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Puga valley, Leh District, Ladakh, Indiai
Regional Level Types
Puga valleyValley
Leh DistrictDistrict
LadakhUnion Territory
IndiaCountry

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PhotosMapsSearchMineralogy
04909270017272000705652.jpg
View of Puga Valley

Puga valley, Leh District, Ladakh, India
00018710017272000734221.jpg
The area of Sulphur deposits

Puga valley, Leh District, Ladakh, India
00039580017272312787222.jpg
Sulphur deposits

Puga valley, Leh District, Ladakh, India
04909270017272000705652.jpg
View of Puga Valley

Puga valley, Leh District, Ladakh, India
00018710017272000734221.jpg
The area of Sulphur deposits

Puga valley, Leh District, Ladakh, India
00039580017272312787222.jpg
Sulphur deposits

Puga valley, Leh District, Ladakh, India
04909270017272000705652.jpg
View of Puga Valley

Puga valley, Leh District, Ladakh, India
00018710017272000734221.jpg
The area of Sulphur deposits

Puga valley, Leh District, Ladakh, India
Latitude & Longitude (WGS84):
33° 13' 29'' North , 78° 18' 47'' East
Latitude & Longitude (decimal):
33.22485,78.31325
GRN:
N23E47
Type:
Valley
Kรถppen climate type:
ET : Tundra
Mindat Locality ID:
232428
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:2:232428:2
GUID (UUID V4):
0


Mountain plateau at an altitude of 4,300 m. Area with tectonic faults to the ascent of hydrothermal fluids (hot water and mineral deposits and sulfur fumaroles). A three foot thick deposit of borates covers an area of two square miles. The earliest mention of this deposit is found in the writings of European workers as early as 1563. The borax trade from this region continued uninterrupted till late 19th century.

Plateau montagneux altitude 4,300 M. Zone avec des failles tectoniques permettant la remontรฉe de fluides hydrothermaux (eaux chaudes minรฉralisรฉes et soufre en fumerolles et dรฉpรดts).

The Puga geothermal field is located in the southern tectonic belt which is bound by the NW-SE trending Zildat fault and NE-SW trending Kaigar Tso fault to the east and west, respectively. This area is covered with glacial moraine deposits, aeolian sand, and scree. The hot spring deposits (mainly sulfates and borates) are formed in situ by the interaction of hydrothermal fluid with the exposed rocks (Puga gneiss) and are found as valley-fill material or encrustations extending a depth of 15โ€“65 m.


Select Mineral List Type

Standard Detailed Gallery Strunz Chemical Elements

Commodity List

This is a list of exploitable or exploited mineral commodities recorded from this region.


Mineral List

Mineral list contains entries from the region specified including sub-localities

23 valid minerals.

Rock Types Recorded


Rock list contains entries from the region specified including sub-localities

Select Rock List Type

Alphabetical List Tree Diagram

Detailed Mineral List:

โ“˜ Alunite
Formula: KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6
โ“˜ Alunogen
Formula: Al2(SO4)3 · 17H2O
โ“˜ Anhydrite
Formula: CaSO4
โ“˜ Borax
Formula: Na2(B4O5)(OH)4 · 8H2O
โ“˜ Cinnabar
Formula: HgS
โ“˜ Colemanite
Formula: Ca[B3O4(OH)3] · H2O
โ“˜ Copiapite
Formula: Fe2+Fe3+4(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O
โ“˜ Epidote
Formula: (CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)
โ“˜ Gypsum
Formula: CaSO4 · 2H2O
โ“˜ Halite
Formula: NaCl
โ“˜ Jarosite
Formula: KFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6
โ“˜ Kaolinite
Formula: Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4
โ“˜ Kernite
Formula: Na2[B4O6(OH)2] · 3H2O
โ“˜ Native Sulphur
Formula: S8
โ“˜ Opal
Formula: SiO2 · nH2O
โ“˜ Opal var. Opaline
Formula: SiO2 · nH2O
โ“˜ Polylithionite
Formula: KLi2Al(Si4O10)(F,OH)2
โ“˜ Quartz
Formula: SiO2
โ“˜ Sassolite
Formula: H3BO3
โ“˜ Stibnite
Formula: Sb2S3
โ“˜ Tamarugite
Formula: NaAl(SO4)2 · 6H2O
โ“˜ Thรฉnardite
Formula: Na2SO4
โ“˜ Tincalconite
Formula: Na2(B4O7) · 5H2O
โ“˜ Ulexite
Formula: NaCa[B5O6(OH)6] · 5H2O

