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Renierite

A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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05002520017271926184600.jpg
Renierite, etc.

Kipushi Mine, Kipushi, Kipushi Territory, Haut-Katanga, DR Congo
08796050017271926214552.jpg
Renierite

Kipushi Mine, Kipushi, Kipushi Territory, Haut-Katanga, DR Congo
04392580017271926245141.jpg
Renierite

Kipushi Mine, Kipushi, Kipushi Territory, Haut-Katanga, DR Congo
05002520017271926184600.jpg
Renierite, etc.

Kipushi Mine, Kipushi, Kipushi Territory, Haut-Katanga, DR Congo
08796050017271926214552.jpg
Renierite

Kipushi Mine, Kipushi, Kipushi Territory, Haut-Katanga, DR Congo
04392580017271926245141.jpg
Renierite

Kipushi Mine, Kipushi, Kipushi Territory, Haut-Katanga, DR Congo
05002520017271926184600.jpg
Renierite, etc.

Kipushi Mine, Kipushi, Kipushi Territory, Haut-Katanga, DR Congo
03209660017271926287961.jpg
Renierite

Kipushi Mine, Kipushi, Kipushi Territory, Haut-Katanga, DR Congo
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About RenieriteHide

08919040017271926306947.jpg
Armand M. V. J. Renier
Formula:
(Cu+,Zn)11Fe4(Ge4+,As5+)2S16
Colour:
Orange-bronze, tarnishes reddish
Lustre:
Metallic
Hardness:
4 - 5
Crystal System:
Tetragonal
Member of:
Germanite Group
Name:
Named after Armand Marie Vincent Joseph Renier (26 June 1876, Verviers, Belgium - 9 October 1951, Leuze, Belgium), Director of the Geological Survey of Belgium. It was originally spelled reniérite, but the diacritic mark has since been dropped.
Charge balance maintained by coupled substitution Zn+Ge = Cu+As.

Compare the Zn- and As-free member germanite.


Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:
3389
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3389:9

Similar NamesHide

ReineriteA valid IMA mineral species - grandfatheredZn3(AsO3)2

IMA Classification of RenieriteHide

IMA status:
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
(Cu1+,Cu2+,Zn2+)11(Fe2+,Fe3+)4(Ge4+,As5+)2S2-16

Classification of RenieriteHide

Strunz-mindat (2026):
2.CB.35a

2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
C : Metal Sulfides, M: S = 1: 1 (and similar)
B : With Zn, Fe, Cu, Ag, etc.
Dana 8th ed.:
2.9.4.1

2 : SULFIDES
9 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 1:1
Hey's CIM Ref.:
6.2.3

6 : Sulphosalts - Sulphostannates, Sulphogermanates,Sulpharsenates, Sulphantimonates, Sulphovanadates and Sulphohalides
2 : Sulphogermanates

Mineral SymbolsHide

As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.

SymbolSourceReference for Standard
RenIMA–CNMNCWarr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
RenThe Canadian Mineralogist (2019)The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download

Physical Properties of RenieriteHide

Lustre:
Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Orange-bronze, tarnishes reddish
Hardness:
4 - 5 on Mohs scale

Chemistry of RenieriteHide

Mindat Formula:
(Cu+,Zn)11Fe4(Ge4+,As5+)2S16
Element Weights:
Element% weight
Cu44.221 %
S32.456 %
Fe14.132 %
Ge9.191 %

Calculated from ideal end-member formula.
Cu
S
Fe
Ge
Elements listed:
As, Cu, Fe, Ge, S, Zn - search for minerals with similar chemistry
Common Impurities:
Ga,Pb

Crystallography of RenieriteHide

Crystal System:
Tetragonal
Class (H-M):
42m - Scalenohedral
Space Group:
P42c
Cell Parameters:
a = 10.62 Å, c = 10.55 Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 0.993
Unit Cell V:
1,189.88 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)

Crystal StructureHide

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IDSpeciesReferenceLinkYearLocalityPressure (GPa)Temp (K)
0001278RenieriteBernstein L R, Reichel D G, Merlino S (1989) Renierite crystal structure refined from Rietveld analysis of powder neutron-diffrection data American Mineralogist 74 1177-118119890293
CIF Raw Data - click here to close

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacingIntensity
3.06 Å(100)
2.65 Å(30)
1.871 Å(80)
1.600 Å(60)
Locality:
Kipushi Mine, Kipushi, Kipushi Territory, Haut-Katanga, DR Congo
Comments:
(for Zn-rich As-poor renierite)

