1655 Explained

Events

January - March

• January 5  - Emperor Go-Sai ascends to the throne of Japan.
• January 7  - Pope Innocent X, leader of the Roman Catholic Church and the Papal States, dies after more than 10 years of rule.
• February 14  - The Mapuches launch coordinated attacks against the Spanish in Chile, beginning the Mapuche uprising of 1655.^[1]
• February 16  - Dutch Grand Pensionary advisor Johan de Witt marries Wendela Bicker.^[2]
• March 8  - John Casor becomes the first legally recognized slave in what will become the United States, as a court in Northampton County in the Colony of Virginia issues its decision in the Casor lawsuit, the first instance of a judicial determination in the Thirteen Colonies holding that a person who has committed no crime could be held in servitude for life.^[3]
• March 25  - Saturn's largest moon, Titan, is discovered by Christiaan Huygens.^[4]

April - June

• April 4  - Battle of Porto Farina, Tunis: English admiral Robert Blake's fleet defeats the Barbary pirates.^[5]
• April 7  - Pope Alexander VII (born Fabio Chigi) succeeds Pope Innocent X, as the 237th pope.^[6]
• April 24  - The Piedmontese Easter Massacre of the Waldensians: Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy slaughters 1,500 men, women and children; this is memorialized in John Milton's sonnet "On the Late Massacre in Piedmont" and apologized for by Pope Francis in 2015.
• April 26  - The Dutch West India Company denies Peter Stuyvesant's request to exclude Jews from New Amsterdam (Manhattan).^[7]
• April 28  - Admiral Blake severely damages the arsenal of the Bey of Tunis.
• May 10 - 27  - Anglo-Spanish War: Invasion of Jamaica  - Forces of the English Protectorate led by William Penn and Robert Venables capture the island of Jamaica from Spain.^[8]
• June 13  - Adriana Nooseman-van de Bergh becomes the first actress, in Amsterdam theater.^[9]

July - September

• July 20  - The Amsterdam Town Hall (the modern-day Royal Palace) is inaugurated.
• July 27
  • The Jews in New Amsterdam petition for a separate Jewish cemetery.^[10]
  • The Netherlands and Brandenburg sign a military treaty.
• July 30  - Dutch troops capture Fort Assahudi Seram.
• July 31  - Russo-Polish War (1654–67): The Russian army enters the capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vilnius, which it holds for 6 years.^[11]
• August 9  - Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell divides England into 11 districts, under major-generals.
• August 28  - New Amsterdam and Peter Stuyvesant bar colonial Jews from military service.^[12]
• August  - The governor of New Netherland, Peter Stuyvesant, attacks the New Sweden (Delaware) colony.^[13]
• September 8  - Swedish King Karl X Gustav occupies Warsaw (Poland).
• September 26  - Peter Stuyvesant recaptures the Dutch Fory Casimir, and defeats the New Sweden (Delaware) colony.

October  - December

• October 15  - The Jews of Lublin are massacred.
• October 19  - Swedish King Karl X Gustav occupies Kraków (Poland).^[14]
• November 3  - England and France sign military and economic treaties.^[15]
• November 24  - English Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell announces measures against the Laudian party, which are enforced starting on January 1.^{[16] [17]}
• December 4  - Middelburg, the Netherlands forbids the building of a synagogue.
• December 18  - The Whitehall Conference ends with the determination that there is no law preventing Jews from re-entering England after the Edict of Expulsion of 1290.^[18]
• December 27  - Second Northern War/the Deluge: Monks at the Jasna Góra Monastery in Częstochowa are successful in fending off a month-long siege.^[19]

Date unknown

• Stephan Farffler, a 22-year-old paraplegic watchmaker, builds the world's first self-propelling chair on a three-wheel chassis using a system of cranks and cogwheels.^{[20] [21]} However, the device has the appearance of a hand bike more than a wheelchair since the design includes hand cranks mounted at the front wheel.^[22]
• The Bibliotheca Thysiana is erected,^[23] the only surviving 17th century example in the Netherlands, of a building designed as a library.^[24]
• 1655 Malta plague outbreak kills 20 people.^[25]
• Frederick III of Denmark-Norway gives control of the Faroe Islands to Christoffer Gabel and his son, which will last until 1709.^[26]