List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification

Group 1 - Elements
โ“˜Native Sulphur1.CC.05S8
Group 2 - Sulphides and Sulfosalts
โ“˜Cinnabar2.CD.15aHgS
โ“˜Stibnite2.DB.05Sb2S3
Group 3 - Halides
โ“˜Halite3.AA.20NaCl
Group 4 - Oxides and Hydroxides
โ“˜Quartz4.DA.05SiO2
โ“˜Opal4.DA.10SiO2 ยท nH2O
โ“˜var. Opaline4.DA.10SiO2 ยท nH2O
Group 6 - Borates
โ“˜Sassolite6.AA.05H3BO3
โ“˜Colemanite6.CB.10Ca[B3O4(OH)3] ยท H2O
โ“˜Borax6.DA.10Na2(B4O5)(OH)4 ยท 8H2O
โ“˜Tincalconite6.DA.15Na2(B4O7) ยท 5H2O
โ“˜Kernite6.DB.05Na2[B4O6(OH)2] ยท 3H2O
โ“˜Ulexite6.EA.25NaCa[B5O6(OH)6] ยท 5H2O
Group 7 - Sulphates, Chromates, Molybdates and Tungstates
โ“˜Thรฉnardite7.AD.25Na2SO4
โ“˜Anhydrite7.AD.30CaSO4
โ“˜Alunite7.BC.10KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6
โ“˜Jarosite7.BC.10KFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6
โ“˜Alunogen7.CB.45Al2(SO4)3 ยท 17H2O
โ“˜Tamarugite7.CC.10NaAl(SO4)2 ยท 6H2O
โ“˜Gypsum7.CD.40CaSO4 ยท 2H2O
โ“˜Copiapite7.DB.35Fe2+Fe3+4(SO4)6(OH)2 ยท 20H2O
Group 9 - Silicates
โ“˜Epidote9.BG.05a(CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)
โ“˜Polylithionite9.EC.20KLi2Al(Si4O10)(F,OH)2
โ“˜Kaolinite9.ED.05Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4

List of minerals for each chemical element

HHydrogen
Hโ“˜ AluniteKAl3(SO4)2(OH)6
Hโ“˜ AlunogenAl2(SO4)3 · 17H2O
Hโ“˜ BoraxNa2(B4O5)(OH)4 · 8H2O
Hโ“˜ ColemaniteCa[B3O4(OH)3] · H2O
Hโ“˜ CopiapiteFe2+Fe43+(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O
Hโ“˜ Epidote(CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)
Hโ“˜ GypsumCaSO4 · 2H2O
Hโ“˜ JarositeKFe33+(SO4)2(OH)6
Hโ“˜ KaoliniteAl2(Si2O5)(OH)4
Hโ“˜ KerniteNa2[B4O6(OH)2] · 3H2O
Hโ“˜ OpalSiO2 · nH2O
Hโ“˜ Opal var. OpalineSiO2 · nH2O
Hโ“˜ PolylithioniteKLi2Al(Si4O10)(F,OH)2
Hโ“˜ SassoliteH3BO3
Hโ“˜ TamarugiteNaAl(SO4)2 · 6H2O
Hโ“˜ TincalconiteNa2(B4O7) · 5H2O
Hโ“˜ UlexiteNaCa[B5O6(OH)6] · 5H2O
LiLithium
Liโ“˜ PolylithioniteKLi2Al(Si4O10)(F,OH)2
BBoron
Bโ“˜ BoraxNa2(B4O5)(OH)4 · 8H2O
Bโ“˜ ColemaniteCa[B3O4(OH)3] · H2O
Bโ“˜ KerniteNa2[B4O6(OH)2] · 3H2O
Bโ“˜ SassoliteH3BO3
Bโ“˜ TincalconiteNa2(B4O7) · 5H2O
Bโ“˜ UlexiteNaCa[B5O6(OH)6] · 5H2O
OOxygen
Oโ“˜ AluniteKAl3(SO4)2(OH)6
Oโ“˜ AlunogenAl2(SO4)3 · 17H2O
Oโ“˜ AnhydriteCaSO4
Oโ“˜ BoraxNa2(B4O5)(OH)4 · 8H2O
Oโ“˜ ColemaniteCa[B3O4(OH)3] · H2O
Oโ“˜ CopiapiteFe2+Fe43+(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O
Oโ“˜ Epidote(CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)
Oโ“˜ GypsumCaSO4 · 2H2O
Oโ“˜ JarositeKFe33+(SO4)2(OH)6
Oโ“˜ KaoliniteAl2(Si2O5)(OH)4
Oโ“˜ KerniteNa2[B4O6(OH)2] · 3H2O
Oโ“˜ OpalSiO2 · nH2O
Oโ“˜ Opal var. OpalineSiO2 · nH2O
Oโ“˜ PolylithioniteKLi2Al(Si4O10)(F,OH)2
Oโ“˜ QuartzSiO2
Oโ“˜ SassoliteH3BO3
Oโ“˜ TamarugiteNaAl(SO4)2 · 6H2O
Oโ“˜ ThรฉnarditeNa2SO4
Oโ“˜ TincalconiteNa2(B4O7) · 5H2O
Oโ“˜ UlexiteNaCa[B5O6(OH)6] · 5H2O
FFluorine
Fโ“˜ PolylithioniteKLi2Al(Si4O10)(F,OH)2
NaSodium
Naโ“˜ BoraxNa2(B4O5)(OH)4 · 8H2O
Naโ“˜ HaliteNaCl
Naโ“˜ KerniteNa2[B4O6(OH)2] · 3H2O
Naโ“˜ TamarugiteNaAl(SO4)2 · 6H2O
Naโ“˜ ThรฉnarditeNa2SO4
Naโ“˜ TincalconiteNa2(B4O7) · 5H2O
Naโ“˜ UlexiteNaCa[B5O6(OH)6] · 5H2O
AlAluminium
Alโ“˜ AluniteKAl3(SO4)2(OH)6
Alโ“˜ AlunogenAl2(SO4)3 · 17H2O
Alโ“˜ Epidote(CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)
Alโ“˜ KaoliniteAl2(Si2O5)(OH)4
Alโ“˜ PolylithioniteKLi2Al(Si4O10)(F,OH)2
Alโ“˜ TamarugiteNaAl(SO4)2 · 6H2O
SiSilicon
Siโ“˜ Epidote(CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)
Siโ“˜ KaoliniteAl2(Si2O5)(OH)4
Siโ“˜ OpalSiO2 · nH2O
Siโ“˜ Opal var. OpalineSiO2 · nH2O
Siโ“˜ PolylithioniteKLi2Al(Si4O10)(F,OH)2
Siโ“˜ QuartzSiO2
SSulfur
Sโ“˜ AluniteKAl3(SO4)2(OH)6
Sโ“˜ AlunogenAl2(SO4)3 · 17H2O
Sโ“˜ AnhydriteCaSO4
Sโ“˜ CinnabarHgS
Sโ“˜ CopiapiteFe2+Fe43+(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O
Sโ“˜ GypsumCaSO4 · 2H2O
Sโ“˜ JarositeKFe33+(SO4)2(OH)6
Sโ“˜ StibniteSb2S3
Sโ“˜ Native SulphurS8
Sโ“˜ TamarugiteNaAl(SO4)2 · 6H2O
Sโ“˜ ThรฉnarditeNa2SO4
ClChlorine
Clโ“˜ HaliteNaCl
KPotassium
Kโ“˜ AluniteKAl3(SO4)2(OH)6
Kโ“˜ JarositeKFe33+(SO4)2(OH)6
Kโ“˜ PolylithioniteKLi2Al(Si4O10)(F,OH)2
CaCalcium
Caโ“˜ AnhydriteCaSO4
Caโ“˜ ColemaniteCa[B3O4(OH)3] · H2O
Caโ“˜ Epidote(CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)
Caโ“˜ GypsumCaSO4 · 2H2O
Caโ“˜ UlexiteNaCa[B5O6(OH)6] · 5H2O
FeIron
Feโ“˜ CopiapiteFe2+Fe43+(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O
Feโ“˜ Epidote(CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)
Feโ“˜ JarositeKFe33+(SO4)2(OH)6
SbAntimony
Sbโ“˜ StibniteSb2S3
HgMercury
Hgโ“˜ CinnabarHgS