Geological EnvironmentHide

Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic ModeEarliest Age (Ga)
High-? alteration and/or metamorphism
33 : Minerals deposited by hydrothermal metal-rich fluids (see also [#12])

Type Occurrence of RenieriteHide

Type Locality:
ⓘ Kipushi Mine, Kipushi, Kipushi Territory, Haut-Katanga, DR Congo
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Musée de Minéralogie, Ecole des Mines de Paris

Synonyms of RenieriteHide

Other Language Names for RenieriteHide

Relationship of Renierite to other SpeciesHide

Member of:
Germanite Group
Other Members of Germanite Group:
ChatkaliteCu6FeSn2S8Tet. 42m : P4m2
ColusiteCu13VAs3S16Iso. 43m : P43n
GermaniteCu13Fe2Ge2S16Iso. 43m : P43n
GermanocolusiteCu26V2(Ge,As)6S32Iso. 43m : P43m
MaikainiteCu20(Fe,Cu)6Mo2Ge6S32Iso. m3m(4/m32/m)
NekrasoviteCu26V2(Sn,As,Sb)6S32Iso. 43m : P43n
Ovamboite Cu20(Fe,Cu,Zn)6W2Ge6S32Iso. 43m : P43n
StibiocolusiteCu13V(Sb,Sn,As)3S16Iso. 43m : P43m

Common AssociatesHide

Associations Based on Photo Data:
105 photos of Renierite associated with GermaniteCu13Fe2Ge2S16
35 photos of Renierite associated with SphaleriteZnS
30 photos of Renierite associated with GalliteCuGaS2
28 photos of Renierite associated with ChalcociteCu2S
24 photos of Renierite associated with Tennantite SubgroupCu6(Cu4C2+2)As4S12S
24 photos of Renierite associated with ChalcopyriteCuFeS2
23 photos of Renierite associated with Ovamboite Cu20(Fe,Cu,Zn)6W2Ge6S32
22 photos of Renierite associated with BorniteCu5FeS4
19 photos of Renierite associated with BriartiteCu2FeGeS4
19 photos of Renierite associated with GalenaPbS