Births

• January 1  - Christian Thomasius, German jurist (d. 1728)^[27]
• January 5  - John Coney (silversmith), early American silversmith/goldsmith (d. 1722)^[28]
  • • January 6 Niccolò Comneno Papadopoli, Italian jurist of religious law and historian (d. 1740)
  • Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg, Holy Roman Empress (d. 1720)^[29]
    • January 11 Charles Sergison, English politician (d. 1732)^[30]
  • Henry Howard, 7th Duke of Norfolk, England (d. 1701)
• January 13  - Bernard de Montfaucon, French Benedictine monk (d. 1741)^[31]
• January 19  - Nalan Xingde, Chinese poet (d. 1685)^[32]
• January 21  - Antonio Molinari, Italian painter (d. 1704)^[33]
• January 25  - Cornelius Anckarstjerna, Dutch-born Swedish admiral (d. 1714)^[34]
• January 27  - Henri de Nesmond, French churchman (d. 1727)^[35]
• February 2  - William "Tangier" Smith, Moroccan mayor (d. 1705)^[36]
• February 7  - Jean-François Regnard, French comic poet (d. 1709)^[37]
• February 14  - Jacques-Nicolas Colbert, French churchman (d. 1707)^[38]
• February 15  - August, Duke of Saxe-Merseburg-Zörbig, German prince (d. 1715)^[39]
• February 16  - Charles, Electoral Prince of Brandenburg, German prince (d. 1674)
• February 25  - Carel de Moor, Dutch painter (d. 1738)^[40]
• February 28  - Johann Beer, Austrian composer (d. 1700)^[41]
• March 4  - Fra Galgario, Italian painter (d. 1743)^[42]
• March 6  - Frederik Krag, Danish nobleman and senior civil servant (d. 1728)^[43]
  • • March 23 Richard Hill of Hawkstone, English statesman (d. 1727)^[44]
  • Sir Richard Myddelton, 3rd Baronet, English politician (d. 1716)^[45]
• April 8  - Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden, Germany (d. 1707)^[46]
• April 19  - George St Lo, Royal Navy officer and administrator (d. 1718)^[47]
• April 25  - John Lowther, 1st Viscount Lonsdale, English politician (d. 1700)^[48]
  • • April 26 Rinaldo d'Este (1655–1737), Duke of Modena (d. 1737)
  • Ofspring Blackall, Bishop of Exeter (d. 1716)
• May 4  - Bartolomeo Cristofori, Italian maker of musical instruments, invented the piano (d. 1731)^[49]
• May 13  - Pope Innocent XIII (d. 1724)^[50]
• May 31  - Jacques Eléonor Rouxel de Grancey, Marshal of France (d. 1725)
• June 4  - Thomas of Cori, Italian Friar Minor and preacher (d. 1729)^[51]
• June 11  - Antonio Cifrondi, Italian painter (d. 1730)
• June 12  - Ernest, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen (d. 1715)^[52]
• July 7  - Christoph Dientzenhofer, German architect (d. 1722)^[53]
• July 20  - Ford Grey, 1st Earl of Tankerville, England (d. 1701)^[54]
• August 2  - Sir John Hotham, 3rd Baronet, English politician (d. 1691)
• August 13  - Johann Christoph Denner, German musical instrument maker, invented the clarinet (d. 1707)^[55]
• August 16  - Frederick Christian, Count of Schaumburg-Lippe (d. 1728)
• August 18  - James Collett, English-born merchant who settled in Norway (d. 1727)^[56]
• August 22  - Joseph Robineau de Villebon, governor of Acadia (d. 1700)^[57]
• September 2  - Andries Pels, Dutch banker (d. 1731)
• September 9  - James Johnston (Secretary of State), diplomat, Secretary of State for Scotland (d. 1737)^[58]
• September 12  - Sébastien de Brossard, French composer and music theorist (d. 1730)^[59]
• September 14  - Éléonor Marie du Maine du Bourg, French nobleman and general (d. 1739)^[60]
• September 21  - Roger Cave, English politician (d. 1703)^[61]
• September 29  - Johann Ferdinand of Auersperg, Duke of Münsterberg (d. 1705)^[62]
• September 30  - Charles III, Prince of Guéméné, French nobleman (d. 1727)
• October 4  - Lothar Franz von Schönborn, Archbishop of Mainz (d. 1729)^[63]
• October 12  - Richard Neville (the younger), English politician (d. 1717)^[64]
• October 25  - Fabio Brulart de Sillery, French churchman (d. 1714)^[65]
• November 1  - Ferdinand Kettler, Duke of Courland and Semigallia (d. 1737)^[66]
• November 6  - Daniel Lascelles (1655–1734), English Member of Parliament (d. 1734)^[67]
  • • November 12 Eustache Restout, French painter (d. 1743)^[68]
  • Francis Nicholson, British Army general, colonial administrator (d. 1727)^[69]
• November 16  - Alessandro Gherardini, Italian painter (d. 1726)^[70]
• November 18  - Walter Norborne, English politician (d. 1684)^[71]
• November 19  - Sir William Robinson, 1st Baronet, British politician (d. 1736)^[72]
• November 20  - Sir Thomas Grosvenor, 3rd Baronet, English politician (d. 1700)^[73]
• November 24  - King Charles XI of Sweden (d. 1697)^[74]
• December 9  - Isaac van Hoornbeek, Grand Pensionary of Holland (d. 1727)^[75]
• December 10  - Sir William Forester, British politician (d. 1718)^[76]
• December 13  - John Evelyn the Younger, English translator (d. 1699)^[77]
• December 14  - Philip, Landgrave of Hesse-Philippsthal, son of William VI (d. 1721)^[78]
• December 27  - Abstrupus Danby, English politician (d. 1727)^[79]
• December 28  - Charles Cornwallis, 3rd Baron Cornwallis, First Lord of the British Admiralty (d. 1698)^[80]
• December 29  - Lewis Watson, 1st Earl of Rockingham, English politician (d. 1724)^[81]
• date unknown  - Zumbi, runaway slave in Brazil (d. 1695)^[82]

