme Court judge overseeing case against Bolsonaro". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on September 8, 2026. Retrieved July 30, 2025.
  77. ↑ "Alexandre de Moraes é sancionado com a Lei Magnitsky pelos Estados Unidos". Jota (in Brazilian Portuguese). July 30, 2025. Archived from the original on February 22, 2026. Retrieved August 9, 2025.
  78. 1 2 Bronzati, Aline (July 31, 2025). "Líder da campanha global para aprovação da Magnitsky critica punição a Moraes: 'Momento vergonhoso'" [Leader of the global campaign for the adoption of the Magnitsky Act criticizes punishment of Moraes: 'Shameful moment']. Estadão (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on July 31, 2025.
  79. ↑ Assad, Paulo (July 30, 2025). "Investidor defendido por Magnitsky diz que Moraes não se enquadra na lei que lutou para aprovar nos EUA" [Investor defended by Magnitsky says Moraes does not fall under the law he fought to pass in the U.S.]. O GLOBO (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on July 30, 2025.
  80. ↑ "Apoiador britânico da Lei Magnitsky critica aplicação dos EUA contra Moraes" [British supporter of the Magnitsky Act criticizes U.S. application against Moraes]. CNN Brasil (in Portuguese). July 30, 2025. Archived from the original on August 1, 2025.
  81. ↑ Martínez-Vargas, Ivan (August 1, 2025). "Criador da Lei Magnitsky vê 'abuso' em sanção a Moraes por Trump e diz que ministro deveria recorrer à Justiça dos EUA" [Creator of the Magnitsky Act sees 'abuse' in Trump's sanction against Moraes and says the minister should appeal to the American courts]. O GLOBO (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on August 10, 2025.
  82. ↑ Muniz, Mariana (July 30, 2025). "Transparência Internacional diz que aplicação da Lei Magnitsky a Moraes é 'alarmante e inaceitável'" [Transparency International says the application of the Magnitsky Act to Moraes is 'alarming and unacceptable']. O GLOBO (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on July 30, 2025.
  83. ↑ "Governo Trump busca proteger aliados com Lei Magnitsky, diz ONG dos EUA" [Trump administration seeks to protect allies with Magnitsky Act, says U.S. NGO]. CNN Brasil (in Portuguese). August 1, 2025. Archived from the original on August 11, 2025.
  84. ↑ "Sanção de Trump a Moraes pode ser um 'tiro no pé', diz The Economist" [Trump's sanction against Moraes could 'backfire', says The Economist]. UOL (in Portuguese). July 31, 2025. Archived from the original on August 10, 2025.
  85. ↑ Casemiro, Luciana (July 31, 2025). "Sanção a Moraes no dia do decreto foi estratégia para fugir da fama de 'amarelão,' diz pesquisador" [Sanction against Moraes on the day of the decree was a strategy to avoid the reputation of being a 'chicken,' says researcher]. O GLOBO (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on August 10, 2025.
  86. ↑ Grandi, Guilherme (August 1, 2025). "Moraes diz que ignora Lei Magnitsky e critica atuação "covarde e traiçoeira" contra o Brasil" [Moraes says he will ignore Magnitsky Act and criticizes "cowardly and treacherous" actions against Brazil]. Gazeta do Povo (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on August 10, 2025.
  87. ↑ Unzelte, Carolina (August 4, 2025). "Fachin: Lei Magnitsky contra ministros é 'ameaça' e 'interferência indevida'" [Fachin: Magnitsky Act against ministers is a 'threat' and 'undue interference']. JOTA (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on August 11, 2025.
  88. ↑ "The judge who refuses to bend to Trump's will: 'We'll do what's right'". The Washington Post. August 18, 2025. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on August 19, 2025. Retrieved August 20, 2025.
  89. ↑ "Análise: Moraes foi estratégico ao dar entrevista para o Washington Post". CNN Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). August 18, 2025. Archived from the original on August 29, 2025. Retrieved August 20, 2025.
  90. ↑ "Brazil offers America a lesson in democratic maturity". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on October 20, 2025. Retrieved August 31, 2025.
  91. ↑ "US Treasury lifts sanctions on Brazil Supreme Court justice". France 24. December 13, 2025. Archived from the original on February 9, 2026. Retrieved December 13, 2025.
  92. ↑ Petrovna, Jéssica; Tortella, Tiago (August 12, 2025). "EUA acusam Judiciário no Brasil de minar liberdade e citam Moraes". CNN Brasil. Archived from the original on August 13, 2025. Retrieved August 12, 2025.
  93. ↑ Prazeres, Leandro (August 12, 2025). "Relatório dos EUA vê piora em direitos humanos no Brasil, cita Moraes e mortes pela PM de Tarcísio". BBC News Brasil. Archived from the original on August 13, 2025. Retrieved August 12, 2025.
  94. ↑ Barnabé, Gabriel (August 12, 2025). "EUA apontam piora de direitos humanos na Europa". Folha de S.Paulo. Archived from the original on August 12, 2025.
  95. 1 2 "Relatório de direitos humanos do governo Trump não poupa críticas a opositores, mas 'pega leve' com aliados". g1. August 13, 2025. Archived from the original on August 13, 2025.
  96. 1 2 Pordeus León, Lucas (August 13, 2025). "ONG denuncia manipulação em relatório dos EUA sobre direitos humanos". Agência Brasil. Archived from the original on August 13, 2025.
  97. ↑ Barini, Filipe (August 12, 2025). "EUA apontam 'declínio' da situação dos direitos humanos em Brasil, África do Sul e Europa e poupam El Salvador". O GLOBO. Archived from the original on August 13, 2025.
  98. ↑ "Próximos passos da investigação comercial dos EUA contra Brasil". G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). June 2, 2026.
  99. ↑ "Trump posta foto com Flávio Bolsonaro horas após proposta de tarifaço". G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). June 2, 2026. Archived from the original on June 9, 2026. Retrieved October 20, 2026.
  100. ↑ "Trump posta foto com Flávio Bolsonaro horas após proposta de tarifaço". G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). June 2, 2026. Archived from the original on June 9, 2026. Retrieved October 20, 2026.
  101. ↑ "Trump pode declarar PCC organização terrorista? Entenda". G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). September 16, 2025. Archived from the original on May 10, 2026. Retrieved October 20, 2026.
  102. ↑ "Terrorist Designation of Comando Vermelho and Primeiro Comando da Capital". www.state.gov. Archived from the original on October 12, 2026. Retrieved October 20, 2026.
  103. ↑ "Análise: novo tarifaço de Trump é batizado de 'Tariflávio' e escancara interferência dos EUA nas eleições". G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). June 2, 2026. Archived from the original on June 6, 2026. Retrieved October 20, 2026.
  104. ↑ https://economia.uol.com.br/noticias/redacao/2026/06/04/conheca-o-zelle-sistema-de-pagamento-que-eduardo-bolsonaro-comparou-com-o-pix.ghtm. Archived from the original on June 4, 2026. Retrieved October 20, 2026. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  105. ↑ "Secretário da Receita diz que 'mentiras envolvendo o Pix' no início do ano ajudaram o crime organizado". O Globo (in Brazilian Portuguese). August 28, 2025. Archived from the original on January 29, 2026.
  106. ↑ https://economia.uol.com.br/noticias/redacao/2026/06/05/eduardo-bolsonaro-nega-ter-sugerido-troca-do-pix-por-sistema-americano.ghtm. Archived from the original on June 6, 2026. Retrieved October 20, 2026. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
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