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat GroupingHide

2.CB.RichardsiteZn2CuGaS4Tet. 42m : I42m
2.CB.OkruginiteCu2SnSe3Mon. m : Bb
2.CB.HanswilkeiteKFeS2Mon. 2/m : B2/b
2.CB.AuroselenideAuSeMon. 2/m : B2/m
2.CB.Ruizhongite(Ag2◻)Pb3Ge2S8Iso. 43m : I43d
2.CB.AgmantiniteAg2MnSnS4Orth.
2.CB.TolstykhiteAu3S4Te6Tric. 1 : P1
2.CB.GachingiteAu(Te1-xSex)Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m)
2.CB.05aHawleyiteCdSIso. 43m : F43m
2.CB.05'UM1998-15-S:CuFeZn'Cu2Fe3Zn5S10
2.CB.05aColoradoiteHgTeIso. 43m : F43m
2.CB.05aMetacinnabarHgSIso. 43m : F43m
2.CB.05aTiemanniteHgSeIso. 43m : F43m
2.CB.05aSphaleriteZnSIso. 43m : F43m
2.CB.05bSakuraiite(Cu,Zn,Fe)3(In,Sn)S4 Iso.
2.CB.05cPolhemusite(Zn,Hg)STet.
2.CB.05aRudashevskyite(Fe,Zn)SIso. 43m : F43m
2.CB.05aStilleiteZnSeIso. 43m : F43m
2.CB.05aIshiharaite(Cu,Ga,Fe,In,Zn)SIso. 43m : F43m
2.CB.07a'Unnamed (Cu-Mn-Sn Sulphide)'Cu2MnSnS4
2.CB.07aShenzhuangiteNiFeS2Tet. 42m : I42d
2.CB.10bTalnakhiteCu9(Fe,Ni)8S16Iso. 43m : I43m
2.CB.10bHaycockiteCu4Fe5S8Orth. 222
2.CB.10aLenaiteAgFeS2Tet. 42m : I42d
2.CB.10aGalliteCuGaS2Tet. 42m : I42d
2.CB.10aRoquesiteCuInS2Tet. 42m : I42d
2.CB.10aEskeborniteCuFeSe2Tet. 42m : P42c
2.CB.10a'UM1984-30-S:CuFeSn'Cu2Fe2Sn3S7
2.CB.10cOmariniiteCu8Fe2ZnGe2S12Orth. 222 : I222
2.CB.10aChalcopyriteCuFeS2Tet. 42m : I42d
2.CB.10a'Unnamed (Cu-Zn-In Sulphide)'CuZn2InS4
2.CB.10bMooihoekiteCu9Fe9S16Tet. 42m : P42m
2.CB.10aLaforĂȘtiteAgInS2Tet. 42m : I42d
2.CB.10bPutoraniteCu1.1Fe1.2S2Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Pn3m
2.CB.15aVelikiteCu2HgSnS4Tet. 4 : I4
2.CB.15c'UM2006-11-S:CuFeGeZn'Cu8(Fe,Zn)3Ge2S12 (?)
2.CB.15aHocartiteAg2(Fe2+,Zn)SnS4Tet. 42m : I42m
2.CB.15aKĂ«steriteCu2ZnSnS4Tet. 4 : I4
2.CB.15aPirquitasiteAg2ZnSnS4Tet. 4 : I4
2.CB.15aStanniteCu2FeSnS4Tet. 42m : I42m
2.CB.15cStannoiditeCu+6Cu2+2(Fe2+,Zn)3Sn2S12Orth. 222 : I222
2.CB.15bMohiteCu2SnS3Mon.
2.CB.15aČernĂœiteCu2CdSnS4Tet. 42m : I42m
2.CB.15aIdaiteCu5FeS6Hex.
2.CB.15aFerrokësteriteCu2FeSnS4Tet. 4 : I4
2.CB.15aKuramiteCu3SnS4Tet. 42m : I42m
2.CB.17a v'Arsenic-bearing Renierite'Cu11GeAsFe4S16
2.CB.20MawsoniteCu6Fe2SnS8Tet. 42m : P4m2
2.CB.20ChatkaliteCu6FeSn2S8Tet. 42m : P4m2
2.CB.30'Frieseite'Ag2Fe5S8 (?)
2.CB.30NekrasoviteCu26V2(Sn,As,Sb)6S32Iso. 43m : P43n
2.CB.30'Argyropyrite'near Ag2Fe7S11
2.CB.30MaikainiteCu20(Fe,Cu)6Mo2Ge6S32Iso. m3m(4/m32/m)
2.CB.30ColusiteCu13VAs3S16Iso. 43m : P43n
2.CB.30GermaniteCu13Fe2Ge2S16Iso. 43m : P43n
2.CB.30GermanocolusiteCu26V2(Ge,As)6S32Iso. 43m : P43m
2.CB.30StibiocolusiteCu13V(Sb,Sn,As)3S16Iso. 43m : P43m
2.CB.30Ovamboite Cu20(Fe,Cu,Zn)6W2Ge6S32Iso. 43m : P43n
2.CB.35aMorozeviczite(Pb,Fe)3Ge1-xS4Iso.
2.CB.35aHemusiteCu6SnMoS8Iso.
2.CB.35bCatamarcaiteCu6GeWS8Hex. 6mm : P63mc
2.CB.35aVincienniteCu+7Cu2+3Fe2+2Fe3+2Sn(As,Sb)S16Tet.
2.CB.35aKiddcreekiteCu6SnWS8Iso. 43m : F43m
2.CB.35aPolkovicite(Fe,Pb)3(Ge,Fe)1-xS4Iso.
2.CB.40LautiteCuAsSOrth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnma
2.CB.42LingbaoiteAgTe3Trig. 3m : R3m
2.CB.45CadmoseliteCdSeHex. 6mm : P63mc
2.CB.45RambergiteMnSHex. 6mm : P63mc
2.CB.45Buseckite(Fe,Zn,Mn)SHex. 6mm : P63mc
2.CB.45MaletoyvayamiteAu3Se4Te6Tric. 1 : P1
2.CB.45GreenockiteCdSHex. 6mm : P63mc
2.CB.45Wurtzite(Zn,Fe)SHex. 6mm : P63mc
2.CB.47MurchisiteCr5S6Trig. 3m(32/m) : P31c
2.CB.50'Zincselenide'ZnSe
2.CB.50WassoniteTiSTrig. 3m(32/m) : R3m
2.CB.52'Dzhezkazganite'ReMoCu2PbS6 ?Trig. 3m : R3m
2.CB.55bIsocubaniteCuFe2S3Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fm3m
2.CB.55aCubaniteCuFe2S3Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m)
2.CB.60RaguiniteTlFeS2Orth.
2.CB.60PicotpauliteTlFe2S3Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Cmcm
2.CB.65ArgentopyriteAgFe2S3Mon. 2/m
2.CB.65SternbergiteAgFe2S3Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m)
2.CB.70SulvaniteCu3VS4Iso. 43m : P43m
2.CB.75VulcaniteCuTeOrth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m)
2.CB.80EmpressiteAgTeOrth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m)
2.CB.85MuthmanniteAuAgTe2Mon. 2/m : P2/m