Localities in this Region

India

Other Regions, Features and Areas containing this locality

AsiaContinent
Eurasian PlateTectonic Plate

This page contains all mineral locality references listed on mindat.org. This does not claim to be a complete list. If you know of more minerals from this site, please register so you can add to our database. This locality information is for reference purposes only. You should never attempt to visit any sites listed in mindat.org without first ensuring that you have the permission of the land and/or mineral rights holders for access and that you are aware of all safety precautions necessary.

References

Shanker, R., Absar, A., Srivastava, G.C., Bajpai, I.P. (2000) A Case Study of Puga Geothermal System, Ladakh, India. New Zealand Geothermal Workshop.
Rathore, I.S. (2015) Exploration Potential and Economic Significance of Puga Valley Borax Deposit, Ladakh, India. International Journal for Scientific Research & Development 3:1, 191-195.
Jha, S.K., Puppala, H. (2017) Assessment of subsurface temperature distribution from the gauged wells of Puga Valley, Ladakh. Geothermal Energy.
geothermal-energy-journal.springeropen.com (n.d.) https://geothermal-energy-journal.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s40517-017-0061-4.pdf?site=geothermal-energy-journal.springeropen.com
[1]Sarkar, S., Moitra, H., Bhattacharya, S., Dagar, A., Ray, D., Gupta, S., Chavan, A., Shukla, A. D., Bhandari, S. (2022) Spectroscopic Studies on the Puga Hot Spring Deposits, Ladakh, an Astrobiological Martian Analog Site in India. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 127 (11) doi:10.1029/2022je007299
www.academia.edu (n.d.) http://www.academia.edu/20051875/Exploration_Potential_and_Economic_Significance_of_Puga_Valley_Borax_Deposit_Ladakh_India
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