Deaths

• January 6  - Louis Philip, Count Palatine of Simmern-Kaiserslautern, Prince of Paltinate (b. 1602)^[83]
• January 7  - Pope Innocent X (b. 1574)^[84]
• February 15  - Pier Luigi Carafa, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1581)^[85]
• February 21  - John X of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp, Prince-Bishop of Lübeck (1634–1655) (b. 1606)^[86]
• February 25  - Daniel Heinsius, Flemish scholar (b. 1580)^[87]
• February 27  - Francesco Molin, Doge of Venice (b. 1575)^[88]
• March 28  - Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg, German princess and queen consort of Sweden (b. 1599)^[89]
• March 30  - James Stewart, 1st Duke of Richmond (b. 1612)^[90]
• April 6  - David Blondel, French Protestant clergyman (b. 1591)^[91]
• April 14  - Johann Erasmus Kindermann, German composer and organist (b. 1616)^[92]
• April 29  - Cornelis Schut, Flemish painter, draughtsman and engraver (b. 1597)^[93]
• April 30  - Eustache Le Sueur, French painter (b. 1617)^[94]
• May 5  - Richard Harrison, English politician (b. 1583)^[95]
• May 8  - Edward Winslow, American Pilgrim leader (b. 1596)^[96]
• May 30  - Christian, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth (b. 1581)
• June 26  - Margaret of Savoy, Vicereine of Portugal (b. 1589)^[97]
• June 27  - Eleonora Gonzaga, Holy Roman Empress, married to Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1598)^[98]
• June 30  - Jacobus Boonen, Dutch Catholic archbishop (b. 1573)^[99]
• July 15  - Girolamo Rainaldi, Italian architect (b. 1570)^[100]
• July 28
  • Cyrano de Bergerac, French soldier and writer (b. 1619)^[101]
  • Suzuki Shōsan, Japanese samurai (b. 1579)
• July 30  - Sigmund Theophil Staden, important early German composer (b. 1607)^[102]
• August 10  - Alfonso de la Cueva, 1st Marquis of Bedmar, Spanish cardinal and diplomat (b. 1572)^[103]
• September 7  - François Tristan l'Hermite, French dramatist (b. 1601)^[104]
• September 24  - Frederick, Landgrave of Hesse-Eschwege (b. 1617)^[105]
• October 13  - Tobie Matthew, English Member of Parliament (b. 1577)^[106]
• October 14  - Arnold Möller, German calligrapher (b. 1581)^[107]
• October 16  - Joseph Solomon Delmedigo, Italian physician, mathematician and music theorist (b. 1591)^[108]
• October 18  - Joachim Lütkemann, German theologian (b. 1608)^[109]
• October 24  - Pierre Gassendi, French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist (b. 1592)^[110]
• November 3  - Paulus Aertsz van Ravesteyn, Dutch printer (born c. 1586)^[111]
• November 6  - Maximilian, Prince of Dietrichstein, German prince (b. 1596)^[112]
• November 16  - Giuseppe Marcinò, Italian priest, member of the Order of Friars Minor (b. 1589)^[113]
• November 23  - Elizabeth Wriothesley, Countess of Southampton (b. 1572)
• November 28  - John Oglander, English politicians (b. 1585)^[114]
• December 17  - Ukita Hideie, Japanese daimyō (b. 1573)^[115]
• December 20  - Gregers Krabbe, Danish noble (b. 1594)^[116]
• December 22  - Tsugaru Nobuyoshi, Japanese daimyō (b. 1619)
• December 31  - Sir John Wray, 2nd Baronet, English politician (b. 1586)^[117]
• date unknown  - Kocc Barma Fall, Senegambian philosopher (b. 1586)^{[118] [119]}

Notes and References

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6. Delbeke . Maarten . "Custos Montium". A Prophecy on the Election of Alexander VII in Jean Lepautre's Depiction of the Chapel of Notre Dame de la Paix in the Louvre . Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte . 2009 . 72 . 3 . 369–388 . 40379424 . 17 March 2022 . 0044-2992.
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