Other InformationHide

Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

Internet Links for RenieriteHide

References for RenieriteHide

Reference List:
Vaes, J. F. (1948) La reniérite (anciennement applelée «Bornite orange») Un sulfure germanifÚre provenant de la Mine Prince-Léopold, Kipushi (Congo Belge) [Renierite, a germanium-bearing sulfide from the Prince Leopold Mine, Kipushi, Belgian Congo]. Annales de la Société Géologique de Belgique, Bulletin 72: 19-32 (in French).
Lambot, H. (1950) Sur la reniérite. Annales de la Société Géologique de Belgique. Bulletin 73: 183-186 (in French).
Fleischer, M. (1950) New mineral names. American Mineralogist, 35 (1-2) 135-136
Murdoch, Joseph (1953) X-ray investigation of colusite, germanite and reniérite. American Mineralogist, 38 (9-10) 794-801
Sclar, Charles B., Geier, B. H. (1957) The paragenetic relationships of germanite and renierite from Tsumeb, South West Africa. Economic Geology, 52 (6) 612-631 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.52.6.612
Strunz, H. (1959) Tsumeb, seine Erze und SekundÀrminerale, insbesondere der neu aufgeschlossenen zweiten Oxydations-Zone. Fortschritte der Mineralogie: 37: 87-90 (in German).
Terziyev, G.I. (1965) Tin-containing renierite from the Chelopech deposit. Spisanie Bulgarskoto Geologichesko Druzhestvo: 26: 375-3.
Lévy, C. (1967) Contribution a la minéralogie des sulfures de cuivre du type Cu3XS4. Mémoires du Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et MiniÚres: 54: 1-178.
Fleisher, Michael (1968) New Mineral Names. American Mineralogist, 53 (11-12) 2103-2106
Springer, G. (1969) Microanalytical investigations into germanite, renierite, briartite, and gallite. Neues Jahrbuch fĂŒr Mineralogie, Monatshefte 1969: 435-441.
Hayashi, Kenichiro; Kikutani, Tadashi; Sugaki, Asahiko (1985) Arsenic-bearing renierite from the Furutobe mine, Akita prefecture, Japan. Ganseki Kobutsu Kosho Gakkaishi: 80(10): 451-458 (in Japanese).
Bernstein, L.R. (1986) Renierite, Cu10ZnGe2Fe4S16- Cu11GeAsFe4S16: a coupled solid solution series. American Mineralogist: 71: 210-221.
Reichel, Lawrence R. Bernstein Daniel G., Merlino, Stefano (1989) Renierite crystal structure refined from Rietveld analysis of powder neutron-diffraction data. American Mineralogist, 74 (9-10) 1177-1181
Mozgova, N. N., Borodaev, Yu. S., Nenasheva, S. N., Efimov, A. V., Gandhi, S. M., Mookherjee, A. (1992) Rare minerals from Rajpura-Dariba, Rajasthan, India. VII: Renierite. Mineralogy and Petrology, 46 (1) 55-65 doi:10.1007/bf01160702
Rama Subba Reddy, R., Fayazuddin, Md., Siva Reddy, G., Lakshmi Reddy, S., Sambasiva Rao, P., Reddy, B. J., Nieto Garcia, F. (2004) Tetrahedral site of Fe(III) and Cu(II) in renierite. Crystal Research and Technology, 39 (3) 240-244 doi:10.1002/crat.200310177
(2005) Renierite. Handbook of Mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America
Gill, Shannon B., Piercey, Stephen J., Layton-Matthews, Daniel (2016) Mineralogy and Metal Zoning of the Cambrian Zn-Pb-Cu-Ag-Au Lemarchant Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide (VMS) Deposit, Newfoundland. The Canadian Mineralogist, 54 (5) 1307-1344 doi:10.3749/canmin.1500069

Localities for RenieriteHide

Showing 48 localities.

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
Hide all sections | Show all sections

Locality ListHide

- This locality has map coordinates listed. - This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. - Good crystals or important locality for species. - World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Arctic Ocean
 
  • Norwegian Sea
    • Mohns Ridge
Olsen (2016)
Argentina
 
  • Catamarca Province
    • AndalgalĂĄ Department
      • AndalgalĂĄ
Brodtkorb (2002) +1 other reference
Armenia
 
  • Syunik Province
    • Kapan
Mederer et al. (2014) +1 other reference
      • Kapan
Khachaturian (1958)
    • Sisian
      • Dastakert
Singer et al. (2008)
Australia
 
  • Tasmania
    • West Coast municipality
      • Queenstown district
        • Queenstown
Bottrill (2000)
Bottrill et al. (2008)
Austria
 
  • Salzburg
    • Zell am See District
      • Leogang
        • HĂŒtten
          • Schwarzleograben
Paar et al. (1985) +1 other reference
Dr. W.Paar
            • Schwarzleo mining district
R.Poeverlein (2016)
Paar et al. (1985) +1 other reference
  • Styria
    • Leoben District
Exel (1993)
Bulgaria
 
  • Pazardzhik Province
Sahlström et al. (2017)
      • Levski
Anthony et al. (1990) +3 other references
      • Popintsi
Cook et al. (2002)
  • Sofia Province
    • Chelopech Municipality
Bonev +6 other references
Canada
 
  • British Columbia
    • Vancouver Island
      • Alberni Mining Division
        • Buttle Lake
Economic Geology (1996)
Sinclair (2001)
  • Newfoundland and Labrador
    • Newfoundland
      • Victoria Lake Supergroup
Gill et al. (2016)
  • Nova Scotia
    • Inverness Co.
      • Meat Cove
The Nova Scotia Mineral Occurrence Database (MODB)
  • QuĂ©bec
    • Abitibi-TĂ©miscamingue
      • Abitibi RCM
        • Preissac
Tourigny et al. (1993) +1 other reference
DR Congo (TL)
 
  • Haut-Katanga
    • Kipushi Territory
      • Kipushi
Gramaccioli (1985) +6 other references
France
 
  • Provence-Alpes-CĂŽte d'Azur
    • Alpes-Maritimes
      • Nice Arrondissement
        • Guillaumes
R. Pierrot
India
 
  • Rajasthan
    • Udaipur Division
      • Rajsamand District
Mozgova +5 other references
Ireland
 
  • Munster
    • Tipperary County
      • Moyne
Frenzel et al. (2025)
Italy
 
  • Sardinia
    • Metropolitan City of Cagliari
      • Assemini
Stara (1990)
    • South Sardinia Province
      • Gonnesa
Stara et al. (1996)
      • Iglesias
        • Bindua
De Michele (1974)
Japan
 
  • Akita Prefecture
    • Kosaka
Hayashi +2 other references
    • Odate
MIYAZAKI et al. (1978) +1 other reference
Kazakhstan
 
  • Pavlodar Region
    • Bayanaul District
Pekov (1998) +2 other references
Namibia
 
  • Oshikoto Region
Gramaccioli
Sclar et al. (1957) +1 other reference
  • Otjozondjupa Region
    • Grootfontein Constituency
Cairncross (1997)
    • Otavi Constituency
      • Kombat
Dunn (1991)
Romania
 
  • Harghita County
Hirtopanu (2006)
Russia
 
  • Chelyabinsk Oblast
    • Magnitogorsk
Belogub et al. (2008)
    • Verkhneuralsky District
Maslennikov et al. (2013)
Novoselov et al. (2006)
  • Karachay-Cherkessia
Spiridonov et al. (1992) +1 other reference
  • Krasnoyarsk Krai
    • Igarka
Cox et al. (2003)
  • Sverdlovsk Oblast
    • Karpinsk Urban Okrug
Maslennikov et al. (2013)
Spain
 
  • Andalusia
    • Granada
      • Motril
Morales Ruano et al. (1996)
  • Asturias
    • Riosa
A. Paniagua et al.
USA
 
  • Alaska
    • Northwest Arctic Borough
      • Shungnak Mining District
- (2008)
  • Colorado
    • Boulder County
      • Jamestown Mining District
        • Inexco Mine
Eckel et al. (1997)
Zambia
 
  • Central Province
    • Kabwe District
      • Kabwe
Kamona et al. (1999) +1 other reference
Zimbabwe
 
  • Midlands
    • Gokwe North District
Frei (2005)
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To cite: Ralph, J., Von Bargen, D., Martynov, P., Zhang, J., Que, X., Prabhu, A., Morrison, S. M., Li, W., Chen, W., & Ma, X. (2025). Mindat.org: The open access mineralogy database to accelerate data-intensive geoscience research. American Mineralogist, 110(6), 833–844. doi:10.2138/am-2024-9486.
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